522:
293:
379:
466:. Development was a recognised priority programme for the Yugoslavian People's Army and was partly funded by the national government out of general research and development and modernisation funds, as well as being partly provided by industry. The Novi Avion was to be Yugoslavia's first supersonic aircraft, accordingly, the national industry lacked experience in the design and testing of such fighters and sought out external partners to provide assistance. Both France and French company
278:, and reportedly contributed significantly to the export value of the latter; a significant proportion of components and ancillary equipment, such as the powerplant, ejector seats, and navigational fittings amongst others, that were installed upon the aircraft had been sourced from or were directly produced by a range of British aerospace manufacturers. Sponsorship for the aircraft's development was provided by the British engine manufacturer
509:. Throughout the company's existence, its aircraft production activities were mainly destined to fulfill the needs of the Yugoslav Air Force, but exporting aircraft was also an option. J-1 Jastreb were exported to Libya and Zambia. G-2 Galeb was exported to Libya, Zaire and Zambia. Six Super Galebs were exported to Burma, while the start of the
416:
engine, albeit uprated for greater performance. However, aviation historian
Christopher Chant notes that: "the Super Galeb bares no more relation to the G-2 Galeb than an identity of role, being an altogether more advanced aircraft. Beyond the domestic market, it also competed internationally against
461:
in the manufacture of military equipment; at that point, air superiority fighter jets were the only major element in which
Yugoslavia was still reliant upon imports, having obtained the capability to manufacture all other military equipment. Thus, the Avion was intended to be used as a replacement
481:
into several different nations, which quickly resulted in the Avion programme being abandoned due to the financial resources necessary to start production of the fighter having become unavailable following the break-up of the country. Reportedly, work had been initially halted due to the lack of
355:, preferring to build ties and cooperative projects with other friendly or neutral nations. Due to political sensitivities and a strong desire to avoid one nation upstaging the other, the aircraft featured two separate names; in Romania, it was known as the
371:. Various upgrade programmes for the J-22 were proposed during the 1990s; reportedly, such efforts would have been focused upon its avionics. However, such ambitions were heavily undermined by the dismantling of the Mostar factory during the
308:, was also developed shortly thereafter; aside from the strengthening of the airframe, one distinct difference between the two aircraft was the deletion of the rear cockpit on the J-21 Jastreb, this location has instead been covered by a
243:. During 1950, these assets were integrated into the newly formed aircraft manufacturer SOKO, which immediately begin working on various aeronautical technologies. During these early years, the company produced the
270:, which at the time was the most commonly used jet trainer aircraft in use by the Yugoslav Air Force; thus, the Galeb was to be capable of meeting the varied qualities and requirements involved in performing
1370:
300:
During 1964, production of the Galeb commenced, making it the first indigenously-developed jet aircraft to enter mass production in
Yugoslavia (the first jet-powered plane built by Yugoslavia was the
156:
colonel Ivan Sert. The following directors of the company were engineers
Miljenko Pješčić and Tomislav Mirić. The serial manufacture of numerous types of aircraft was projected by the
482:
funding while further efforts were made to acquire foreign partnership arrangements. If the development had not been terminated, the first aircraft was scheduled to have conduct its
695:
312:
and the internal space used to contain avionics and other aircraft equipment. Beyond domestic adoption with the
Yugoslav Air force, the Galeb achieved export sales as well; the
179:
that would enabled the
Yugoslav Air Force to be supplied with domestically-built modern fighters. The production was planned to begin around 1991; however, the outbreak of the
1289:
187:
caused the project to be cancelled. During the early 1990s, the factory ceased aircraft production altogether. The facilities were partially dismantled and relocated to
220:
1420:
339:
venture between the two nations. According to aviation author John C. Fredriksen, the announcement was a logical extension of political policy, as the two nations'
152:" in Serbian), soon after it was renamed "Soko Vazduhoplovna Industrija, RO Vazduhoplovstvo" (Soko Aeronautical Industry, RO Aeronautics). Its first director was
1051:
1282:
513:
and the international sanctions halted the production and blocked outstanding orders for the G-4 Super Galeb to
Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia.
