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were exceptions. David Armor, SLATE's only student body president (who did not attend), had made an unsuccessful run for a Los
Angeles Congressional district in 1982 as a Reagan Republican, and Rick White, who did attend, found his neoconservative views treated respectfully but not shared. In an emotional session, SLATE women recalled the sexism they had encountered from male leaders in the organization. Two former SLATE members in attendance had achieved success in California electoral politics:
216:, and never became the exclusive possession of any one political sect or grouping. As Mike Miller put it, SLATE followed a politics of the "lowest significant common denominator," in maintaining a multi-issue student organization committed to democracy, human rights, and peace. As word of students protests at Berkeley spread, campus political parties were organized at a number of American universities, including San Francisco State, Michigan, Iowa, UCLA, Riverside, Chicago, and Illinois.
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lost the campaign for student body president as well. SLATE then attempted to draft a new student government constitution, but the proposed document was voted down in a referendum in April 1966. With many students feeling that student government was a hopeless arena for change, SLATE voted to dissolve itself in
October 1966. The SLATE Supplement to the General Catalog became part of the student government and continued publishing until 1971.
171:
members of the
Associated Students and thus would be ineligible to vote in the student elections. SLATE continued to contest student elections, raising issues of free speech and academic freedom, as well as the right of students to take positions on such "off-campus" public issues as racial discrimination, capital punishment, civil liberties, war and peace, and farm worker organizing. Over the course of 1959 Berkeley Chancellor
155:(UCB's student newspaper). TASC's candidates ran on a liberal platform, and were substantially defeated. The next semester, Mike Miller, an undergraduate representative on the ASUC Senate, resigned and organized a slate of candidates to run on a platform supporting racial equality, free speech on campus, voluntary
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was then in the midst of his 25 years in
California State Legislature, and would go on to serve as Attorney General of California (from 1999 to 2007) and state Treasurer (2007 to 2015). A second SLATE reunion was held in 2000 at a retreat center, and a third half-day reunion was held in conjunction
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The first reunion, attended by some 150 former SLATE members (out of an estimated 850 one-time dues-paying members), was held at the
Berkeley campus in June 1984 with considerable media attention. A survey revealed that most who attended were still active in left-of-center politics, although there
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for
President in the 1964 election. SLATE members were active in the FSM, but in general were not the leaders. SLATE won five positions on the Associated Students in the fall 1964 election, but failed to take over the student government when it only elected two representatives in Spring 1965, and
251:
In fall 1964, the issue SLATE had promoted since its founding, the right of student groups to give support to off-campus causes, came to a head over the right of students to place tables at the entrance of the campus to solicit members and contributions for a variety of issues. Leading the defense
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Public reaction to UC students participating in the demonstrations against HUAC, pickets against discrimination, and vigils against capital punishment was putting pressure on UC Regents and administrators. As SLATE members continued to insist on the right to take stands on "off-campus issues," the
150:
In 1957 a campus political party called Toward An Active
Student Community (TASC) was organized by Fritjof Thygeson, Rick White and others. It ran candidates in the student government election. Its requirement that candidates be accountable to TASC, based on the British parliamentary system, was
170:
In the spring of 1959 the first and only SLATE student body president, David Armor, was elected, along with four other representatives, with strong support from graduate students. The university administration quickly responded by announcing that graduate students would no longer be considered
167:, formally established SLATE as a campus political party in February 1958 (the name was not an acronym, but simply stood for a slate of candidates who ran on a common platform). The university administration approved SLATE as a student organization, but not as a political party.
34:
232:, and led to the formation of Bay Area Friends of SNCC. The 1963 SLATE summer conference, "Education in the Multiversity," criticized Clark Kerr's vision of the university, the role of universities in the
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developed a set of directives governing the rights of student organizations to sponsor speakers and prohibiting taking stands on "off-campus" issues. SLATE led the opposition to the Kerr
Directives.
