Sámi history - Knowledge

892: 521: 1475: 1463: 1451: 1439: 1427: 1415: 1154:. With Finnish assistance, many Saami villages in the Soviet territory were evacuated for the remainder of the war. However, other Saami were not so lucky and along with many other Soviet soldiers and civilians were placed in prison and even concentration camps. This angered the Finnish government, who also refused to assist the Wehrmacht in seizing Leningrad. Eventually the tide turned in favor of the Red Army and Soviet troops marched back into Finland and on June 9, 1944, the Red Army got within striking distance of Helsinki. The Finns sued for peace and lost much territory, including a large part of Saami. 900: 1110:, the Germans were quickly able to gain a foothold. The Nazis viewed ethnic “Nordic Norwegians”, who are Germanic and oftentimes blonde-haired and blue-eyed, as Aryans just like Germans. Quisling shared their view and proposed the complete eradication of the Sámi people, who he viewed as ethnically inferior. Despite the urging of Winston Churchill, British support for the Norwegians was appallingly slow, an action that was responsible for making him prime minister. As a result, the Nazis easily captured the northern port of 980: 991: 1314: 122: 1197: 839: 555: 25: 195: 962:, where the minister was badly beaten and the local tradesman slain by fanatic "crusaders". The leaders of the riots were later executed or condemned to long imprisonment. After this initial violent outbreak, the Laestadius movement continued to gain ground in Sweden, Norway and Finland. However, the leaders now insisted on a more cooperative attitude with the authorities. 474:, on the coast and along the inland waterways to pursue a combination of cattle raising, trapping and fishing. A small minority of the Sámi then started to tame the reindeer, becoming the well-known reindeer nomads, who, although often portrayed by outsiders as following the archetypical Sami lifestyle, only represent around 10% of the Sami people. 439:

argument is countered by pointing out that the Sámi culture was nomadic and non-literary, and as such would not be expected to leave written sources. In recent years, the number of archaeological finds that are interpreted as indicating a Sámi presence in Southern Norway in the Middle Ages has increased. These include foundations in

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did closely cooperate with the Germans – including deporting at least some Jews to German camps. The Finns with assistance from the SS Nord invaded Kola on June 1, 1941. Most Finnish Saami served as part of the “Long Distance Patrol” because of their abilities on skis and familiarity with the terrain.

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The Sámi have co-existed with their neighbors for centuries, but for the last two hundred years, especially during the second half of the 20th century, there have been many dramatic changes in Sámi culture, politics, economics and their relations with their neighboring societies. During the late 20th

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At the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, Hitler offered Finland assistance in recapturing the lost territory to the Soviets (some of which, e.g. Pachenga/Petsamo Finland conquered for the first time in the midst of the Russian Revolution). However, Finland never formally joined the Axis powers, but

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treaty finally drew the border between Norway and Finland-Russia, where large tracts of land had previously been more or less governing themselves under very light joint control from Russia, Sweden and Denmark-Norway. This meant that reindeer herders who until now had stayed in Finland in Winter and

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On the Norwegian side, the Sámi were converted to the Lutheran faith around 1720. Thomas von Westen was the leading man of the missionary effort, and his methods included the burning of shamanic drums. However, economically the Sámi were not that badly off, compared to the Norwegian population. They

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officially claimed that all Sámi should be under Swedish realm. However, the area was shared between the countries (i.e. only Sweden and Norway—at that time the Baltic-Finnic tribes of the region that is now Finland were also subjects of Sweden) and the border was set up to be the water flux line in

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in the 18th century. This hypothesis is still accepted among many historians, but has been the subject of scholarly debate in the 21st century. In favour of Nielsen's view, it is pointed out that no Sámi settlement to the south of Lierne in medieval times has left any traces in written sources. This

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The genetic lineage of the Sami is unique, and may reflect an early history of geographic isolation, genetic drift, and genetic bottle-necking. The uniqueness of the Sami gene pool has made it one of the most extensively studied genetic populations in the world. The most frequent Sami MtDNA (female)

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is of dwindling economic relevance for the Sámi people. There is currently (2004) no clear indication when reindeer-raising started, perhaps about 500 AD, but tax tributes were raised in the 16th century. Since the 16th century, Samis have always paid taxes in monetary currency, and some historians

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Along the Northern Norwegian coast, the Sámi culture came under pressure during the Iron Age by expanding Norse settlements and taxation from powerful Norse chieftains. The nature of the Norse-Sami relationship along the North-Norwegian coast in the Iron Age is still hotly debated, but possibly the

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Already the ancient Romans knew about the Phinnoi, the people that hunted with arrowheads made from bone. The Scandinavian historical sources from the Middle Ages praise the archery skills of the Sámi as well as their strong bows which a Norwegian “could not string”. The North Sámi called this bow

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As a result of Finland's peace deal with the Soviets, German troops were required to leave the country. The withdrawal of the German Wehrmacht from Northern Finland and far north of Norway meant that all houses, roads and infrastructure were destroyed. This meant forced evacuation, destruction, an