489:
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, SOKO was involved in various partnerships. In addition to working with
Avioane Craiova to co-develop the J-22 Orao/
367:
facility, production was brought to a halt in 1992, and the factory itself heavily damaged, by the series of events commonly referred to as the
1415:
1275:
274:, intermediate, and advanced instructional training missions. The Galeb was developed as a collaborative effort between Yugoslavia and the
240:
118:
85:
110:
89:
1180:
331:
orientated fighter aircraft. On 20 May 1971, the
Romanian and Yugoslavian governments signed an agreement for the formation of
262:
During 1957, Yugoslavia's VTI (Aeronautical
Technical Institute) commenced design work on what would subsequently become the
316:
was a prolific operator of the type; by 2002, it reportedly possessed a total of 80 aircraft remaining in its inventory.
164:. Besides aircraft, SOKO also produced helicopters under licence. Located in the vicinity of Mostar, it mostly used the
1410:
1129:
901:
1148:
1092:
749:
1059:
157:
562:
916:
1035:
486:
during 1992; the Avion was reportedly expected to enter squadron service at some point during the mid-2000s.
1031:
1310:
1173:
995:
980:
965:
934:
868:
829:
521:
267:
266:. The principal purpose for its development was to produce a domestic replacement for the American-built
765:
304:
in 1952, which did not enter production). A ground attack-orientated derivative of the Galeb, named the
443:
176:
153:
102:
410:
336:
292:
283:
256:
794:
1250:
463:
1256:
657:
1425:
1335:
1166:
223:, a large portion of both the infrastructure and personal from the aeronautical section of the
192:
438:; Flight International observes that, while the Super Galeb offered less performance that the
1298:
478:
1082:
296:
Soko G-2 Galeb of the Yugoslav Air Force exhibited by the company at the 1963 Paris Air Show
1229:
641:
498:
402:
394:
383:
348:
8:
506:
378:
279:
1267:
1010:
428:
248:
126:
1214:
1144:
1125:
1088:
745:
593:
494:
467:
405:, the Super Galeb showed unmistakable lineage from the earlier G-2, sharing the same
387:
305:
122:
1330:
1209:
577:
421:
313:
309:
204:
1141:
International Warbirds: An Illustrated Guide to World Military Aircraft, 1914-2000
397:; it was designed as a replacement for Yugoslav Air Force's existing inventory of
471:
458:
344:
328:
502:
393:
Another programme begun during the 1970s would result in the development of the
1224:
1219:
625:
609:
425:
406:
398:
360:
275:
263:
165:
132:
SOKO was created in 1950 by the relocation of the aircraft factory section of
1404:
1356:
510:
483:
372:
368:
356:
340:
252:
180:
20:
1351:
352:
184:
301:
199:
which had already been working closely with SOKO in the manufacturing of
175:
project, intended to develop an indigenous fourth-generation, supersonic
1302:
1234:
672:
454:
450:
435:
324:
216:
172:
196:
232:
200:
141:
35:
1204:
546:
413:
286:
247:
trainer aircraft, as well as providing maintenance support for the
244:
161:
1325:
696:
List of companies of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
320:
224:
133:
45:
1158:
490:
439:
364:
236:
188:
149:
114:
79:
683:
Unbuilt single jet engine monoplane multirole combat aircraft
351:, had both historically sought to avoid overreliance upon the
719:
An additional 7 aircraft were supplied complete from Britain.
432:
418:
327:
began discussions on the subject of jointly developing a new
228:
137:
144:. Officially founded as "Preduzeće Soko" (Soko Corporation,
1087:. Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Information Group. p. 207.
474:
fighter bore a heavy influence on the design of the Avion.
667:
License built single turboshaft engine utility helicopter
121:. The company was responsible for the production of many
1297:
363:. Serial production of the J-22 was performed at SOKO's
830:"Twenty-Sixth SBAC Show... Military Research Aircraft."
774:
Association for Nurturing Aviation Traditions of Serbia
572:
License built single piston engine utility helicopter
588:
Single piston engine monoplane light attack airplane
770:Удружења за неговање ваздухопловних традиција Србије
462:
for the Yugoslavian Air Force's fleet of around 120
375:
and the collapse of Romania's communist government.
