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In 2005, the
Brazilian government proposed a controversial water diversion project that will bring water from the river to semiarid areas of four Brazilian states (Ceará, Pernambuco, Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte). Environmentalists argue that the project will do more harm than good, benefitting
1014:
More than 200 fish species are known from the São
Francisco River basin and it is expected that several additional species will be discovered in the future, especially from the relatively poorly known upper parts of the river. About 10% of the fish species known from the river basin are
892:), a length of 1,371 kilometres (852 mi). However, there are large variations in depth depending on the rainfall. Because of the diversity of physical characteristics over the course of the navigable stretch, it may be divided into three substretches, as follows:
945:. At the same time, deforestation and excessive agricultural use of the upper-course waters of the São Francisco and its tributaries greatly reduced the water flow in the middle course, creating sand banks and islands that hindered navigation.
566:
It is an important river for Brazil, called "the river of national integration" because it unites diverse climates and regions of the country, in particular the
Southeast with the Northeast. It is also significant because it passes through the
937:. After the Sobradinho dam was built in Bahia, the conditions of navigability were altered considerably, since the reservoir's large size allowed for the formation of short waves of considerable height. Although the dam has a navigation
1149:. The hinterland is arid and underpopulated, so most of the towns are small and isolated. Only Petrolina and Juazeiro have grown into medium-sized cities and have become prosperous because of fruit production based on irrigation.
1208:
boats and intended to scare away river demons from the boat. Tourist shops far from the river have modernized replicas and miniatures of the vanishing originals. The stories of river demons and monsters persist today.
1229:
only large landowners and a very small population, while bringing considerable ecological impact. The government insists that the project will give the people in the four states a much-needed water supply.
531:, behind the coastal range, draining an area of over 630,000 square kilometres (240,000 sq mi), before turning east to form the border between Bahia on the right bank and the states of
1220:, a nearby town, was once the terminus of a railroad. The town has a number of abandoned historical buildings from that period. They have been restored and are emerging as a tourist attraction.
1275:
1161:
was built between Bahia and
Alagoas. The Paulo Afonso plant now provides electric power for the whole of Northeastern Brazil. Four other large hydroelectric plants were later built:
918:, with a length of 42 kilometres (26 mi) and an average depth of 2 metres (6 ft 7 in), sustained by a flow of 1,500 m/s (53,000 cu ft/s).
1184:
The section of dramatic canyons between the Paulo Afonso and Xingó dams, including part of the Xingó reservoir, is protected by the 26,736 hectares (66,070 acres)
1338:
681:
587:(Alagoas) and the mouth on the ocean, but traditional passenger navigation has almost disappeared in recent years due to changes in the river flow (see below).
907:; the latter's reservoir is 314 kilometres (195 mi) long, with a surface area of 4,214 square kilometres (1,627 sq mi) and a comfortable depth.
1516:
952:, although still possible for smaller boats. The shells of those old riverboats can still be seen on the river at Pirapora. As of 2009, a single boat, the
352:
1181:
in 1994. The
Sobradinho reservoir is one of the largest artificial lakes in the world, with an area of 4,214 square kilometres (1,627 sq mi).
1196:
The São
Francisco has great importance in history and particularly in folklore. That history is celebrated in song, legend and souvenirs based on the
486:. With a length of 2,914 kilometres (1,811 mi), it is the longest river that runs entirely in Brazilian territory, and the fourth longest in
1121:
The area crossed by the river is vast and sparsely populated, but several towns lie on the river. Beginning in Minas Gerais, the river passes by
273:
900:(Bahia), a length of 1,015 kilometres (631 mi); differences in height up to 6 metres (20 ft) may occur due to rains and drought.
96:
68:
1434:
75:
49:
1462:
1402:
1185:
652:
82:
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The river obtains water from 168 rivers and streams, of which 90 are on the right bank and 78 on the left bank. The main
1488:
Salminus franciscanus, a new species from the rio São
Francisco basin, Brazil (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae).
1335:
1158:
1093:
on the river) and pollution do present a problem to the species in the river, and fish mass deaths have been recorded.
1503:
Investigation into fish mortality on the Sao
Francisco River, Minas Gerais, Brazil, September 17 to October 10, 2005.
1487:
737:
115:
64:
20:
1418:
Checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types.
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The course of the river, running through five states, may be divided into four sections, as follows:
560:
1101:
1579:
1025:
1553:
Course of the São
Francisco River and the Navigation Along It from São Paulo to the Pitangui Mines
1035:
1019:
and about 13% are important in fisheries. About 64% of the fish species known from the basin are
999:
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Until recent years, the São
Francisco was regularly navigated by a type of passenger boat called
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42:
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1005:
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of the country, a region historically characterized by droughts and low access to water. It is
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551:. In addition to the five states which the São Francisco directly traverses or borders, its
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1387:
Reis, R.E.; J.S. Albert; F. Di Dario; M.M. Mincarone; P. Petry; and L.A. Rocha (2016).