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Beginning in 1960 and continuing for four years, SLATE sponsored a series of summer conferences. The 1962 SLATE summer conference, "The Negro in
America," featured Charles McDew, chairman of the
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SLATE took positions on a number of controversial public issues that emerged in its first years. It supported a
Berkeley fair housing ordinance in 1959, opposed the hearings conducted by the
190:, and opposed continued nuclear weapon testing. SLATE also continued its advocacy for on-campus issues, including an end to compulsory ROTC, elimination of the Communist speaker ban,
236:, and argued for an expanded concept of student rights and academic freedom in university reform. As one of its educational reform projects, in fall 1963 SLATE began publishing
194:, the rights of student organizations, and an idealistic critique of Kerr's instrumental vision of the modern University. Articulating these positions were Ken Cloke and
163:. They doubled the electorate and received between 35-40% of the vote. Encouraged, the candidates, joined by Thygeson, White, Peter Franck, Marv Sternberg, and
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that emerged from the University's attempt to arrest and expel students who led the protests was even broader than SLATE's coalition, as the FSM included
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The University of California, Berkeley, had a substantial tradition of student political activism ranging from peace agitation in the 1930s to resisting
182:(HUAC) in San Francisco in May 1960, supported the national Woolworth-Kress boycott called by civil rights organizations, opposed the execution of
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135:) Senate, to discriminatory practices of fraternities and sororities. The group's ultimate goal, however, was to end the legacy of
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served on the Los Angeles school board and city council (and would later serve in the California Assembly from 2002 to 2006), and
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159:(participation in ROTC was mandatory at the time for freshman and sophomore men), and participation in the
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A Brief History of Civil Liberties Protest Movements in Berkeley – From TASC to SLATE to FSM (1957-1965)
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Mike Miller, "Organizing for Social Change: What We Did Right, What Went Wrong, How We Can Overcome,"
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in the mid-1950s prompted a challenge by Ralph Shaffer, graduate student representative on the ASUC (
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university administration responded by banning SLATE from the campus (the ban was later reversed).
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Charles Kaiser, "Radical Group of the '50s and '60s Plans a Rather Traditional Affair,"
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of these rights were a number of students who had been to Mississippi for
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SLATE served as an umbrella group for students whose politics ranged from
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A Cultural History of the Radical Sixties in the San Francisco Bay Area
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served on SLATE's executive board; in 1961, he became SLATE president.
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The group hoped to achieve this goal by calling for abolition of the
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At Berkeley in the 60s: The Education of an Activist, 1961-1965
627:(New York, Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 15–16.
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Michael Myerson: Free Speech Movement Oral History Project
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Gerald C. Lubenow, "A SLATE Reunion: The Way They Were,"
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570:(Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press, 1993), pp. 65–82.
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evaluating campus departments, courses and instructors.
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The Berkeley Student Revolt: Facts and Interpretations
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with the 40th anniversary reunion of the FSM in 2004.
143:, which was viewed as one of the biggest obstacles to
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controversy of the 1950s. The first stirrings of the
605:, "Theodicy of 1984: The Philosophy of Clark Kerr,"
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The Free Speech Movement: Coming of Age in the 1960s
587:(New York: Ballantine Books, 1962), pp. 17–22.
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Associated Students of the University of California
637:"UC Ousts Liberal Club – As Freedom Is Defended,"
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553:(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004).
617:(Boston: Beacon Press, 1966), pp. 226–236.
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201:Almost from his arrival on campus in 1958,
655:(Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Anchor, 1965).
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525:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 69–70.
424:Miller, "Organizing for Social Change",
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720:Politics of the San Francisco Bay Area
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376:Payne, Walls, and Berman, "Theodicy,"
180:House Un-American Activities Committee
141:House Un-American Activities Committee
107:, was a campus political party at the
86:Historical records at: SLATE Archives
710:Defunct American political movements
690:Free Speech Movement Digital Archive
543:(Santa Monica, CA: CDR Press, 1994).
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519:Ashbolt, Anthony (6 October 2015).
406:. University of California-Berkeley
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715:University of California, Berkeley
611:The New Student Left: An Anthology
109:University of California, Berkeley
16:Californian political organization
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477:At Berkeley in the '60s
464:At Berkeley in the '60s
397:; Rubens, Lisa (2014).
361:At Berkeley in the '60s
342:, pp. 14-17; Horowitz,
165:Wilson Carey McWilliams
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359:, pp. 49-77; Freeman,
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101:Free Speech Movement
19:For other uses, see
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111:from 1958 to 1966.
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451:News-Call Bulletin
310:A Cultural History
264:and supporters of
105:counterculture era
78:election campaigns
70:UC Berkeley campus
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125:loyalty oath
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66:Area served
685:About SLATE
615:Dennis Hale
599:David Walls
438:About SLATE
312:, pp. 69-70
188:San Quentin
137:McCarthyism
123:during the
121:McCarthyism
41:Established
704:Categories
547:Jo Freeman
513:References
220:Campus ban
214:Trotskyist
173:Clark Kerr
475:Freeman,
462:Freeman,
410:3 January
308:Ashbolt,
49:Dissolved
725:New Left
667:Newsweek
651:, eds.,
503:Newsweek
273:Reunions
234:Cold War
97:New Left
585:Student
355:Cloke,
344:Student
334:Cloke,
321:Cloke,
115:Origins
83:Remarks
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404:(PDF)
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