453:programme was initiated with the aim of increasing
604:Single jet engine monoplane light attack airplane
961:
959:
957:
955:
1421:Aircraft manufacturers of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1402:
974:
884:
882:
880:
1122:A Compendium of Armaments and Military Hardware
952:
930:
928:
896:
894:
359:while in Yugoslavia it was referred to as the
1283:
1174:
1056:Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Serbia
877:
810:
808:
806:
966:"Dassault in Jugoslav fighter design deal."
925:
910:
891:
825:
823:
446:, it was substantially cheaper to procure.
1290:
1276:
1181:
1167:
1138:
620:Twin jet engine monoplane attack airplane
215:During the late 1940s, as a result of the
989:
943:
850:
838:
803:
319:During 1970, the neighbouring nations of
1084:Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 1995-96
820:
520:
377:
291:
1080:
996:"Cash dearth halts Novi Avion fighter."
744:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 245.
557:Single piston engine monoplane trainer
289:engine was selected to power the type.
1403:
1038:official website, retrieved 4-12-2013
1013:at acig.org, retrieved 4 December 2013
935:"Jugoslavia develops new jet trainer."
457:'s political independence by becoming
183:and the enactment of an international
171:By the 1980s, SOKO was working on the
1271:
1162:
1119:
902:"Military Aircraft Directory Part 2."
795:"Yugoslavia - The Aviation Industry."
776:] (in Serbian). 18 September 2015
739:
1416:Aircraft manufacturers of Yugoslavia
652:Single jet engine monoplane trainer
636:Single jet engine monoplane trainer
401:. According to aviation periodical
191:, where they were aligned with the
13:
14:
1437:
1188:
981:"Partners sought for Novi Avion."
917:"Aviaone (formerly IAV Craiova)."
505:in producing various helicopters
235:was uprooted and transferred to
158:Aeronautical Technical Institute
1112:
1074:
1044:
1025:
1016:
1004:
713:
113:aircraft manufacturer based in
862:
788:
758:
733:
106:
16:Yugoslav aircraft manufacturer
1:
1036:Museum of Aviation (Belgrade)
701:
477:During the 1990s, Yugoslavia
1139:Fredriksen, John C. (2001).
869:"Census: military aircraft."
835:, 19 September 1968. p. 450.
800:, Retrieved 4 December 2013.
706:
679:
676:
663:
661:
648:
645:
632:
629:
616:
613:
600:
597:
584:
581:
568:
566:
553:
550:
493:, Soko also cooperated with
251:, particularly its fleet of
7:
1120:Chant, Christopher (2014).
1081:Jackson, Paul, ed. (1995).
859:, 28 November 1968. p. 905.
847:, 28 November 1968. p. 904.
817:, 28 November 1968. p. 901.
689:
516:
268:Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star
10:
1442:
874:, 18 February 2002. p. 48.
682:
671:
666:
656:
651:
640:
635:
624:
619:
608:
603:
592:
587:
576:
571:
561:
556:
545:
449:During the mid-1980s, the
444:Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet
210:
18:
1411:Companies based in Mostar
1378:
1369:
1344:
1318:
1309:
1244:License-built helicopters
1243:
1197:
1011:Zaire/DR Congo since 1980
417:jet trainers such as the
241:SR Bosnia and Herzegovina
221:relocate Serbian industry
119:SR Bosnia and Herzegovina
86:SR Bosnia and Herzegovina
74:
66:
51:
41:
31:
888:Fredriksen 2001, p. 301.
742:A Dictionary of Aviation
740:Wragg, David W. (1973).
726:
464:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21s
337:research and development
284:Armstrong Siddeley Viper
19:Not to be confused with
986:, 10 April 1990. p. 25.
971:, 13 March 1990. p. 16.
940:, 4 June 1983. p. 1647.
219:government's policy to
103:Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic
1299:Aircraft manufacturers
768:[Novi Avion].
526:
390:
297:
193:Utva Aviation Industry
154:Yugoslav People's Army
1001:, 2 July 1991. p. 17.
524:
381:
295:
1022:Taylor 1982, p. 487.