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The 20th century started with increased pressure on the Norwegian side of the border. In the name of progress, Norwegian language and culture was promoted, and Sámi language and culture were dismissed as backward, uncultured, downright ridiculous and even the product of an inferior race. Land that

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In the 20th century, Norwegian authorities put the Sámi culture under pressure in order to make the Norwegian language and culture universal. A strong economical development of the north also took place, giving Norwegian culture and language status. On the Swedish and Finnish side, the authorities

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In Norway, the use of Sámi in teaching and preaching had initially been encouraged. However, with the rise in nationalism in Norway from the 1860s onward, the Norwegian authorities changed their policies in a more nationalistic direction. From around 1900 this was intensified, and no Sámi could be

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How far south the area of Sámi population in Norway extended in the past is an uncertain topic, and is currently debated among historians and archeologists. The Norwegian historian Yngvar Nielsen was commissioned by the Norwegian government in 1889 to determine this question in order to settle the

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environment, enabling Sámi culture to resist cultural influences from the South. Indeed, throughout the 18th century, as Norwegians of Northern Norway suffered from low fish prices and consequent depopulation, the Sámi cultural element was strengthened, since the Sámi were independent of supplies

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had around 40% of similar ancestry, accompanied with roughly 50% Mesolithic Eastern Hunter-Gatherer ancestry. This admixture event was estimated to have occurred around 2000 BCE by ALDER dating. Sarkissian et al. 2013 reporting on a larger array of individuals from Bolshoy Oleny Island showed the

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and the Norwegian government fled to London along with most of the Allied troops stationed there and formed a government in exile. However, Norwegians continued fighting the Nazis through underground resistance. These resistance fighters included many Sámi who had formerly served as part of the

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Just as every portion of the European continent, the circumpolar lands of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the Soviet Union were not spared the wrath of World War II. For the Sámi, who had no concept of national sovereignty, the concept of nations fighting over land was alien. Nevertheless, the Sámi

1094:, made the mistake of invading Finland during an unusually cold winter and suffered 27,000 casualties compared to the Finnish mere 2,700. However, as the weather warmed in March 1940, the Finnish line was breached and facing the far larger Soviet forces, was forced to sue for peace on March 12. 1249:

News in Sámi on national radio in Norway started in 1946. At about the same time, experiments were being done with bilingual teachings of the alphabet in the first and second grade, to ease the learning process. However, the presence of a Sámi minority in Norway was largely ignored. Education,

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Hence the hunting intensified, and the number of wild reindeer declined. The Sámi were forced to do something else. Reindeer husbandry started in a limited way. These tamed reindeer were trained to divert wild reindeer over a cliff or into hunting ditches. Reindeer husbandry intensified.

541:, an unusually shaped rock or tree stump that was assumed to be the home of a deity. Pictorial and sculptural art in the Western sense is a 20th-century innovation in Sámi culture used to preserve and develop key aspects of a pantheistic culture, dependent on the rhythms of the seasons. 511:

province is triggered by the fish trade in the 14th century. However, these highly specialized fishing communities made little impact on the Sámi lifestyle, and in the late Middle Ages, the two communities could exist alongside each other with little contact except occasional trading.

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on the south coast of Finland, have been claimed to prove former Sámi settlement. However, the Sámi people increasingly mixed with Finnish and Scandinavian settlers, losing their culture and language. Placename evidence suggesting a former Sámi presence in northwestern Russia

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would become entrapped in the conflict from all sides. Another factor was the heavy war destruction in northern Finland and northern Norway in 1944–45, destroying all existing houses and visible traces of Sámi culture. After World War II, the pressure was relaxed somewhat.

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were free to trade with whom they wanted, and entertained trade links with Norwegians and Russians alike. However, the crumbling economy of the Norwegian communities along the outer coast led to increased pressure on the land and conflicts between the two communities.

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In all the Nordic countries, the 19th century was a period of economic growth. In Norway, cities were founded and fish exports increased. The Sámi way of life became increasingly outdated, and the Sámi were marginalized and left out of the general expansion.

788:, enforcing non-Sámi settlements on the area. This fostered opposition among Sámi groups that wanted hunting, fishing, and pastoralistic areas back. Instead other groups often took over to put more use to the land. It was also at this time the county of 738:, drumming and sacrifices were now abandoned and seen as (juridical terms) "magic" or "sorcery", something that was probably aimed at removing opposition against the crown. The hard custody of Sámi peoples resulted in a great loss of Sámi culture. 495:

interactions. Besides these considerations, there were also foreign trading relations. Animal hides and furs were the most common commodities and exchanged with salt, metal blades and different kinds of coins. (The latter were used as ornaments).

958:, preached a particularly strict version of the Lutheran teachings. This led to a religious awakening among the Sámi across every border, often with much animosity towards the authorities and the established church. In 1852, this led to riots in 268:, but the term has since been abandoned by Norwegian archaeologists who now divide the northern Mesolithic into three parts, referred to simply as phases 1, 2, and 3. The oldest Fosna settlements in Eastern Norway are found at Høgnipen in 682:

until 1956). However, an adapted and abridged version was quickly published in the Netherlands and Germany, where chapters on their difficult living conditions, topography, and the environment had been replaced by made-up stories of

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Sarkissian, Clio Der; Balanovsky, Oleg; Brandt, Guido; Khartanovich, Valery; Buzhilova, Alexandra; Koshel, Sergey; Zaporozhchenko, Valery; Gronenborn, Detlef; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Kolpakov, Eugen; Shumkin, Vladimir (2013-02-14).

