Winter War - Knowledge

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in Finland, in close proximity to Leningrad. No promises to the contrary managed to persuade the other. Additionally, both sides had misunderstood the others position: the Finns had assumed that the Soviets had opened up on a maximalist demand, ready to be traded down smaller. The Soviets instead had stressed the minimalist nature of their demands, and were incredulous over Finnish reluctance to agree. Finally, there was also Stalin's unwillingness or inability to accept that any territorial concessions on the part of Finland would have only been possible by a 4/5th majority in the Finnish parliament. He had mocked such a requirement, proposing that they count his and Molotov's votes, too.

3027: 397: 385: 373: 361: 349: 335: 321: 307: 1894: 181: 2474: 2251: 3464: 3326: 3008:. The Soviet troops also lacked skill in skiing, so soldiers were restricted to movement by road and were forced to move in long columns. The Red Army lacked proper winter tents, and troops had to sleep in improvised shelters. Some Soviet units incurred frostbite casualties as high as ten per cent even before crossing the Finnish border. However, the cold weather did give an advantage to Soviet tanks, as they could move over frozen terrain and bodies of water, rather than being immobilised in swamps and mud. According to Krivosheev, at least 61,506 Soviet troops were sick or 3115:, a number of Soviet tanks broke through the thin line on 19 December, but the Soviets could not benefit from the situation because of insufficient co-operation between branches of service. The Finns remained in their trenches, allowing the Soviet tanks to move freely behind the Finnish line, as the Finns had no proper anti-tank weapons. The Finns succeeded in repelling the main Soviet assault. The tanks, stranded behind enemy lines, attacked the strongpoints at random until they were eventually destroyed, 20 in all. By 22 December, the battle ended in a Finnish victory. 4225: 3448:, occurred on the first day of the war. The capital was bombed only a few times thereafter. All in all, Soviet bombings cost Finland five per cent of its total man-hour production. Nevertheless, Soviet air attacks affected thousands of civilians, killing 957. The Soviets recorded 2,075 bombing attacks in 516 localities. The city of Viipuri, a major Soviet objective close to the Karelian Isthmus front, was almost levelled by nearly 12,000 bombs. No attacks on civilian targets were mentioned in Soviet radio or newspaper reports. In January 1940, the Soviet 4368:, the 7th Soviet Army lost 1,244 tanks during the breakthrough battles of the Mannerheim Line in mid-winter. In the immediate aftermath of the war, the Finnish estimate of the number of lost Soviet tanks was 1,000 to 1,200. The Soviet Air Forces lost around 1,000 aircraft, but fewer than half of them were combat casualties. According to Carl Fredrik Geust, based on the studies of Soviet air force units, Finnish anti-aircraft units shot down 119 and Finnish fighter pilots 131 Soviet aircraft, though all Soviet aircraft losses had been more than 900. 3278: 3990: 4108: 13881: 3747:

bad terrain and harsh climate, and falsely claiming that the Mannerheim Line was stronger than the Maginot Line, and that the Americans had sent 1,000 of their best pilots to Finland. However, the Soviets were confronted with the unavoidable reality of the poor performance of their troops against the Finns. Stalin in particular was concerned about the effects of the war on Soviet reputation. In late December, the Soviets decided to reduce their strategic objectives and focused on bringing the war to an end.

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commanders wished to continue the war as their forces were starting to make progress against the Finns, whereas the Communist Party pointed out that the war was becoming too costly and called for the signing of a peace treaty. The party believed that Finland could be taken over later by means of a revolution. The heated discussion that ensued failed to yield any clear result and the matter went to a vote, in which the party's opinion prevailed and the decision was taken to bring hostilities to an end.

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territorial concessions from Finland, and even offered land in return, which would not have made sense if full Sovietization was intended. And according to Kotkin, Stalin seemed to be genuinely interested in reaching an agreement during the negotiations: he had personally attended six of the seven meetings with the Finns, and had multiple times reduced his demands. However, mutual mistrust and misunderstandings would mar the negotiations, producing an impasse.

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Army's humiliation by the Finns. The Soviets had further demands, as their military position was strong and improving. On 9 March, the Finnish military situation on the Karelian Isthmus was dire, as troops were experiencing heavy casualties. Artillery ammunition was exhausted and weapons were wearing out. The Finnish government, realizing that the hoped-for Franco-British military expedition would not arrive in time, as Norway and Sweden had not given the

3821:(which was overestimated by Soviet intelligence in February and March 1940). With the spring thaw approaching, the Soviet forces risked becoming bogged down in the forests. Finnish Foreign Minister Väinö Tanner arrived in Stockholm on 12 February and negotiated the peace terms with the Soviets through the Swedes. German representatives, not aware that the negotiations were underway, suggested on 17 February that Finland negotiate with the Soviet Union. 289: 277: 265: 253: 241: 227: 213: 4418: 3076:

If he refused to fight, he would be shot. If he tried to sneak through the forest, he would freeze to death. And surrender was no option for him; Soviet propaganda had told him how the Finns would torture prisoners to death." The problem however was that the Finns were mostly too weak to fully exploit their success. Some of the pockets of encircled Soviet soldiers held out for weeks and even months, binding a huge number of Finnish forces.

157: 2056:, stating that the Soviets did not trust Germany and that war was considered possible between the two countries. The Red Army would not wait passively behind the border but would rather "advance to meet the enemy". Finnish representatives assured Yartsev that Finland was committed to a policy of neutrality and that the country would resist any armed incursion. Yartsev suggested that Finland cede or lease some islands in the 3372:, and a company of tanks, was outflanked by a Finnish battalion. The 122nd retreated, abandoning much of its heavy equipment and vehicles. Following this success, the Finns shuttled reinforcements to the defensive line in front of Kemijärvi. The Soviets hammered the defensive line without success. The Finns counter-attacked, and the Soviets retreated to a new defensive line where they stayed for the rest of the war. 2522:, Stalin and Boris Shaposhnikov. On 28 December, when Stalin asked for volunteers to take over military command, Semyon Timoshenko offered himself on the condition that he be allowed to implement Shaposhnikov's initial plan of a focused attack on the Karelian Isthmus to break the Mannerhiem Line; it was accepted. In January 1940, the Leningrad Military District was reformed and renamed "North-Western Front". 4307: 2410:, reported, "The terrain of coming operations is split by lakes, rivers, swamps, and is almost entirely covered by forests.... The proper use of our forces will be difficult". These doubts were not reflected in Meretskov's troop deployments, and he publicly announced that the Finnish campaign would take two weeks at most. Soviet soldiers had even been warned not to cross the border mistakenly into Sweden. 2498:, with its dense well-mapped network of paved roads. Armies fighting there had recognised supply and communications centres, which could be easily targeted by armoured vehicle regiments. Finnish Army centres, in contrast, were deep inside the country. There were no paved roads, and even gravel or dirt roads were scarce. Most of the terrain consisted of trackless forests and swamps. The war correspondent 3998:

interest. Several foreign organisations sent material aid, and many countries granted credit and military materiel to Finland. Nazi Germany allowed arms to pass through its territory to Finland, but after a Swedish newspaper made this public, Adolf Hitler initiated a policy of silence towards Finland, as part of improved German–Soviet relations following the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.

2352:" and thus "achieve absolute victory". He quoted Molotov, who had commented in November 1939 on the regime change plan to a Soviet ambassador that the new government "will not be Soviet, but one of a democratic republic. Nobody is going to set up Soviets over there, but we hope it will be a government we can come to terms with as to ensure the security of Leningrad". According to Russian historian 4245:. After the end of the war, the situation of the Finnish Army on the Karelian Isthmus became a subject of debate in Finland. Orders had already been issued to prepare a retreat to the next line of defence in the Taipale sector. Estimates of how long the Red Army could have been delayed by retreat-and-stand operations varied from a few days to a few weeks, or to a couple of months at most. 2533:, comprising nine divisions, a tank corps and three tank brigades, was located on the Karelian Isthmus. Its objective was to quickly overrun the Finnish defenses on the Karelian Isthmus and conquer Viipuri. From there, the 7th Army was to continue towards Lappeenranta, then turn west towards Lahti, before the final push to the capital Helsinki. The force was later divided into the 7th and 2364:"could have done so with comparative ease". Bradley Lightbody wrote that the "entire Soviet aim had been to make the Soviet border more secure". In 2002, Russian historian A. Chubaryan stated that no documents had been found in Russian archives that support a Soviet plan to annex Finland. Rather, the objective was to gain Finnish territory and to reinforce Soviet influence in the region. 3764:. The Soviets shipped large numbers of new tanks and artillery pieces to the theatre. Troops were increased from ten divisions to 25–26 divisions with six or seven tank brigades and several independent tank platoons as support, totalling 600,000 soldiers. On 1 February, the Red Army began a large offensive, firing 300,000 shells into the Finnish line in the first 24 hours of the 4318:) met in April 1940, reviewed the lessons of the Finnish campaign and recommended reforms. The role of frontline political commissars was reduced, and old-fashioned ranks and forms of discipline were reintroduced. Clothing, equipment and tactics for winter operations were improved. Not all of the reforms had been completed when Germans initiated Operation Barbarossa 14 months later. 4155:. On 11 December, Churchill opined that the British should gain a foothold in Scandinavia with the objective to help the Finns, but without a war with the Soviet Union. Because of the heavy German reliance on Northern Sweden's iron ore, Hitler had made it clear to the Swedish government in December that any Allied troops on Swedish soil would immediately provoke a German invasion. 2198:

However, this sudden change, contrary to previous statements that Soviet demands were minimalist and thus unalterable, had surprised the Finnish government, and lead them to believe more concession may be forthcoming. Thus, Paasikivi's idea of reaching some sort of compromise by offering the Soviets the island of Jussarö and the fort of Ino were refused by Helsinki.

3304:, which occurred during the month-long Battle of Suomussalmi, resulted in one of the largest Soviet losses in the Winter War. The Soviet 44th and parts of the 163rd Rifle Division, comprising about 14,000 troops, were almost completely destroyed by a Finnish ambush as they marched along the forest road. A small unit blocked the Soviet advance while Finnish Colonel 2118:, the Finnish envoy to Sweden, was sent to Moscow to represent the Finnish government Furthermore, the negotiations were attended by Stalin in person, signalling the seriousness of the effort. Paasikivi would later recount his surprise over the friendly atmosphere in which the delegation was received, and mentioned the pleasant manners of Stalin towards them. 3789:

soldiers. One by one, the defenders' strongholds crumbled under the Soviet attacks and the Finns were forced to retreat. On 15 February, Mannerheim authorised a general retreat of the II Corps to a fallback line of defence. On the eastern side of the isthmus, the Finns continued to resist Soviet assaults, achieving a stalemate in the battle of Taipale.

4356:. After the Winter War, the Soviet prisoners were returned to the USSR in accordance with the Moscow Peace Treaty. Of these, 450 were released, 4,354 were sentenced to imprisonment in labour camps ranging from 3 to 10 years and 414 were exposed to be "active in traitorous activities while in captivity", with 334 criminal cases being transferred to the 2205:. This surprised the Finns, and lent credibility to Soviet claims that their demands were minimalist and thus unalterable, as it would have been impossible to reduce them without a loss of prestige after having made them public. However, the Soviet offer was eventually rejected with respect to the opinion of the public and Parliament. 2617:, had estimated seven Soviet divisions on the Karelian Isthmus and no more than five along the whole border north of Lake Ladoga. In the estimation, the manpower ratio would have favoured the attacker by three to one. The true ratio was much higher, however, since for example, 12 Soviet divisions were deployed north of Lake Ladoga. 4171:

of passage by citing a League of Nations resolution as justification. The expedition troops would disembark at the Norwegian port of Narvik and proceed by rail toward Finland, passing through the Swedish ore fields on the way. This demand was sent to Norway and Sweden on 6 January, but it was likewise rejected six days later.

2356:, the Soviet terms encompassed the strongest fortified approaches of the Finnish defences for a reason. He claimed that Stalin had little hope for such a deal but would play for time for the ongoing mobilisation. He stated the objective as being to secure Finland from being used as a staging ground by means of regime change. 2717:, killing about 100 citizens and destroying more than 50 buildings. In response to international criticism, Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov stated that the Soviet Air Force was not bombing Finnish cities but rather dropping humanitarian aid to the starving Finnish population; the bombs were sarcastically dubbed 3781:. The Soviets also made occasional small infantry assaults with one or two companies. Because of the shortage of ammunition, Finnish artillery emplacements were under orders to fire only against directly threatening ground attacks. On 1 February, the Soviets further escalated their artillery and air bombardments. 2757:, the first settlement captured by the advancing Red Army. After the war, the puppet government was reabsorbed into the Soviet Union. From the very outset of the war, working-class Finns stood behind the legitimate government in Helsinki. Finnish national unity against the Soviet invasion was later called the 4393:

The Winter War laid bare the disorganisation and ineffectiveness of the Red Army and that of the Allies. The Anglo-French Supreme War Council was unable to formulate a workable plan, revealing its unsuitability to make effective war in either Britain or France. This failure led to the collapse of the

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to Finland. Finland wished to re-enter the war mainly because of the Soviet invasion of Finland during the Winter War, which had taken place after Finland had failed by relying on the League of Nations and on Nordic neutrality. Finland aimed primarily to reverse its territorial losses from the Moscow

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Stymied but not yet dissuaded from the possibility of action, the Allies formulated a final plan on 29 January. First, the Finns would make a formal request for assistance. Then, the Allies would ask Norway and Sweden for permission to move the "volunteers" across their territory. Finally, to protect

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elected to send notes to Norway and Sweden on 27 December, urging the Norwegians and Swedes to help Finland and offer the Allies their support. Norway and Sweden rejected the offer on 5 January 1940. The Allies came up with a new plan, in which they would demand that Norway and Sweden give them right

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The Soviet forces on the Karelian Isthmus were divided into two armies: the 7th and the 13th Army. The 7th Army, now under Kirill Meretskov, would concentrate 75 per cent of its strength against the 16 km (9.9 mi) stretch of the Mannerheim Line between Taipale and the Munasuo swamp. Tactics

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forward to the Taipale front. On 14 December, the bolstered Soviet forces launched a new attack but were pushed back again. A third Soviet division entered the fight but performed poorly and panicked under shell fire. The assaults continued without success, and the Red Army suffered heavy losses. One

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was massively strained because of a lack of workers. An even greater problem than lack of soldiers was the lack of materiel since foreign shipments of anti-tank weapons and aircraft were arriving only in small quantities. The ammunition situation was alarming, as stockpiles had cartridges, shells and

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Finland had a large force of reservists, which was trained in regular maneuvers, some of which had experience from the recent Finnish Civil War. The soldiers were also almost universally trained in basic survival techniques, such as skiing. The Finnish Army was not able to equip all its soldiers with

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also shares the position that the Soviet Union did not aim for annexation. He points out the different treatment Finland was given, compared to the Baltics: unlike the pacts of mutual assistance that the Baltics were pressured into, resulting in their total Sovietization, the Soviets demanded limited

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The negotiations had failed, as neither side was willing to substantially reduce their demands, nor was either side able to fully trust the other. The Finns were fearful of an encroachment on their sovereignty, while the Soviets were (claiming to be) fearful of a springboard for international enemies

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On the next meeting on 23 October, Stalin conceded to lessen his demands: a reduction in the amount of land demanded in Karelia; a reduction of the Hanko garrison from 5000 to 4000 men; and reducing the length of lease from 30 years to whatever date the ongoing (second world) war in Europe would end.

