Shripad Amrit Dange

3166:

were handled by Ghosh alone, Gupta underscored. He never consulted with him /Gupta/, and even less with Nambudiripad and G. Nair/ with the latter two only about using the assistance/. All these matters were held in strictest secrecy from other leaders of the party and members of the National Council. This explains the fact that not a single report on this question has appeared in the press. Gupta said that he cannot singlehandedly take on responsibility in questions of assistance, therefore he considers it necessary to consult with Nambudiripad, whom he characterized as a person of crystalline honesty and whom Ghosh trusted. Gupta confidentially reported that A. Ghosh had not consulted on this problem with Akhmed or with Dange, who once proposed that he entrust to him alone all matters connected with the receipt of aid from abroad.

2404: 2976:– under the patronage of Jaiprakash Narayan, was able to garner 41.32% of the votes polled. Congress though lost heavily in terms of seats, still had 34.52% of popular votes. To the left parties the fact that these two parties accounted for more than three-fourths of the electorate and 449 out a total of 542 seats did suggest a possibility of a two (bourgeoisie) party political system. The result was a lot of soul searching for both the parties. Eventually both the parties would regroup and would form an alliance. 393: 2681:, a Bombay magazine published these letters which were said to be written by Dange to the British Viceroy from prison in 1924, after his conviction in the Kanpur Conspiracy Case, and in which he had promised to cooperate with the British government. Dange, who was the chairman of the Party got the Secretariat to denounce the letters as a forgery. But slide towards split became unstoppable. His opponents exploited this opening, and called for his removal from the leadership to facilitate investigation. 3141:, that contained details of alleged transactions between the CPI and the KGB during 1975–76, and it claimed that the money exchanged was between 4 and 800,000 (400,000 and 800,000) rupees a month. The supposed KGB papers claim that deceased CPI leaders Dange and C. Rajeswara Rao regularly received bribes and favours from the Russians in the mid-1970s and Dange even issued receipts for the money he received. This money changed hands from car windows in desolate areas near New Delhi, the book claimed. 1422: 2743:. After the short-lived coexistence between both the parties broke down in Kerala and also in West Bengal similar rupture happened, the trade union wing also split. In December 1969, eight Communist Party of India (Marxist) members walked out of an All India Trade Union Congress executive committee meeting. Later, the Marxist break-away members would organise an All India Trade Union Conference in Calcutta, on 28–31 May 1970. The Calcutta conference was the founding conference of the 357: 1867: 2988:, repudiated the support to emergency and opted for a new policy of left democratic unity. In Bhatinda congress two separate groupings emerged, one led by Dange and another led by C. Rajeswara Rao. The Rajeswara Rao's faction was victorious and the Bhatinda congress confirmed the shift towards creating alliances with leftist forces against Congress. Dange's pro-Congress line was severely tested within his own party. Similarly in their tenth party congress held at 2555:'domestic' affairs of the USSR and China. But he regards relations between India and China as non-domestic, so that Indian communists may side with the Indian government in this specific cases. Even the comrades who sided with Dange on the Sino-Indian border issue, were not ready to compromise on basic tenets of communism. Dange was severely criticised and he had own up his fault in the Party forum, through a process called 'self-criticism'. 2493:

CP, led by Ajoy Ghosh, believes that the time for violence has not come and that Moscow counsels patience.... The other half of the ICP (sic), fed up with the parliamentary experiment, argues that Kerala proved that the ruling class will never allow a people's Government to capture power democratically. This is the first time that the ICP has been so divided, and that the division has become so public.

54: 1799:

leadership in reflecting working class-militancy enabled them to establish their presence at the level of industry as a whole. To consolidate this position it was imperative that the Girni Kamgar Union as it is now called to penetrate the level of the individual mill...On 30 October 1928 the Girni Kamgar Union had a membership of 324; by the end of that they boasted 54000 members.

2670:

be cautious. However, at that stage, with secessionist organisations already at work in several states, no caution or concession could halt the drift towards a split; though attempts were still not given up for unity. Suddenly in March 1964, a trigger was provided by what was called the 'Dange letters', that exploded on the face of the Party, precipitating a split.

3240:, who said that to defend Engels, he had to deny Dange. He went on to say that Dange's work was unquestionably a caricature of Engel's work. Kosambi was especially severe when he said, 'Marxism is not a substitute for thinking, but a tool of analysis which must be used, with a certain minimum of skill and understanding, upon the proper material. 2514:, suppressed Mr. Dange's statement in Parliament that he sharply stood by the McMahon line, and also a resolution passed by Maharashtra State Committee supporting Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on the border dispute. Joshi was earlier sidelined for his pro-Congress advocacy, but later rehabilitated by making him the editor of the Party journal. 1775:(AITUC) was formed at Mumbai by N.M. Joshi and others. Joshi was a philanthropist who was sympathetic to the workers'cause. At that time AITUC did not have a cohesive ideology, but it was sympathetic to the Indian National Congress. When Dange wrote about the founding session of AITUC at Mumbai, he brought out the organisation's Congress roots: 4072:

Party. The newly formed Janata Party contested the 1977 elections, and got majority to form the first non-Congress Government in India. But the Janata Party contested the election on the Bharatiya Lok Dal symbol. Therefore, on record of the Election Commission of India, the government was formed by the Bharatiya Lok Dal, and not, Janata Party.

2636:. By that time the Soviets were openly supporting India in its border dispute with China. These events were followed by formal statements of each side's ideological positions: the Chinese came out with their document in June 1963. The Soviets too came out with their own document. Thereafter the two parties stopped communicating. 3500: 2666:, New Delhi, the new outfit enjoyed the support of 14,000 of the 17,000 Communist Party members in the state. Similar moves were made in many other states by the left-wing. Release of their leaders from jails by the state governments also helped the leftists to consolidate their position among cadres. 1763:

of the Communist Party of India with its headquarters in Bombay., The British Government's extreme hostility towards communists, made them to decide not to openly function as a communist party; instead, they chose a more open and non-federated platform, under the name the Workers and Peasants Parties.

4071:

Bharatiya Lok Dal was formed at the end of 1974 through the fusion of seven parties opposed to Indira Gandhi. The leader of the BLD was Charan Singh. In 1977, the Bharatiya Lok Dal combined with the Jan Sangh and anti- Indira Gandhi breakaway Indian National Congress (Organisation) to form the Janata

3471:

The two major Indian communist parties, namely, Communist Party of India (CPI) and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) maintain different views on exactly when the Communist Party of India was founded. The date maintained as the foundation day by the CPI is 26 December 1925. But according

3165:

Gupta reported that after the death of Ghosh at the present time in the party there is an acute insufficiency of means for the preelection campaign. He expressed the fear that with the death of Ghosh the source for receiving means for the communist party from the CPSU might be closed. These questions

3037:

In the end, the two parties would be poised against each other in several local elections. Not only that, the Congress successfully outmaneuvered the new party in taking over a pro-Soviet goodwill organisation. As an alternative to the CPI-controlled Indian-Soviet Cultural Society (ISCUS), members of

2661:

Through such partisan measures Dange alienated the centrist leader, E. M. S. Namboodiripad, who resigned from the post of Secretary-General, leaving Dange to take over the post. By earlier 1963 the Left had established an underground organisation for what amounted to a breakaway West Bengal Communist

2644:

These events had their direct fall-out in the Communist Party of India. Former nationalist vs. international socialist debate had now turned into a conflict between the Right (the Russian line) and the Left (the Chinese line). Dange, who was supporting the Nehru Government, was the main leader of the

2533:

In the initial stages, Dange's nationalist line was the dominant one. To quote Manchester Guardian, "Hence not only the Party's extremists of the Joshi wing, but also the middle-of-the-road Moscow faction were at that time visibly losing ground. This favourable development was probably accelerated by

2285:

had not yet acceded his territory to India, but the violence of the communist-led rebellion, the central government sent in the army in September 1948. By November 1949, Hyderabad had been forced to accede to the Indian union, and, by October 1951, the violent phase of the Telangana movement had been

2064:

had sided with the Great Britain in the war, the Communist Party of India was legalised for the first time. Saying that the freedom struggle would impede the war against fascism, the CPI stayed away from the freedom struggle. The Indian National Congress was able to politically corner the communists,

3840:

Heavy Indian casualties occurred a peak of the Karakorum on the Aksai-chin plateau. The area was said to be a part of Ladakh by the Indian Government, but the Chinese claimed it to be a part of Sinkiang. In 1959 the Indian patrols suffered heavy losses in the hands of Chinese army in this region and

2999:

Initially, both parties differed on the concept of what left and democratic unity would mean. This came out in open in when leaders of both parties met for the first time after 1964 split in New Delhi on 13 April 1978. In spite of repudiation of emergency, the CPI was not ready to change its overall

2763:

In the late 1960s, however, the mood within the Communist Party of India turned strongly anti-Congress. In the Bombay party congress in 1968, the CPI took the decision of forging an anti-Congress front. This had resulted in collaborating with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) for a short while.

2718:

In 1967, General Elections to the Parliament, Dange won from the Bombay Central South Constituency. The results had again shown a weakening CPI. They contested in 109 seats, won only 23, with about 7.5 million votes ( that is 5.11% of total votes polled. The CPI(M) contested in 59, won 19, with

2701:

convention the CPI left-wing organised party district and state conferences. Also it was decided in the Tenali convention to hold a party congress of the left-wing in Calcutta. The Calcutta Congress was held during 31 October – 7 November 1964. Simultaneously, the official Party under Dange convened

2554:

But soon after opposition against Dange erupted in the Party when Dange came up with his own definition of communist internationalism, different from standard Marxian understanding of the term. In his view internationalism is valid only for 'domestic' issues such as Hungary and Tibet, which were the

2346:

Stalin's view also was that India was not an independent country but ruled indirectly by British colonialists. He also agreed that the Communists could eventually advance only by heading an armed revolution. But this would not be of the Chinese type. He strongly advised that the armed struggle being

2297:

At the start of the 1950s, the CPI was bitterly divided over the manner in which political power in India should be captured. The militants advocated the 'Chinese path', or capture of power through violent means and the other group that included Dange was for the 'Indian path'(a moderate strategy to

2141:

Internationally also CPI found itself lost. At the start of World War II, the Comintern supported a policy of non-intervention, arguing that the war was an imperialist war between various national ruling classes. But when the Soviet Union itself was invaded on 22 June 1941, the Comintern changed its

2093:

on the invitation of the Congress Socialist Party leadership from there. His tour resulted in that many prominent Congress Socialist Party leaders from Andhra Pradesh joining the Communist Party. After he came out of the jail, up to 1939, he was working for the Party and was trying increase its hold

1966:

The Sessions Court in Meerut awarded stringent sentences to the accused in January 1933. Out of the accused 27 persons were convicted with various durations of 'transportation'. While Muzaffar Ahmed was transported for life, Dange, Spratt, Ghate, Joglekar and Nimbkar were each awarded transportation

3061:

The party failed to register any presence in the country. In the 2007 assembly election in Uttar Pradesh, UCPI launched three candidates, Devi Dayal Yadav in Karki (572 votes, 0.49% of the votes in the constituency), Anand Kumar in Baberu (899 votes, 0.82%) and Vimal Krishan Srivastav in Banda (456

2876:

In 1977, Indira Gandhi went for general elections and CPI was still supporting her. The Congress lost the elections and emergency was lifted. The CPI suffered its worst ever losses in general elections. CPI(M) was able to hold on to its base in West Bengal, but, electoral support for the CPI took a

2805:

as the Chief Minister. In Kerala legislative elections held in 1970, the Communist Party of India won only 16 seats, out of a total of 133, whereas the coalition leader Indian National Congress had won 30 seats. Still, Congress accepted Achuta Menon's leadership till the next election that would be

2669:

In September 1963, A. K. Gopalan (formerly with Dange in 1959) was able to organise an impressive anti-official party rally in Calcutta. Dange still had a majority of two-to-one on the council, but the emerging alliance between the Leftists and Namboodiripad's smaller Centrist faction forced him to

2492:

Half the party wants to express its support for the Congress stand that there will be no gift (to China) of the and that India stands broadly by the McMahon line. The other half wants to go back to guerrilla tactics and give up the parliamentary experiment. The nationalist parliamentary wing of the

1988:

a Party with a centralised apparatus, came into being only after the release of the Meerut prisoners, in 1933. The Meerut Conspiracy Case, though launched to suppress the communist movement, provided the opportunity for Communists to propagate their ideas. It came out with its own manifesto and was

1947:

Whoever within or without British India conspires to commit any of the offenses punishable by Section 121 or to deprive the King of the sovereignty of British India or any part thereof, or conspires to overawe, by means of criminal force or the show of criminal force, the Government of India or any

1793:

The early trade union movement in India was not directly inspired by communists. Dange played an important role in bringing the labour activists amongst Bombay textile workers under the communist umbrella. Girni Kamgar Mahamandal was split and the communists formed their own union, the Girni Kamgar

1779:

The AITUC was guided principally by the Congress leaders. The masses at this period were being led by Lokmanya Tilak and his group, in which Lala Lajpat Rai from Punjab, Bepinchandra Pal from Bengal and others had a big place. Mahatma Gandhi had refused to sponsor the idea of founding the AITUC and

1762:

The industrial town of Kanpur, in December 1925, witnessed a conference of different communist groups, under the chairmanship of Singaravelu Chettiar. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani were among the key organisers of the meeting. The meeting adopted a resolution for the formation

1745:

communists were put on trial. "But no case had attracted public gaze like the Kanpur case. Pages of newspapers daily splashed sensational communist plans and people for the first time learned such a large scale about communism and its doctrines and the aims of the Communist International in India."

3144:

Mitrokhin Archives are not KGB papers per se, but were notes taken by Vasili Mitrokhin over 30 years. CPI questioned the authenticity of these papers. "This is utter nonsense. We have said this before and we say it again that these documents haven't been verified and no one knows if these are real

2722:

In the state legislative elections held simultaneously, the Communist Party of India (Marxist) emerged as a major party in Kerala and West Bengal. In Kerala a United Front government led by E.M.S. Namboodiripad was formed. The Communist Party of India was a minor coalition partner. In West Bengal,

2431:

for setting up states on the basis of language. This committee recommended a bi-lingual state called Bombay for Maharashtra-Gujarat, with Bombay as its capital. The state came into being on 1 November 1956, but stirred up political unrest in both the states. In Maharashtra, under the leadership of

1957:

The main charges were that in 1921 Dange, Shaukat Usmani and Muzaffar Ahmad entered into a conspiracy to establish a branch of Comintern in India and they were helped by various persons, including the accused Philip Spratt and Benjamin Francis Bradley, sent to India by the Communist International.

1627:

The third decade of the 20th century proved to be formative years for young Dange. The period also witnessed worldwide economic crises. There were long strikes in the industrialized world, especially in Britain. In India, the working class movement gained steady momentum during this period. It was

1603:

read the work and went on to meet its young author, when he came to Mumbai. Ranchoddas Bhavan Lotvala, a flour mill owner from Mumbai who 'concerned himself for radical causes', also read this treatise and was impressed by its contents. Lotvala sponsored Dange's study of Marxism for several years,

3094:

Another attempt by various communist organisations was to hold a national communist conference in Mumbai on the occasion of Dange's birth centenary celebrations. But this had failed due to the paucity of funds. The communist organisations could not raise sufficient funds nor could find a generous

2714:

After the split, the first event that tested out the relative strengths of both groups was the Kerala Assembly Elections held in 1965. The Communist Party of India contested in 79 seats but only win 3 seats, polling about 500,000 votes with 8.30% vote share. The Communist Party of India (Marxist)

2239:

Around the time of independence the CPI was sending confusing signals—from left to centrist to right. General Secretary Joshi was advocating unity with the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. By the end of 1947, P.C. Joshi found himself in the minority. His line was

1975:

Though all the accused were not communists, the charges framed against them betrayed the British government's fear for growth of communist ideas in India. In the trial the accused were all labeled as Bolsheviks. During the trial of four and a half years, the defendants turned the courtroom into a

1842:

The communists were addressing ground level problems and as a result "N.M. Joshi, in spite of money and no persecution from the government lost the leadership (of AITUC) to the communists." The communists took over the leadership of the AITUC in December 1929, when their rivals, led by N.M.Joshi,

1701:

In 1923, they came to the conclusion that they did not have enough to prove anti-government activity as "Dange is a pure doctrinaire and nothing here seen of him indicate any real power of organisation." The Government of India soon changed its mind and the file notes that 'The evidence collected

1542:

District, Maharashtra. His father worked in Mumbai as government officer and was major landowner of the area and lived in one palace like house in Karanjgaon. Dange was sent to study in Pune. He was expelled from college for organising a movement against compulsory teaching of the Bible. While in

3090:

Seven years later, in 1998, it was decided to celebrate his birth centenary celebrations, starting from 10 October that year in a gathering of trade unionists in Mumbai. A committee was set up to undertake a project for instituting a memorial to Dange. The concept of the memorial approved in the

3008:

By 1980, the writing on the wall was clear. Poll alliance between CPI and CPI(M) was forged. CPI had parted ways with Congress in Kerala. The Dange group within the party was reduced to an insignificant minority. In 1980 a section of CPI cadre who wanted to retain the close relationship with the

2653:

At that time, the Government of India had arrested 400 prominent communist leaders of the Left wing for their alleged pro-China views. Dange, seized this opportunity, a move that would further erode his base, to reassert the right-wing control over the pro-left strongholds of West Bengal and the

2088:

In 1943, Dange for the first was elected to the Central Committee of the CPI. In October 1944 he attended the XVII Congress of the Communist Party of Great Britain in London as a fraternal representative from the Communist Party of India. Between 1929 and 1935, Dange remained in jail for role in

1930:

The British government was clearly worried about the growing influence of the Communist International. Its ultimate objective, so the government perceived, was to achieve "complete paralysis and overthrow of existing Governments in every country (including India) by means of a general strike and

1798:

The linkages which were forged in this strike placed the communists firmly in control of the Girni Kamgar Mahamandal and enabled them to dominate trade union movement. They were now forced to confront problems forced by the structure of industrial relations. The initiative taken by the communist

2374:

To this Khrushchev's response was a reiteration of the official Soviet Party line, that with the abolition of the Comintern, there was no organisation for leading the Communist Parties in other countries. Khrushchev and Bulganin's visit paved way for forging of a strong relationship between the

2259:

was adopted on the premise that 'free' India was only a "semi-colony of British imperialism". Joshi, who stood collaboration with Congress was sidelined, and Ranadive became the General Secretary. Open call for taking up arms, known as 'Calcutta thesis' and was closely identified with its main

2137:

Around the time that the British decided to transfer power to the Indians, the CPI found itself in a not very happy situation. For once their disassociation with the Quit India movement made them unpopular with the people. Secondly huge support that the Congress garnered ran contrary the CPI's

3247:

by his daughter Roza and her husband, Bani Deshpande. Dange was again criticised for "his ideas on ancient India and his discovery of the ideals of communism in the primitive ages (and hence a glorification of the ancient culture) left him exposed to charges of having read Marxism in the most

2867:

CPI saw emergency as an opportunity and welcomed it 'as necessary to combat fascist movement led by Jaiprakash Narayan and the parties of right reaction. CPI leaders believed they could turn emergency into a communist revolution. Almost a decade of close cooperation with Indira Gandhi and the

2689:

The cascading events following the Dange Letters ultimately resulted in the split of the Party in October, 1964. The left challenge came into the open with a conference to prepare a party program, immediately after the Dange Letters. The showdown came on 11 April 1964 when 30 Leftists and two

3028:

Although having Dange as its leader, AICP was not able to attract any major nationwide following for two main reasons. Firstly, the Soviet Union did not give any political support to the new party. The founders of AICP were upholding the pro-Soviet CPI policy of cooperating with the National

2564:

identified B. T. Ranadive, a former general secretary(1948–50), as supporting P.C. Joshi in his pro-Chinese attitude. According to these two militants, Nehru ought to be condemned by the Party as a "reactionary", and the policy of Congress should be resolutely opposed. At this stage, the

2200:

The Communist Party during the war supported the allies, including the English and by this action weakened its influence as a lot of people could not correctly understand the position of the Party. A considerable part of the supporters of the Communist Party during the war shifted to the

1660:

in the opening years of the 20th century, went to Moscow in by the end of April 1920. The new Russian government under Lenin evinced interest in him and encouraged him to form an Indian Communist Party. Roy went on to found the émigré Communist Party of India on 17 October 1920 in

2645:

Right. After the death of Secretary-General Ajoy Ghosh in January 1962, a truce was established. Dange, who at that time was the head of the All-India Trade Union Congress, became the first chairman of the CPI and the centrist leader, Namboodiripad, became the Secretary-General.

3170:

In as much as Mitrokhin archive was based entirely on notes based on alleged primary sources, the Benediktov diaries also brought in Dange through a mere hearsay. Both these documents were used by the critics of totalitarian communism to attack the communist parties and Dange.

2502:

Sino-Indian border dispute brought into open bitter internal war within the CPI between those who described themselves as international socialists and others who advocated that national sentiments should not be completely ignored. Mr. Dange, leader of the Party in Parliament,

2308:

On 30 May 1950, the extremists with hundreds of their followers split from the Party and came out in the open. When the war of attrition between both continued unabated, the Soviet Communists intervened. The warring leaders were invited to Russia for a discussion with the

2759:

strongly spoke in favour of it. Joshi was marginalised for this, yet the question persisted and was one of the reasons for the CPI split. It was increasingly becoming clear that anti-Congress faction, the Communist Party of India (Marxist) was stronger of the two groups.

3091:

meeting was that it would house a modern education center, a large library and facilities for research on various issues concerning the working class movement. There will also be a trade union school with hostel and canteen facilities. This project did not take off.

2534:

the attitude of studied neutrality adopted in Moscow, where the Soviet press printed both the Chinese and Indian accounts of the Ladakh skirmish, without appearing to take sides. His general nationalist communist position had the backing of the Kerala, Maharashtra,

2205:

The Soviet leaders closely questioned Dange about the Congress. For years questions regarding what attitude should be taken toward the Congress would be debated inside the left parties in India. The following portion shows Dange's attitude towards the Congress and

2788:. The Pakistani military tried to quell the uprising; but Indian military intervention thwarted such moves. There was confusion within the ranks of the Indian communists—while the pro-Soviet CPI had no problem in supporting the war, and the Indian prime minister, 2596:

In the meanwhile fighting began on the Himalayan border on 10 October 1962 between the Chinese People's Liberation Army and Army of India. The war ended when the Chinese unilaterally declared a ceasefire on 20 November 1962, which went into effect at midnight.