612:, was interested in a port at the Atlantic coast, and Russian expansion also reached the coasts of the Barents Sea. All claimed the right to tax the Sámi people, and Finnish-speaking tax collectors from the northern coast of the 658:, is the oldest source of detailed information on Sámi culture. It was written due to "ill-natured" foreign propaganda (in particular from Germany) claiming that Sweden had won victories on the battlefield by means of Sámi 783:

After the 17th century, many Sámi families lost the right to use Swedish land since they were poor and could not pay tribute for it like other subjects. The state also took the Sámi area in tighter control with specific

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Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Majander, Kerttu; Jeong, Choongwon; Salmela, Elina; Wessman, Anna; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Khartanovich, Valery; Balanovsky, Oleg; Ongyerth, Matthias; Weihmann, Antje; Sajantila, Antti (2018-11-27).

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Günther, Torsten; Malmström, Helena; Svensson, Emma M.; Omrak, Ayça; Sánchez-Quinto, Federico; Kılınç, Gülşah M.; Krzewińska, Maja; Eriksson, Gunilla; Fraser, Magdalena; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R. (2018-01-09).

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From the 15th century on, the Sámi came under increased pressure. The surrounding states, Denmark-Norway, Sweden and Russia showed increased interest in the Sámi areas. Sweden, at the time blocked from the North Sea by

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cultures in the area had been speculated, especially in the 18th and early 19th centuries, to be associated with the ancestors of the Sámi, though this has been dismissed by modern scholars and extensive DNA testing.

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The Sámi crossed the borders freely until 1826, when the Norwegian/Finnish/Russian border was closed. Sámi were still free to cross the border between Sweden and Norway according to inherited rights laid down in the

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Margaryan, Ashot; Lawson, Daniel J.; Sikora, Martin; Racimo, Fernando; Rasmussen, Simon; Moltke, Ida; Cassidy, Lara M.; Jørsboe, Emil; Ingason, Andrés; Pedersen, Mikkel W.; Korneliussen, Thorfinn (September 2020).

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Traditionally, Sámi art has been distinguished by its combination of functional appropriateness and vibrant, decorative beauty. Both qualities grew out of a deep respect for nature, embodied in the Sámi's animism.

284:, suggesting migrations from the core regions of both populations into Northern Norway and Scandinavia as a whole. This mixed ancestry prevailed all the way to the Late Neolithic as evidenced by an individual from 1030:

previously belonged to no one, and was used according to age-old principles, was considered state property. Settlers had to prove they could speak Norwegian well before they could claim new land for agriculture.

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The strongest pressure took place from around 1900 to 1940, when Norway invested considerable money and effort to wipe out Sámi culture. Notably, anyone who wanted to buy or lease state lands for agriculture in

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In Sweden, the policies were at first markedly less militant. Teachers followed Sámi reindeer herders to provide education for the children, but Sámi areas were increasingly exploited by the then new mines in

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The majority of Sámi settled along the inland rivers, fjords or coast. They started augmenting their diet and income by fishing, either sea or freshwater, hunting other game and keeping cows, sheep and goats.

1070:). The Soviet state made an enormous effort to develop this strategically important region, and the Sámi people witnessed their land being overrun by ethnic Russians and other Soviet nationalities, including 2372:

Documentary: The Only Image of My Father. The adult daughter of a Sami man, whom she has never met, and who is depicted on a postage stamp, visits present day surviving Sami people looking for her father.

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until 1940, when the border was closed due to Germany's occupation of Norway. After World War II, they were not allowed to return. Their summer pasturages are today used by Sámi originating in Kautokeino.

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century, conflicts broke out over the use of natural resources, the reaction to which created a reawakening and defense of Sámi culture in recent years. Of the eleven different historically attested

470:. Around 1500, due to excessive hunting, again provoked by the Sámi needing to pay taxes to Norway, Sweden and Russia, the number of reindeer started to decrease. Most Sámi then settled along the 891: 264:. The distinction made with the "Komsa" type of stone-tool culture north of the Arctic Circle was rendered obsolete in the 1970s. "Komsa" itself originally referred to the whole North Norwegian 1844:

Tambets, Kristiina; Rootsi, Siiri; Kivisild, Toomas; Help, Hela; Serk, Piia; Loogväli, Eva-Liis; Tolk, Helle-Viivi; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; Pliss, Liana; Balanovsky, Oleg (April 2004).