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France had been one of the earliest supporters of Finland during the Winter War. The French saw an opportunity to weaken Germany's resource imports via a Finnish counteroffensive, as both Sweden and the Soviet Union were strategic trading partners to Germany. France had another motive, preferring to

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in early March 1940, where they spread flyers and broadcast propaganda to encircled Soviet troops, but did not carry weapons. The men were subsequently detained by Finnish forces, who mistook them for Soviet infiltrators. After the war's end, Bazhanov was immediately asked to leave Finland, which he

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World opinion largely supported the Finnish cause, and the Soviet aggression was generally deemed unjustified. World War II had not yet directly affected France, the United Kingdom or the United States; the Winter War was practically the only conflict in Europe at that time and thus held major world

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opined after the war that Hitler would view a Soviet occupation of Finland as a threat to this plan. Any potential German plans for bases in Finland would also be thwarted if the Soviets occupied Finland, though Trotsky himself believed that Hitler was not interested in occupying Finland, but rather

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newspaper continued to lie that no civilian targets in Finland had been struck, even accidentally. It is estimated that the Soviet air force lost about 400 aircraft because of inclement weather, lack of fuel and tools, and during transport to the front. The Soviet Air Force flew approximately 44,000

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To the north was Finland's only ice-free port in the Arctic, Petsamo. The Finns lacked the manpower to defend it fully, as the main front was distant at the Karelian Isthmus. In the battle of Petsamo, the Soviet 104th Division attacked the Finnish 104th Independent Cover Company. The Finns abandoned

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In the south, two Soviet divisions were united on the northern side of the Lake Ladoga coastal road. As before, these divisions were trapped as the more mobile Finnish units counterattacked from the north to flank the Soviet columns. On 19 December, the Finns temporarily ceased their assaults due to

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On the eastern side of the Isthmus, the Red Army attempted to break through the Mannerheim Line at the battle of Taipale. On the western side, Soviet units faced the Finnish line at Summa, near the city of Viipuri, on 16 December. The Finns had built 41 reinforced-concrete bunkers in the Summa area,

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in Finnish, originally meaning 1 m (35 cu ft) of firewood), staying alive was an ordeal comparable to combat. The men were freezing and starving and endured poor sanitary conditions. Historian William R. Trotter described these conditions as follows: "The Soviet soldier had no choice.

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Hostilities ceased in March 1940 with the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty in which Finland ceded 9% of its territory to the Soviet Union. Soviet losses were heavy, and the country's international reputation suffered. Their gains exceeded their pre-war demands, and the Soviets received substantial

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gave the order to plan an assault on the Soviet Union and so Germany had to reassess its position regarding Finland. Until then, Germany had rejected Finnish appeals to purchase arms. However, the prospect of an invasion of the Soviet Union reversed the policy. In August, the secret sale of weapons

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Immediately after the war, Helsinki officially announced 19,576 dead. According to revised estimates in 2005 by Finnish historians, 25,904 people died or went missing and 43,557 were wounded on the Finnish side during the war. Finnish and Russian researchers have estimated that there were 800–1,100

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introduced his plan to the General Staff and the War Cabinet. In his plan, Daladier created linkage between the war in Finland and the iron ore in Sweden. There was a danger of Finland's possible fall under Soviet hegemony. In turn, Nazi Germany could occupy both Norway and Sweden. These two powers

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The ranks of RNA were to be filled by prisoners-of-war, but it would be commanded by White émigrés instead of captured Soviet Army officers, who were deemed unreliable. Bazhanov's Finnish assistant Feodor Schulgin chose Captain Vladimir Kiseleff, Lieutenant Vladimir Lugovskoy, Anatoly Budyansky and

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on 6 March, but the Soviets, wanting to keep the pressure on the Finnish government, declined the offer. The Finnish peace delegation travelled to Moscow via Stockholm and arrived on 7 March. They were disappointed to find that Stalin was not present during peace negotiations, likely due to the Red

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Joseph Stalin was not pleased with the results of December 1939 in the Finnish campaign. The Red Army had been humiliated in defeats by smaller Finnish forces. By the third week of the war, Soviet propaganda was already working to explain the failures of the Soviet military to the populace: blaming

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Finnish forces panicked and retreated in front of the overwhelming Red Army. The commander of the Finnish IV Army Corps Juho Heiskanen was replaced by Woldemar Hägglund on 4 December. On 7 December, in the middle of the Ladoga Karelian front, Finnish units retreated near the small stream of Kollaa.

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The array of Finnish defence structures that during the war started to be called the Mannerheim Line was located on the Karelian Isthmus approximately 30 to 75 km (19 to 47 mi) from the Soviet border. The Red Army soldiers on the Isthmus numbered 250,000, facing 130,000 Finns. The Finnish

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Stalin's purges in the 1930s had devastated the officer corps of the Red Army; those purged included three of its five marshals, 220 of its 264 division or higher-level commanders and 36,761 officers of all ranks. Fewer than half of all the officers remained. They were commonly replaced by soldiers

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The People's Government in its present composition regards itself as a provisional government. Immediately upon arrival in Helsinki, capital of the country, it will be reorganised and its composition enlarged by the inclusion of representatives of the various parties and groups participating in the

1583:'s secret protocols as evidence of this, while other sources argue against the idea of a full Soviet conquest. Finland repelled Soviet attacks for more than two months and inflicted substantial losses on the invaders in temperatures as low as −43 °C (−45 °F). The battles focused mainly on 3755:

as the commander of the Soviet forces in the war on 7 January 1940. The main focus of the Soviet attack was switched to the Karelian Isthmus. Timoshenko and Zhdanov reorganised and tightened control between different branches of service in the Red Army. They also changed tactical doctrines to meet

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Finnish fighter pilots often flew their motley collection of planes into Soviet formations that outnumbered them 10 or even 20 times. Finnish fighters shot down 200 Soviet aircraft, while losing 62 of their own on all causes. Finnish anti-aircraft guns downed more than 300 enemy aircraft. Often, a

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later wrote that "the eyes of our opposite numbers opened wide". Stalin had asked "You don't even offer Ino?" This would become the final meeting: the Soviets stopped responding to further Finnish letters and on 13 November, when the Finnish delegation was recalled from Moscow, no Soviet officials

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in the late 1980s, Soviet historiography relied solely on Molotov's speeches on the Winter War. In his radio speech of 29 November 1939, Molotov argued that the Soviet Union had tried to negotiate guarantees of security for Leningrad for two months. The Finns had taken a hostile stance to "please

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By 11 February, the Soviets had approximately 460,000 soldiers, 3,350 artillery pieces, 3,000 tanks and 1,300 aircraft deployed on the Karelian Isthmus. The Red Army was constantly receiving new recruits after the breakthrough. Opposing them, the Finns had eight divisions, totalling about 150,000

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Unlike their tactics in December, Soviet tanks advanced in smaller numbers. The Finns could not easily eliminate tanks if infantry troops protected them. After 10 days of constant artillery barrage, the Soviets achieved a breakthrough on the Western Karelian Isthmus in the Second Battle of Summa.

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In 1939, Soviet military leadership had formulated a realistic and comprehensive plan for the occupation of Finland. However, Joseph Stalin was not pleased with the conservative pace that the operation required and demanded new plans be drawn up. With the new plans, the key deadline for Finland's

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The Winter War was a political success for the Germans. Both the Red Army and the League of Nations were humiliated, and the Anglo-French Supreme War Council had been revealed to be chaotic and powerless. The German policy of neutrality was unpopular in the homeland, and relations with Italy had

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and two destroyers. When the ships were at a range of 24 km (13 nmi; 15 mi), the Finns opened fire with four 234 mm (9.2 in) coastal guns. After five minutes of firing by the coastal guns, the cruiser had been damaged by near misses and retreated. The destroyers remained

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asserted that Stalin's objective was to secure Leningrad's flank from a possible German invasion through Finland. He stated that "the strongest argument" against a Soviet intention of full conquest is that it did not happen in either 1939 or during the Continuation War in 1944 even though Stalin

4187:. The operation would have required 100,000 British and 35,000 French soldiers with naval and air support. The supply convoys would sail on 12 March and the landings would begin on 20 March. The end of the war on 13 March cancelled Franco-British plans to send troops to Finland through Northern 3937:

took effect the next day at noon Leningrad time, 11 a.m. Helsinki time. With it, Finland ceded the Karelian Isthmus and most of Ladoga Karelia. The area included Viipuri (Finland's second-largest city or fourth-largest city , depending on the census data), much of Finland's industrialised

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on 19 February in which he confirmed having declined Finnish pleas for support from Swedish troops. On 25 February, the Soviet peace terms were spelt out in detail. On 29 February, the Finnish Government accepted the Soviet terms in principle and was willing to enter into negotiations. Red Army

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Although the Soviets refined their tactics and morale improved, the generals were still willing to accept massive losses to reach their objectives. Soviet attacks were now being screened by smoke, heavy artillery, and armour support, but the infantry charged in the open and in dense formations.

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Although the Karelian Isthmus front was less active in January than in December, the Soviets increased bombardments, wearing down the defenders and softening their fortifications. During daylight hours, the Finns took shelter inside their fortifications from the bombardments and repaired damage

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Before the war, Soviet leadership had expected total victory within a few weeks. The Red Army had just completed the invasion of eastern Poland at a cost of fewer than 4,000 casualties after Germany attacked Poland from the west. Stalin's expectations of a quick Soviet triumph were backed up by

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Finnish coastal artillery batteries defended important harbours and naval bases. Most batteries were left over from the Imperial Russian period, with 152 mm (6.0 in) guns being the most numerous. Finland attempted to modernise its old guns and installed a number of new batteries, the

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as they retreated. The Soviets suffered 7,000–9,000 casualties; the Finnish units, 400. The Finnish troops captured dozens of tanks, artillery pieces, anti-tank guns, hundreds of trucks, almost 2,000 horses, thousands of rifles, and much-needed ammunition and medical supplies. So sure of their

2236:, near the border with Finland. A Soviet border guard post had been shelled by an unknown party resulting, according to Soviet reports, in the deaths of four and injuries of nine border guards. Research conducted by several Finnish and Russian historians later concluded that the shelling was a 2063:

Negotiations continued throughout 1938 without results. The Finnish reception of Soviet entreaties was decidedly cool, as the violent collectivisation and purges in Stalin's Soviet Union resulted in a poor opinion of the country. Most of the Finnish communist elite in the Soviet Union had been

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Following the initial setbacks, the Soviets reduced their strategic objectives and put an end to the puppet Finnish communist government in late January 1940, informing the Finnish government that they were willing to negotiate peace. After the Soviet military reorganized and adopted different

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as a classic example of what well-led troops and innovative tactics can do against a much larger adversary. Suomussalmi was a municipality of 4,000 with long lakes, wild forests and few roads. The Finnish command believed that the Soviets would not attack there, but the Red Army committed two

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Molotov claimed that the incident was a Finnish artillery attack. He demanded that Finland apologise for the incident and to move its forces beyond a line 20–25 km (12–16 mi) from the border. Finland denied responsibility for the attack, rejected the demands and called for a joint

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area to the Soviet Union. That would double the distance between Leningrad and the Finnish border but was far less than the Soviets had demanded. The Finns would also cede the islands in the Gulf of Finland, but they would not agree to lease any territory to the USSR for military purposes.

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had argued for an agreement, being pessimistic of the Finnish prospects in a war against the Soviet Union. But the Finnish government was reticent in reaching an agreement out of mistrust for Stalin: there was a fear of repeated follow-up demands, which would have put the future of Finnish

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stated at a meeting with military historians that the Soviets had launched the Winter War to "correct mistakes" made in determining the border with Finland after 1917. Opinion on the scale of the initial Soviet invasion decision is divided. The puppet Finnish communist government and the

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and the Russian Civil War almost two decades earlier. Soviet leaders believed that the old empire's extended borders provided territorial security and wanted Leningrad, only 32 km (20 mi) from the Finnish border, to enjoy a similar level of security against the rising power of

3345:, is sparsely developed, with little daylight and persistent snow-cover during winter; the Finns expected nothing more than raiding parties and reconnaissance patrols. Instead, the Soviets sent full divisions. On 11 December, the Finns rearranged the defence of Lapland and detached the 4525:

On 1 December 1939 the Finns had 114 combat aeroplanes fit for duty and seven aeroplanes for communication and observation purposes. Almost 100 aeroplanes were used for flight training purposes, unsuitable for combat or under repair. In total, the Finns had 173 aircraft and 43 reserve

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During the Interim Peace, Finland aimed to improve its defensive capabilities and conducted negotiations with Sweden on a military alliance, but negotiations ended once it became clear that both Germany and the Soviet Union opposed such an alliance. On 31 July 1940, German Chancellor

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Between 1,200 and 3,543 Soviet tanks were destroyed. The official figure was 611 tank casualties, but Yuri Kilin found a note received by the head of the Soviet General Staff, Boris Shaposhnikov, reporting 3,543 tank casualties and 316 tanks destroyed. According to Finnish historian

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Leskinen, Jari (1999). "Suomen ja Viron salainen sotilaallinen yhteistyö Neuvostoliiton hyökkäyksen varalta 1930-luvulla" [The Clandestine Finnish-Estonian Military Collaboration against a Possible Soviet Invasion in the 1930s]. In Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti (eds.).

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The meetings began on 12 October, with Molotov's offer of a mutual assistance pact, which the Finns immediately refused. To the Finns' surprise, Molotov dropped the offer and instead proposed an exchange of territory. The offer stipulated that the Finnish-Soviet border on the

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The terrain on the Karelian Isthmus did not allow guerrilla tactics, so the Finns were forced to resort to the more conventional Mannerheim Line, with its flanks protected by large bodies of water. Soviet propaganda claimed that it was as strong as or even stronger than the

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At the beginning of the war, the Soviets had 2,514 tanks and 718 armoured cars. The main battlefield was the Karelian Isthmus where the Soviets deployed 1,450 tanks. At the end of the war the Soviets had 6,541 tanks and 1,691 armoured cars. The most common tank type was

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claimed 126,875 dead and missing and total casualties of 391,783, with 188,671 wounded. In 1991, Yuri Kilin claimed 63,990 dead and total casualties of 271,528. In 2007, he revised the estimate of dead to 134,000 and in 2012, he updated the estimate to 138,533. In 2013,

2746:, with Väinö Tanner as foreign minister because of opposition to Cajander's prewar politics. Finland brought the matter of the Soviet invasion before the League of Nations. The League expelled the Soviet Union on 14 December 1939 and exhorted its members to aid Finland. 1623:

tactics, they renewed their offensive in February 1940 and overcame the Finnish defences on the Karelian Isthmus. This left the Finnish army in the main theatre of war near the breaking point, with a retreat seeming inevitable. Consequently, Finnish commander-in-chief

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territory, and significant land still held by Finland's military – all in all, nine per cent of Finnish territory. The ceded territory included 13 per cent of Finland's economic assets. 12 per cent of Finland's population, 422,000 to 450,000 Karelians,

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would be basic: an armoured wedge for the initial breakthrough, followed by the main infantry and vehicle assault force. The Red Army would prepare by pinpointing the Finnish frontline fortifications. The 123rd Rifle Division then rehearsed the assault on life-size

4328:

foreign imperialists". Finland had undertaken military provocation, and the Soviet Union could no longer abide by the non-aggression pacts. According to Molotov, the Soviet Union did not want to occupy or annex Finland, but the goal was purely to secure Leningrad.

3910:

resisted the idea of giving up any territory to the Soviet Union, but eventually agreed to sign the Moscow Peace Treaty. When he signed the document, the tormented president uttered the well-known words: "Let the hand wither that signs this monstrous treaty!"