1847:

In India throughout 1928 and 1929 there was a strong wave of strikes, on the railroads, in ironworks and in the textile industry. 31 million working days lost in 1928, through industrial disputes. Trade union numbers and organisation grew rapidly during this

2859:, who had been recently defeated in the parliamentary election by Indira Gandhi. The court declared her election null and void and unseated her from her seat in Lok Sabha. The court also banned her from contesting any election for an additional six years. 1643:

its stated objective was to fight 'by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State'.

2184:

The following free and frank exchange between Dange and Zhdanov on the day after the India's Independence day, that is, on 16 August 1947, brings out the chaotic situation in which the Communist Party of India found itself at that historical juncture:

2611:

Another issue that fueled the split in the Communist Party of India was parting of the ways between the USSR and China. Though the conflict had a long history, it came out in open in 1959, Khrushchev sought to appease the West during a period of the

1803:

Two long and bitter strikes in 1928 and 1929 involving the members of Girni Kamgar Union followed. Dange was the general secretary of the Girni Kamgar Union. For their role in the strikes he was arrested along with Muzaffar Ahmed and Shaukat Usmani.

1938:

In more than one way the Meerut Conspiracy case trial helped the Communist Party of India to consolidate its position among workers. Dange along with 32 persons were arrested on or about 20 March 1929 and were put on trial under Section 121A of the

2229:

Com. Dange: Also a bourgeois. He is an eminent advocate, has acquired a lot of money and has invested it in enterprises. Nehru also belongs to a family of eminent advocates and has invested his substantial savings in the Indian company of Tata....

2280:

to herald in the Indian revolution was one of the main pillars of Ranadive strategy. During the peak of Telangana rebellion, 3,000 villages and some 41,000 square kilometers of territory were involved in the revolt. The ruler of Hyderabad state,

1753:

and was pardoned. Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani and Dange were sentenced for various terms of imprisonment. This case was responsible for actively introducing communism to the Indian masses. Dange was released from prison in 1925.

2800:

During the period 1970–1977, CPI was a strong ally of the Congress party and nothing typified better than the alliance both the parties forged in Kerala. Both the parties formed a coalition government together in that state, with the CPI-leader

2702:

a Party Congress of the Communist Party of India in Bombay. The split was complete. The left group which assembled in Calcutta decided to adopt the name 'Communist Party of India (Marxist)'. This party also adopted its own political programme.

1669:

met Dange in 1922. Dange at that time was closely associating with Lotvala to spread Marxian ideas. It was during this period that Dange grew in prominence as a Marxist; a sure way those days to invite antagonism from the British Government.

2194:

Comrade Dange opines that during the war the Congress, taking into account the anti-English sentiments of the wide masses, opposed the English and by this action acquired a semblance of a national organisation fighting for the national

2117:

Even before the takeover of the AITUC by the communists, in 1927, Dange was elected Assistant Secretary of AITUC." During the year 1943– 1944 Dange was elected for the first time as the chairman of the All India Trade Unions Congress.

1784:

Communists were also largely excluded when, again in Mumbai, in 1923, jobbers and mill clerks came together and started Girni Kamgar Mahamandal (Great Association of Mill-Workers). They participated in the long textile strike in 1924.

4515: 1734:) Bolshevik Conspiracy case. The specific charge was that they as communists were seeking "to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India, by complete separation of India from Britain by a violent revolution." 3013:. Roza Deshpande, the daughter of Dange and her husband Bani Deshpande, played an important role in organising the founding of the new party. It is said that Dange himself was initially largely sceptical of a split in the CPI. 2052:

and his policies. But when Hitler attacked Poland, the Communist Party of India had called World War II, an 'Imperialist War'. But when he attacked the Soviet Union, the same Communist Party of India decided to call the war, a

2109:

In 1939, Dange was convicted to four months of rigorous imprisonment for organising a strike of textile workers. He was arrested on 11 March 1940 for leading a general strike of textile workers in Bombay and interned in the

2391:. These differences within the Communist Party of India, up to Palakkad congress was an internal matter of the Party; the international communist movement at that time was united. Ranadive who was earlier shunned for his 2275:

A rebellion in the Telangana region in the northern part of what was to become Andhra Pradesh, a peasant struggle against the feudal regime of the Nizam was already happening when Calcutta thesis was adopted. To use the

1702:

clearly shows that Dange has been an important figure in the conspiracy as constant reference to his name would be unavoidable in any event in the prosecution to be instituted against other members of the conspiracy at .

4310:

Former Indian counter-intelligence specialist Bahukutumbi Raman pointed out that Mitrokhin did not bring either the original documents or photocopies. Instead, he brought handwritten/typed notes of the contents of the

1693:

During this period M.N. Roy, the spokesperson of the Comintern, was seen as the most dangerous of Indian communists. During that time all the letters written by Roy from Moscow to Dange were intercepted and delivered.

4321: 2482:), when the Sino-Indian border dispute broke out—an event that would sharpen the differences within the CPI. The Calcutta Congress at the end of September 1959 brought into open the differences within the Party. As 2436:

and a joint Maharashtra council (Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti) was founded. In the second general elections the Samiti defeated the stalwarts of Congress by securing 101 seats out of 133, including 12 from Mumbai.

2764:

Soon differences between both parties again came out in the open. From 1970 onwards Communist Party of India started once again working with the Congress. Dange was one of the principal architects of this union.

2995:

Even after Bhatinda congress, Dange was able to retain some of his influence though the majority was moving towards unity with CPI(M). The main reason for this was CPI sharing power with the Congress in Kerala.

1962:

to deprive the King Emperor of the sovereignty of British India, and for such purpose to use the methods and carry out the programme and plan of campaign outlined and ordained by the Communist International.

3220:

was published in 1949. The book attempted to analyze stages of growth of society in ancient India. The author had painfully researched ancient scriptures and other sources to make it a definitive tome.

2125:

in London. In 1945–1947 he became the vice chairman of the All India Trade Union Congress. Also in October 1945 he became a member of the Executive Committee and chairman of the General Council of the

3161:. Dange's name figured in the first excerpt is from a 17 January 1962 entry from the journal Benediktov describing a conversation with Bhupesh Gupta, the then Secretary of the National Council of CPI. 2984:

As one of the few parties that supported emergency, the CPI was under attack from all other quarters. In spite of strong pro-Indira arguments presented by Dange, CPI in its eleventh party congress at

1506:. Dange, who remained the Chairman of the CPI till 1978, was removed in that year because the majority of party workers were against Dange's political line of supporting Indian National Congress, and 1749:

Singaravelu Chettiar was released on account of illness. M.N. Roy was out of the country and therefore could not be arrested. Ghulam Hussain confessed that he had received money from the Russians in

2731:, a provincial break-away group of the Indian National Congress. For the Communist Party of India, The Kerala experiment of coexisting with Communist Party of India(Marxist) did not work for long. 1639:

or the Communist International, or in popular parlance—its abbreviated form – Comintern, an international communist organisation founded in Moscow in March 1919. As a resolution adopted in the

3183:

that got him two important contacts of his youth: M. N. Roy and Lotwala, the rich flour-mill owner from Bombay. The latter helped him to launch the first ever socialist magazine in India,

3016:

The founders of All India Communist Party retained close communications with Dange. In May, 1981 the National Council of CPI expelled Dange. When the first conference of AICP was held in

2620:. Two other reasons were USSR's unwillingness to support Chinese nuclear program and their neutrality in the initial days of Sino-Indian border conflict. These events greatly offended 3149:

and counter-intelligence specialists had questioned the veracity of these papers. However, Arch Betty has also been accused of downplaying atrocities committed under Stalin's regime.

3029:

Congress, but the Soviets were not interested in a split within CPI. Secondly, the Congress showed limited interest towards the idea of having a national alliance with the new party.

2114:

Detention Camp. At Deoli, several other communist leaders were also jailed along with him. In prison he started a political study circle among the prisoners. He was released in 1943.

1599:, a comparative study of approaches of both the leaders; but, Lenin coming out as better of the two. This work proved to be a turning point in Dange's life. Prominent Marxist leader 2792:, the CPI(M) found itself in quandary participated in the resistance struggle, the pro-China communist groups were in a quandary, because China had sided with Pakistan in the war. 2305:

The proponents of the 'Chinese path' led by C. Rajeswara Rao and those of the 'Indian path' led by Ajoy Ghosh had set up their own centers and the CPI was on the verge of a split.

2129:. In February 1947, Dange again became the chairman of All India Trade Union Congress and continued to be at the helm of that organisation either as general secretary or chairman. 1967:

for a period of 12 years. On appeal, in July 1933, the sentences of Ahmed, Dange and Usmani were reduced three years. Reductions were also made in the sentences of other convicts.

1819:

Believing that the world capitalism was in crisis, during the 1920s the Comintern deployed its workers to various countries. Indian communists had forged a close relationship with

2694:, walked out of a National Council meeting and proceeded to appeal to all Indian Communists to repudiate the Dange leadership. National Council suspended the thirty-two leaders. 4673: 1737:

The case attracted interest of the people towards Comintern plan to bring about violent revolution in India. Communist trials had taken place in India, in frontier towns like

3000:

assessment of Congress. Congress according to CPI contained left and democratic elements. This stand also justified continued cooperation between Congress and CPI in Kerala.

1543:

work, Dange was exposed to conditions of workers when he undertook voluntary work in the textile mill areas of Mumbai. Dange was drawn into active politics by the fervour of

4325: 3229:

was the kind of road map he used. He analyzed the ancient epics to arrive at the reasons for origin of private property in India. The first draft of the book was written in

1126: 2333:

S. A. Dange and C. Rajeswara Rao have both told me about the meeting with the leaders of the CPSU. The first meeting was attended from the Soviet side by Comrades Suslov,

1685:

in India with great suspicion. During the 1920s, the Government foisted a series of 'conspiracy cases' against persons whom they suspected to have communist leanings.

1109: 2002:

were dictated by the Comintern's views. After its admission to the Third International, the Communist Party of India was seen to be guided by the policies imposed by

1582:, especially about Gandhi's promotion of cottage industries as the sole solution for India's economic ills, while overlooking possibilities of an industrial economy. 1635:

ideas, following the Russian Revolution of 1917, manifesting in political events in countries outside Russia. This process was quickened by the establishment of the

663: 3115:

in Parliament House. The 9-feet high bronze statue of Dange, sculpted by Vithoba Panchal, has been donated by the labour organisation, Shramik Pratishthan, Mumbai.

4688: 2755:

The issue whether to support Congress or not bedevilled the undivided Communist Party right from the year of independence, 1947, when the then general secretary

2371:

in 1955. Jawaharlal Nehru, frankly put forward to the visiting Soviet leaders that the Communist Party of India was claiming to receive direction from the CPSU.

1201: 2010:

interests. As a result the positions taken by the CPI ran many times counter to popular nationalist sentiments, leading to erosion of the Party's popular base.

1948:

local Government, shall be punished with transportation for life, or any shorter term, or with imprisonment of either description which may extend to ten years.

4399:

12 February 2002 Review of Problems of Indian Renaissance: S. A. Dange, Edited by Bani Deshpande and Roza Deshpande; Vichar Bharati Prakashan, Mumbai-400014.