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Only a minor part is today working with reindeer husbandry. There are also minor groups working as fishermen, producing Sámi arts and serving tourism. Besides having a voting length in the

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In Russia, the age-old ways of life of the Sámi were brutally interrupted by the collectivization of the reindeer husbandry and agriculture in general. Most Sámi were organized in a single

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However, in the early Middle Ages, this is partly reversed, as the power of the chieftains is broken by the centralized Norwegian state. Another wave of Norse settlement along the coast of

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in the first half of the 20th century, the Sámi inhabiting this area were no longer under the rule of the Russian Empire, but instead citizens of the newly created state of Finland. The

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in the 1640s and 1650s to avoid forced labour. There are reports of Sámi who served in the mining activities becoming extremely impoverished, becoming beggars in consequence.

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The conflicts between Sámi and the Nordic governments continued into the mid 20th century. The proposed construction of the hydro power dam in the 1960s and 1970s contained

2037:(1891). "Lappernes fremrykning mod syd i Trondhjems stift og Hedemarkens amt" [The incursion of Lapps southwards in the see of Trondhjem and county of Hedemarken]. 463:. Proponents of the Sámi interpretations of these finds assume a mixed population of Norse and Sámi people in the mountainous areas of Southern Norway in the Middle Ages. 2976: 481:, Sámi culture has been driven further and further north, perhaps mostly by assimilation since no findings yet support battles. However, there is some folklore called 1011:

in the 1920s, that increased the gap between local Sámi groups, something still present today, and sometimes bears the character of an internal Sámi ethnic conflict.

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opened up new areas for settlement. The rapidity of this expansion is underlined by the fact that some of the earliest radiocarbon dates are actually from the north.

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on the Norwegian coast in Summer, could no longer cross the borders. The Norwegian/Swedish border, however, could still be crossed by reindeer herders until 1940.

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between Sweden and Norway and does not include Finland and Russia. It regulates how the land is shared by Sámi peoples between the border of Sweden and Norway.

1359:, but became extinct in the 1700s. Kainuu Sámi belonged to the Eastern Sámi language group. It died out when the Kainuu Sámi assimilated and was replaced by 2981: 1474: 1462: 1450: 1438: 500:

Sámi were quite happy to ally themselves with the Norse chieftains, as they could provide protection against Finno-Ugric enemies from the area around the

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In the 16th century, as part of a general expansion period for the Russian empire, missionaries were sent to the far reaches of the empire, and several

422:) has also been identified. However, this may alternatively indicate a former population speaking a language related to but distinct from Sami proper. 466:

Up to around 1500 the Sámi were mainly fishermen and trappers, usually in a combination, leading a nomadic lifestyle decided by the migrations of the

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was created in 1973. One recent issue concerning Sámi rights in Finland is the foresting of traditional Sámi land by state-owned Finnish companies.

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were much less militant in their efforts; however, strong economic development in the north led to a weakening of status and economy for the Sámi.

754: 699:. But there was also criticism against the ethnography, claiming Sámi to be more warlike in character, rather than the image Schefferus presented. 2354: 1175:

province and all of the northern areas of Finland were but smoking ruins. Eventually Soviet troops fully invaded Sampi with the assistance of the

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economic setback and the loss of all visible history. The Germans committed many atrocities against the Norwegians and Norwegian Saámi during the

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Since the 15th century, the Sámi people have traditionally been subjects of Sweden, Norway, Russia and for some time Denmark. In the 16th century

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in 1944. However, many other Norwegian Sámi were forced into labor by the SS to mine iron ore and build a railway from Narvik to Finland through

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in Northern Finnish Lapland before 8100 BC. However, it is not likely that Sami languages are so old. According to the comparative linguist

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communication, industrialization, all contributed to integrating Sámi communities into Norwegian society at the point of losing identity.

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Aikio, Ante (2004). "An essay on substrate studies and the origin of Saami". In Hyvärinen, Irma; Kallio, Petri; Korhonen, Jarmo (eds.).

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to settlers. It was necessary to populate Kainuu with Finnish farmers because the area was threatened from the east by the Russians.

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The commonly held view today is that the earliest settlement of the Norwegian coast belongs to one cultural continuum comprising the

2400: 1408:. There were encounters between the Sámi people and the Germans. The assimilated Sámi would have been fighting in the Finnish army. 670:' research project to document Sámi groups, conducted by Schefferus. The book was published in late 1673 and quickly translated to 2324: 2200:

Silvennoinen, Oula (2013), Muir, Simo; Worthen, Hana (eds.), "Beyond 'Those Eight': Deportations of Jews from Finland 1941–1942",

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of northwestern Europe, spreading first to southern Norway and then very rapidly following the Norwegian coastline when receding

89: 1305:, respectively, due to requests from the American government. Their mission was to teach reindeer herding to Native Americans. 1150:

Unfortunately, Finnish Saami, being supplied by forced labor of Norwegian Saami, were forced to fight Russian Saami during the

1552:"Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation" 731: 61: 2829: 2288: 2217: 2010: 1967: 313:

N1c into northeastern Europe. Saami people's Siberian ancestry varies between 20%-25%, while the bronze age individuals from

161:(traditionally known as "dialects"), only nine have survived to the present day but with most in danger of disappearing too. 1086:

in 1939 when the Soviet Union invaded Finland after the Soviets were denied the ability to construct military bases there.