2811:. According to Trotter, the favoured Soviet armoured tactic was a simple frontal charge, the weaknesses of which could be exploited. The Finns learned that at close range, tanks could be dealt with in many ways; for example, logs and crowbars jammed into the 3709:

Coastal artillery had a greater effect on land by reinforcing defence in conjunction with army artillery. Two sets of fortress artillery made significant contributions to the early battles on the Karelian Isthmus and in Ladoga Karelia. These were located at

4331:

The official Soviet figure, with reference to the command of the Leningrad Military District, was published at a session of the Supreme Soviet on 26 March 1940, with 48,475 dead and 158,863 sick and wounded. More recent Russian estimates vary: in 1990,

3241:

tactic was not applied as a strategy, but as a Finnish adaptation to the behaviour of Soviet troops under fire. In spite of the cold and hunger, the Soviet troops did not surrender easily but fought bravely, often entrenching their tanks to be used as

2860:, Soviet infantry attacked across open ground but was repulsed with heavy casualties. From 6 to 12 December, the Red Army continued to try to engage using only a single division. Next, the Red Army strengthened its artillery and deployed tanks and the 9133:

While the exact number who died during the siege by the German and Finnish armies from 8 September 1941 to 27 January 1944 will never be known, available data point to 900,000 civilian deaths, over half a million of whom died in the winter of 1941–2

9291: 2267:

Finnish–Soviet commission to examine the incident. In turn, the Soviet Union claimed that the Finnish response was hostile, renounced the non-aggression pact and severed diplomatic relations with Finland on 28 November. In the following years,

2418:, whose approval was needed to approve and ratify military decisions, which they evaluated based on their political merits. The dual system further complicated the Soviet chain of command and annulled the independence of commanding officers. 3946:, and four islands in the Gulf of Finland. The Hanko peninsula was leased to the Soviet Union as a military base for 30 years. The region of Petsamo, captured by the Red Army during the war, was returned to Finland according to the treaty. 3093:. The Finns had built 221 strong-points along the Karelian Isthmus, mostly in the early 1920s. Many were extended in the late 1930s. Despite these defensive preparations, even the most fortified section of the Mannerheim Line had only one 4253:, of whom between 10 and 20 per cent died. The Soviet Union repatriated 847 Finns after the War. Air raids killed 957 civilians. Between 20 and 30 tanks were destroyed and 62 aircraft were lost. Also, Finland had to cede all ships of the 4236:

The 105-day war had a profound and depressing effect in Finland. Meaningful international support was minimal and arrived late, and the German blockade had prevented most armament shipments. The 15-month period between the Winter War and

3969:

in the Gulf of Finland and Rybachy Peninsula to be ceded. In exchange, the Soviet Union proposed to cede Repola and Porajärvi from Eastern Karelia, an area twice as large as the territories that were originally demanded from the Finns.

3816:

By mid-February, it became clear that the Finnish forces were rapidly approaching exhaustion. For the Soviets, casualties were high, the situation was a source of political embarrassment to the Soviet regime, and there was a risk of

2802:

of about 21,000 men in the area in front of the Mannerheim Line to delay and damage the Red Army before it reached the line. In combat, the most severe cause of confusion among Finnish soldiers was Soviet tanks. The Finns had few

3380:

and extreme temperatures of the Lapland winter benefited the Finns, who executed guerrilla attacks against Soviet supply lines and patrols. As a result, the Soviet movements were halted by the efforts of one-fifth as many Finns.

3317:

victory had the Soviets been that a military band, complete with instruments, banners and notes, was traveling with the 44th Division to perform in a victory parade. The Finns found their instruments among the captured materiel.

1966:

was signed between both countries, and it was reaffirmed for ten years in 1934. Foreign trade in Finland was booming, but less than 1% of it was with the Soviet Union. In 1934, the Soviet Union also joined the League of Nations.

2960:

The winter of 1939–40 was exceptionally cold with the Karelian Isthmus experiencing a record low temperature of −43 °C (−45 °F) on 16 January 1940. At the beginning of the war, only those Finnish soldiers who were in

2318:

Soviet leaflets dropped over Helsinki on the first day of the war stated: "Finnish Comrades! We come to you not as conquerors, but as liberators of the Finnish people from the oppression of the capitalists and the landlords".

4535:

550,757 soldiers on 1 January 1940 and 760,578 soldiers by the beginning of March. In the Leningrad Military District, 1,000,000 soldiers and 20 divisions one month before the war and 58 divisions two weeks before its end.

3671:. Still, only five merchant ships were lost to Soviet action. World War II, which had started before the Winter War, proved more costly for the Finnish merchant vessels, with 26 lost due to hostile action in 1939 and 1940. 2458:

were less successful during the Winter War, and it took the Soviet Union three months and over a million men to accomplish what Zhukov had managed at Khalkhin Gol in ten days (albeit in completely different circumstances).

2453:

of the Soviet Air Forces. Under this divided command structure, the lessons of the Soviet Union's "first real war on a massive scale using tanks, artillery, and aircraft" at Khalkin Gol went unheeded. As a result, Russian

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were cut thousands of times but the Finns hastily repaired them and service resumed within a matter of hours. The Soviet Air Force learned from its early mistakes, and by late February instituted more effective tactics.

3111:

making the defensive line in this area stronger than anywhere else on the Karelian Isthmus. Because of a mistake in planning, the nearby Munasuo swamp had a 1-kilometre (0.62 mi)-wide gap in the line. During the

2506:

in Finland was a highly-difficult proposition, and according to Trotter, the Red Army failed to meet the level of tactical co-ordination and local initiative that would be required to execute such tactics in Finland.

2246:

and a pretext to withdraw from the non-aggression pact. Soviet war games held in March 1938 and 1939 had been based on a scenario in which border incidents taking place at the village of Mainila would spark the war.

1575:, 32 km (20 mi) from the Finnish border. When Finland refused, the Soviets invaded. Most sources conclude that the Soviet Union had intended to conquer all of Finland, and cite the establishment of the 2725:

violated three separate non-aggression pacts: the Treaty of Tartu, which was signed in 1920, the non-aggression pact between Finland and the Soviet Union, which was signed in 1932 and again in 1934; and also the

3645:

where they were used to bolster the air defence. Their anti-aircraft guns shot down one or two planes over the city, and the ships remained there for the rest of the war. At 18 January, Finnish armed icebreaker

2892:

In Central and Northern Finland, roads were few and the terrain hostile. The Finns did not expect large-scale Soviet attacks, but the Soviets sent eight divisions, heavily supported by armour and artillery. The

1913:

After Soviet involvement in the Finnish Civil War in 1918, no formal peace treaty was signed. In 1918 and 1919, Finnish volunteers conducted two unsuccessful military incursions across the Soviet border, the

2621:

proper uniforms at the outbreak of war, but its reservists were equipped with warm civilian clothing. However, the sparsely-populated highly-agrarian Finland had to draft so many of its working men that the

2064:

executed during the Great Purge, further tarnishing the Soviets' image in Finland. Meanwhile, Finland was attempting to negotiate a military co-operation plan with Sweden and hoping to jointly defend Åland.

15713: 3953:. Before the war, the Soviet Union demanded for the frontier with Finland on the Karelian Isthmus to be moved westward to a point 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of Viipuri to the line between Koivisto and 2208:

At the meeting on 9 November, Paasikivi announced to the attending Stalin and Molotov the Finnish refusal to accept even their reduced demands. The Soviets were visibly surprised. Finnish Foreign Minister

4142:

The British, for their part, wanted to block the flow of iron ore from Swedish mines to Germany as the Swedes supplied up to 40 per cent of Germany's iron demand. The matter was raised by British Admiral

3750:

Chief of Staff Boris Shaposhnikov was given full authority over operations in the Finnish theatre, and he ordered the suspension of frontal assaults in late December. Kliment Voroshilov was replaced with

7119: 9279: 4089:

presumes that most members of the RNA were executed after they were returned to the Soviet Union after the war. Additionally, Vladimir Bastamov was later extradited into the Soviet Union as one of the

9035: 1571:

The Soviets made several demands, including that Finland cede substantial border territories in exchange for land elsewhere, claiming security reasons – primarily the protection of

2087:

began. After the fall of Poland, Germany and the Soviet Union exchanged occupied Polish lands to establish a new border in accordance with the provisions of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. Estonia,

1779:. Those attempts were aborted because of Russia's internal strife, but they ruined Russia's relationship with Finland. In addition, support increased in Finland for self-determination movements. 2753:, the Finnish Democratic Republic puppet government operated in the parts of Finnish Karelia occupied by the Soviets, and was also referred to as the "Terijoki Government", after the village of 1985:

and that the area and defences of Finland could be used to invade the Soviet Union or restrict fleet movements. Soviet propaganda then painted Finland's leadership as a "vicious and reactionary

4495:

brought their own rifles (over 114,000 rifles, total 116,800 firearms) to the war. The Finnish Army reached its maximum strength at the beginning of March 1940 with 346,000 soldiers in uniform.

3062:, the Finns isolated smaller portions of numerically superior Soviet forces. With Soviet forces divided into smaller groups, the Finns dealt with them individually and attacked from all sides. 1102: 2544:, comprising six divisions and a tank brigade, was north of Lake Ladoga. Its mission was to execute a flanking manoeuvre around the northern shore of Lake Ladoga to strike at the rear of the 8981:

The ensnaring of Leningrad between the German and Finnish armies did not end the combat in the region as the Soviets launched repeated and desperate attempts to regain contact with the city.

2642:

cartridge that was used by Soviet forces. The situation was so severe that Finnish soldiers sometimes had to maintain their ammunition supply by looting the bodies of dead Soviet soldiers.

1955: 2186:, and the Finnish intelligence in general, who mistook the demands and the Soviet military build-up as a mere bluff on the part of Stalin, and were thus disinclined to reach an agreement. 1954:

on the Arctic Ocean. Despite the signing of the treaty, relations between the two countries remained strained. The Finnish government allowed volunteers to cross the border to support the

3097:

bunker per kilometre. Overall, the line was weaker than similar lines in mainland Europe. According to the Finns, the real strength of the line was the "stubborn defenders with a lot of

17188: 1866:

The period after the Finnish Civil War to the early 1930s was a politically unstable time in Finland because of the continued rivalry between the conservatives and the socialists. The

4061:, a high-ranking ROVS member, in person in January 1940. The project was deemed top secret, and was under the auspices of the intelligence division of the Finnish army headquarters. 8853: 3229:

Contrary to Finnish expectations, the encircled Soviet divisions did not try to break through to the east but instead entrenched. They were expecting reinforcements and supplies to

1092: 16675: 2001:

of 1938, the Soviets changed their foreign policy toward Finland and began to pursue the reconquest of the provinces of Tsarist Russia that had been lost during the chaos of the

4516:

tanks during 1936–39, but without weapons. Weapons were intended to be manufactured and installed in Finland. Only 10 tanks were fit for combat at the beginning of the conflict.

2973:. The rest had to make do with their own clothing, which for many soldiers was their normal winter clothing with a semblance of insignia added. Finnish soldiers were skilled in 2240:

operation since there were no artillery units there, and it was carried out from the Soviet side of the border by an NKVD unit with the purpose of providing the Soviets with a

9148: 4005:

was formed of predominantly Swedes, as well as 1,010 Danes and 727 Norwegians. They fought on the northern front at Salla during the last days of the war. A Swedish unit of

3149:

The strength of the Red Army north of Lake Ladoga in Ladoga Karelia surprised the Finnish Headquarters. Two Finnish divisions were deployed there, the 12th Division led by

16359: 2341: 2138:) and that Finland destroy all existing fortifications on the Karelian Isthmus. Likewise, the delegation demanded the cession of islands in the Gulf of Finland as well as 1975: 17807: 16527: 16492: 16488: 12452: 3436:. Often, targets were village depots with little value. The country had few modern highways in the interior, therefore making the railways the main targets for bombers. 1376: 12197: 4163:

could divide Scandinavia between them, as they had already done with Poland. The main motivation of the French and the British was to reduce German war-making ability.

3118:

The Soviet advance was stopped at the Mannerheim Line. Red Army troops suffered from poor morale and a shortage of supplies, eventually refusing to participate in more

15708: 11805: 4346: 3130:

near Viipuri on 23 December. Öhquist's plan was bold; however it failed. The Finns lost 1,300 men, and the Soviets were later estimated to have lost a similar number.

1981:

regarded it a disappointment that the Soviet Union could not halt the Finnish Revolution. He thought that the pro-Finland movement in Karelia posed a direct threat to

1564:

on 13 March 1940. Despite superior military strength, especially in tanks and aircraft, the Soviet Union suffered severe losses and initially made little headway. The

2514:

Kiril Meretskov initially ran the overall operation against the Finns. The command was passed on 9 December 1939 to the General Staff Supreme Command (later known as

17701: 17048: 13803: 11821: 4080:

RNA never participated in battle, despite Boris Bazhanov's later claims to the contrary in his memoirs. About 35 to 40 members of it were present during a battle in

8508: 2214:

came to see them off. The Finns had left under the expectation that the negotiations would continue. Instead, the Soviet Union ramped up its military preparations.

17289: 17247: 16690: 16426: 16365: 10163:

Turtola, Martti (1999b). "Katkera rauha ja Suomen ulkopoliittinen asema sodan jälkeen" [Bitter Peace and the Post-War Position of Finnish Foreign Policy].

12141: 15070: 11744: 11716: 10860: 10566: 4451: 4102: 3818: 3797:

Although the Finns attempted to re-open negotiations with Moscow by every means during the war, the Soviets did not respond. In early January, Finnish communist

3656:, received 2 bombs from a Soviet bomber with 39 Finnish troops killed in action. As well as coastal defence, the Finnish Navy protected the Ålandish and Finnish 1505: 7116: 6730: 17428: 13782: 12461: 12148: 11282: 10154:

Turtola, Martti (1999a). "Kansainvälinen kehitys Euroopassa ja Suomessa 1930-luvulla" [International Developments in Europe and Finland in the 1930s].

3297:

and effectively cut Finland in two. There were two roads leading to Suomussalmi from the frontier: the northern Juntusranta road and the southern Raate road.

17691: 16222: 15762: 14667: 12764: 12127: 11436: 11061: 9019: 4349:

stated that the Russian State Military Archive has a database confirming 167,976 killed or missing along with the soldiers' names, dates of birth and ranks.

2869:

front, the defending Finnish units relied on the terrain. Ladoga Karelia, a large forest wilderness, did not have road networks for the modern Red Army. The

2605:

The Finnish strategy was dictated by geography. The 1,340 km (830 mi) border with the Soviet Union was mostly impassable except along a handful of

1946:, confirming the old border between the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland and Imperial Russia proper as the new Finnish–Soviet border. Finland also received 1085: 882: 16875: 16171: 11777: 11723: 10909: 16067: 15811: 14791: 12234: 11730: 11346: 4337: 4333: 17706: 17686: 17160: 16253: 10756: 4446: 4295: 1798: 684: 3412:), was not as effective as the Soviets might have hoped. The material damage by the bomb raids was slight as Finland offered few valuable targets for 2836:

By 6 December, all of the Finnish covering forces had withdrawn to the Mannerheim Line. The Red Army began its first major attack against the Line in

17797: 17696: 16780: 16186: 16123: 16076: 12120: 11567: 11443: 4395: 2575: 1647:

to believe that an attack on the Soviet Union would be successful and confirmed negative Western opinions of the Soviet military. After 15 months of

9282:[The Repressive Policy of the Soviet State and the Fate of the Red Army Prisoners of War Participants in the Soviet-Finnish War 1939–1940]. 2977:. The cold, snow, forest, and long hours of darkness were factors that the Finns could use to their advantage. The Finns dressed in layers, and the 16140: 15777: 15107: 14822: 14625: 11420: 10800: 5341: 2837: 1078: 517: 3636: 3269:

and executing surprise ambushes and raids. By the end of December, the Soviets decided to retreat and transfer resources to more critical fronts.

17711: 17268: 15896: 11857: 11169: 9807:

Manninen, Ohto (1999a). "Neuvostoliiton tavoitteet ennen talvisotaa ja sen aikana" [Soviet objectives before and during the Winter War].

4466: 2833:

alcoholic-beverage corporation and bundled with matches with which to light them. 80 Soviet tanks were destroyed in the border zone engagements.

2103:

by signing the agreement on 28 September. Latvia and Lithuania followed in October. Unlike the three Baltic countries, Finland started a gradual

1386: 1369: 1958:

in Russia in 1921, and Finnish communists in the Soviet Union continued to prepare for revenge and staged a cross-border raid into Finland, the

15974: 15641: 15333: 11676: 10978: 4385:

would be successful. In June 1941, Hitler declared, "we have only to kick in the door and the whole rotten structure will come crashing down".

13675: 9620:

Kovalyov, E. (2006). "7: Зимняя война балтийских подводных лодок (1939–1940 гг.)" [Winter War and the Baltic Submarines (1939–1940)].

7561: 3499:. Old-fashioned and few in number, aircraft offered little support for Finnish ground troops. In spite of losses, the number of planes in the 1054: 17681: 16745: 16606: 16181: 15750: 12468: 12431: 12408: 11929: 10851: 10821: 3706:

suffered 17 dead and 30 wounded. The Soviets already knew the locations of the Finnish coastal batteries, but were surprised by their range.