2289:

Dange had been a member of the CPI Central Committee since the founding of the Party. But during 1950–1951 he was not included in the Central Committee.

2157:

The CPI was in a state of confusion and the Party clearly needed advice. In July 1947, P.C. Joshi, the then General Secretary, secured Dange's entry to

4427: 2363:, the then Indian Prime Minister visited USSR and received a tremendous welcome. This was followed by the maiden visit to India of the Soviet leaders, 4698: 4607: 2146:. Stalin disbanded Comintern in 1943. It is surmised that the dissolution came about as Stalin wished to calm his World War II Allies (particularly 3912: 2968:

To both the communist parties, election results raised serious questions regarding their relevance in the Indian political system. Newly strewn up

2320:

Four leaders, two from each center, were brought to Moscow. They travelled in cognito as manual workers in a Soviet ship from Calcutta. They were

4581: 1231: 3770: 2654:

Punjab. In February 1963—with 48 of its 110 members absent, in detention or in hiding—the National Council voted to "administer the work of the

1518:. Towards the end, Dange got increasingly marginalised in the Indian Communist movement. He was also a well-known writer and was the founder of 3265: 2351:

In 1951, Dange was elected to both the Central Committee and the Politburo. In 1952 Dange lost elections to the Indian Parliament from Bombay.

781: 4267: 4055: 3968: 2530:

incident', lamenting the loss of Indian lives, and stating that the country would support Nehru in his efforts to avoid any repetition of it.

4034: 1097: 194: 149: 3891: 2244:, a prominent radical leader, was inspired by the great strides that the Chinese communists had made, and wanted a similar model for India. 4322:"Russian Foreign Ministry Documents on the Soviet-Indian Relations and Sino-Indian Border Conflict. Cold War International History Project" 3020:, commencing on 13 March. Dange turned up there uninvited and took charge of the new party. He was elected general secretary of the party. 1450: 841: 736: 2085:

became the first general secretary of Communist Party of India, for a period from 1935 to 1947—or as it was called the "P. C. Joshi era".

4663: 3422:

Criminal cases in which the accused are charged with actions that would alienate the sovereignty of British India, from the British King.

2387:

in 1956. Against the ultra-left line of Ranadive, Dange and P.C. Joshi were for reviving the 'popular front' and working with the ruling

1173: 1060: 4602: 4597: 1236: 1148: 761: 693: 4638: 4228: 1131: 3632: 2855:

held that Mrs. Gandhi was guilty on the charge of misuse of government machinery for her election campaign. The case was filed by

2723:

Communist Party of India (Marxist) emerged as the main force, but the chief ministership of the coalition government was given to

1843:

walked out of the session, and founded a rival organisation. Like rest of the world, it was a period of great unrest in India too.

1065: 4693: 4420: 1158: 746: 3734:"Transcript" of the Discussion held on 16.VIII.1947 from 6 pm to 8 between Comrade A. A. Zhdanov with Com. Shripad Amrit Dange 3157:

Diaries of I. A. Benediktov, Russian ambassador to India during the 1960s named Indian communist leaders seeking aid from the

2581:

Ajoy Ghosh and one other not identified by the newspaper(probably Basavapunnaiah ) – centralists, attempting to restore unity.

1706:

The conspiracy referred to here is the Kanpur Conspiracy Case that would catapult Dange to a leader with national prominence.

3340: 1168: 2526:, the deputy leader of the Communist group in Lok Sabha. He was quoted by a newspaper that he (Gopalan) was shocked by the ' 4653: 3556: 3518: 3481: 3434: 1976:

public platform to espouse their cause. As a result, the trial saw strengthening of the communist movement in the country.

1163: 1075: 4150:

Bhattacharya, Mrimoy in Banerjee, Gopal (ed.), S.A. Dange – A Fruitful Life. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 141

4120:

Das Gupta, Jagadish, in Banerjee, Gopal (ed.), S.A. Dange – A Fruitful Life. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 101

4571: 4566: 3949: 3584: 3539:

Notes left on the net by Tomlinson, Professor B.R. (Tom). Department of History, School for Oriental and African Studies.

3039: 2459:

fought relentlessly for Samyukta Maharashtra, a struggle that cost a lot of lives. Finally on 1 May 1960, pre-dominantly

2310: 1092: 1048: 4159: 1981: 1640: 1499: 1393: 1266: 1055: 851: 2507:, secretary of the Kerala unit, and Dr. Muzaffar Ahmed of Uttar Pradesh were the proponents of the nationalist cause. 2017:

politicians. The British government had banned communist activities from 1934 to 1938. When the Comintern adopted the

4668: 4413: 4129: 1836: 1311: 1153: 1087: 1028: 2403: 4678: 4658: 4648: 2821: 2408: 2341:. It was on the third day that it was announced that Comrade Stalin would attend. So he did for subsequent days.... 2126: 2098: 1820: 1443: 1261: 1136: 1080: 676: 3328: 2739:

Even after the party split, Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Communist Party cadres remained unified in the

3051: 1515: 1256: 1221: 1178: 1011: 879: 2154:) not to suspect that the Soviet Union was pursuing a policy of trying to foment revolution in other countries. 1628:

during one of the long textile mill strikes that Dange got himself acquainted with the conditions of labourers.

4551: 3132: 2740: 1772: 1742: 1408: 1246: 1119: 1033: 771: 2828:, and it lasted for 21 months. Emergency provisions suspended all the Constitutional rights and gave power to 1681:

saw the founding of Comintern as a disruptive force that would cause internal disorder. It viewed the nascent

4561: 2744: 2044:

The Raj re-banned the CPI in 1939, for its initial anti-War stance. The line was changed when, following the

1241: 1070: 4111:

Sen, Mohit. A Traveller and the Road – The Journey of an Indian Communist. New Delhi: Rupa Co., 2003. p. 388

3095:

sponsor to host the meet in Dange's own city. Therefore, the venue of the conference was shifted to Kerala.

4643: 4576: 4389: 4216: 4204: 2122: 1999: 1827:

and Ben Bradley, came to India. mandated by Comintern to work among the industrial labourers of Bombay and

1544: 1373: 1043: 978: 4173: 3888:

The Chinese Communist Party's Proposal Concerning the General Line of the International Communist Movement

3237: 1715: 1436: 1206: 642: 462: 376: 202: 17: 4102:, published in Asian Survey, Vol. 22, No. 2, A Survey of Asia in 1981: Part II (Feb., 1982), pp. 119–135 3907: 3413:(ed.) G. Adhikari with the assistance of Dilip Bose. New Delhi: People's Publishing House. 1982. p. 229. 4683: 4556: 4452: 4141:

Banerjee, Gopal (ed.), S.A. Dange – A Fruitful Life. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 153

2868:

Congress seemed to be on the verge of bringing about a massive revolutionary breakthrough for the CPI.

2415:

After India's independence in 1947, the princely states were integrated into the Indian Union, and the

1038: 756: 627: 3997: 3472:

to the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the party was founded in Tashkent, USSR on 17 October 1920.

3886: 3599:

During the British rule, a severe form of punishment was banishing convicts to a penal settlement in

3290: 3010: 2847:. More immediate reason for clamping of emergency was that in a judgment dated 12 June 1975, Justice 2773: 2428: 2189:

Further com. Zhdanov asks com. Dange to explain why the Congress managed to strengthen its authority.

2147: 1511: 1196: 1114: 723: 671: 3533: 3305: 2558:

There was also a consolidation among the communist internationalists at this stage. The Swiss paper

4498: 4492: 4436: 4271: 4050: 3963: 2388: 2038: 1931:

armed uprising.". The government's immediate response was to foist yet another conspiracy case—the

1887: 1615:, Dange's contemporary and a well-known communist intellectual, wrote that Dange's articles in the 1604:

and together they built up a library of Marxist Literature and published translations of classics.

1564: 1495: 1472: 1023: 1018: 836: 818: 796: 766: 713: 502: 345: 327: 184: 127: 65: 4029: 2325: 2207: 2170: 2089:

Meerut conspiracy case. After being released from jail in 1935, Dange went on a speaking tour in

2045: 1977: 1216: 1211: 983: 741: 592: 532: 497: 2697:

The left leaders who were ousted, in turn, announced a separated national convention. After the

2560: 4525: 3814: 2143: 2006:

on the international communist movement. Stalin's policies were, in turn, dictated by Russia's

1861: 1006: 751: 681: 542: 477: 2658:

Party" through a Provincial Organising Committee acting on behalf of the Central Secretariat.

1998:

During the period, prior to India's Independence, the Communist Party of India's responses to

4480: 3108: 2835:

Indira Gandhi took this extreme step due to a host of reasons. The venerated Gandhian leader

2825: 2815: 1538:

Deshastha Yajurvedi Brahman family in 1899, in the village of Karanjgaon in Niphad Taluka of

963: 956: 813: 3145:

KGB papers," said CPI leader Manju Kumar Majumder, when the book was out, Academicians like

4633: 4628: 4530: 3544: 3230: 3042:. Eventually the control over this organisation was completely taken over by the Congress. 2852: 2836: 2633: 2034: 1723: 1555:, a veteran leader of Indian National Congress from Maharashtra, the earliest proponent of 1226: 1143: 1102: 951: 869: 791: 417: 139: 4324:. Virtual Archive Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars website. Archived from 3612: 2260:

proponent and the new General Secretary, Ranadive. As a result insurgencies took place in

2029:, CPI declared support for the Congress in 1938. The communist leaders like Dinkar Mehta, 1852:

Muzaffar Ahmed, Usmani and Dange joined these later campaigns on their release from jail.

1471:(10 October 1899 – 22 May 1991) was an Indian politician who was a founding member of the 8: 4161:

Statistical Report on General Election 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh.

3733: 2844: 2504: 2484: 2456: 2299: 2277: 2070: 1636: 1552: 1476: 1363: 908: 708: 703: 567: 4380:, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, xxix (Poona, 1949). p. 277. 3123:

Controversies continued to dog Dange even after death. In what were supposedly based on

1522:

the first socialist weekly in India. Dange played an important role in the formation of

1510:, the then Congress Prime Minister. He was expelled from the CPI in 1981. He joined the 4457: 2881:

Comparative Performance of the Communist Parties in General Elections of 1971 and 1977.

2824:

declared by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, in June 1975, by invoking Article 352 of the

2338: 1895: 1575: 1403: 1378: 1368: 1358: 968: 931: 903: 776: 617: 522: 447: 384: 3484:

Evolution of Law of 'Sedition' in the Context of the Indian Freedom Struggle 1837–1922

3437:

Evolution of Law of 'Sedition' in the Context of the Indian Freedom Struggle 1837–1922

4462: 4175:

Statistical Report on General Election 2006 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu

3792: 3336: 3199: 3136: 2969: 2848: 2617: 2606: 2424: 2368: 2181:, leading Soviet theorists of the period, participated in the 1947 talks with Dange. 2151: 2082: 2013:

Up to 1934, the CPI viewed India's freedom struggle as a movement of the reactionary

1940: 1911: 1879: 1487: 1383: 688: 457: 452: 269: 3107:, Prime Minister of India unveiled his statue along with other left leaders such as 3074:

Dange died at a Bombay hospital on 22 May 1991. He was given a state funeral by the

2715:

contested 73 seats, won 40, with about 1.3 million votes, 19.87% of the total.