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for a long time, though the Eastern Sámi became assimilated into the Finnish and Karelian populations after settlers from

1810: 68: 2304: 1846:"The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic "Outliers" Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes" 323: 2355:

The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic "Outliers" Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes

1051: 3042: 3037: 2091: 1833:. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki. Vol. 63. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique. pp. 5–34. 1754:"Ancient DNA Reveals Prehistoric Gene-Flow from Siberia in the Complex Human Population History of North East Europe" 1385:

juoksa. A boy turned into a man when he was able to string the bow. At that point, he also had to start paying taxes.

1236: 878: 594: 310: 108: 2249: 3032: 753:. Mining at the Nasa silver mine proved unprofitable and ended in 1659 it nevertheless caused many Sámi to move to 75: 2319: 1214: 932:

For long periods of time, the Sámi lifestyle reigned supreme in the north because of its unique adaptation to the

856: 572: 42: 2366: 1996:"The "Northwestern" Group of Finno-Ugric Languages and its Heritage in the Place Names and Substratum Vocabulary" 1491: 1900: 3047: 1496: 1218: 860: 576: 398: 46: 369:

developed in South Finland or in Karelia around 2000–2500 years ago, spreading then to northern Fennoscandia.

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of Russia. The traditional Sámi lifestyle, dominated by hunting, fishing and trading, was preserved until the

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The genetic origin of the Sámi is still unknown, though recent genetic research may be providing some clues.

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who swore by his crown to be the "... Lappers j Nordlanden, the Caijaners" king 1607. During the enforced

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Hege Skalleberg Gjerde (2009). "Samiske tufter i Hallingdal?" [Sami foundations in Hallingdal?].

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In 1809, Finland was seized by Russia, creating a new border right through the Sámi area. In 1826, the

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contemporary question of Sámi land rights. He concluded that the Sámi had lived no further south than

2748: 1302: 1347: denotes areas subjected to frequent Viking raids but with little or no Scandinavian settlement 984: 916: 761: 722:. After this "unification", the society, a structure with a few ruling and wealthy citizens called 3027: 2386: 1952: 1272:, the rest are ordinary citizens, adhering to the Scandinavian culture. In Sweden, major parts of 1207: 1082:

The first fighting Saami became entangled in was between Finland and the Soviet Union during the

959: 849: 565: 297: 281: 277: 234: 35: 2348: 1352: 1167:, including raping hundreds of women, many of whom committed suicide because of the trauma. The 1106:

and invaded Norway. With assistance from former Norwegian Defense Minister and Nazi sympathizer

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The term "Fosna" is an umbrella term for the oldest settlements along the Norwegian coast, from

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Etymologie, Entlehnungen und Entwicklungen: Festschrift für Jorma Koivulehto zum 70. Geburtstag

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county until around 1500, when they had started moving south, reaching the area around Lake

1929: 1697: 1623: 1268:(with differing levels of authority and autonomy in various countries) or influence in any 1126: 955: 925: 765: 727: 382: 378: 366: 339: 335: 331: 327: 314: 2105:

Konung Christoffers Landslag. Edictum Regis Caroli IX eius iussu edito textui praescriptum

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Norwegian Ski Brigade and were instrumental in destroying a secret German nuclear base in

214:. Previously, the Sámi have probably inhabited areas further south in Fennoscandia. A few 8: 1284: 663: 655: 616:

reached the northern coasts, their Russian colleagues collected taxes as far west as the

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Olsen, B. 1994. Bosetning og samfunn i Finnmarks forhistorie. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget

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The original inhabitants of Kainuu were Sámi hunter-fisherers. In the 17th century, the

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area of Norway and the Norwegian tax collectors collected riches from the inland of the

2759: 1878: 1845: 1788: 1753: 1728: 1686:"Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe" 1685: 1665: 1586: 1551: 714: 688: 684: 659: 415: 242: 2843: 2331:

Coexistence of Saami and Norse culture reflected in and interpreted by Old Norse myths

776:". It has the same meaning for Sámi even today (or at least till 2005), but is only a 2284: 2232: 2213: 2087: 2016: 2006: 1973: 1963: 1883: 1865: 1815: 1793: 1775: 1733: 1715: 1669: 1657: 1649: 1591: 1573: 1527: 899: 168:. They have on uncertain grounds, but for a very long time, been associated with the 2971: 2469: 2434: 2429: 1611: 1007:, had to prove knowledge of the Norwegian language. This also ultimately caused the 487:

or 'tales', about non-trading relations with a cruel warrior people, interpreted by

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individual from Steigen and other Scandinavian individuals revealed admixture from

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It is possible that the Sámi people's existence was documented by such writers as

2721: 1991: 1770: 1568: 1107: 1091: 675: 671: 647: 613: 394: 306: 2822: 2410: 2701: 2034: 1710: 805: 621: 609: 419: 318: 142: 2613: 2530: 2502: 2491: 2005:. Slavica Helsingiensia. Vol. 27. pp. 109–127 of the Russian North. 1635: 746: 130: 3021: 2836: 2020: 1977: 1869: 1779: 1719: 1653: 1577: 1374: 1122:

were able to hide in the mountains by forcing local Sámi to serve as guides.