999:Flight International
984:Flight International
969:Flight International
938:Flight International
920:Flight International
905:Flight International
872:Flight International
857:Flight International
845:Flight International
833:Flight International
815:Flight International
642:Soko G-4 Super Galeb
403:Flight International
384:Soko G-4 Super Galeb
1052:"FA Soko S-55 Mk.V"
949:Chant 2014, p. 467.
280:Rolls-Royce Limited
28:
922:, 22 October 1996.
527:
429:Aero L-39 Albatros
391:
347:of Yugoslavia and
298:
249:Yugoslav Air Force
177:multi-role fighter
168:for test flights.
127:Yugoslav Air Force
26:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1365:
1364:
1265:
1264:
907:, 11 August 1999.
900:Penney, Stewart.
687:
686:
594:Soko J-21 Jastreb
468:Dassault Aviation
411:Rolls-Royce Viper
388:Serbian Air Force
349:Nicolae Ceaușescu
123:military aircraft
96:
95:
1433:
1376:
1375:
1331:Aero East Europe
1316:
1315:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1269:
1268:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1135:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1062:on 23 April 2021
1058:. Archived from
1048:
1042:
1041:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
993:
987:
978:
972:
963:
950:
947:
941:
932:
923:
914:
908:
898:
889:
886:
875:
866:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
827:
818:
812:
801:
792:
786:
785:
783:
781:
762:
756:
755:
737:
720:
717:
578:Soko J-20 Kraguj
529:
528:
422:Aermacchi MB-339
314:Libyan Air Force
108:
62:
60:
29:
25:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1390:
1361:
1340:
1305:
1296:
1266:
1261:
1239:
1230:G-4 Super Galeb
1193:
1187:
1157:
1151:
1132:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1032:G-4 Super Galeb
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1005:
994:
990:
979:
975:
964:
953:
948:
944:
933:
926:
915:
911:
899:
892:
887:
878:
867:
863:
855:
851:
843:
839:
828:
821:
813:
804:
798:eroflight.co.uk
793:
789:
779:
777:
764:
763:
759:
752:
738:
734:
729:
724:
723:
718:
714:
709:
704:
692:
519:
459:self-sufficient
426:Czechoslovakian
395:G-4 Super Galeb
345:Josip Broz Tito
257:F-84 Thunderjet
213:
92:
82:
58:
56:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1439:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1253:(as Soko S-55)
1247:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1136:
1131:978-1134646685
1130:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1093:
1073:
1043:
1024:
1015:
1003:
988:
973:
951:
942:
924:
909:
890:
876:
861:
849:
837:
819:
802:
787:
757:
750:
731:
730:
728:
725:
722:
721:
711:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
698:
691:
688:
685:
684:
681:
678:
675:
669:
668:
665:
662:
660:
654:
653:
650:
647:
644:
638:
637:
634:
631:
628:
626:Soko G-2 Galeb
622:
621:
618:
615:
612:
610:Soko J-22 Orao
606:
605:
602:
599:
596:
590:
589:
586:
583:
580:
574:
573:
570:
567:
565:
559:
558:
555:
552:
549:
543:
542:
539:
536:
533:
518:
515:
361:Soko J-22 Orao
341:heads of state
276:United Kingdom
264:Soko G-2 Galeb
212:
209:
166:Mostar Airport
94:
93:
84:
78:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
53:
49:
48:
43:
39:
38:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1438:
1427:
1426:Soko aircraft
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1251:Sikorsky H-19
1249:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1152:
1150:1-57607-364-5
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:. Routledge.
1123:
1118:
1117:
1096:
1094:0-7106-1262-1
1090:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1000:
997:
992:
985:
982:
977:
970:
967:
962:
960:
958:
956:
946:
939:
936:
931:
929:
921:
918:
913:
906:
903:
897:
895:
885:
883:
881:
873:
870:
865:
858:
853:
846:
841:
834:
831:
826:
824:
816:
811:
809:
807:
799:
796:
791:
775:
771:
767:
761:
753:
751:9780850451634
747:
743:
736:
732:
716:
712:
697:
694:
693:
674:
670:
659:
655:
643:
639:
627:
623:
611:
607:
595:
591:
579:
575:
564:
560:
548:
544:
540:
538:Number built
537:
535:First flight
534:
531:
530:
523:
514:
512:
511:Yugoslav wars
508:
507:under license
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
484:maiden flight
480:
479:disintegrated
475:
473:
469:
465:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
434:
430:
427:
423:
420:
415:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
389:
385:
380:
376:
374:
373:Yugoslav Wars
370:
369:Yugoslav Wars
366:
362:
358:
357:IAR-93 Vultur
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:ground-attack
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
294:
290:
288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
227:company from
226:
222:
218:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
181:Yugoslav wars
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:company from
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
104:
100:
91:
87:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
54:
50:
47:
44:
40:
37:
34:
30:
22:
21:Soko (singer)
1385:
1215:J-21 Jastreb
1189:
1143:. ABC-CLIO.