1866: 4535: 4363:, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, xxix (Poona, 1949), 271–77. 3999:

Statistical Report of General Elections, 1970 to the Legislative Assembly of Kerala

3951:

Statistical Report of General Elections, 1965 to the Legislative Assembly of Kerala

3128: 2802: 2460: 2364: 2360: 2256: 2111: 2081:

After the sudden arrest of then Somnath Lahiri, Secretary of CPI, during end-1935,

1903: 1902:, Gopen Chakravarti, Kishori Lal Ghosh, L. R. Kadam, D. R. Thengdi, Goura Shanker, 1899: 1875: 1653: 1503: 1502:(CPI(M)) emerged stronger both in terms of membership and their performance in the 1426: 941: 898: 893: 718: 597: 487: 412: 2510:

The conflict came in the open when P. C. Joshi, who controlled the Party's weekly

4286: 4059: 4038: 3972: 3916: 3895: 3600: 3588: 2728: 2591: 2375:

Government of India (and later Congress Party) and the USSR, independent of CPI.

2097:

Around this time Dange's legislative career also took off. He was elected to the

2054: 2018: 1958:

The aim of the accused persons, according to the charges raised against them was

1491: 973: 808: 637: 632: 572: 265: 3489:

State Intervention and Popular Response: Western India in the Nineteenth Century

3442:

State Intervention and Popular Response: Western India in the Nineteenth Century

4486: 4468: 4253: 3104: 3079: 2829: 2724: 2535: 2178: 2174: 2090: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1883: 1811:, the official organ of the Girni Kamgar Union from the time of its inception. 1719: 1595: 1560: 1535: 1467: 1304: 1298: 946: 698: 552: 547: 442: 427: 392: 360: 172: 44: 3578: 4622: 3146: 2789: 2781: 2703: 2575: 2543: 2523: 2467: 2441: 2416: 2241: 2030: 2022: 2003: 1891: 1824: 1507: 1483:

and trade union activities and was jailed for an overall period of 13 years.

831: 582: 562: 557: 537: 517: 437: 273: 3986:

A Brief Note on the Contents of Documents of the Communist Movement in India

3377: 1656:, perhaps the most important secret revolutionary organisation operating in 4405: 3158: 3112: 2420: 2049: 1398: 1339: 1285: 936: 622: 607: 602: 527: 467: 356: 2843:

for change in provincial government, was getting increasingly against the

2832:. It enabled the Prime Minister to suspend elections and civil liberties. 1874:

prisoners taken outside the jail. Back row (left to right): K. N. Sehgal,

1835:). Workers' and Peasants' Parties were started in those cities and in the 3559:

Imperial Power and popular politics: Class, resistance and state in India

3521:

Imperial Power and popular politics: Class, resistance and state in India

3075: 2655: 2470:

in 1967 from Bombay Central South Constituency of the Maharashtra State.

2383:

The party was again on the verge of split at its fourth congress held at

2014: 2007: 1923: 1678: 1657: 1567:

in 1920, Dange gave up his studies and joined the Independence movement.

1548: 1523: 1332: 846: 507: 482: 297: 3194:

Dange was a keen follower of literature. He had published a book called

2478:

Dange was the leader of the Communist group in the House of the People (

2444:

in 1957 from Bombay City (Central) Constituency of the State of Bombay.

4474: 3063: 2992:

around the same time, CPI(M) also decided pursue a path of left unity.

2856: 2777: 2756: 2691: 2621: 2522:

An important leader publicly to join the nationalist Dange faction was

2448: 2321: 2269: 1632: 1498:

led to a split in the Communist Party of India, in 1964. The breakaway

1325: 1318: 1292: 913: 803: 587: 512: 492: 472: 3772:

Rival Red Party Is Set Up in India, Forswearing the Tactic of Violence

2407:

Shripad Amrit Dange representing the CPI at the fifth congress of the

3965:

Statistical Report of General Elections, 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha

3055: 2989: 2973: 2772:

One of the events that facilitated cooperating with Congress was the

2479: 2452: 2392: 2265: 2048:. The Communist Party of India did not take an active stance against 2037:, and Soli Batliwala became members of the national executive of the 1612: 1600: 1480: 1479:. During the 20th century, Dange was arrested by the authorities for 1388: 886: 577: 407: 104: 3078:

state government. He was survived by his wife Ushatai and daughter,

2240:

challenged by the radicals who claimed that "ye azaadi jhoota hai".

4052:

Statistical Report on General Election 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha.

4031:

Statistical Report on General Election 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha.

3103:

On 10 December 2004, The Indian Parliament honoured Dange when Dr.

3050:

In 1987 AICP merged with the Indian Communist Party and formed the

2985: 2785: 2616:

known as 'The Thaw', by holding a summit meeting with US President

2613: 2384: 2334: 2248: 1832: 1828: 1823:. In 1926 and 1927 members of the British Communist Party, notably 1738: 1727: 1697:

The British government initially did not think Dange was dangerous.

1662: 1579: 1251: 3736:, Member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of India. 3266:"Shripad Amrit Dange, the overshadowed beacon of Indian Communism" 2395:

made a comeback to the Party leadership at the Palakkad congress.

1559:(complete independence) greatly inspired young Dange. Later, when 4504: 4192: 3615:

75th Anniversary of the Formation of the Communist Party of India

3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3203: 2972:– a medley of groups ranging from Congress rebels to Hindu party 2324:

and S. A. Dange from the 'Indian Path', and C. Rajeswara Rao and

2261: 2252: 2026: 1726:, Ghulam Hussain and others were charged, in what was called the 1682: 1607:

In 1922, with Lotvala's help, Dange launched the English weekly,

1571: 988: 612: 432: 36: 3179:

Dange's arrival in the political arena was through the pamphlet

3058:

was the general secretary of the party until his death in 2003.

3023: 3222: 3017: 2698: 2527: 2066: 1932: 1871: 1731: 1688: 1556: 1539: 874: 293: 4100:

India in 1981: Stronger Political Authority and Social Tension

3565: 3045: 4089:, edited by Trond Gilber Published 1989 Duke University Press 4020:, edited by Trond Gilber Published 1989 Duke University Press 3759:

A Traveller and the Road – The Journey of an Indian Communist

2840: 2539: 2282: 2234: 1984:

wrote about the aftermath of the Meerut Conspiracy case thus:

1750: 1673: 301: 53: 3514: 3512: 2497: 2354: 1766: 1757: 3540: 2632:

In 1962, Mao criticized Khrushchev for backing down in the

2433: 2158: 2061: 3066:

elections, UCPI could garner only 921 votes in the state.

2214:

Com. Zhdanov: What is Nehru – a capitalist or a landowner?

3509: 3236:

Dange's magnum opus was severely criticised by historian

3124: 2065:

as the popular sentiments were overwhelmingly supporting

3622:, New Delhi, Volume: 2, No. 1 Issue: January- March 1984 3227:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

1993: 4229:

Press release from the office of the Speaker, Lok Sabha

3562:

New York: Cambridge University Press. 1998. p. 183

3524:

New York: Cambridge University Press. 1998. p. 131

2662:

Party Unit. According to prominent leftist fortnightly

2104: 2076: 3909:

Open Letter of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

3209: 2747:, new Communist Party of India (Marxist) trade union. 4674:

Communist Party of India politicians from Maharashtra

3506:, Volume 1. published by AITUC Publications. p.xxiii. 2565:

secretariat's eight members were divided as follows:

1918:. Front row: M. G. Desai, D. Goswami, R. S. Nimbkar, 4083:

Coalition Strategies and Tactics of Indian Communism

4014:

Coalition Strategies and Tactics of Indian Communism

3430: 3428: 3411:

Documents of History of the Communist Party of India

2871: 1622: 1486:

After India's Independence, a series of events like

2316:

Events that followed were described Mohit Sen thus:

2173:Dange was in Moscow talking to the Soviet leaders. 1970: 1709: 3098: 2432:Keshavrao Jedhe, an all-party meeting was held in 2247:The Communist Party of India's second congress at 1989:affiliated to the Communist International in 1934. 1494:, and dispute over the stand of the party towards 3425: 3335:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 41. 2132: 4620: 3127:documents, notes smuggled out by former KGB spy 1665:. On his return to India, M.N. Roy who had read 4582:All India State Government Employees Federation 4346:. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 43. 3988:. National Book Agency: Kolkata. 2005. p. 56-59 3708:. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 19. 3691:. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 25. 3674:. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 23. 3657:. Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 26. 3454: 3452: 3450: 3243:The book was released in 2002, under the title 3009:Congress, broke away from the Party and formed 2862: 2795: 2517: 2427:in 1950. The Government of India had appointed 4689:Indian independence activists from Maharashtra 3367:. Progressive Publishers, Kolkata. p. 43. 2750: 2569:Dange, Gopalan, Ahmad – nationalist communists 1578:of 1917. He grew increasingly skeptical about 4421: 3753: 3751: 3729: 3727: 3306:"Obituary reference in the Indian Parliament" 3024:Marginalization within the communist movement 2877:nosedive, as the following table would show: 2473: 2138:portrayal of it as a mere bourgeoisie party. 1444: 4435: 4270:. American Historical Review. Archived from 4178:The Election Commission of India. New Delhi. 4164:The Election Commission of India. New Delhi. 4062:The Election Commission of India, New Delhi. 4003:The Election Commission of India, New Delhi. 3975:The Election Commission of India, New Delhi. 3954:The Election Commission of India, New Delhi. 3447: 3003: 2809: 2578:– former extremist, present views uncertain. 1689:Dange in the eyes of the British authorities 1631:The period also coincided with influence of 78:25 February 1962 – 28 November 1981 4254:"CPI's Dange, Rajeshwar named in KGB files" 4041:The Election Commission of India, New Delhi 3831:The Manchester Guardian. 30 September 1959. 3326: 3046:Merger into United Communist Party of India 2979: 2734: 2398: 1592:In 1921, Dange published a pamphlet titled 4603:1964 split in the Communist Party of India 4598:Foundation of the Communist Party of India 4428: 4414: 3748: 3724: 3494: 3363:Sen, Mohit (2002). "The Dange Centenary". 3362: 3187:. Mohit Sen said that Dange's articles in 2600: 2235:The 1950s: internal strifes within the CPI 2142:position to one of active support for the 1814: 1674:Foundation of the Communist Party of India 1611:, the first Indian Marxist journal. Later 1451: 1437: 4378:India from Primitive Communism to Slavery 4361:India from Primitive Communism to Slavery 3487:in Dossal, Mariam and Maloni, Ruby (ed.) 3462:New Delhi: Anmol Publications p. 336 3440:in Dossal, Mariam and Maloni, Ruby (ed.) 3131:at the time of his defection to Britain, 2709: 2706:was elected general secretary of CPI(M). 2624:and the other Chinese Communist leaders. 2498:International Socialists vs. Nationalists 2463:-speaking state of Maharashtra was born. 2355:Visit of Bulganin and Khrushchev to India 1855: 1794:Union during the general strike of 1928. 1767:Initial years of labour movement in India 1758:Formation of the Communist Party of India 1714:On 17 March 1924, M. N. Roy, S.A. Dange, 1647: 4699:Prisoners and detainees of British India 4256:. rediff.com website. 22 September 2005. 4092: 3721:. (Macmillan – London, 2004), pp 444–445 3491:Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. 1999. p. 176. 3444:Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. 1999. p. 175. 2419:including Kolhapur were integrated into 2402: 2298:capture power within the constraints of 2292: 1865: 66:Chairman of the Communist Party of India 4284: 4087:Coalition Strategies of Marxist Parties 4018:Coalition Strategies of Marxist Parties 3233:between October 1942 and January 1943. 3032: 2572:Joshi, Ranadive – extremists, pro-China 2347:conducted in Telangana should be ended. 2121:In 1944–1945, he was a delegate to the 14: 4621: 4195:: Progressive Publishers, 2002. p. 13. 3877:Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 27 October 1959. 2684: 2549: 2378: 664:Communism in the independence movement 4409: 3868:Manchester Guardian. 29 October 1959. 3859:Manchester Guardian. 30 October 1959. 3787: 3785: 3300: 3298: 3152: 3118: 3038:AICP and the Congress had set up the 2963: 1994:The CPI and the independence movement 1788: 4085:by Stanley A. Kochanek appearing in 4016:by Stanley A. Kochanek appearing in 3501:"S.A. Dange" in his introduction to 2690:Centrist leaders. Namboodiripad and 2429:the States Re-organisation Committee 2423:, which was created from the former 2105:Dange's rise in trade union movement 1980:, a former General Secretary of the 1534:Shripad Amritpant Dange was born in 4567:National Federation of Indian Women 4392:Commentary on events, personalities 4105: 3218:From Primitive Communism to Slavery 3211:From Primitive Communism to Slavery 3174: 3069: 2648: 2311:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1585: 162:5 Apr 1957 – 31 March 1962 24: 4664:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra 4374:Marxism and Ancient Indian Culture 4357:Marxism and Ancient Indian Culture 3940:7 March 1964, The Current, Bombay. 3850:The Baltimore Sun. 6 October 1959. 3841:is referred to as Ladakh incident. 3815:"4th Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile" 3795:. Lok Sabha Secretariat, New delhi 3793:"Member's Profile – 4th Lok Sabha" 3782: 3761:. New Delhi: Rupa Co., 2003. p. 81 3295: 3291:Comrade Shripad Amrit Dange Page 8 3085: 2585: 2164: 1982:Communist Party of India (Marxist) 1807:Dange edited the Marathi journal, 1641:Founding Congress of the Comintern 1500:Communist Party of India (Marxist) 1394:List of communist parties in India 852:2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley 117:5 Apr 1967 – 5 April 1977 25: 4710: 3579:"Working Class Movement Library" 3534:Tomlinson, Professor B.R. (Tom). 3460:Encyclopedia of Political Parties 3062:voes, 0.39%). Similarly, in 2006 2872:Backlash: General elections, 1977 2784:) declared its independence from 2767: 2639: 2627: 1623:Influence of Bolshevik Revolution 4639:Trade unionists from Maharashtra 3401:Orient Longman 1997. p. 54. 3399:M. N. Roy: A Political Biography 2673: 2409:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 2127:World Federation of Trade Unions 2101:as Communist candidate in 1946. 1971:Impact of Meerut Conspiracy Case 1821:Communist Party of Great Britain 1710:Kanpur Bolshevik conspiracy case 1420: 842:Maoism in the Nandigram violence 391: 355: 52: 4383: 4366: 4349: 4332: 4314: 4304: 4278: 4260: 4246: 4233: 4222: 4210: 4198: 4181: 4167: 4153: 4144: 4135: 4123: 4114: 4075: 4065: 4044: 4023: 4006: 3991: 3978: 3957: 3943: 3934: 3922: 3901: 3880: 3871: 3862: 3853: 3844: 3834: 3825: 3807: 3764: 3739: 3711: 3694: 3677: 3660: 3643: 3625: 3606: 3593: 3550: 3527: 3475: 3465: 3099:Honour by the Indian Parliament 3052:United Communist Party of India 2719:6.2 million votes(4.28%). 2466:Dange was later elected to the 2094:over the trade union movement. 1652:M. N. Roy, an ex-member of the 1516:United Communist Party of India 1222:Communist Party of French India 747:1957 general election in Kerala 4552:All India Trade Union Congress 3633:"Letters: Downfall of the CPI" 3416: 3404: 3391: 3371: 3356: 3320: 3284: 3258: 2741:All India Trade Union Congress 2169:On the day India got freedom, 2133:CPI on the eve of independence 1952: 1773:All India Trade Union Congress 1529: 1409:State of socialist orientation 731:Post-independence and Cold War 13: 1: 4694:Indian independence activists 4562:All India Students Federation 4344:S. A. Dange – A Fruitful Life 4285:B Raman (26 September 2005). 4239:A sequel to the earlier book 3706:S. A. Dange – A Fruitful Life 3689:S. A. Dange – A Fruitful Life 3672:S. A. Dange – A Fruitful Life 3655:S. A. Dange – A Fruitful Life 3519:"Chandavarker, Rajanarayan". 3333:Marxism, Revolution and Peace 3308:. Parliament of India website 3251: 2745:Centre of Indian Trade Unions 659:Colonial period and partition 4577:Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union 4189:S.A. Dange – A Fruitful Life 3365:S.A. Dange – A Fruitful Life 2863:CPI support to Indira Gandhi 2796:CPI-led government in Kerala 2518:Initial advantage with Dange 2257:Zhdanov line of insurrection 2123:World Trade Union Conference 1374:Communist movements in India 979:Proletarian internationalism 7: 4654:People from Nashik district 3557:Chandavarker, Rajanarayan. 3135:published, in 2005, a book 3054:. Veteran communist leader 3040:Friends of the Soviet Union 2751:Collaborating with Congress 2255:) on 28 February 1948, the 2099:Bombay Legislative Assembly 1477:Indian trade union movement 463:Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi 203:Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti 27:Indian communist politician 10: 4715: 4557:All India Youth Federation 4453:Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate 4376:. Review of S. A. Dange's 4359:. Review of S. A. Dange's 2813: 2604: 2589: 2474:Sino-Indian border dispute 2077:Dange in "P. C. Joshi era" 1859: 772:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 757:Sino-Indian border dispute 628:Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya 4590: 4544: 4514: 4445: 4342:in Banerjee, Gopal (ed.) 3704:in Banerjee, Gopal (ed.) 3687:in Banerjee, Gopal (ed.) 3670:in Banerjee, Gopal (ed.) 3653:in Banerjee, Gopal (ed.) 3613:Surjeet, Harkishan Singh 3191:impressed Lenin himself. 3011:All India Communist Party 3004:All India Communist Party 2810:The CPI and the Emergency 2774:Bangladesh Liberation War 2440:Dange was elected to the 2224:Com. Zhdanov: And Jinnah? 2148:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1619:impressed Lenin himself. 1512:All India Communist Party 724:Punnapra-Vayalar uprising 366: 351: 341: 333: 323: 307: 279: 252: 247: 243: 231: 219: 208: 200: 190: 178: 166: 155: 145: 133: 121: 110: 102: 92: 82: 71: 64: 60: 51: 34: 4669:Bombay State politicians 4493:Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan 4438:Communist Party of India 3931:, 7 July 1963. New Delhi 3915:25 December 2007 at the 3587:13 November 2007 at the 3503:AITUC 50 Years Documents 2980:Dange's isolation in CPI 2806:held seven years later. 2735:Split in the trade union 2399:Formation of Maharashtra 2389:Indian National Congress 2328:, from the Chinese path. 2219:Com. Dange: A bourgeois. 2039:Congress Socialist Party 1570:He became interested in 1565:Non-Cooperation Movement 1496:Indian National Congress 1475:(CPI) and a stalwart of 1473:Communist Party of India 837:Laxmanpur Bathe massacre 767:Historic Eight Documents 503:Kondapalli Seetharamaiah 346:Roza Vidyadhar Deshpande 328:Communist Party of India 185:Vithal Balkrishna Gandhi 128:Vithal Balkrishna Gandhi 4679:Indian anti-capitalists 4287:"The Mitrokhin mystery" 4058:31 October 2008 at the 3894:16 October 2007 at the 3637:Business Standard India 3581:Meerut Conspiracy Trial 3248:unscientific fashion". 2601:Sino-Soviet differences 2411:, Berlin. 12 July 1958. 2326:Makineni Basavapunnaiah 2046:Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 1978:Harkishan Singh Surjeet 1815:Comintern's involvement 1217:Communist Consolidation 984:Revolutionary socialism 880:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 742:Goa liberation movement 737:2nd Congress of the CPI 593:Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee 533:Harkishan Singh Surjeet 498:Puchalapalli Sundarayya 173:Jayashri Naishadh Raiji 4526:E. M. S. Namboodiripad 4268:"Book Review by Getty" 3745:This freedom is bogus. 