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have proposed that large scale husbandry is not older than from this period.

444: 238: 141:, which today encompasses northern parts of Sweden, Norway, Finland, and the 134: 2939: 2739: 2728: 2680: 2632: 2514: 2444: 2439: 2209: 662:. In attempts to correct the picture of Sámi culture amongst the Europeans, 2932: 2775: 2687: 2204:, The Holocaust and its Contexts, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 194–217, 1887: 1797: 1737: 1661: 1595: 990: 719: 667: 343: 211: 2961: 2854: 2659: 2572: 2562: 2508: 1044: 979: 334:

typical to the Mesolithic hunter-gatherers of the time, but also atypical

2997: 2863: 2153: 1405: 1164: 773: 624:.100 AD: The first written mention of the Sami appears in Tacitus’s work 452: 354: 349:

Archeological evidence suggests that people along the southern shores of

2673: 2593: 2535: 3002: 2966: 2910: 2618: 1644: 1221: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1115: 1083: 863: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 785: 708: 579: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 478: 460: 362: 350: 305:

Lamnidis et al. 2018 discovered the earliest recorded introgression of

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in the north. The cultural complex derived from the final Palaeolithic

2374: 1750: 1518:. Lars Ivar Hansen and Bjornar Olsen. Cappelen Akademiske Forlag. 2004 1294:

Since 1992, the Sámi have had their own national day; the February 6.

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and other animals play a central part in Sami culture, though today

554: 285: 121: 24: 1917: 1861: 1313: 1273: 1168: 1135: 1131: 1087: 1066:, located in the central part of the Peninsula, at Lovozero (Sámi: 1004: 813: 696: 652: 635: 508: 467: 435: 261: 174:. However, the first Nordic sources date from the introductions of 2890: 2768: 2666: 2454: 207: 138: 2003:

The Slavicization of the Russian North: Mechanisms and Chronology

1138:. Forced sterilizations and deportations were also not uncommon. 1063: 723: 617: 492: 448: 410: 406: 358: 250: 165: 2815: 1258: 202:

The area traditionally inhabited by the Sámi people is known in

194: 16:

History pertaining to the Indigenous Sámi people of Fennoscandia

2310:

A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, Vol. 1

1356: 1298: 1090:, believing that they could easily march across Finland to the 1040: 949: 933: 777: 427: 2459: 2361:

Saami Mitochondrial DNA Reveals Deep Maternal Lineage Clusters

1373:

fostered the population growth of Kainuu by giving a ten-year

974: 377:

is U5b1b1 comprising nearly half of all haplotypes, with type

237:

in southern and central Norway and what used to be called the

1548: 1404:

Waffen-SS (6. SS-Gebirgs-Division Nord) were fighting in the

1172: 907:

The 19th century led to increased interest in the far north.

483: 471: 440: 175: 170: 1682: 456: 2378: 1608: 1097: 1054:, Sámi graves were plundered to provide research material. 735: 692: 1280:) are also experiencing major emigration to larger towns. 1843: 2139:

Museum of Dalarna "The dark legacy" exhibition in Sweden

2067:(2009). Oslo: Norwegian Archaeological Society: 197–210. 1399: 819: 2367:

Saami and Berbers—An Unexpected Mitochondrial DNA Link

2058: 1962:. Onomastica Uralica. Vol. 4. pp. 129–139. 808:. The westernmost advance was St. George's chapel in 2281:

Malmens Land: Gruvnäringen i Norrbotten under 400 år

393:

Historically, the Sámi inhabited all of Finland and

198:

The area traditionally inhabited by the Sámi people.