1140:
1121:
1113:Bibliography
1098:. Retrieved
1083:
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1060:the original
1055:
1046:
1040:(in Serbian)
1027:
1018:
1006:
998:
991:
983:
976:
968:
945:
937:
919:
912:
904:
871:
864:
856:
852:
844:
840:
832:
814:
797:
790:
778:. Retrieved
773:
769:
766:"Нови авион"
760:
741:
735:
715:
658:Soko Gazelle
503:Aérospatiale
488:
476:
470:'s upcoming
448:
392:
353:Soviet Union
332:
318:
306:J-21 Jastreb
299:
271:
261:
214:
185:arms embargo
170:
145:
131:
98:
97:
75:Headquarters
1210:J-20 Kraguj
532:Model name
302:Ikarus 451M
205:Super Galeb
70:early 1990s
42:Predecessor
1405:Categories
1352:Rogožarski
1303:Yugoslavia
1235:Novi Avion
702:References
673:Novi Avion
563:Soko WS-55
455:Yugoslavia
451:Novi Avion
436:CASA C-101
431:, and the
399:G-2 Galebs
335:, a joint
325:Yugoslavia
259:fighters.
173:Novi Avion
90:Yugoslavia
1225:G-2 Galeb
1220:J-22 Orao
707:Footnotes
525:Soko J-22
409:-sourced
272:ab initio
233:SR Serbia
148:meaning "
142:SR Serbia
36:Aerospace
1198:Aircraft
1192:aircraft
1100:10 April
1066:10 April
780:10 April
690:See also
547:Soko 522
517:Aircraft
499:Westland
495:Sikorsky
442:-German
414:turbojet
287:turbojet
282:, whose
253:American
245:Soko 522
217:Yugoslav
162:Belgrade
125:for the
111:Yugoslav
109:) was a
32:Industry
1379:Defunct
1345:Defunct
1326:Ikarbus
1319:Current
1257:Gazelle
433:Spanish
419:Italian
407:British
386:of the
321:Romania
310:fairing
255:-built
211:History
197:Pančevo
67:Defunct
57: (
52:Founded
1371:Bosnia
1311:Serbia
1147:
1128:
1091:
748:
491:IAR-93
472:Rafale
440:Franco
424:, the
365:Mostar
237:Mostar
225:Ikarus
189:Serbia
150:falcon
134:Ikarus
115:Mostar
80:Mostar
46:Ikarus
772:[
727:Notes
646:1978
630:1961
617:~133
614:1974
598:1965
582:1962
554:~110
551:1955
541:Type
333:YuRom
229:Zemun
138:Zemun
1386:SOKO
1357:Zmaj
1336:Utva
1190:SOKO
1145:ISBN
1126:ISBN
1102:2022
1089:ISBN
1068:2022
782:2022
746:ISBN
677:N/A
664:132
633:248
601:224
501:and
323:and
203:and
201:Orao
146:soko
107:Соко
99:Soko
59:1950
55:1950
27:Soko
1301:of
1205:522
1034:at
649:85
585:43
569:38
195:in
160:in
1407::
1054:.
954:^
927:^
893:^
879:^
822:^
805:^
680:0
497:,
382:A
343:,
239:,
231:,
207:.
140:,
129:.
117:,
105::
88:,
83:,
1291:e
1284:t
1277:v
1182:e
1175:t
1168:v
1153:.
1134:.
1104:.
1070:.
784:.
754:.
101:(
61:)
23:.
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