3168: 2710:General Elections 1967 2495: 2412: 2349: 2343: 2330: 2232: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2203: 2197: 2191: 1991: 1964: 1950: 1927: 1870:Portrait of 25 of the 1862:Meerut Conspiracy Case 1856:Meerut Conspiracy Case 1850: 1801: 1782: 1741:where Russian trained 1704: 1648:Meeting with M. N. Roy 1574:, while following the 752:Angamaly police firing 543:Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri 478:E. M. S. Namboodiripad 103:Member of Parliament, 4572:All India Kisan Sabha 4545:Related organisations 4481:Chandra Rajeswara Rao 4098:Andersen, Walter K.. 3984:Bose, Shanti Shekar. 3435:"Ganachari, Arvind". 3383:The Communist Threat. 3196:Literature and People 3163: 3109:Acharya Narendra Deva 2826:Constitution of India 2816:The Emergency (India) 2490: 2406: 2344: 2331: 2318: 2293:Stalin's intervention 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2198: 2192: 2187: 1986: 1960: 1945: 1869: 1845: 1796: 1780:so he did not attend. 1777: 1699: 1549:British rule in India 1191:Defunct organisations 1001:Current organisations 964:Left-wing nationalism 814:Left Democratic Front 762:1964 split in the CPI 694:Foundation of the CPI 4531:P. K. Vasudevan Nair 4390:Ananth, V. Krishna. 4037:16 June 2007 at the 3971:4 March 2009 at the 3545:University of London 3387:The Inter-War Period 3327:Riepe, Dale (1977). 3231:Yerwada Central Jail 3216:Dange's major work, 3138:Mitrokhin Archive II 3033:AICP versus Congress 2853:Allahabad High Court 2837:Jaya Prakash Narayan 2634:Cuban Missile Crisis 2561:Neue Zürcher Zeitung 2546:units of the party. 2035:E.M.S. Namboodiripad 1724:Singaravelu Chettiar 1545:nationalist movement 1427:Communism portal 1227:Comrades Association 826:Contemporary history 418:Sahajanand Saraswati 226:Position established 150:Mumbai Central South 140:Abdul Kader Salebhoy 88:Position established 4659:India MPs 1967–1970 4649:India MPs 1957–1962 4644:Marathi politicians 4446:General secretaries 4340:The Dange Centenary 3719:Stalin. A biography 3482:Ganachari, Arvind. 3458:Ralhan, O.P. (ed.) 2685:The birth of CPI(M) 2550:Dange losing ground 2505:M. N. Govindan Nair 2485:Manchester Guardian 2379:Further dissensions 2300:Indian Constitution 2278:Telangana Rebellion 2071:Quit India Movement 1831:(present spelling: 1637:Third International 1553:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1514:(AICP), and later, 1464:Shripad Amrit Dange 1364:Communism in Kerala 1247:Lal Communist Party 909:Primitive communism 819:Indravelli massacre 714:1946 Naval Uprising 709:Telangana Rebellion 704:Quit India Movement 568:V. S. Achuthanandan 423:Shripad Amrit Dange 195:Mumbai City Central 41:Shripad Amrit Dange 4458:Gangadhar Adhikari 4217:The Indian Express 4205:The Indian Express 3702:S. A. Dange (1959) 3685:S. A. Dange (1959) 3668:S. A. Dange (1959) 3651:S. A. Dange (1959) 3329:"Marxism in India" 3153:Benediktov Diaries 3133:Christopher Andrew 3119:Mitrokhin Archives 2964:Towards left unity 2845:Central Government 2413: 1943:, which declares, 1928: 1789:Girni Kamgar Union 1679:The British Empire 1576:Russian Revolution 1404:Socialism in India 1379:Gandhian socialism 1369:Communism in Nepal 1359:Anarchism in India 1312:People's Democracy 969:Left-wing populism 932:Agrarian socialism 904:National communism 777:Naxalbari uprising 523:Hare Krishna Konar 448:Nripen Chakraborty 385:Communism in India 238:Position abolished 98:Position abolished 4684:Indian communists 4616: 4615: 4608:Electoral history 4499:S. Sudhakar Reddy 4463:Puran Chand Joshi 4274:on 10 March 2007. 4243:published in 1999 4241:Mitrokhin Archive 4219:24 November 1998. 4187:Banerjee, Gopal. 3819:loksabhaph.nic.in 3342:978-90-6032-066-2 3272:. 10 October 2018 3200:socialist realism 2970:Bharatiya Lok Dal 2961: 2960: 2900:% of Votes(1977) 2897:% of Votes(1971) 2849:Jagmohanlal Sinha 2618:Dwight Eisenhower 2607:Sino-Soviet split 2447:Dange along with 2425:Bombay Presidency 2369:Nikita Khrushchev 2152:Winston Churchill 2083:Puran Chand Joshi 1941:Indian Penal Code 1935:Conspiracy Case. 1488:Sino-Soviet split 1461: 1460: 1384:Inquilab Zindabad 689:Kakori conspiracy 668:Conspiracy cases 458:Puran Chand Joshi 453:P. Krishna Pillai 370: 369: 270:Bombay Presidency 16:(Redirected from 4706: 4536:C. Achutha Menon 4518: 4439: 4430: 4423: 4416: 4407: 4406: 4400: 4387: 4381: 4370: 4364: 4353: 4347: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4318: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4250: 4244: 4237: 4231: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4185: 4179: 4171: 4165: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4103: 4096: 4090: 4079: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4048: 4042: 4027: 4021: 4010: 4004: 3995: 3989: 3982: 3976: 3961: 3955: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3905: 3899: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3869: 3866: 3860: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3789: 3780: 3768: 3762: 3755: 3746: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3722: 3717:Robert Service, 3715: 3709: 3700:B. T. Ranadive. 3698: 3692: 3683:B. T. Ranadive. 3681: 3675: 3666:B. T. Ranadive. 3664: 3658: 3649:B. T. Ranadive. 3647: 3641: 3640: 3629: 3623: 3618:, an article in 3610: 3604: 3597: 3591: 3576: 3563: 3554: 3548: 3531: 3525: 3516: 3507: 3498: 3492: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3456: 3445: 3432: 3423: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3395: 3389: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3302: 3293: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3262: 3202:, as opposed to 3181:Gandhi vs. Lenin 3175:Dange the author 3129:Vasili Mitrokhin 3070:Death and legacy 2885: 2884: 2839:'s agitation in 2803:C. Achutha Menon 2649:Split in the CPI 2365:Nikolai Bulganin 2361:Jawaharlal Nehru 2313:(CPSU) in 1951. 2000:freedom struggle 1880:H. L. Hutchinson 1837:United Provinces 1718:, Nalini Gupta, 1667:Gandhi Vs. Lenin 1654:Anushilan Samiti 1587:Gandhi Vs. Lenin 1504:Indian Elections 1470: 1453: 1446: 1439: 1425: 1424: 1423: 942:Anti-imperialism 899:Marxist humanism 894:Marxist feminism 870:Marxism–Leninism 719:Tebhaga movement 677:Kanpur Bolshevik 598:Pinarayi Vijayan 488:Promode Dasgupta 413:M. P. T. Acharya 395: 372: 371: 359: 319: 314: 290: 288: 263: 261: 248:Personal details 234: 222: 213: 181: 169: 160: 136: 124: 115: 95: 85: 76: 56: 32: 31: 21: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4586: 4540: 4517:Chief Ministers 4516: 4510: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4404: 4403: 4388: 4384: 4371: 4367: 4354: 4350: 4337: 4333: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4305: 4295: 4293: 4283: 4279: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4168: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4097: 4093: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4066: 4060:Wayback Machine 4049: 4045: 4039:Wayback Machine 4028: 4024: 4011: 4007: 3996: 3992: 3983: 3979: 3973:Wayback Machine 3962: 3958: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3917:Wayback Machine 3906: 3902: 3896:Wayback Machine 3885: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3791: 3790: 3783: 3769: 3765: 3756: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3725: 3716: 3712: 3699: 3695: 3682: 3678: 3665: 3661: 3648: 3644: 3639:. 5 April 2016. 3631: 3630: 3626: 3611: 3607: 3601:Andaman Islands 3598: 3594: 3589:Wayback Machine 3577: 3566: 3555: 3551: 3532: 3528: 3517: 3510: 3499: 3495: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3433: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3396: 3392: 3376: 3372: 3361: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3309: 3304: 3303: 3296: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3214: 3198:that advocated 3177: 3155: 3121: 3101: 3088: 3086:Birth centenary 3072: 3048: 3035: 3026: 3006: 2982: 2966: 2874: 2865: 2818: 2812: 2798: 2770: 2753: 2737: 2729:Bangla Congress 2712: 2687: 2676: 2651: 2642: 2630: 2609: 2603: 2594: 2592:Sino-Indian War 2588: 2586:Sino-Indian War 2552: 2520: 2500: 2476: 2401: 2381: 2357: 2295: 2237: 2210:, at that time. 2167: 2165:Dange in Moscow 2135: 2107: 2079: 2019:Georgi Dimitrov 1996: 1973: 1955: 1922:, S. A. Dange, 1864: 1858: 1817: 1791: 1769: 1760: 1712: 1691: 1676: 1650: 1625: 1590: 1532: 1492:Sino-Indian war 1466: 1457: 1421: 1419: 1414: 1413: 1354: 1346: 1345: 1280: 1272: 1271: 1192: 1184: 1183: 1149:MLPI (Red Flag) 1002: 994: 993: 927: 919: 918: 865: 857: 856: 823: 809:Operation Barga 728: 656: 648: 647: 638:Anuradha Ghandy 633:Sitaram Yechury 573:Geeta Mukherjee 403: 324:Political party 317: 315: 312: 311:British Indian 292: 286: 284: 264: 259: 257: 256:10 October 1899 232: 220: 214: 209: 179: 167: 161: 156: 134: 122: 116: 111: 93: 83: 77: 72: 47: 42: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4712: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4487:Indrajit Gupta 4484: 4478: 4472: 4469:B. T. Ranadive 4466: 4460: 4455: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4433: 4432: 4425: 4418: 4410: 4402: 4401: 4382: 4372:D.D. Kosambi. 4365: 4355:D.D. Kosambi. 4348: 4331: 4328:on 9 May 2012. 4313: 4303: 4277: 4259: 4245: 4232: 4221: 4209: 4197: 4180: 4166: 4152: 4143: 4134: 4130:New York Times 4122: 4113: 4104: 4091: 4074: 4064: 4043: 4022: 4005: 3990: 3977: 3956: 3942: 3933: 3921: 3900: 3879: 3870: 3861: 3852: 3843: 3833: 3824: 3806: 3781: 3776:New York Times 3763: 3757:"Sen, Mohit". 3747: 3738: 3723: 3710: 3693: 3676: 3659: 3642: 3624: 3605: 3592: 3564: 3549: 3526: 3508: 3493: 3474: 3464: 3446: 3424: 3415: 3403: 3390: 3370: 3355: 3341: 3319: 3294: 3283: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3213: 3208: 3176: 3173: 3154: 3151: 3120: 3117: 3105:Manmohan Singh 3100: 3097: 3087: 3084: 3080:Roza Deshpande 3071: 3068: 3047: 3044: 3034: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3005: 3002: 2981: 2978: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2873: 2870: 2864: 2861: 2830:rule by decree 2814:Main article: 2811: 2808: 2797: 2794: 2769: 2768:Bangladesh War 2766: 2752: 2749: 2736: 2733: 2725:Ajoy Mukherjee 2711: 2708: 2686: 2683: 2675: 2672: 2650: 2647: 2641: 2640:Chairman Dange 2638: 2629: 2628:Left vs. Right 2626: 2605:Main article: 2602: 2599: 2590:Main article: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2551: 2548: 2536:Andhra Pradesh 2519: 2516: 2499: 2496: 2475: 2472: 2400: 2397: 2380: 2377: 2356: 2353: 2294: 2291: 2251:(new spelling 2236: 2233: 2179:Mikhail Suslov 2175:Andrei Zhdanov 2171:15 August 1947 2166: 2163: 2134: 2131: 2106: 2103: 2091:Andhra Pradesh 2078: 2075: 1995: 1992: 1972: 1969: 1954: 1951: 1926:, Gopal Basak. 