1380:There are only 14,600 Sámi living in Sweden today. 828: 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2145: 1901:Etymologies of the names of the districts of Espoo 1047:and the construction of the Luleå-Narvik railway. 760:The boundary agreement between Sweden and Norway ( 381:in around the same quantities, with some minor D, 2124: 2122: 2120: 1960:Borrowing of Place Names in the Uralian Languages 971:used in public school or in the official church. 3019: 726:, ceased to exist, especially with the new king 409:migrated into the region. Place names, such as 210:, and typically includes the northern parts of 2117: 2108: 2033: 1918:"An essay on Saami ethnolinguistic prehistory" 1317:Map showing area of Scandinavian settlement in 1171:province, the north-eastern municipalities of 1018: 702: 678:, English, and other languages (though not to 2394: 2103:Titles of European hereditary rulers - Sweden 1953:"Saami Substrate Toponymy in Northern Russia" 910: 2199: 950:Christianization and the Laestadius Movement 1297:In 1898 and 1907/08 some Sámi emigrated to 1179:and liberated Finnmark. On April 26, 1945, 975:The early 20th century through World War II 940: 741:In the 1630s Swedish authorities imposed a 2401: 2387: 2154:"University in quest to return Sami bones" 2131: 388: 2054: 2052: 1877: 1787: 1769: 1727: 1709: 1643: 1612:"Population genomics of the Viking world" 1585: 1567: 1521: 1237:Learn how and when to remove this message 983:Sámi camp in Norway, c. 1900, painted by 954:In the 1840s, the Swedish Sámi minister, 879:Learn how and when to remove this message 595:Learn how and when to remove this message 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 2202:Finland's Holocaust: Silences of History 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 1990: 1312: 1257:propositions such as putting a village ( 1157: 1098:German invasion and occupation of Norway 989: 978: 898: 890: 519: 193: 120: 2278: 1950: 1077: 3020: 2339:original text with English translation 2156:. The Local: Sweden's News in English. 2151: 2049: 1922:Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 816:in the Norwegian/Russian borderlands. 533:found its most complete expression in 2382: 2160: 2039:Det Norske Geografiske Selskabs årbog 1915: 1828: 1400:Lapland War 1944–1945 in World War II 1219:adding citations to reliable sources 1190: 965: 861:adding citations to reliable sources 832: 820:Dano-Norwegian policies in the North 577:adding citations to reliable sources 548: 544: 149:, when the modern structures of the 125:A Sámi family in Norway around 1900. 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 1308: 1186: 1141: 795: 732:Christianization of the Sámi people 13: 1850:American Journal of Human Genetics 1811:Uncovering the secrets of the Sámi 764:) had an annex, frequently called 537:, evident in their worship of the 14: 3059: 2343:The Origin and Deeds of the Goths 2298: 1473: 1461: 1449: 1437: 1425: 1413: 1195: 1050:Later, with the founding of the 837: 829:19th century: Increased pressure 553: 23: 2250:"Juoksa – The Sámi Bow – Siida" 2242: 2225: 2193: 2096: 2077: 2071: 2045:(1889–1890). Kristiania: 18–52. 2027: 1984: 1944: 1909: 1894: 1837: 1492:Christianization of Scandinavia 1206:needs additional citations for 1102:On April 9, 1940, Hitler began 848:needs additional citations for 564:needs additional citations for 34:needs additional citations for 2001:. In Nuorluoto, Juhani (ed.). 1822: 1804: 1744: 1676: 1602: 1542: 1533: 1516:Samenes Historie fram til 1750 1509: 1497:Environmental racism in Europe 1261:) and a cemetery under water. 1052:Swedish Race Biology Institute 477:It is believed that since the 309:related Siberian ancestry and 137:of northern Europe inhabiting 1: 2152:Savage, James (31 May 2010). 1502: 189: 178:and include specifically the 2408: 1771:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003296 1569:10.1371/journal.pbio.2003703 1114:. Despite a blockade by the 903:Three Sámi women circa 1890s 326:U5a1 and other subclades of 222: 180:Account of the Viking Othere 7: 2283:(in Swedish). Tornedalica. 2177:"The Sami and World War II" 1485: 1368:Governor General of Finland 1019:Prewar hardliners in Norway 792:was established in Sweden. 703:Swedish advances into Sápmi 515: 311:Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup 10: 3064: 2315:Sámi Emigration to America 1711:10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5 1289:Sámi Parliament of Finland 1074:and other Arctic peoples. 1022: 911:New borders in an old land 804:chapels were built on the 706: 524:Southern Sámi braid design 295: 226: 2990: 2954: 2924: 2900: 2873: 2853: 2798: 2789: 2758: 2738: 2711: 2649: 2640: 2631: 2606: 2581: 2555: 2548: 2523: 2484: 2477: 2468: 2417: 2337:Ohthere's Voyage (890 AD) 2305:Historiska nyheter No. 62 2279:Hansson, Staffan (2015). 1636:10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 1390:"Juoksa – The Sámi Bow", 1283:With the creation of the 1057: 1033: 291: 3043:Social history of Sweden 3038:Social history of Norway 2977:Guovdageainnu Lagasradio 2320:Sámi Genetic Information 2272: 941:Economic marginalization 917:Norwegian/Russian border 762:Stromstad Treaty of 1751 610:Dano-Norwegian territory 282:Western Hunter-Gatherers 278:Eastern Hunter-Gatherers 3033:History by ethnic group 2210:10.1057/9781137302656_9 2084:Grove Dictionary of Art 1951:Matveev, A. K. (2007). 