3089:. Finnish historians, for their part, have belittled the line's strength, insisting that it was mostly conventional trenches and log-covered 2096: 12183: 10135: 3225:

exhaustion. It was not until the period of 6–16 January 1940 that the Finns resumed their offensive, dividing Soviet divisions into smaller

2873:

had extended a new railroad line to the border, which could double the supply capability on the front. On 12 December, the advancing Soviet

2865:

typical Soviet attack during the battle lasted just an hour but left 1,000 dead and 27 tanks strewn on the ice. North of Lake Ladoga on the

17171: 16451: 16447: 16107: 15991: 14126: 12561: 12417: 12401: 12373: 11621: 10828: 4250: 3979: 2634:. Finnish tank forces were operationally nonexistent. The ammunition situation was alleviated somewhat since Finns were largely armed with 1459: 446: 169: 9495: 7905:"Venäläisemigranttien talvisota – Mannerheim hyväksyi huippusalaisen suunnitelman bolševikkien vastaisen sotavankiarmeijan perustamisesta" 4132:

and transport them to the Finnish Arctic port of Petsamo. Another proposal was a massive air strike with Turkish co-operation against the

2271:

described the incident as Finnish provocation. Doubt on the official Soviet version was cast only in the late 1980s, during the policy of

16803: 16406: 16305: 15703: 15698: 14958: 14924: 13318: 12385: 12297: 12241: 12204: 11486: 4461: 3825: 3813:

and recognized the Ryti–Tanner government as the legal government of Finland, informing it that the USSR was willing to negotiate peace.

3503:

rose by over 50 per cent by the end of the war. The Finns received shipments of British, French, Italian, Swedish and American aircraft.

8303: 3684:

in front of Helsinki, originally intended to block the Gulf of Finland to Soviet ships with the help of batteries on the Estonian side.

3376:

Petsamo and concentrated on delaying actions. The area was treeless, windy, and relatively low, offering little defensible terrain. The

17229: 17053: 15619: 15019: 14308: 12290: 11022: 4282:

Peace Treaty and, depending on the success of the German invasion of the Soviet Union, possibly to expand its borders, especially into

3950: 3173:

on 13 December. The Soviets' mission was to destroy the Finnish troops in the area of Ladoga Karelia and advance into the area between

2981:

wore a lightweight white snow cape. This snow-camouflage made the ski troopers almost invisible so that they could more easily execute

2344:

had set out in 1939 that the former borders of the Tsarist Empire were to be restored, including Finland. American political scientist

1362: 836: 764: 5002:"РОССИЯ И СССР В ВОЙНАХ XX ВЕКА. Глава III. ЛЮДСКИЕ ПОТЕРИ КРАСНОЙ АРМИИ ЗА ВРЕМЯ ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ ВОЙНЫ И ИНОСТРАННОЙ ВОЕННОЙ ИНТЕРВЕНЦИИ" 1816:, recognised the new Finnish government just three weeks after the declaration. Finland achieved full sovereignty in May 1918 after a 16813: 16785: 16176: 13796: 12424: 10814: 10772: 1855:. Nevertheless, Sweden carefully avoided committing itself to Finnish foreign policy. Finland's military policy included clandestine 5860:

Turtola, Martti (1999). "Kansainvälinen kehitys Euroopassa ja Suomessa 1930-luvulla". In Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti (eds.).

4491:

At the beginning of the war, the Finns had 300,000 soldiers. The Finnish Army had only 250,028 rifles (total 281,594 firearms), but

2714: 17832: 17458: 17115: 16755: 16421: 16133: 15245: 13934: 13645: 11464: 11238: 11001: 10867: 10678: 9604: 9242: 2398:

advocated a narrow-front assault right on the Karelian isthmus. Additionally, Shaposhnikov argued for a fuller build-up, extensive

1883: 1856: 875: 848: 14936: 10033: 9924: 9144: 1890:. By the late 1930s, the export-oriented Finnish economy was growing and the nation's extreme political movements had diminished. 1839:

Finland joined the League of Nations in 1920 and sought security guarantees, but Finland's primary goal was co-operation with the

17028: 16977: 16339: 16060: 15100: 15085: 14545: 12540: 12337: 11374: 10874: 10786: 10722: 4456: 3491:

At the beginning of the war, Finland had a small air force, with only 114 combat planes fit for duty. Missions were limited, and

1140: 978: 9861: 3265:

and Lieksa. The Finns used effective guerrilla tactics, taking special advantage of their superior skiing skills and snow-white

2425:

against Japan, on the USSR's eastern border, Soviet High Command had divided into two factions. One side was represented by the

1330: 17206: 17073: 17032: 16685: 16611: 16522: 16416: 16145: 15851: 15782: 15075: 15009: 14854: 14297: 12743: 12255: 11105: 10643: 9220:[Casus Belli: about the Mainila incident, which served as a pretext for the beginning of the "Winter War" of 1939–40]. 9172: 4065:

brothers Nikolay and Vladimir Bastamov as officers for the unit. Of the five, the Bastamovs were not Finnish citizens, but had

4014: 3630: 2559:

region. It was composed of three divisions with one more on its way. Its mission was to thrust westward to cut Finland in half.

1963: 1898: 1825: 1801:, including the right to secede and form a separate state, which gave Finland a window of opportunity. On 6 December 1917, the 1697: 677: 5965:

Leskinen, Jari (1997). "Suomenlahden sulku ja Neuvostoliitto" [Blockade of the Gulf of Finland and the Soviet Union].

3213:, dubbed "the Terror of Morocco", also became a living legend in the Battle of Kollaa. To the north, the Finns retreated from 15379: 14801: 14714: 14704: 14042: 13983: 13339: 13244: 12771: 12517: 12392: 11478: 11452: 11309: 11015: 10932: 10518: 10361: 10296: 9962: 9893:

Palokangas, Markku (1999). "Suomalaisjoukkojen aseistus ja varustus" [Armament and Equipment of the Finnish Forces].

9797: 9670: 9559: 9348: 9329: 9197: 9029: 8878: 8839: 8681: 8633: 8594: 8575: 8518: 8469: 8412: 8377: 8358: 8339: 4093:

in 1945, and was sentenced to 20 years of hard labour. He was released after Stalin's death and returned to Finland in 1956.

1943: 988: 831: 10016: 8905: 8729: 8605: 3233:. As the Finns lacked the necessary heavy artillery equipment and were short of men, they often did not directly attack the 16517: 16512: 16456: 15730: 15720: 15014: 14694: 14618: 14246: 13572: 12979: 12865: 12030: 11497: 11493: 11471: 11075: 9225: 9128: 8976: 4166:

The Military Co-ordination Committee met on 20 December in London, and two days later the French plan was put forward. The

4002: 3483:

had adopted as their symbol in 1918. Despite the similarity, it was not a Nazi design but was based on the personal owner;

3356:

In southern Lapland, near the village of Salla, the Soviet 88th and 122nd Divisions, totaling 35,000 men, advanced. In the

1682: 1531: 897: 868: 510: 9641: 7633: 5009: 2848:

waterway. Along the Suvanto sector, the Finns had a slight advantage of elevation and dry ground to dig into. The Finnish

17842: 17223: 16967: 16885: 16750: 16569: 15755: 14796: 14184: 14069: 13487: 12951: 12283: 12269: 11482: 2894: 2502:

observed the landscape: "Every acre of its surface was created to be the despair of an attacking military force". Waging

2294:

Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact's secret protocol is used as proof that the Soviet Union had intended to conquer all of Finland.

1805: 1034: 16658: 10558: 9436:

Juutilainen, Antti; Koskimaa, Matti (2005). "Maavoimien joukkojen perustaminen" [Establishing the Army Forces].

8606:"The Annexation of the Baltic States and Its Effect on the Development of Law Prohibiting Forcible Seizure of Territory" 4290:, supported a Greater Finland ideology. The Continuation War began in June 1941 and led to Finnish participation in the 4001:

The largest foreign contingent came from neighboring Sweden, which provided nearly 8,760 volunteers during the war. The

1221: 17370: 17043: 17008: 16950: 16235: 16053: 15969: 15801: 15688: 15167: 14882: 13696: 13565: 13443: 13021: 12736: 12687: 12445: 12000: 11252: 11091: 10939: 10793: 10438: 10419: 10379:

Reese, Roger R. (2008). "Lessons of the Winter War: a study in the military effectiveness of the Red Army, 1939–1940".

10334: 10315: 10227: 10172:

Vihavainen, Timo (1999). "Talvisota neuvostohistoriakirjoituksessa" [The Winter War in Soviet historiography].

9390: 9122: 9005: 8970: 8949: 8899: 8818: 8545: 4353: 2918: 2902: 2878: 995: 479: 17777: 17767: 17408: 17139: 15911: 15530: 15476: 15471: 15419: 15414: 15404: 15369: 15364: 15354: 15344: 15322: 15317: 15294: 15289: 15264: 15240: 15235: 15220: 15080: 14718: 14099: 14074: 13812: 12694: 12666: 12483: 12065: 11784: 11751: 10492: 10280: 10245: 10190: 10010: 9985: 9837: 9743: 9702: 9635: 9476: 9454:

Juutilainen, Antti (1999b). "Talvisodan ulkomaalaiset vapaaehtoiset" [Foreign Volunteers in the Winter War].

9371: 9256: 9101: 9082: 9060: 8930: 8799: 8723: 8497: 8434: 6722: 5978: 4357: 2727: 1252: 1128: 909: 670: 17: 10967: 1934:

into a single state. In 1920, Finnish communists based in Soviet Russia attempted to assassinate the former Finnish

17802: 17782: 17413: 16930: 16411: 15513: 15449: 15274: 15187: 13849: 13007: 12944: 12079: 11915: 11038: 4167: 3390: 1464: 706: 50: 11592: 8643: 3853: 1044: 17827: 17433: 16920: 16915: 16895: 16843: 16559: 16212: 15906: 15666: 15651: 15592: 14951: 14749: 14611: 13373: 13214: 13203: 13039: 12798: 12757: 12650: 12588: 11975: 11245: 11114: 11082: 4381:

were at the top of the agenda. More importantly, the very poor performance of the Red Army convinced Hitler that

4254: 4129: 4010: 3889:

On 5 March, the Red Army advanced 10 to 15 km (6.2 to 9.3 mi) past the Mannerheim Line and entered the

3801:

contacted the Finnish Government. She offered to contact Moscow through the Soviet Union's ambassador to Sweden,

3536: 2730:, which the Soviet Union signed in 1934. Field Marshal C.G.E. Mannerheim was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the 1994: 1469: 1019: 956: 805: 788: 503: 460: 16227: 15806: 11762: 11330: 2170:(2120 square miles), an area twice the size as that of the territory demanded from Finland (1000 square miles). 1039: 17478: 17382: 17023: 16890: 16245: 15374: 15338: 14913: 14571: 13947: 13759: 13731: 13609: 13402: 12639: 12090: 12016: 11812: 11183: 10902: 10807: 10692: 10537: 10079: 9426: 7912: 7199: 3777:

during the night. The situation led quickly to war exhaustion among the Finns, who lost over 3,000 soldiers in

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Dead Soviet soldiers and their equipment at Raate Road, Suomussalmi, after being ambushed and encircled at the

3021: 2662: 2519: 2327:, chairman of the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union, commissioned a celebratory piece of music from 2323:

capitulation was to be Stalin's 60th birthday on 21 December. Convinced of the invasion's forthcoming success,

1338: 1271: 968: 10102:

Silvast, Pekka (1999). "Merivoimien ensimmäinen voitto: Russarö" [The Navy's First Victory: Russarö].

9816:

Manninen, Ohto (1999b). "Venäläiset sotavangit ja tappiot" [Russian Prisoners of War and Casualties].

6955: 58: 17003: 16900: 15789: 15540: 15269: 15095: 15090: 15045: 14735: 14657: 14503: 14338: 13819: 13752: 13703: 13634: 13459: 12965: 12916: 12680: 12673: 12276: 12037: 11828: 10881: 9572:(1999). "Puna-armeijan Stalinin tahdon toteuttajana" [The Red Army as an Executor of Stalin's Will]. 4471: 3939: 2925:. The Arctic port of Petsamo was attacked by the 104th Mountain Rifle Division by sea and land, supported by 2861: 2754: 2669: 2658: 2033: 1843:, mainly Sweden, and it focused on the exchange of information and on defence planning (the joint defence of 1495: 1490: 932: 914: 10472: 17658: 17423: 17085: 16935: 16848: 16574: 16564: 16537: 16274: 16155: 16150: 15866: 15836: 15831: 15772: 15661: 15656: 15624: 15565: 15486: 15444: 15327: 14827: 14199: 13927: 13893: 13789: 13164: 13125: 12044: 11879: 11864: 11791: 11770: 11588: 11266: 11052: 11045: 11029: 10740: 10699: 10671: 7725: 1672: 1449: 1000: 800: 749: 4508:

tanks and a few lighter tanks. These were unsuitable for the war and they were subsequently used as fixed

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within 10 days. The Soviets had a 3:1 advantage in manpower and a 5:1 advantage in artillery, as well as

2511: 2302: 2068: 2019: 1939: 1829: 1624: 1580: 1576: 1474: 1230: 983: 961: 904: 572: 193: 31: 5337: 17822: 17792: 17787: 17718: 17448: 17438: 17403: 16940: 16596: 15901: 15439: 15429: 15399: 15389: 15004: 14944: 14662: 14528: 14523: 14234: 14224: 14214: 14084: 13968: 13654: 13150: 13069: 13014: 12902: 12858: 12508: 12134: 12058: 11960: 11837: 11709: 11702: 11662: 11635: 11367: 11300: 10895: 10706: 10636: 4377:

suffered. After the Moscow Peace Treaty, Germany improved its ties with Finland, and within two weeks,

4050: 3719: 3262: 1867: 1678: 1454: 927: 793: 771: 608: 7215:

Talvisota: Ilta-Sanomien erikoislehti 2019, pp. 62–66. Helsinki: Sanoma Media Finland Oy. (in Finland)

2075:, but it included a secret protocol in which Central and Eastern European countries were divided into 1879: 1024: 17817: 16542: 16207: 15740: 15634: 15434: 14740: 14384: 14256: 14121: 14094: 14000: 13556: 13473: 13258: 13118: 13090: 12923: 12828: 12618: 12051: 11125: 10779: 10451: 10252: 4128:

have a major war in a remote part of Europe rather than on French soil. France planned to re‑arm the

3472: 2610: 2084: 1556:. It began with a Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939, three months after the outbreak of 810: 776: 11323: 9763:

Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti (1999). "Suomen kunnian päivät" [Glory Days of Finland].

9721:

Lentilä, Riitta; Juutilainen, Antti (1999). "Talvisodan uhrit" [Victims of the Winter War].

9415:Финляндия на пути к войне: Исследование о военном сотрудничестве Германии и Финляндии в 1940–1941 гг 4053:(ROVS) for aid. Nevertheless, Mannerheim eventually agreed to establish a small Russian detachment ( 4013:

were responsible for air defence in northern Finland and the city of Turku. Volunteers arrived from

3695:. That day, the weather was fair and visibility was excellent. The Finns spotted the Soviet cruiser 3420:

was one of the most important targets because it was an important railway junction, and also housed

3205:) became a legendary motto among Finns. Further contributing to the legend of Kollaa was the sniper 1893: 17772: 17762: 17443: 17279: 17195: 17132: 16925: 16808: 16765: 16725: 15881: 15587: 15162: 14966: 14898: 14518: 14318: 14089: 13295: 13272: 12524: 12325: 12318: 11982: 11642: 11614: 11607: 10994: 7525: 4403: 4378: 4287: 4152: 3495:

were mainly used to repel Soviet bombers. Strategic bombings doubled as opportunities for military

3043: 2758: 2563: 2534: 1772: 1612: 1524: 826: 644: 589: 11339: 11316: 4037:. In total, Finland received 12,000 volunteers, 50 of whom died during the war. The British actor 3000:

Most Soviet soldiers had proper winter clothes, but this was not the case with every unit. In the

2083:, and two days later, the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany. On 17 September, the 1771:

enjoyed wide autonomy within Russia until the end of the 19th century, when Russia began attempts

30:

This article is about the 1939–1940 war between the Soviet Union and Finland. For other uses, see

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Both Germany and Sweden were keen to see an end to the Winter War. The Germans feared losing the

3647: 3515:, a telephone set and some tents. Air-raid warnings were given by Finnish women organised by the 3421: 2870: 2713:

On 30 November 1939, Soviet forces invaded Finland with 21 divisions, totalling 450,000 men, and

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volunteered, and 210 volunteers of other nationalities arrived in Finland before the war ended.