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In a short time, conditions were such that navigation became impossible for the large
926:(Portuguese for "cage"). These were paddle-wheel steamboats, some of them having been
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609:(4 October) in 1501. The nickname "Velho Chico" may be translated as "Old Frank":
1342:
804:
897:
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species are found in the São Francisco River basin, especially from the genera
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84 m high bridge over the São Francisco between the states of Bahia and Alagoas
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The river's hydroelectric potential started being harnessed in 1955, when the
984:
956:, remains in activity, making short-distance tourist cruises from Pirapora to
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The upper middle part, from Pirapora, where the navigable part begins, up to
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on the left one. After that, it ends on the boundaries between the states of
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1216:(Alagoas), the river lies at the bottom of a gorge or steep sided valley.
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by the indigenous people before colonisation, and is today also known as
319:
1130:
717:, canoeing down the São Francisco river from its source to the falls of
1301:
Línguas Tapuias desconhecidas do Nordeste: Alguns vocabulários inéditos
1223:
1079:
881:
618:
532:
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The São Francisco is naturally navigable all through the year between
1138:
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911:
877:
602:
941:, the waves and currents made traversing the lake difficult for the
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Technical Report, World Fisheries Trust. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
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Unidade de Conservação: Monumento Natural do Rio São Francisco
621:
of Francisco, itself the Portuguese form of the name Francis.
889:
528:
205:
1543:
Main Brazilian Hydrographic Basins Map and brief description
784:
The low part, from Paulo Afonso to the river's mouth on the
527:. It runs generally north in the states of Minas Gerais and
1403:
Belo Horizonte ganha o maior aquário de água doce do Brasil
523:
mountain range in the central-western part of the state of
778:, also in Bahia (bordering on Alagoas), and ending at the
1548:
Organization of American States' document on the river
1063:(a small tetra that often is kept in aquariums), and
1303:. Boletim de Antropologia (Fortaleza-Ceará) 2. 3–19.
1276:"Velho Chico: The River of National Unity in Brazil"
1224:
Controversial diversion project (under construction)
19:"Sao Francisco" redirects here. For other uses, see
1389:
Fish biodiversity and conservation in South America
697:first saw the river on 4 October 1501. In 1865 the
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1317:
774:The lower middle part, from the Sobradinho dam to
1521:(in Portuguese), MMA: Ministério do Meio Ambiente
1320:Classification of South American Indian languages
1232:The diversion project intake point is located at
1566:
1173:, between Bahia and Pernambuco, in 1988 and the
166:
1348:
1057:(a characin and the only member of its genus),
684:were spoken in the São Francisco River basin.
555:also includes tributaries from the state of
447:11,718 m/s (413,800 cu ft/s)
1485:Lima, F. C. T., and H. A. Britski (2007).
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1324:. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
1212:From Paulo Afonso to the historic town of
864:A river canyon on the São Francisco river.
427:2,943 m/s (103,900 cu ft/s)
151:
741:São Francisco River south of Paulo Afonso
437:1,480 m/s (52,000 cu ft/s)
405:641,000 km (247,000 sq mi)
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1312:
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1100:
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1457:
1429:
1391:. Journal of Fish Biology 89(1): 12–47.
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1306:
1096:
368:10.49960341381051°S 36.39546430246904°W
1567:
682:various unclassified extinct languages
373:-10.49960341381051; -36.39546430246904
1293:
1254:"São Francisco River - river, Brazil"
1152:
473:
1269:
1267:
519:The São Francisco originates in the
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
13:
1273:
1186:Rio São Francisco Natural Monument
1051:(the largest species of piranha),
757:The high part, from its source to
14:
1606:
1536:
1358:(in Portuguese). Paradiso Turismo
1264:
490:and overall in Brazil (after the
1165:in Minas Gerais, built in 1961,
1117:Mouth of the São Francisco river
983:
972:
933:and dating from the time of the
142:
30:
1509:
1494:
1479:
1451:
1423:
1416:Ferraris, Carl J., Jr. (2007).
1299:Pompeu Sobrinho, Thomaz. 1958.
855:
41:needs additional citations for
1410:
1400:Guia da Pesca (8 March 2010).
1394:
1328:
1246:
791:
601:, from its first discovery by
502:). It used to be known as the
346: • coordinates
267: • coordinates
1:
1239:
653:Trans–São Francisco languages
397:2,830 km (1,760 mi)
234:Physical characteristics
583:(Bahia), as well as between
385: • elevation
310:1,450 m (4,760 ft)
306: • elevation
7:
910:From the Sobradinho dam to
724:
332: • location
254: • location
10:
1611:
1356:"Vapor Benjamim Guimarães"
1204:placed on the prow of the
650:
646:
443: • maximum
433: • minimum
423: • average
340:, Alagoas / Sergipe border
18:
1169:in Bahia, built in 1977,
1054:Orthospinus franciscensis
1042:Franciscodoras marmoratus
993:Two of the fish that are
903:From Pilão Arcado to the
876:) and the twin cities of
471:Portuguese pronunciation:
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157:São Francisco river basin
150:
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1491:Neotrop. Ichthyol. 5(3).
1475:. December 2018 version.