1177:Norwegian Army in Exile 960:Kautokeino Municipality 651:(1673), written by the 389:Before the 15th century 298:Genetic studies on Sami 249:at the end of the last 2830:Sámi Dieđalaš Áigečála 1397: 1349: 1341: eleventh century 1181:Finnmark was liberated 995: 987: 937:from Southern Norway. 904: 896: 525: 199: 126: 3048:History of the Arctic 2327:, University of Texas 1690:Nature Communications 1382: 1316: 1158:Lapland War (1944–45) 994:Sámi people in Norway 993: 982: 902: 894: 749:communities near the 523: 197: 124: 2345:by Jordanes (551 AD) 2181:www.laits.utexas.edu 2128:Hansson 2015, p. 18. 2114:Hansson 2015, p. 17. 1930:Finno-Ugrian Society 1916:Aikio, Ante (2012). 1323: eighth century 1215:improve this article 1104:Operation Weserübung 1078:Winter War (1939–40) 956:Lars Levi Laestadius 926:Lapp Codicil of 1751 895:Sámi people, c. 1875 857:improve this article 786:Lappmark Regulations 766:Lapp Codicil of 1751 573:improve this article 315:Bolshoy Oleny Island 43:improve this article 2234:Languages of Sweden 1702:2018NatCo...9.5018L 1628:2020Natur.585..390M 1335: tenth century 1329: ninth century 1285:Republic of Finland 1125:On April 20, 1940, 664:Magnus de la Gardie 656:Johannes Schefferus 491:to be histories of 367:Sami proto-language 133:(also Saami) are a 2351:by Tacitus (98 AD) 1813:, a February 2006 1350: 1116:British Royal Navy 996: 988: 905: 897: 715:Gustav I of Sweden 666:started an early ' 640:reindeer husbandry 526: 416:Arkhangelsk Region 357:reached the River 322:prevalence of the 243:Ahrensburg culture 200: 153:were established. 127: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3010: 2920: 2919: 2785: 2784: 2695:Saǥai Muittalægje 2627: 2626: 2602: 2601: 2544: 2543: 2325:The Saami Culture 2290:978-91-972358-9-1 2219:978-1-137-30265-6 2012:978-952-10-2928-8 1969:978-963-473-100-9 1816:Helsingin Sanomat 1622:(7825): 390–396. 1530:Britannica online 1480:23 September 1943 1468:23 September 1943 1456:23 September 1943 1444:23 September 1943 1247: 1246: 1239: 966:Cultural pressure 889: 888: 881: 605: 604: 597: 545:An economic shift 119: 118: 111: 93: 3055: 2796: 2795: 2647: 2646: 2638: 2637: 2553: 2552: 2482: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2403: 2396: 2389: 2380: 2379: 2363:, Delghandi 1998 2294: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2246: 2240: 2238: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2187: 2173: 2158: 2157: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2135: 2129: 2126: 2115: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2063:(in Norwegian). 2056: 2047: 2046: 2041:(in Norwegian). 2031: 2025: 2024: 2000: 1992:Helimski, Eugene 1988: 1982: 1981: 1957: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1913: 1907: 1905: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1881: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1826: 1820: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1791: 1773: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1731: 1713: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1647: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1589: 1571: 1546: 1540: 1537: 1531: 1525: 1519: 1513: 1477: 1465: 1453: 1441: 1429: 1417: 1395: 1346: 1340: 1334: 1328: 1322: 1309:Assimilated Sámi 1266:Sámi parliaments 1242: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1222: 1199: 1191: 1187:Renewed interest 1152:Continuation War 1142:Continuation War 1120:German Wehrmacht 1025:Norwegianization 884: 877: 873: 870: 864: 841: 833: 802:Russian Orthodox 796:Russian interest 751:Nasa silver mine 600: 593: 589: 586: 580: 557: 549: 324:mtDNA haplogroup 229:Nordic Stone Age 151:Nordic countries 147:Late Middle Ages 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3007: 2986: 2982:Kola Sámi Radio 2950: 2916: 2896: 2869: 2849: 2844:Sámi magasiidna 2781: 2754: 2734: 2722:Daerpies Dierie 2707: 2623: 2598: 2577: 2556:Central Western 2540: 2519: 2464: 2413: 2407: 2301: 2291: 2275: 2270: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2198: 2194: 2185: 2183: 2175: 2174: 2161: 2150: 2146: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2057: 2050: 2032: 2028: 2013: 1998: 1989: 1985: 1970: 1955: 1949: 1945: 1935: 1933: 1914: 1910: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1842: 1838: 1827: 1823: 1809: 1805: 1764:(2): e1003296. 1749: 1745: 1681: 1677: 1607: 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1968: 1943: 1908: 1893: 1862:10.1086/383203 1856:(4): 661–682. 1836: 1821: 1803: 1743: 1675: 1601: 1541: 1532: 1520: 1507: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1412: 1401: 1398: 1387: 1355:was spoken in 1343: 1337: 1331: 1325: 1319: 1310: 1307: 1276:(and not only 1245: 1244: 1203: 1201: 1194: 1188: 1185: 1159: 1156: 1143: 1140: 1099: 1096: 1079: 1076: 1059: 1056: 1035: 1032: 1020: 1017: 985:Wilhelm Peters 976: 973: 967: 964: 951: 948: 942: 939: 912: 909: 887: 886: 845: 843: 836: 830: 827: 821: 818: 812:/Njavdam near 806:Kola Peninsula 797: 794: 770:Lappkodicillen 755:Torne lappmark 704: 701: 622:Kola peninsula 603: 602: 561: 559: 552: 546: 543: 517: 514: 432:Nord-Trøndelag 420:Vologda Region 390: 387: 319:Kola peninsula 293: 290: 224: 221: 191: 188: 159:Sámi languages 143:Kola Peninsula 117: 116: 99:September 2008 58:"Sámi history" 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3060: 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