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Juutilainen, Antti (1999a). "Laatokan Karjalan taistelut" [Battles in Ladoga Karelia].

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they had created; instead, they worked to eliminate only the most dangerous threats. Often the

3221:

on 5 December and then repelled a Soviet offensive in the battle of Tolvajärvi on 11 December.

2731: 1886:, had a minor presence in national politics and never had more than 14 seats of the 200 in the 1840: 1768: 1693: 1608: 1343: 973: 892: 649: 15384: 9940:

Peltonen, Martti (1999). "Ilmasota talvisodassa" [Aerial Warfare in the Winter Wari].

3957:; for existing fortifications on the Karelian Isthmus to be demolished and for the islands of 1902: 17632: 17177: 17166: 17100: 16680: 16401: 16285: 15926: 15886: 15646: 15575: 15024: 14404: 14323: 14241: 13900: 13623: 13466: 13362: 13332: 13288: 13028: 12993: 12986: 12909: 12807: 12248: 12225: 12072: 11683: 11220: 10960: 10946: 10629: 8392: 8311: 4492: 4086: 3740: 3368:

led northwest. On 17 December, the Soviet northern group, comprising an infantry regiment, a

3350: 3325: 3050:. The Red Army was superior in numbers and material, but Finns used the advantages of speed, 3001: 2926: 2626:

fuel to last only 19 to 60 days. The ammunition shortage meant the Finns could seldom afford

2268: 2072: 1935: 1931: 1049: 620: 11518: 4009:

fighters, named "the Flight Regiment 19" also participated. Swedish anti-air batteries with

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uniforms. Not until late January 1940 did the Soviets paint their equipment white and issue

2414:

who were less competent but more loyal to their superiors. Unit commanders were overseen by

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Elfvegren, Eero (1999). "Merisota talvisodassa" [Naval Warfare in the Winter War].

8709: 4382: 4341: 4238: 3696: 3610: 3408:, supporting the Red Army's invasion with about 2,500 aircraft (the most common type being 3301: 3282: 3246:

and building timber dugouts. Some specialist Finnish soldiers were called in to attack the

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against Soviet columns. At the beginning of the war, Soviet tanks were painted in standard

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by Finns. The Finnish statesman J. K. Paasikivi commented that the Soviet attack without a

2718: 2627: 2415: 2337:, intended to be performed as the marching bands of the Red Army paraded through Helsinki. 2115: 1656: 1600: 1323: 1309: 1186: 1005: 625: 567: 14908: 9680:

Kurenmaa, Pekka; Lentilä, Riitta (2005). "Sodan tappiot" [Casualties of the War].

9488:"Sotasankari Simo Häyhän ennennäkemätön päiväkirja löytyi – "Tässä on minun syntilistani"" 9419:

Birth of the Continuation War: Research of German–Finnish Military Collaboration 1940–1941

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Offensives of the four Soviet armies from 30 November to 22 December 1939 displayed in red

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The first naval battle occurred in the Gulf of Finland on 1 December, near the island of

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that allowed the Soviets to establish military bases on their soil. Estonia accepted the

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as part of a general policy to strengthen the central government and unify the Empire by

1561: 1517: 1283: 1205: 1162: 1059: 939: 102: 10559:"These 17 photos show Finland's brutally cold World War II battle with the Soviet Union" 9583: 9487: 9262: 7614:"Bad blood and humiliation: Finns' experiences of the Moscow peace negotiations in 1940" 4159: 4111:

Franco-British support was offered on the condition their forces could pass freely from

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had scouted the area and made fire plans in advance, anticipating a Soviet assault. The

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On 5 October 1939, the Soviets invited a Finnish delegation to Moscow for negotiations.

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Chubaryan, A. (2002). "Foreword". In Kulkov, E.; Rzheshevskii, O.; Shukman, H. (eds.).

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As the Finnish Cabinet hesitated in the face of harsh Soviet conditions, Sweden's King

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and met Kollontai secretly at a hotel. On 29 January, Molotov put an end to the puppet

3622: 3587: 3243: 2943: 2845: 2722: 2450: 2395: 2391: 2360: 2108: 2080: 2002: 1887: 1848: 1786: 1735: Neutral countries with military bases established by Soviet Union in October 1939 1288: 1276: 1264: 1257: 1155: 1133: 712: 326: 10040:

Finland's struggle for independence from 1917 to 1945, Hungarian volunteers in Finland

9912: 3906:

right of passage, had little choice but to accept the Soviet terms. Finnish President

3570:

was a coastal defence force which did not have the training, logistical structure, or

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divisions to the Kainuu area with orders to cross the wilderness, capture the city of

1627:

urged a peace deal with the Soviets, while the Finns still retained bargaining power.

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The Suomussalmi–Raate engagement was a double operation which would later be used by

3210: 3119: 3090: 3066: 3051: 3047: 2982: 2853: 2824: 2808: 2445:, the chief of artillery. The other faction was led by Khalkhin Gol veterans General 2434: 2426: 2298: 2174: 2139: 1990: 1817: 1802: 1790: 1761: 1741: 1616: 1584: 1565: 1302: 1295: 944: 783: 759: 550: 340: 232: 131: 16910: 10548: 10445: 9168: 3680:

largest of which featured a 305 mm (12.0 in) gun battery on the island of

3214: 3123: 1997:, were targeted for particular scorn. When Stalin gained absolute power through the 1833: 257: 17608: 17600: 17418: 17376: 17350: 17239: 17110: 17090: 17063: 16823: 16584: 15916: 15861: 15767: 15508: 15279: 15249: 15215: 15060: 14872: 14849: 14587: 14540: 14508: 14414: 14379: 14025: 13745: 13738: 13682: 13346: 13111: 13097: 13000: 12937: 12888: 12701: 12554: 12501: 12311: 12262: 12176: 11406: 11383: 10916: 10588: 10506: 10388: 10111:

Soikkanen, Timo (1999). "Talvisodan henki" [The Spirit of the Winter War].

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and his 9th Division cut off the retreat route, split the enemy force into smaller

3289: 3266: 3198: 3194: 3154: 3055: 2816: 2804: 2799: 2778: 2635: 2491: 2407: 2143: 2131: 2123: 1951: 1947: 1919: 1915: 1821: 1753: 1660: 1592: 1588: 1415: 1410: 1316: 1237: 1193: 1181: 1148: 754: 732: 596: 389: 365: 353: 119: 10925: 9902:

Paulaharju, Jyri (1999). "Pakkastalven kourissa" [In the Grip of Winter].

4074: 3989: 3907: 3590:, 52 submarines, and other miscellaneous vessels. The Soviets used naval bases in 3165:

for almost every road leading west to the Finnish border. The 8th Army was led by

2024: 245: 218: 17552: 17344: 17262: 17058: 16987: 16818: 16663: 16653: 16442: 15936: 15683: 15535: 15503: 15177: 15157: 14578: 14479: 14474: 14419: 14328: 14287: 13768: 13480: 13395: 13353: 13251: 13194: 13062: 12844: 12835: 12364: 11946: 11922: 11176: 10500: 10409: 10181:

Sokolov, Boris (2000). "Путь к миру" [Secrets of the Russo-Finnish War].

10066:

Rentola, Kimmo (2003). Holtsmark, Sven G.; Pharo, Helge Ø.; Tamnes, Rolf (eds.).

9996: 9772:

Malmi, Timo (1999). "Suomalaiset sotavangit" [Finnish Prisoners of War].

9712:

Laaksonen, Lasse (1999). "Kannaksen taistelut" [Battles in the Isthmus].

9112: 8960: 8889: 8713: 8400: 7541: 7123: 6959: 6715: 4723:

Died during the additional refresher training (diseases, accidents, suicides) 34.

4274: 4214: 4116: 4066: 4038: 3942:. Finland also ceded a part of the region of Salla, the Rybachy Peninsula in the 3894: 3865: 3798: 3657: 3401: 3360:, the Soviets proceeded easily to Salla, where the road split. Further ahead was 3209:, dubbed "the White Death" by Soviets, and credited with over 500 kills. Captain 3206: 3142: 3112: 2914: 2774: 2631: 2622: 2545: 2403: 2167: 2151: 2057: 1927: 1500: 922: 843: 632: 562: 555: 545: 401: 115: 13880: 9217: 3126:, decided to launch a counter-attack and encircle three Soviet divisions into a 2359:

Others argue against the idea of a complete Soviet conquest. American historian

1708: 17676: 17668: 17473: 17398: 17314: 17274: 16833: 16828: 16770: 16279: 16019: 15846: 15609: 15599: 14976: 14592: 14219: 14151: 14037: 13775: 13311: 13237: 11289: 11148: 9621: 9514:(2007a). "Leningradin sotilaspiirin rajakahakka". In Jokisipilä, Markku (ed.). 7613: 5001: 4614: 4423: 4058: 3778: 3692: 3520: 3496: 3484: 3170: 3034:, Suomussalmi during a Finnish pursuit in December 1939. Nordic combined skier 2866: 2815:

would often immobilise a tank. Soon, Finns fielded a better ad hoc weapon, the

2743: 2673: 2495: 2430: 2387: 2368: 2324: 2290: 2202: 1906: 1871: 1745: 1596: 1568:

deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union from its organization.

858: 853: 377: 269: 135: 123: 10510: 9589:

Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. Social Sciences & Humanities

9192:. Wiley Blackwell Companions to World History. Vol. 11. Wiley-Blackwell. 8962:

Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front: The German Infantry's War, 1941–1944

8849: 8555: 3925: 3516: 3031: 2812: 2079:. Finland fell into the Soviet sphere. On 1 September 1939, Germany began its 17751: 17568: 17528: 17324: 17217: 17212: 17068: 16991: 16957: 16720: 16715: 16601: 16348: 15979: 15816: 15454: 14535: 13586: 11511: 11360: 11199: 10597:(search service for information from Finnish archives, libraries and museums) 10463: 10356:. Translated by Mayow, Nicholas. Helsinki: Finnish War Veterans Association. 10344: 9825: 9781: 9600: 8811:

Finland's War of Choice: The Troubled German-Finnish Alliance in World War II

8528: 7629: 7549: 4669: 4513: 4365: 4242: 4176: 3579: 3571: 3463: 3365: 3346: 3342: 3258: 3182: 3166: 3150: 3026: 2882: 2841: 2446: 2442: 2349: 2183: 2155: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2029: 1978: 1875: 1836:, and some Swedish troops, in addition to the expulsion of Bolshevik troops. 1809: 1776: 1648: 1405: 312: 64: 10371: 10354:

Artillery barrage at Taipaleenjoki: Paavo Rahikainen. The battle of Sikniemi

7526:"Intelligence and Stalin's Two Crucial Decisions in the Winter War, 1939–40" 3962: 3562:

could still move. The other reason for low naval activity was the nature of

3218: 3138: 2639: 2481:. A Soviet tank on the road in the background according to the photographer. 662: 17624: 17520: 17339: 17080: 16865: 16775: 16636: 15735: 15259: 15225: 14980: 14710: 14700: 14313: 13885: 13689: 11989: 11894: 11525: 10888: 10652: 10431:

The Hundred Day Winter War: Finland's Gallant Stand against the Soviet Army

10200:

Vuorenmaa, Anssi; Juutilainen, Antti (1999). "Myytti Mannerheim-linjasta".

8989:

The Hundred Day Winter War: Finland's Gallant Stand against the Soviet Army

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the supply line from German actions, the Allies would send units ashore at

4119:

Norway and Sweden instead of the difficult passage through Soviet-occupied

3869:

Situation on the Karelian Isthmus on 13 March 1940, the last day of the war

3841: 3606: 3567: 3251: 3189:

The waterway itself did not offer protection, but alongside it, there were

3086: 2820: 2696: 2688: 2592: 2478: 2406:

and the deployment of the army's best units. Zhdanov's military commander,

2399: 2210: 2104: 2007: 1813: 1799:

declared that national minorities possessed the right of self-determination

1764: 1652: 1644: 1557: 1549: 1070: 695: 396: 384: 372: 360: 348: 334: 320: 306: 293: 186: 15496: 10264: 3739:

Finnish officers inspecting Soviet skiing manuals gained as loot from the

3361: 3330: 2277:. The issue has continued to divide Russian historiography even after the 2163: 1752:

against the Kingdom of Sweden, ostensibly to protect the Russian capital,

17357: 17183: 16870: 15841: 15570: 15491: 15424: 15254: 14876: 14603: 14459: 14030: 13990: 13524: 13510: 13172: 11848: 11669: 11654: 11008: 10035:

Finnország függetlenségi harca 1917–1945, Magyar önkéntesek Finnországban

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and threatened to attack at once if the Swedes granted the Allied forces

3765: 3626: 3563: 3555: 3377: 3035: 3009: 2978: 2962: 2956:

Swedish volunteer with a Carl Gustaf M/96 rifle wearing a face wool mask.

2952: 2910: 2672:

was located north of Lake Ladoga. It was composed of two divisions under

2473: 2255: 2242: 2232:

On 26 November 1939, an incident was reported near the Soviet village of

2179: 1998: 1959: 1782: 1749: 1636: 1632: 1420: 1200: 819: 737: 473: 10458:(1st ed.). Gospolitizdat & Foreign Languages Publishing House. 10072:

Counter Currents: Olav Riste and Norwegian international historiography.

10046:(in Hungarian). Wysocki Légió Hagyományőrző Egyesületnek. Archived from 9530:(2007b). "Rajakahakan hidas jäiden lähtö". In Jokisipilä, Markku (ed.). 3349:

from the North Finland Group. The group was placed under the command of

17334: 16982: 16668: 16291: 16240: 15876: 15826: 15614: 13973: 12879: 12611: 11504: 10837: 10765: 10392: 9974:

Venäjän vallankumous ja Suomi 1917–1920 II: toukokuu 1918–joulukuu 1920

9786:

Miten Suomi valloitetaan: Puna-armeijan operaatiosuunnitelmat 1939–1944

9569: 9543: 9527: 9511: 8869:

Nenye, Vesa; Munter, Peter; Wirtanen, Toni; Birks, Chris, eds. (2015).

8647: 8422: 4509: 4505: 3934: 3711: 3681: 3664: 3575: 3547: 3476: 3437: 3409: 3161:, bringing their total strength to over 30,000. The Soviets deployed a 2986: 2739: 2606: 2487: 2353: 2345: 2305:, to govern Finland after Soviet conquest. A declaration delivered via 2237: 2178:

sovereignty in danger. There were also those, such as Foreign Minister

1757: 1639:

and enhanced its international reputation. The poor performance of the

717: 10616: 9247:[Finland's Entrance into World War II]. In Chernov, M. (ed.). 8370:

Northern European Overture to War, 1939–1941: From Memel to Barbarossa

3929:

Finland's territorial concessions to the Soviet Union displayed in red

3688: 3599: 3550:

began to freeze over by the end of December, impeding the movement of

3145:, the legendary Finnish sniper, known as "the White Death" by Soviets. 2913:

and ordered to cut Finland in half by advancing on the Raate road. In

2764: 1354: 16962: 16853: 16710: 16648: 15464: 13142: 12547: 12344: 12155: 11953: 11908: 10604: 9978:

Russian Revolution and Finland 1917–1920 II: May 1918 – December 1920

4184: 4136: 4070: 4022: 3958: 3898: 3806: 3722:

provided similar support from the southwestern coast of the Isthmus.