1461:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1433:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1171:Luiz Gonzaga (Itaparica)
1105:São Francisco River, in
1029:(a catfish of uncertain
1026:Conorhynchos conirostris
592:
475:[sɐ̃wfɾɐ̃ˈsisku]
1557:(in French and English)
1073:). More than 40 annual
1045:(an armoured catfish),
1039:(a flattened catfish),
1036:Lophiosilurus alexandri
1000:Lophiosilurus alexandri
963:
599:Saint Francis of Assisi
597:The river is named for
1585:Rivers of Minas Gerais
1407:Retrieved 9 March 2013
1341:24 August 2008 at the
1118:
1110:
1006:Hypsolebias magnificus
865:
750:
742:
734:
703:Richard Francis Burton
701:explorer and diplomat
575:between the cities of
466:
167:
1447:. March 2013 version.
1192:Cultural significance
1137:, the twin cities of
1116:
1104:
1066:Salminus franciscanus
863:
748:
740:
732:
65:"São Francisco River"
1590:Rivers of Pernambuco
1500:Hackett, J. (2005).
1420:Zootaxa 1418: 1–628.
1097:Towns and population
997:to the river basin:
674:Maxakalían languages
547:and washes into the
389:0 m (0 ft)
50:improve this article
1555:is a map from 1700
1089:. Dams (preventing
1069:(a relative of the
705:was transferred to
631:in the now extinct
579:(Minas Gerais) and
459:São Francisco River
364: /
285: /
133:São Francisco River
1437:Pygocentrus piraya
1153:Hydroelectric dams
1119:
1111:
1048:Pygocentrus piraya
954:Benjamim Guimarães
935:American Civil War
866:
835:Verde Grande River
751:
743:
735:
713:. He explored the
625:Indigenous peoples
289:20.2302°S 46.443°W
259:São Roque de Minas
247:Canastra Mountains
1595:Rivers of Sergipe
1575:Rivers of Alagoas
1314:Loukotka, Čestmír
1135:Bom Jesus da Lapa
896:From Pirapora to
715:central highlands
467:Rio São Francisco
455:
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294:-20.2302; -46.443
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39:This article
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1523:, retrieved
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1283:. Retrieved
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1200:, a kind of
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1147:Paulo Afonso
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1109:, BA, Brazil
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1024:
1023:, including
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953:
949:
947:
942:
923:
921:
898:Pilão Arcado
874:Minas Gerais
867:
856:Navigability
850:Grande River
810:Abaeté River
795:
776:Paulo Afonso
752:
733:River source
719:Paulo Afonso
686:
678:Jê languages
656:
636:
628:
623:
614:
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525:Minas Gerais
518:
511:
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458:
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202:Minas Gerais
127:
112:
106:October 2009
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1163:Três Marias
1086:Hypsolebias
928:Mississippi
798:tributaries
792:Tributaries
512:Velho Chico
371: /
292: /
163:Native name
136:Velho Chico
1569:Categories
1240:References
1167:Sobradinho
1080:Cynolebias
1017:threatened
960:and back.
931:riverboats
882:Pernambuco
672:, eastern
651:See also:
627:called it
619:diminutive
533:Pernambuco
463:Portuguese
402:Basin size
359:36°23′44″W
356:10°29′59″S
280:46°26′35″W
277:20°13′49″S
210:Pernambuco
175:Portuguese
76:newspapers
1362:1 October
1198:carrancas
1139:Petrolina
1107:Ibotirama
1075:killifish
1031:taxonomic
958:São Romão
912:Petrolina
878:Petrolina
607:feast day
603:Europeans
573:navigable
414:Discharge
338:Piaçabuçu
1472:FishBase
1444:FishBase
1339:Archived
1316:(1968).
1218:Piranhas
1202:gargoyle
1179:Piranhas
1143:Juazeiro
1131:Januária
1123:Pirapora
916:Juazeiro
886:Juazeiro
870:Pirapora
759:Pirapora
725:Sections
692:explorer
585:Piranhas
581:Juazeiro
577:Pirapora
559:and the
521:Canastra
498:and the
183:Location
1234:Cabrobó
1021:endemic
995:endemic
950:gaiolas
943:gaiolas
766:Remanso
699:British
689:Italian
647:History
629:Kaleshí
605:on his
545:Sergipe
541:Alagoas
537:Alagoas
500:Madeira
218:Sergipe
214:Alagoas
188:Country
90:scholar
1525:21 May
1214:Penedo
1206:gaiola
1145:, and
924:gaiola
884:) and
711:Brazil
707:Santos
680:, and
635:, and
496:Paraná
494:, the
492:Amazon
484:Brazil
417:
394:Length
243:Source
224:Region
198:States
192:Brazil
171:
92:
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78:
71:
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1285:1 May
1177:near
1175:Xingó
890:Bahia
800:are:
662:Truká
637:Opára
617:is a
615:chico
611:velho
593:Names
557:Goiás
529:Bahia
505:Opara
480:river
336:near
320:Mouth
206:Bahia
97:JSTOR
83:books
1527:2016
1364:2009
1287:2021
1141:and
1083:and
1003:and
964:Fish
939:lock
687:The
666:Natú
658:Tuxá
543:and
535:and
457:The
69:news
709:in
482:in
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