1920:S. S. Mirajkar 1916:Muzaffar Ahmad 1908:K. N. Joglekar 1898:. Middle row: 1884:Shaukat Usmani 1860:Main article: 1857: 1854: 1816: 1813: 1790: 1787: 1768: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1720:Shaukat Usmani 1716:Muzaffar Ahmed 1711: 1708: 1690: 1687: 1675: 1672: 1649: 1646: 1624: 1621: 1589: 1584: 1561:Mahatma Gandhi 1531: 1528: 1459: 1458: 1456: 1455: 1448: 1441: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1355: 1353:Related topics 1352: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1336: 1329: 1322: 1315: 1308: 1305:Nava Telangana 1301: 1299:LeftWord Books 1296: 1289: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 992: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 960: 959: 949: 947:Class conflict 944: 939: 934: 928: 925: 924: 921: 920: 917: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 890: 889: 884: 883: 882: 866: 863: 862: 859: 858: 855: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 822: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 800: 799: 794: 786: 785: 784: 779: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 727: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 699:Tanka movement 696: 691: 686: 685: 684: 679: 674: 666: 657: 654: 653: 650: 649: 646: 645: 643:Mohammed Salim 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 553:Indrajit Gupta 550: 548:Charu Majumdar 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 443:B. T. Ranadive 440: 435: 430: 428:Abani Mukherji 425: 420: 415: 410: 404: 401: 400: 397: 396: 388: 387: 381: 380: 368: 367: 364: 363: 361:Order of Lenin 353: 349: 348: 343: 339: 338: 335: 331: 330: 325: 321: 320: 309: 305: 304: 291:(aged 91) 281: 277: 276: 254: 250: 249: 245: 244: 241: 240: 235: 229: 228: 223: 217: 216: 206: 205: 198: 197: 192: 188: 187: 182: 176: 175: 170: 164: 163: 153: 152: 147: 143: 142: 137: 131: 130: 125: 119: 118: 108: 107: 100: 99: 96: 90: 89: 86: 80: 79: 69: 68: 62: 61: 58: 57: 49: 48: 43: 40: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4711: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4513: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4431: 4426: 4424: 4419: 4417: 4412: 4411: 4408: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4307: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4255: 4249: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4225: 4218: 4213: 4206: 4201: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4177: 4176: 4170: 4163: 4162: 4156: 4147: 4138: 4132:14 March 1981 4131: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4101: 4095: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4068: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4047: 4040: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4026: 4019: 4015: 4009: 4002: 4000: 3994: 3987: 3981: 3974: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3960: 3953: 3952: 3946: 3937: 3930: 3925: 3918: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3904: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3883: 3874: 3865: 3856: 3847: 3837: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3760: 3754: 3752: 3742: 3735: 3730: 3728: 3720: 3714: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3673: 3669: 3663: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3621: 3617: 3616: 3609: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3561: 3560: 3553: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3530: 3523: 3522: 3515: 3513: 3505: 3504: 3497: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3478: 3468: 3461: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3431: 3429: 3419: 3412: 3407: 3400: 3397:Roy, Samaren 3394: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3374: 3366: 3359: 3344: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3238:D. D. Kosambi 3234: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3212: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3190: 3189:The Socialist 3186: 3185:The Socialist 3182: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3147:J. Arch Getty 3142: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3092: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3030: 3021: 3019: 3014: 3012: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2894:Seats (1977) 2893: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2869: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2807: 2804: 2793: 2791: 2790:Indira Gandhi 2787: 2783: 2782:East Pakistan 2779: 2775: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2716: 2707: 2705: 2704:P. Sundarayya 2700: 2695: 2693: 2682: 2680: 2674:Dange letters 2671: 2667: 2665: 2659: 2657: 2646: 2637: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2598: 2593: 2580: 2577: 2576:Bhupesh Gupta 2574: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2556: 2547: 2545: 2544:Uttar Pradesh 2541: 2538:, Rajasthan, 2537: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2524:A. K. Gopalan 2515: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2468:4th Lok Sabha 2464: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2442:2nd Lok Sabha 2438: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2417:Deccan States 2410: 2405: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2376: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2359:In mid-1955, 2352: 2348: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2279: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2242:B.T. Ranadive 2231: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2209: 2208:Muslim League 2202: 2196: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2113: 2102: 2100: 2095: 2092: 2086: 2084: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2031:Sajjad Zaheer 2028: 2024: 2023:popular front 2020: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2004:Joseph Stalin 2001: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1936: 1934: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1890:, A. Prasad, 1889: 1888:B. F. Bradley 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1825:Philip Spratt 1822: 1812: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1764: 1755: 1752: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1695: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1563:launched the 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1508:Indira Gandhi 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1418: 1417: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1282: 1276: 1275: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1188: 1187: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1004: 998: 997: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 958: 955: 954: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 929: 923: 922: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 888: 885: 881: 878: 877: 876: 873: 872: 871: 868: 867: 861: 860: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 832:Bara massacre 830: 829: 828: 827: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 798: 795: 793: 790: 789: 787: 783: 780: 778: 775: 774: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 734: 733: 732: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 669: 667: 665: 662: 661: 660: 652: 651: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 583:A. G. Noorani 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 563:Shibdas Ghosh 561: 559: 558:E. K. Nayanar 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 538:T. Nagi Reddy 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 518:Bhupesh Gupta 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 438:A. K. Gopalan 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 405: 399: 398: 394: 390: 389: 386: 383: 382: 378: 374: 373: 365: 362: 358: 354: 350: 347: 344: 340: 337:Ushatai Dange 336: 332: 329: 326: 322: 310: 306: 303: 299: 295: 282: 278: 275: 274:British India 271: 267: 255: 251: 246: 242: 239: 236: 230: 227: 224: 218: 212: 207: 204: 199: 196: 193: 189: 186: 183: 177: 174: 171: 165: 159: 154: 151: 148: 144: 141: 138: 132: 129: 126: 120: 114: 109: 106: 101: 97: 91: 87: 81: 75: 70: 67: 63: 59: 55: 50: 46: 38: 33: 30: 19: 4396: 4391: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4338:Sen, Mohit. 4334: 4326:the original 4316: 4306: 4294:. Retrieved 4290: 4280: 4272:the original 4262: 4248: 4240: 4235: 4224: 4212: 4207:7 July 1998. 4200: 4188: 4183: 4174: 4169: 4160: 4155: 4146: 4137: 4125: 4116: 4107: 4099: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4067: 4051: 4046: 4030: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4008: 3998: 3993: 3985: 3980: 3964: 3959: 3950: 3945: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3908: 3903: 3887: 3882: 3873: 3864: 3855: 3846: 3836: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3797:. Retrieved 3775: 3774:31 May 1950 3771: 3766: 3758: 3741: 3718: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3636: 3627: 3619: 3614: 3608: 3595: 3580: 3558: 3552: 3535: 3529: 3520: 3502: 3496: 3488: 3483: 3477: 3467: 3459: 3441: 3436: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3393: 3386: 3382: 3379:MI5 History. 3378: 3373: 3364: 3358: 3346:. Retrieved 3332: 3322: 3310:. Retrieved 3286: 3274:. Retrieved 3269: 3260: 3244: 3242: 3235: 3226: 3217: 3215: 3210: 3195: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3178: 3169: 3164: 3159:Soviet Union 3156: 3143: 3137: 3122: 3113:A.K. Gopalan 3102: 3093: 3089: 3073: 3060: 3049: 3036: 3027: 3015: 3007: 2998: 2994: 2983: 2967: 2943: 2924: 2905: 2891:Seats(1971) 2880: 2879: 2875: 2866: 2834: 2819: 2799: 2771: 2762: 2754: 2738: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2696: 2688: 2678: 2677: 2668: 2663: 2660: 2652: 2643: 2631: 2610: 2595: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2532: 2521: 2511: 2509: 2501: 2491: 2483: 2477: 2465: 2446: 2439: 2421:Bombay State 2414: 2382: 2373: 2358: 2350: 2345: 2332: 2319: 2315: 2307: 2304: 2296: 2288: 2286:suppressed. 2274: 2246: 2238: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2204: 2199: 2195:sovereignty. 2193: 2188: 2183: 2168: 2156: 2140: 2136: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2096: 2087: 2080: 2059: 2055:people's war 2050:Adolf Hitler 2043: 2012: 2008:geopolitical 1997: 1987: 1974: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1946: 1937: 1929: 1904:S. Bannerjee 1851: 1846: 1841: 1818: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1783: 1778: 1771:In 1920 the 1770: 1761: 1748: 1736: 1713: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1677: 1666: 1651: 1630: 1626: 1616: 1608: 1606: 1593: 1591: 1586: 1569: 1547:against the 1533: 1519: 1485: 1463: 1462: 1399:Red corridor 1340:Visalaandhra 1338: 1331: 1324: 1317: 1310: 1303: 1291: 1286:Deshabhimani 1284: 1088:CPI (Maoist) 974:People's war 937:Anti-fascism 825: 824: 730: 729: 658: 623:Kobad Ghandy 608:Manik Sarkar 603:Vinod Mishra 528:Dasarath Deb 468:Bhagat Singh 422: 237: 233:Succeeded by 225: 210: 191:Constituency 180:Succeeded by 157: 146:Constituency 135:Succeeded by 112: 94:Succeeded by 73: 29: 4634:1991 deaths 4629:1899 births 4501:(2012–2019) 4495:(1996–2012) 4489:(1990–1996) 4483:(1962–1990) 4477:(1951–1962) 4471:(1948–1950) 4465:(1935–1947) 4296:13 November 3799:22 February 3779:. New York. 3620:The Marxist 3385:in chapter 3245:Vedic India 3076:Maharashtra 2820:A state of 2679:The Current 2656:West Bengal 2015:bourgeoisie 1953:The charges 1924:S. V. Ghate 1912:P. C. Joshi 1900:R. R. Mitra 1896:G. Adhikari 1730:(now spelt 1658:East Bengal 1594:Gandhi Vs. 1530:Early years 1524:Maharashtra 1333:Theekkathir 952:Land reform 847:Salwa Judum 797:West Bengal 788:Left Front 508:Saroj Dutta 483:S.K. Limaye 318:(1947–1991) 313:(1899–1947) 308:Nationality 298:Maharashtra 283:22 May 1991 221:Preceded by 201:President, 168:Preceded by 123:Preceded by 84:Preceded by 18:S. A. Dange 4623:Categories 4475:Ajoy Ghosh 4311:documents. 4291:rediff.com 4081:page 226, 4012:page 224, 3536:India Text 3276:21 January 3252:References 3064:Tamil Nadu 2857:Raj Narain 2780:(formerly 2778:Bangladesh 2776:. In 1971 2757:P.C. Joshi 2692:Jyoti Basu 2622:Mao Zedong 2488:reported: 2449:S.M. Joshi 2322:Ajoy Ghosh 2270:Travancore 2060:After the 2021:thesis of 1876:S. S. Josh 1633:Bolshevist 1326:Qaumi Jang 1319:Prajasakti 1293:Ganashakti 926:Principles 914:Trotskyism 864:Ideologies 804:Rajan case 588:Biman Bose 513:Jyoti Basu 493:V. Subbiah 473:Ajoy Ghosh 287:1991-05-23 266:Karanjgaon 260:1899-10-10 4397:The Hindu 3056:Mohit Sen 2990:Jullunder 2974:Jan Sangh 2822:emergency 2480:Lok Sabha 2457:P.K. Atre 2453:N.G. Gore 2393:extremism 2266:Telangana 2201:Congress. 1892:P. Spratt 1617:Socialist 1613:Mohit Sen 1609:Socialist 1601:M. N. Roy 1520:Socialist 1481:communist 1389:Lal Salam 957:in Kerala 887:Stalinism 618:Ganapathy 578:Mohit Sen 408:M. N. Roy 215:1959–1960 211:In office 158:In office 113:In office 105:Lok Sabha 74:In office 4056:Archived 4035:Archived 3969:Archived 3913:Archived 3892:Archived 3585:Archived 3348:18 April 3312:18 April 3270:ThePrint 2986:Bhatinda 2786:Pakistan 2614:Cold War 2385:Palakkad 2335:Malenkov 2249:Calcutta 2025:against 1848:period." 1829:Calcutta 1739:Peshawar 1728:Cawnpore 1663:Tashkent 1580:Gandhism 1252:Lal Sena 1232:CPI (ML) 1127:CPIML ND 1110:CPI(ML)L 782:Timeline 672:Peshawar 377:a series 375:Part of 342:Children 4591:History 4507:(2019–) 4505:D. Raja 4193:Kolkata 3225:' book 3204:elitism 2851:of the 2727:of the 2512:New Age 2461:Marathi 2339:Molotov 2262:Tripura 2253:Kolkata 2027:fascism 1833:Kolkata 1743:muhajir 1683:leftism 1572:Marxism 1536:Marathi 1526:state. 1174:SUCI(C) 1132:MCPI(U) 989:Welfare 792:Tripura 655:History 613:D. 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