3618: 3583: 3559: 3369: 3174: 3005: 2849: 2692: 2579: 2100: 2092: 1982: 1794: 1572: 495: 11429: 7904: 5853: 3893:. The same day, the Red Army established a beachhead on the Western 3574:

to undertake large-scale operations. The Baltic Fleet possessed two

3197:

lasted until the end of the war. A memorable quote, "Kollaa holds" (

2201:

On 31 October, Molotov publicly announced the Soviet demands to the

16905: 16616: 16029: 15891: 14494: 14131: 13912: 11413: 11141: 9790:

How to Conquer Finland: Operational Plans of the Red Army 1939–1944

7720: 6952: 4310:

Monument devoted to the victims of the Winter War in St. Petersburg

4133: 3954: 3668: 3591: 3512: 3508: 3445: 3429: 3425: 2994: 2966: 2567: 2468: 2273: 2250: 2190: 1852: 1640: 472:

188,671–207,538 wounded or sick (including at least 61,506 sick or

14114: 2126:

be moved westward to a point only 30 km (19 mi) east of

1844: 1740:

Until the early 19th century, Finland was the eastern part of the

16641: 16466: 16461: 14136: 13943: 4551: 4229: 3933:

The Moscow Peace Treaty was signed in Moscow on 12 March 1940. A

3614: 3595: 3551: 3417: 3230: 3178: 3158: 3104: 2970: 2840: – the area between the shore of Lake Ladoga, the 2827:. Molotov cocktails were eventually mass-produced by the Finnish 2614: 2455: 2394:, but other generals were more reserved. Red Army Chief of Staff 2233: 2127: 1986: 1923: 1860: 1553: 288: 276: 264: 252: 240: 226: 212: 162: 91: 16317: 9830:

Talvisodan salatut taustat (Hidden background of the Winter War)

7715: 4672:

had personally supervised the bombardment of the Soviet village.

3663:

Soviet aircraft bombed Finnish vessels and harbours and dropped

2856:

began with a forty-hour Soviet artillery preparation. After the

2060:

along the seaward approaches to Leningrad, but Finland refused.

14968: 14449: 12023: 10621: 4306: 4277:, to defend Karelian rights and interests and to find a way to 4241:, part of which was the Continuation War, was later called the 4180: 4112: 4041:

volunteered in the war for two weeks, but did not face combat.

4030: 3761: 3523:, with 12.83 victories. He would increase his tally during the 3450: 2898: 2571: 2556: 2515: 2159: 2088: 1604: 10594: 10068:

Motstrøms: Olav Riste og norsk internasjonal historieskrivning

9663:

The Raate Road: Tale of Northern Heroism during the Winter War

8745:

Laemlein, Tom (October 2013). "Where Will We Bury Them All?".

8587:

Nomonhan 1939, The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II

5973:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Hakapaino Oy. pp. 406–407. 4652: 4639: 4107: 3730: 3133: 2638:

rifles dating from the Finnish Civil War, which used the same

16860: 14399: 14141: 12211: 9117:. Foreword by John Barber. John Wiley & Sons. p. 7. 8831:

The Finnish-Soviet Winter War 1939–40 Stalin's Hollow Victory

6723:"Swedish volunteer in position during the Soviet-Finnish War" 4699:

A detailed classification of dead and missing is as follows:

4044: 3653: 3642: 3277: 3190: 2990: 2922: 2906: 2708: 127: 16360:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

16075: 9917:[Red Army – the most peaceful, the most heroic...]. 8715:

Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century

2221: 14146: 10502:

Finnish Military Effectiveness in the Winter War, 1939–1940

4547: 4033:

and later achieved fame as a resistance fighter during the

3771: 3546:

There was little naval activity during the Winter War. The

3294: 3099: 2829: 2306: 2041: 1942:. On 14 October 1920, Finland and Soviet Russia signed the 10238:

The White Death: The Epic of the Soviet-Finnish Winter War

9995:

Shirokorad, A. (2001). "IX: Зимняя война 1939–1940 гг. ".

9465:

Punaiset panssarit: Puna-armeijan panssarijoukot 1918–1945

8407:(40th Anniversary ed.). Oxford University Press, US. 4049:

Finland officially refused overtures from the anti-Soviet

3718:

on the northeastern shore of Lake Ladoga. The fortress of

3058:. Particularly on the Ladoga Karelia front and during the 2555:

was positioned to strike into Central Finland through the

9853:Упущенный шанс Сталина. Советский Союз и борьба за Европу 9145:"Putin: Winter War aimed at correcting border "mistakes"" 9140: 7908: 5338:"The Winter War – When the Finns Humiliated the Russians" 4996: 4994: 4073:, although it is possible that some were also trained in 3444:

The largest bombing raid against the capital of Finland,

16397:

Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War

16366:

Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union

10485:

A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939–1940

9951:

Venäläinen talvisotakirjallisuus: Bibliografia 1939–1945

8568:

Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War

8238: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 2485:

Soviet generals were impressed by the success of German

1712:

Geopolitical status in Northern Europe in November 1939

1687: 9914:Красная Армия – самая миролюбивая, самая героическая... 9208: 8538:

The Solution of the Karelian Refugee Problem in Finland

8202: 7879: 7684: 5304: 5302: 4452:

List of Soviet Union military equipment of World War II

4103:

Franco-British plans for intervention in the Winter War

17429:

List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin

11283:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

10613:(Winter War history from a documentary film's website) 10273:

The Winter War: The Soviet Attack on Finland 1939–1940

8368:

Clemmesen, Michael H.; Faulkner, Marcus, eds. (2013).

6934: 4991: 4850: 4848: 2932: 2792: Soviet division (XX), corps (XXX) or army (XXXX) 2773:

The situation on 7 December: Soviets have reached the

2154:

for 30 years and to permit the Soviets to establish a

16223:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

15763:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

10600: 10220:

Finnish Soldier vs Soviet Soldier: Winter War 1939–40

9955:

Russian Winter War Literature: Bibliography 1939–1945

8834:. Johnny Shumate. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. 7792: 7790: 7763: 7406: 7404: 6789: 6787: 5948: 5946: 5757: 5755: 5674: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5069: 4860: 4592: 4273:

Karelian evacuees established an interest group, the

3042:

In battles from Ladoga Karelia to the Arctic port of

2881:, was defeated by a much smaller Finnish force under 1785:

led to the collapse of the Russian Empire during the

16876:

Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization

8894:(Illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. 8387:

Coates, William Peyton; Coates, Zelda Kahan (1940).

5299: 5029: 5027: 4413: 4096: 3949:

Finnish concessions and territorial losses exceeded

2613:, which had established its wartime headquarters at 2260:

border incident between Finland and the Soviet Union

10325:Nenye, Vesa; Munter, Peter; Wirtanen, Toni (2015). 10324: 10310:. Translated by Dinan, Tim. Leandoer & Ekholm. 9762: 9584:"Soviet–Finish War 1939–1940 and Red Army's Losses" 9188:Zeiler, Thomas W.; DuBois, Daniel M., eds. (2012). 8490:

The Winter War: The Russo-Finnish Conflict, 1939–40

8455:. Translated by Leon Dennen. Yale University Press. 7932: 7930: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7138: 7136: 7117:

Jäätynyt helvetti: Tällainen on Raatteen tie tänään

7013: 6977: 6898: 6774: 6772: 5561: 5559: 5275: 4845: 3845:its role as a buffer between Germany and the USSR. 2765:

First battles and Soviet advance to Mannerheim Line

2734:after the Soviet attack. In a further reshuffling, 2653:was composed of six divisions under the command of 1560:, and ended three and a half months later with the 17161:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia 10611:Fire and Ice: The Winter War of Finland and Russia 9582: 9532:Sodan totuudet. Yksi suomalainen vastaa 5,7 ryssää 9516:Sodan totuudet. Yksi suomalainen vastaa 5,7 ryssää 8448: 7787: 7433: 7401: 7353: 7172: 7097: 7025: 6862: 6838: 6784: 6757: 6312: 6310: 5999: 5943: 5752: 5643: 5619: 5607: 5491: 5431: 5419: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4717:Other reasons (diseases, accidents, suicides) 677; 4447:List of Finnish military equipment of World War II 3993:Norwegian volunteers somewhere in Northern Finland 3725: 1882:in 1932. The successor of the Lapua Movement, the 1870:was declared illegal in 1931, and the nationalist 1744:. From 21 February 1808 to 17 September 1809, the 27:1939–1940 war between the Soviet Union and Finland 10591:(photographs of the Soviet–Finnish War 1939–1940) 10074:] (in Norwegian). Cappelen Akademisk Forlag. 9469:Red Armour: The Red Army's Tank Forces, 1918–1945 9114:Leningrad 1941–42: Morality in a City under Siege 8781:(14 December 1939). "Expulsion of the U.S.S.R.". 8190: 8095: 7902: 7257: 6828: 6826: 6570: 6568: 6496: 6494: 6426: 6424: 5885: 5883: 5368: 5024: 4967: 4965: 4884: 4882: 4504:From 1919 onwards, the Finns possessed 32 French 3079: 2518:), directly under Kliment Voroshilov (chairman), 2340:Hungarian historian István Ravasz wrote that the 2173:The Soviet offer divided the Finnish government: 17749: 15778:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 15108:List of battles involving the Russian Federation 10450: 9659:Raatteen tie: Talvisodan pohjoinen sankaritarina 9222:Raboche-Krest'yanskaya Krasnaya Armiya (website) 9075:The Winter War: The Russo–Finnish War of 1939–40 9021:The Winter War: Finland against Russia 1939–1940 8250: 8035: 7927: 7891: 7857: 7855: 7840: 7416: 7389: 7160: 7133: 6811: 6799: 6769: 5556: 5093: 5091: 5059: 5057: 4981: 4979: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4899: 4897: 4668:'s memoirs, which states that Artillery Marshal 3487:had donated the first aircraft to the Air Force. 2158:there. In exchange, the Soviet Union would cede 17269:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 15897:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 15812:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 10091:Российский государственный военный архив (РГВА) 8763:Invasion in the Snow: A Study of Mechanized War 8289: 7989: 7987: 7974: 7972: 7959: 7957: 7867: 7775: 7716:"70th Anniversary of the End of the Winter War" 7223: 7221: 6989: 6922: 6910: 6411: 6409: 6307: 6199: 6187: 6175: 5265: 5263: 5261: 4928: 4738: 4708:Dead, not buried, later declared as dead 3,503; 4467:Military history of Finland during World War II 4360:; 232 of those cases ended in a death penalty. 4029:, fought in the Winter War before returning to 3475:refuelling at its air base on a frozen lake in 3193:up to 10 m (33 ft) high. The ensuing 2645:The Finnish forces were positioned as follows: 16254:German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk 8942:Christopher Lee: The Authorised Screen History 8925:(1st ed.). Brassey's Defence Publishers. 8274: 7493: 7445: 7245: 7194:. Vammala: Häijää Invest (Vammaspaino), 1990. 7085: 7073: 7061: 7037: 6874: 6850: 6823: 6745: 6703: 6679: 6667: 6655: 6619: 6585: 6583: 6565: 6491: 6421: 6346: 5907: 5880: 5805: 5662: 5397: 5395: 5325:. E.P. Dutton & Company. pp. 364–365. 4962: 4879: 2494:, but they had been tailored to conditions in 2297:On 1 December 1939, the Soviet Union formed a 2036:" at the Karelian Isthmus, on 10 October 1939. 16844:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 16746:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism 16607:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 16333: 16061: 15751:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 14952: 14619: 13928: 10637: 9364:The Mannerheim Line: Legend of the Winter War 7852: 7806: 7804: 7329: 7317: 7305: 7293: 6953:YLE: Marokon Kauhu nousi legendaksi Kollaalla 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6439: 5783: 5781: 5742: 5740: 5713: 5691: 5689: 5595: 5544: 5443: 5248: 5246: 5088: 5054: 4976: 4945: 4909: 4894: 4833: 4809: 4785: 4580: 3479:. On the fuselage is the swastika, which the 3320: 3312:, and then proceeded to destroy the remnants 3065:For many of the encircled Soviet troops in a 2525:The Soviet forces were organised as follows: 2189:The Finns made two counteroffers to cede the 2067:The Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed the 1525: 1370: 1086: 692: 678: 511: 9244:Вовлечение Финляндии во Вторую Мировую войну 8665:The Nordic Way: A Path to Baltic Equilibrium 8462:White Death: Russia's War on Finland 1939–40 8351:Stalin and the Soviet-Finnish War, 1939–1940 8023: 7984: 7969: 7954: 7942: 7588: 7469: 7218: 7049: 6965: 6691: 6631: 6406: 6370: 6271: 6259: 5571: 5258: 5044: 5042: 4057:, RNA) of 200 men after being introduced to 3980:Foreign support of Finland in the Winter War 3015: 2348:stated that the Soviets "sought to impose a 1851:or on the stockpiling and the deployment of 1100: 81:(3 months, 1 week and 6 days) 16804:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi 15704:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 15699:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 14925:Raising the Flag on the Three-Country Cairn 10407: 9730:Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti (2005). 9536:Truths of War. One Finn equals 5.7 Russians 9520:Truths of War. One Finn equals 5.7 Russians 9421:] (in Russian). Petrozavodsk: Karelia. 9358:Geust, Carl-Fredrik; Uitto, Antero (2006). 9277: 8965:. Cambridge University Press. p. 190. 8244: 7816: 7660: 7611: 6886: 6727:Second World War the Military Photo Archive 6643: 6607: 6580: 6518: 6394: 6358: 6211: 6140: 5931: 5392: 4797: 4762: 4462:List of Finnish divisions in the Winter War 4194: 3731:Red Army reforms and offensive preparations 3134:Battles in Ladoga Karelia and North Karelia 3103:" – a Finnish idiom roughly translated as " 2909:. The 163rd Rifle Division was deployed at 2566:, comprising three divisions, was based in 17808:Germany–Soviet Union relations (1918–1941) 17230:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 16340: 16326: 16068: 16054: 15020:Military history of the Russian Federation 14959: 14945: 14633: 14626: 14612: 13935: 13921: 10644: 10630: 9886:My Actions in Moscow and Finland 1939–1941 9628:Submarine Kings of the Knave of Hearts Sea 9278:Bichekhvost, Alexander Fedorovich (2012). 8998:Hitler's Central European Empire 1938–1945 8792:The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis 7801: 7751: 7001: 6436: 6223: 5895: 5868: 5841: 5829: 5817: 5793: 5778: 5737: 5725: 5701: 5686: 5508: 5455: 5320: 5243: 4314:The Soviet General Staff Supreme Command ( 4045:White émigrés and Russian prisoners-of-war 2786: Finnish division (XX) or corps (XXX) 2709:Start of invasion and political operations 2661:was positioned on its right flank and the 2586: 2150:). The Finns would also have to lease the 1532: 1518: 1377: 1363: 1093: 1079: 685: 671: 518: 504: 16814:National delimitation in the Soviet Union 16786:Backwardness brings on beatings by others 15270:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 10498: 10456:Falsifiers of History (Historical Survey) 10305: 9882:Toimintani Moskovassa ja Suomessa 1939–41 9738:] (in Finnish) (1st ed.). WSOY. 9485: 8646:. Finnish Karelian League. Archived from 8624:Jowett, Philip; Snodgrass, Brent (2006). 8604:Hough, William J.H. (10 September 2019). 8451:Soviet Russia's Foreign Policy, 1939–1942 7828: 6940: 6530: 5356: 5039: 3157:. They also had a support group of three 2462: 2222:Shelling of Mainila and Soviet intentions 2028:Finnish soldiers gather breakfast from a 17798:Eastern European theatre of World War II 16756:Great Construction Projects of Communism 16077:Nazi German–Soviet relations before 1941 10327:Finland at War: The Winter War 1939–1945 10217: 10123:Suomenmaan Tilastollinen Vuosikirja 1940 9623:Короли подплава в море червонных валетов 9435: 8871:Finland at War: The Winter War 1939–1945 8690: 8488:Engle, Eloise; Paananen, Lauri (1985) . 7341: 6069: 5964: 5631: 5407: 5380: 4756: 4750: 4305: 4223: 4106: 4019:American nationals of Finnish background 3988: 3924: 3864: 3772:Soviet offensive on the Karelian Isthmus 3734: 3462: 3324: 3276: 3137: 3025: 2951: 2889:, the first Finnish victory of the war. 2768: 2596: 2472: 2441:and Stalin's favourite general, Marshal 2402:and logistical preparations, a rational 2249: 2023: 1892: 1729: Soviet Union and annexed countries 1707: 1635:and further north. Finland retained its 17172:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech 15231:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747) 15101:List of wars involving the Soviet Union 10617:National Archives of the United Kingdom 10352:Rahikainen, Paavo; Vainio, Ein (1996). 10088: 9729: 9720: 9322:Border – The Karelian Isthmus 1918–1920 9131:from the original on 27 February 2018. 9094:The Soviet Invasion of Finland, 1939–40 8979:from the original on 27 February 2018. 8662: 8535: 8506: 8487: 7781: 7769: 7690: 7523: 7154: 6559: 6486: 5859: 5637: 5335: 4888: 4774: 4457:List of Finnish corps in the Winter War 4147:on 18 September 1939, and the next day 4069:. The prisoners-of-war were trained in 3884: Soviet corps (XXX) or army (XXXX) 3254:, or "Motti-Matti" as he became known. 3004:, thousands of Soviet soldiers died of 2380: 1663:between Finland and the Soviets began. 1384: 14: 17750: 17207:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 16187:Border and Commercial Agreement (1941) 15852:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 15783:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 15642:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 15620:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 15334:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) 15010:Military history of the Russian Empire 14855:Military of the Grand Duchy of Finland 12491: 12469:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 10557:Woody, Christopher (1 December 2017). 10470: 10428: 8777: 8757: 8644:"Karjalan Liitto – Briefly in English" 7607: 7605: 7603: 6601: 6340: 4611:Сове́тско-финляндская война́ 1939–1940 4286:. Some right-wing groups, such as the 4158:On 19 December, French Prime Minister 3914: 3860: 2921:and 122nd Rifle Divisions attacked at 2609:. In prewar calculations, the Finnish 1989:clique". Field Marshal Mannerheim and 525: 67:machine gun crew during the Winter War 16321: 16049: 16002:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) 15380:Russian colonization of North America 14940: 14823:National Defence Training Association 14607: 13916: 13340:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 12772:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 12418:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 12374:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 11479:Rape during the occupation of Germany 10625: 10569:from the original on 19 February 2023 10556: 10527: 10378: 10289:The Red Army and the Second World War 10119: 9679: 9580: 9241:Baryshnikov, N.; Salomaa, E. (2005). 9175:from the original on 30 November 2021 9151:from the original on 14 December 2017 8939: 8702:Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941 8623: 8603: 8208: 7915:from the original on 17 February 2022 7885: 7861: 7810: 7746: 7612:Lähteenmäki, Maria (1 January 2014). 7007: 6733:from the original on 10 February 2023 6536: 5413: 5374: 5344:from the original on 19 December 2021 5321:Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil (1953). 5233: 5231: 5218: 5216: 5203: 5201: 5188: 5186: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5156: 5154: 5141: 5139: 4873: 4257:to the Soviet Union by virtue of the 3984: 3792: 3609:was a coastal defence force with two 2937: 2570:. Its objectives were to capture the 1688:Finnish-Soviet relations and politics 1506:Plans for Franco-British intervention 1358: 1074: 666: 499: 17290:22nd Congress of the Communist Party 17248:20th Congress of the Communist Party 16691:19th Congress of the Communist Party 16528:18th Congress of the Communist Party 16493:17th Congress of the Communist Party 15015:Military history of the Soviet Union 13942: 12462:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 11494:Rape during the liberation of France 10286: 10019:from the original on 7 December 2019 9864:from the original on 9 December 2020 9644:from the original on 1 November 2022 9630:] (in Russian). Tsentrpoligraf. 9542: 9360:Mannerheim-linja: Talvisodan legenda 9240: 9228:from the original on 2 December 2022 9209:Finnish, Russian and other languages 9163: 9053:Finland at Peace & War 1918–1993 8856:from the original on 7 February 2022 8732:from the original on 18 January 2023 8427:Nomonhan: Japan against Russia, 1939 7666: 6892: 6451: 6170: 5362: 5109: 4629:' catalogue (see authority control). 4563:This name is translated as follows: 4478: 4011:Bofors 40 mm (1.6 in) guns 3674: 3458: 3272: 3250:; the most famous of them was Major 2807:and insufficient training in modern 2284: 17224:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics 16448:Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928) 16108:German occupation of Czechoslovakia 15756:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 14797:Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency 10271:Engle, Eloise and Paananen, Pauri. 9994: 9846: 9607:from the original on 6 October 2022 9357: 8642: 8540:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. 8510:The Little, Brown book of anecdotes 8304:"The Never-Ending Karelia Question" 8125: 7903:Jormanainen, Heli (15 March 2020). 7600: 7475: 6637: 5131: 4791: 3940:were evacuated and lost their homes 3691:, 5 km (3.1 mi) south of 3395: 3261:, Soviet forces were outmanoeuvred 2933:Operations from December to January 2823:liquids and with a simple hand-lit 2477:Dense forests of Ladoga Karelia at 2048:contacted Finnish Foreign Minister 1723: Germany and annexed countries 1577:puppet Finnish Communist government 24: 17371:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism 17190:The History of the Communist Party 17009:Soviet offensive plans controversy 16974:Ideological repression in science 16518:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang 16236:Soviet offensive plans controversy 15802:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 15168:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 12688:German invasion of the Netherlands 10968:Weather events during World War II 10601:Finnish Wartime Photograph Archive 10211: 9910: 9876: 9815: 9806: 9711: 9688: 9554:] (in Finnish). Karttakeskus. 9400:Halsti, Wolfgang Hallstén (1955). 9050: 9038:from the original on 19 April 2023 8908:from the original on 19 April 2023 8789: 8783:League of Nations Official Journal 8301: 8065: 8053: 7796: 7728:from the original on 13 March 2022 7636:from the original on 6 August 2022 7564:from the original on 6 August 2022 7499: 7451: 7439: 7410: 7359: 7251: 6868: 6856: 6548: 5680: 5577: 5269: 5228: 5213: 5198: 5183: 5166: 5151: 5136: 5082: 5033: 4922: 4603:Сове́тско-финская война́ 1939–1940 4354:Soviet prisoners of war in Finland 4296:Finnish occupation of East Karelia 3973: 3832:. The German invasion plan, named 3826:iron ore fields in Northern Sweden 3519:. The top scoring fighter ace was 2703: 2687:was a collection of White Guards, 2375: 2071:in August 1939. It was publicly a 1964:Soviet–Finnish Non-Aggression Pact 1899:Soviet–Finnish Non-Aggression Pact 1806:declared the nation's independence 1760:Finland, and converted it into an 1756:. Eventually Russia conquered and 1698:Soviet–Finnish Non-Aggression Pact 25: 17854: 17409:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union 17140:Marxism and the National Question 16347: 15667:Red Army intervention in Mongolia 13319:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 10582: 10308:Tanks in the Winter War 1939–1940 10162: 10153: 10141:from the original on 7 March 2022 10089:Russian State Military Archive. 9971: 9927:from the original on 27 June 2022 9824: 9780: 9619: 9498:from the original on 12 June 2018 9385:(in Swedish). Föreningen Norden. 9380: 8923:Cold Will: The Defense of Finland 8744: 8718:(1st ed.). Greenhill Books. 8693:Soviet Strategic Thought, 1917-91 8478: 8399: 8332:Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives 8302:Ahtiainen, Ilkka (16 July 2000). 8101: 7524:Rentola, Kimmo (1 October 2013). 6512: 6388: 6229: 6098: 6063: 5952: 5761: 5656: 5625: 5613: 5502: 5473: 5437: 5425: 5336:Massari, Ivano (18 August 2015). 5145: 5120: 4827: 4757:Juutilainen & Koskimaa (2005) 4358:Supreme Court of the Soviet Union 4097:Franco-British intervention plans 3629:. The two coastal defence ships, 3617:, seven motor torpedo boats, one 3541: 3384: 2736:Aimo Cajander's caretaker cabinet 2728:Covenant of the League of Nations 1607:, but there were also battles in 17732: 17731: 17049:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 16513:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 15721:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 15514:Russian conquest of Central Asia 15450:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 15246:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 15188:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 13879: 10651: 10553:Ch. 4. Cornell University Press. 10128:Finnish Statistics Yearbook 1940 9486:Kauppinen, Kari (18 July 2017). 9294:from the original on 8 July 2022 9091: 9069: 8813:. Newbury: Casemate Publishers. 8584: 8459: 8405:The Great Terror: A Reassessment 8326: 8280: 8262: 8256: 8232: 8226: 8220: 8214: 8184: 8178: 8166: 8154: 8142: 8130: 8119: 8107: 8083: 8071: 8059: 8047: 8041: 8029: 8017: 8011: 8005: 7999: 7993: 7978: 7963: 7948: 7936: 7846: 7834: 7822: 7740: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7678: 7672: 7654: 7648: 7618:Nordia Geographical Publications 7594: 7582: 7576: 7530:The International History Review 7517: 7505: 7487: 7481: 7463: 7457: 7427: 7395: 7377: 7365: 7287: 7281: 7275: 7269: 7239: 7233: 7227: 7205: 7184: 7166: 7148: 7142: 7109: 7055: 6971: 6946: 6880: 6832: 6817: 6805: 6778: 6709: 6697: 6685: 6673: 6661: 6649: 6613: 6595: 6589: 6574: 6553: 6542: 6524: 6506: 6500: 6480: 6475: 6469: 6457: 6430: 6415: 6382: 6376: 6364: 6352: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6295: 6283: 6277: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6217: 6164: 6152: 6146: 6128: 6116: 6104: 6092: 6081: 6075: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6033: 6022: 6011: 5937: 5719: 5601: 5589: 5550: 5538: 5526: 5514: 5476:, pp. 156–161, 237–238, 323, 454 5461: 5449: 5401: 5386: 5308: 5252: 5012:from the original on 12 May 2021 4854: 4711:Missing, declared as dead 1,712; 4693: 4684: 4675: 4664:The Soviet role is confirmed in 4430: 4416: 4398:in France and the nomination of 4168:Anglo-French Supreme War Council 4085:did. Finnish military historian 3756:the realities of the situation. 3530: 3391:Aerial warfare in the Winter War 3329:A Finnish soldier on guard near 2578:and then advance to the town of 2421:After the Soviet success at the 1970: 1878:violence, which culminated in a 1683:Treaty of Tartu (Finland–Russia) 489:321,000–381,000 total casualties 395: 383: 371: 359: 347: 333: 319: 305: 287: 275: 263: 251: 239: 225: 211: 179: 155: 79:30 November 1939 – 13 March 1940 57: 51:European theatre of World War II 17833:Wars involving the Soviet Union 17434:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin 16570:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 16560:Occupation of the Baltic states 16213:Occupation of the Baltic states 16007:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022) 15652:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 15593:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine 10171: 9948: 9526: 9510: 9453: 9444: 9399: 9383:Karelen: ett gränsland i Norden 9381:Hallberg, Torsten, ed. (2006). 9318:Raja – Karjalankannas 1918–1920 9014: 8995: 8986: 8958: 8827: 8699: 8386: 8268: 8196: 8160: 8077: 7873: 7155:Leskinen and Juutilainen (1999) 7019: 6995: 6983: 6928: 6916: 6904: 6487:Leskinen and Juutilainen (1999) 6400: 6205: 6193: 6181: 6110: 6087: 6039: 6005: 5993: 5987: 5958: 5925: 5919: 5901: 5889: 5874: 5847: 5835: 5823: 5811: 5799: 5787: 5773: 5767: 5746: 5731: 5707: 5695: 5583: 5565: 5532: 5520: 5479: 5467: 5329: 5314: 5287: 5281: 5125: 5114: 5103: 4971: 4956: 4821: 4658: 4645: 4632: 4557: 4539: 4529: 4383:an invasion of the Soviet Union 4301: 4279:return ceded regions of Karelia 4255:Finnish Ladoga Naval Detachment 3726:Soviet breakthrough in February 3537:Naval warfare in the Winter War 3426:Tampere Linen and Iron Industry 2107:under the guise of "additional 2013: 1995:Finnish Social Democratic Party 1847:, for example), rather than on 470:126,875–167,976 dead or missing 461:Finnish Ladoga Naval Detachment 16141:Boundary and Friendship Treaty 15689:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 15339:War of the Austrian Succession 14914:List of wars involving Finland 14043:History of independent Finland 13566:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 11276:Territorial changes of Germany 11184:Indonesian National Revolution 10433:. University Press of Kansas. 10291:. Cambridge University Press. 10199: 10180: 10134:(in Finnish). pp. 14–15. 10110: 10095:Russian State Military Archive 9901: 9771: 9656: 9568: 9462: 9338: 8868: 8708: 8676:. Cambridge University Press. 8671: 8570:. University Press of Kansas. 8562: 8389:Russia, Finland and the Baltic 8367: 8348: 7757: 7511: 7178: 7103: 7091: 7079: 7067: 7043: 7031: 6844: 6793: 6763: 6751: 6625: 6560:Russian State Military Archive 6463: 6253: 6158: 6134: 6122: 5237: 5192: 5097: 5063: 5048: 4985: 4939: 4903: 4889:Lentilä and Juutilainen (1999) 4839: 4815: 4803: 4705:Wounded, died of wounds 3,089; 4519: 4512:. The Finns bought 32 British 4498: 4485: 4151:brought up the subject in the 3714:on the Eastern Isthmus and at 3511:consisted of a frozen lake, a 3080:Battles of the Mannerheim Line 3022:Sissi (Finnish light infantry) 2262:escalated into the Winter War. 13: 1: 17275:Gomulka thaw (Polish October) 17086:1946–1947 Soviet famine 16659:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 15912:South Ossetia war (1991–1992) 15790:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 15541:Russian invasion of Manchuria 15531:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 15477:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 15472:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 15415:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 15405:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 15370:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 15365:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 15355:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 15345:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 15323:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 15318:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 15295:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 15290:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) 15265:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653) 15241:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) 15236:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) 15221:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) 15096:List of wars involving Russia 15091:Sino-Russian border conflicts 12966:Japanese invasion of Thailand 12917:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 12681:German invasion of Luxembourg 11062:Mediterranean and Middle East 10206:(Myth of the Mannerheim Line) 9957:] (in Finnish). Docendo. 9939: 9911:Paskhover, A. (3 June 2015). 9892: 9752: 9471:] (in Finnish). PS-Elso. 9315: 9306: 9077:(5th ed.). Aurum Press. 9024:. Stanford University Press. 8991:. University Press of Kansas. 8920: 8464:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 8443: 8429:. Stanford University Press. 8421: 8089: 7862:Jowett & Snodgrass (2006) 7811:Jowett & Snodgrass (2006) 7335: 7323: 7311: 7299: 7263: 7008:Jowett & Snodgrass (2006) 6537:Jowett & Snodgrass (2006) 6316: 6301: 6289: 6265: 5913: 5668: 5485: 5414:Jowett & Snodgrass (2006) 5193:Clemmesen and Faulkner (2013) 4780: 4768: 4744: 4714:Died as a prisoner of war 20; 4472:Winter War in popular culture 3874: Finnish corps (XXX) or 3428:premises, which manufactured 3153:and the 13th Division led by 2819:, a glass bottle filled with 1666: 1643:encouraged German Chancellor 883:Mediterranean and Middle East 17424:1956 Georgian demonstrations 15867:Eritrean War of Independence 15837:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 15832:East German uprising of 1953 15773:Eastern Front (World War II) 15662:Red Army invasion of Georgia 15657:Red Army invasion of Armenia 15625:Estonian War of Independence 15566:Russian occupation of Tabriz 15487:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 15445:War of the Seventh Coalition 15328:War of the Polish Succession 15275:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 12873:Invasion of the Soviet Union 12562:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 11880:Independent State of Croatia 10471:Taylor, Alan (23 May 2013). 10411:The White Sniper: Simo Häyhä 10251: 10101: 10065: 9697:] (in Finnish). Ajatus. 9665:] (in Finnish). Ajatus. 9412: 9366:] (in Finnish). Ajatus. 9215: 9139: 8765:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 8674:A Concise History of Finland 8290:General and cited references 8148: 7542:10.1080/07075332.2013.828637 7347: 6028: 6017: 5160: 4732: 4613:) are often used in Russian 4607:Soviet–Finland War 1939–1940 4599:Soviet–Finnish War 1939–1940 3122:. The Finns, led by General 2449:of the Red Army and General 1938:Commander-in-Chief, Marshal 1673:Background of the Winter War 864:Manchuria and Northern Korea 7: 17439:Stalin Monument in Budapest 17106:Night of the Murdered Poets 17024:Allegations of antisemitism 16761:Engineers of the human soul 16508:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 16484:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 16182:Commercial Agreement (1940) 16177:Commercial Agreement (1939) 15907:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 15857:Sino-Soviet border conflict 15726:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 15694:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 15630:Latvian War of Independence 15519:Russian conquest of Bukhara 15410:War of the Fourth Coalition 15395:War of the Second Coalition 14802:National Defence University 13857:End of World War II in Asia 13697:Western invasion of Germany 13204:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 13181:Second Battle of El Alamein 12751:Hundred Regiments Offensive 12723:Battle of the Mediterranean 12576:Italian invasion of Albania 10750:Air warfare of World War II 10408:Saarelainen, Tapio (2016). 10381:Journal of Military History 10202:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 10174:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 10165:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 10156:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 10120:Statistics Finland (1941). 10113:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 10104:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 10031: 9942:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9904:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9895:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9860:] (in Russian). Veche. 9832:(in Finnish). Kirjaneuvos. 9818:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9809:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9792:] (in Finnish). Edita. 9774:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9765:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9756:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9732:Jatkosodan pikkujättiläinen 9723:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9714:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9682:Jatkosodan pikkujättiläinen 9574:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9522:] (in Finnish). Ajatus. 9456:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9447:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9438:Jatkosodan pikkujättiläinen 9309:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 9190:A Companion to World War II 9187: 8887: 8790:Lightbody, Bradley (2004). 8585:Goldman, Stuart D. (2012). 8113: 7383: 7371: 5862:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 5293: 5222: 5207: 5177: 4874:Kurenmaa and Lentilä (2005) 4623:Finno-Russian War 1939–1940 4619:Russo–Finnish War 1939–1940 4593: 4409: 4321:Between the Winter War and 4201:Aftermath of the Winter War 4035:German occupation of Norway 3836:, was later implemented as 3819:Franco-British intervention 3641:, were moved to harbour in 3416:. For example, the city of 2989:and men dressed in regular 2676:, who was soon replaced by 2512:Leningrad Military District 2367:Another American historian 2303:Finnish Democratic Republic 2289:In 2013, Russian President 2052:and Finnish Prime Minister 1940:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 1930:ideology would combine all 1884:Patriotic People's Movement 1793:. On 15 November 1917, the 1625:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 194:Finnish Democratic Republic 32:Winter War (disambiguation) 10: 17859: 17843:Winter in the Soviet Union 17479:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR 17449:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori 16597:Soviet atomic bomb project 15902:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 15440:War of the Sixth Coalition 15430:War of the Fifth Coalition 15400:War of the Third Coalition 15005:Military history of Russia 14967:Armed conflicts involving 14850:Allotment system of Sweden 14298:Government-owned companies 13969:Finland under Swedish rule 13783:Naval bombardment of Japan 13151:First Battle of El Alamein 13070:Battle of Christmas Island 13015:Japanese invasion of Burma 12779:Italian invasion of Greece 12695:German invasion of Belgium 12667:German invasion of Denmark 12640:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 12509:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 10773:Comparative military ranks 10549:Dictators at War and Peace 10429:Sander, Gordon F. (2013). 10306:Kolomyjec, Maksim (2011). 9736:Continuation War Guidebook 9689:Laaksonen, Lasse (2005) . 9463:Kantakoski, Pekka (1998). 9408:] (in Finnish). Otava. 9249:Крестовый поход на Россию 9110: 8987:Sander, Gordon F. (2013). 8808: 8294: 8172: 8136: 4690:See the following sources: 4681:See the following sources: 4655:and the following sources: 4642:and the following sources: 4371: 4270:to Finland was permitted. 4219: 4212: 4198: 4100: 4051:Russian All-Military Union 3977: 3918: 3534: 3388: 3321:Battles in Finnish Lapland 3019: 2941: 2590: 2466: 2437:; the tank expert General 2314:people's front of toilers. 2254:29 November 1939, foreign 2225: 2017: 2003:October Revolution of 1917 1868:Communist Party of Finland 1820:in which the conservative 1701: 1691: 1679:Timeline of the Winter War 1676: 1670: 463:ceded to the Soviet Union 29: 17727: 17644: 17505: 17487: 17459:Places named after Stalin 17444:Stalin Monument in Prague 17391: 17303: 17238: 17124: 16968:Repressions in Azerbaijan 16794: 16703: 16686:1950 legislative election 16612:1946 legislative election 16523:1937 legislative election 16435: 16384: 16375: 16355: 16300: 16262: 16208:Soviet invasion of Poland 16195: 16164: 16116: 16083: 16015: 15950: 15741:Soviet invasion of Poland 15551: 15435:French invasion of Russia 15303: 15201: 15120: 15046:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 15038: 14995: 14988: 14909:Demilitarization of Åland 14891: 14840: 14810: 14784: 14728: 14683: 14676: 14641: 14558: 14440: 14370: 14361: 14309:National income agreement 14278: 14269: 14180: 14171: 14065: 14056: 14001:Golden Age of Finnish Art 13954: 13872: 13704:Bratislava–Brno offensive 13644: 13635:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 13372: 13259:Allied invasion of Sicily 13213: 13119:Aleutian Islands campaign 13091:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 13038: 13029:Greek famine of 1941–1944 12924:Second Battle of Changsha 12829:German invasion of Greece 12797: 12674:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 12649: 12587: 12482: 12363: 12089: 11999: 11847: 11550: 11541: 11299: 11124: 11016:North and Central Pacific 10977: 10739: 10732: 10659: 10511:10.1057/978-1-137-44606-0 10473:"Finland in World War II" 10452:Soviet Information Bureau 10005:] (in Russian). ACT. 9972:Polvinen, Tuomo (1987) . 9888:] (in Finnish). WSOY. 9343:(in Finnish). Readme.fi. 9339:Enkenberg, Ilkka (2020). 8959:Rutherford, Jeff (2014). 8809:Lunde, Henrik O. (2011). 8691:Kokoshin, Andrei (1998). 8663:Killham, EdwardL (1993). 8589:. Naval Institute Press. 8513:. Boston: Little, Brown. 8507:Fadiman, Clifton (1985). 7782:Engle and Paananen (1985) 7747:Statistics Finland (1940) 5638:Engle and Paananen (1985) 4610: 4602: 4581: 4396:Third Daladier Government 4388: 4336:claimed 53,522 dead, and 4055:Russkaya narodnaya armiya 4017:, Italy and Estonia. 350 3805:. Wuolijoki departed for 3016:Finnish guerrilla tactics 2135: 2097:forced to accept treaties 2085:Soviet invasion of Poland 1396: 1112: 703: 536: 435: 410: 201: 146: 71: 56: 48: 43: 17778:1940 in the Soviet Union 17768:1939 in the Soviet Union 17280:Soviet Nonconformist Art 17196:1936 Soviet Constitution 16849:Soviet famine of 1932–33 16809:1907 Tiflis bank robbery 16781:Transformation of nature 16766:1936 Soviet Constitution 16726:Socialism in One Country 16565:German–Soviet Axis talks 16156:Gestapo–NKVD conferences 15882:South African Border War 15807:Guerrilla war in Ukraine 15709:Chechen uprising of 1932 15390:Russo-Persian War (1796) 14185:Administrative divisions 13296:Allied invasion of Italy 13273:Solomon Islands campaign 13022:Third Battle of Changsha 12619:First Battle of Changsha 12525:Second Sino-Japanese War 11465:German military brothels 11331:United States war crimes 10546:Weeks, Jessica L. 2014. 10499:Tuunainen, Pasi (2016). 10287:Hill, Alexander (2017). 10218:Campbell, David (2016). 10090: 9997: 9913: 9852: 9622: 9494:(in Finnish). Helsinki. 9414: 9413:Jokipii, Mauno (1999). 9406:The Winter War 1939–1940 9243: 9051:Tillotson, H.M. (1993). 8996:Sedlar, Jean W. (2007). 8944:. Reynolds & Hearn. 8940:Rigby, Jonathan (2003). 8700:Kotkin, Stephen (2017). 8460:Edwards, Robert (2006). 7122:3 September 2019 at the 6602:League of Nations (1939) 5971:Hushed bridge of Finland 5208:Zeiler and DuBois (2012) 5148:, pp. 37, 42, 43, 46, 49 4404:Prime Minister of France 4379:Finnish-German relations 4288:Academic Karelia Society 4251:Finnish prisoners of war 4228:Heroes' Memorial Day in 4195:Aftermath and casualties 3897:. The Finns proposed an 3652:was severely damaged at 3613:, five submarines, four 3566:forces in the area. The 3455:sorties during the war. 3404:throughout the war. The 3378:almost constant darkness 3120:suicidal frontal attacks 2901:, and further north the 2759:spirit of the Winter War 2390:and military strategist 2342:Soviet Central Committee 1976:Soviet General Secretary 1962:, in 1922. In 1932, the 1104:Nordic states, 1939–1945 869:pre-war border conflicts 426:425,000–760,000 soldiers 417:300,000–340,000 soldiers 17803:Finland in World War II 17783:20th century in Finland 17404:Iosif Stalin locomotive 17147:Foundations of Leninism 17133:Anarchism or Socialism? 17014:Hitler Youth Conspiracy 16881:NKVD prisoner massacres 16533:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 16422:Death and state funeral 16249:Northern Sea Route Raid 16129:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 15524:Khivan campaign of 1873 15375:Russo-Polish War (1792) 14668:List of senior officers 14016:Finland in World War II 14006:Independence of Finland 13718:Second Guangxi campaign 13573:Philippines (1944–1945) 13077:Battle of the Coral Sea 12980:Fall of the Philippines 12626:Battle of South Guangxi 12532:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 11938:Italian Social Republic 10032:Ravasz, István (2003). 9092:Van Dyke, Carl (1997). 8479:Elliston, H.B. (1940). 8126:Finnish Karelian League 7667:Kilin and Raunio (2007) 6958:3 November 2020 at the 6893:Kilin and Raunio (2007) 6452:Kilin and Raunio (2007) 5363:Kilin and Raunio (2007) 4275:Finnish Karelian League 4153:Chamberlain War Cabinet 3432:and weapons, including 2587:Finnish order of battle 2423:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 2334:Suite on Finnish Themes 2279:end of the Soviet Union 2069:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2020:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1824:defeated the socialist 1717: Neutral countries 1704:Independence of Finland 1581:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 466:70,000 total casualties 17828:Wars involving Finland 17612:(second father-in-law) 16866:Murder of Sergey Kirov 16741:Stalinist architecture 16627:Turkish Straits crisis 15997:Western Libya campaign 15672:East Karelian uprising 15193:Wagner Group rebellion 15128:Uprising of Bolotnikov 14635:Finnish Defence Forces 13303:Armistice of Cassibile 13105:Battle of Dutch Harbor 13056:Battle of the Java Sea 12959:Attack on Pearl Harbor 12859:Syria–Lebanon campaign 12852:Battle of South Shanxi 12822:Invasion of Yugoslavia 12605:Battle of the Atlantic 12219:Korean Liberation Army 11932:(until September 1943) 11889:(until September 1944) 11867:(until September 1944) 10532:. Aspasia Books, Inc. 10528:Tuuri, Antti (2003) . 10505:. Palgrave Macmillan. 10003:Russia's Northern Wars 9949:Petrov, Pavel (2013). 9858:Stalin's Missed Chance 9581:Kilin, Yu. M. (2012). 9546:; Raunio, Ari (2007). 9169:"Yuri Kilin interview" 9111:Yarov, Sergey (2017). 8828:Murphy, David (2021). 8626:Finland at War 1939–45 8536:Gadolin, Axel (1952). 8393:Lawrence & Wishart 5340:. War History Online. 4576: 4568: 4311: 4233: 4124: 3994: 3951:Soviet pre-war demands 3930: 3886: 3743: 3602:for their operations. 3554:; by mid-winter, only 3488: 3467:March 1940, a Finnish 3422:State Aircraft Factory 3334: 3285: 3202: 3169:, who was replaced by 3146: 3039: 2957: 2794: 2732:Finnish Defence Forces 2602: 2482: 2463:Soviet order of battle 2316: 2263: 2147: 2037: 1956:East Karelian uprising 1926:that according to the 1910: 1841:Scandinavian countries 1769:Grand Duchy of Finland 1737: 1694:East Karelian uprising 1548:was a war between the 441:25,904 dead or missing 202:Commanders and leaders 17633:William Wesley Peters 17178:Falsifiers of History 17101:Rootless cosmopolitan 16407:Rule as Soviet leader 16286:Falsifiers of History 16124:Relations before 1941 15992:Intervention in Syria 15927:Tajikistani Civil War 15635:Lithuanian–Soviet War 15576:Battle of Robat Karim 15025:Post-Soviet conflicts 13467:Second Battle of Guam 13363:Bengal famine of 1943 13333:Second Battle of Kiev 13289:Battle of the Dnieper 12994:Battle of Wake Island 12866:East African campaign 12808:Battle of South Henan 12453:atrocities by Germans 12226:Korean Volunteer Army 11207:Occupation of Germany 10961:Music in World War II 10483:Trotter, William R.: 10329:. Osprey Publishing. 10222:. Osprey Publishing. 9998:Северные войны России 9878:Paasikivi, Juho Kusti 9695:Reality and Illusions 9691:Todellisuus ja harhat 9548:Talvisodan taisteluja 9251:(in Russian). Yauza. 8710:Krivosheyev, Grigoriy 8672:Kirby, David (2006). 6341:Langdon-Davies (1941) 4625:are used by the U.S. 4554:type was very common. 4309: 4227: 4110: 3992: 3928: 3868: 3741:Battle of Suomussalmi 3738: 3611:coastal defence ships 3471:Mk. IV bomber of the 3466: 3328: 3280: 3141: 3113:First Battle of Summa 3105:guts, fighting spirit 3029: 3002:Battle of Suomussalmi 2955: 2772: 2719:Molotov bread baskets 2600: 2476: 2311: 2269:Soviet historiography 2253: 2073:non-aggression treaty 2027: 1932:Baltic Finnic peoples 1896: 1828:with the help of the 1773:to assimilate Finland 1711: 794:Yugoslavian Partisans 436:Casualties and losses 17654:Stalin's house, Gori 17585:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili 17513:Besarion Jughashvili 17454:Batumi Stalin Museum 17365:Nineteen Eighty-Four 17116:Censorship of images 16795:Crimes, repressions, 16498:1931 Menshevik Trial 16479:First five-year plan 16270:Operation Barbarossa 16146:Population transfers 15975:Annexation of Crimea 15679:Central Asian Revolt 15588:Ukrainian–Soviet War 15460:Russo-Circassian War 15143:Pugachev's Rebellion 15086:Russo-Ukrainian Wars 15030:Russian Armed Forces 15000:Early modern warfare 14818:Finnish Border Guard 14653:President of Finland 14546:World Heritage Sites 13753:Surrender of Germany 13231:Battle of West Hubei 13188:Guadalcanal campaign 13158:Battle of Stalingrad 13084:Battle of Madagascar 11858:Albania protectorate 11645:(formerly Swaziland) 11354:Wehrmacht war crimes 11170:Expulsion of Germans 10954:Art and World War II 10852:British contribution 10801:Governments in exile 10185:(in Russian). Вече. 9657:Kulju, Mika (2007). 9316:Engman, Max (2007). 9167:(22 December 2019). 8921:Ries, Tomas (1988). 8888:Reiter, Dan (2009). 8759:Langdon-Davies, John 8483:. London: G. Harrap. 5967:Vaiettu Suomen silta 5284:, pp. 966, 974, 1008 4702:Dead, buried 16,766; 4342:Grigoriy Krivosheyev 4239:Operation Barbarossa 3838:Operation Weserübung 3364:, while the fork to 3337:The Finnish area of 3302:Battle of Raate Road 3283:Battle of Raate Road 3060:Battle of Raate Road 2975:cross-country skiing 2948:Cold-weather warfare 2895:155th Rifle Division 2875:139th Rifle Division 2862:150th Rifle Division 2665:, on its left flank. 2416:political commissars 2381:Soviet military plan 2258:at Mainila, where a 2116:Juho Kusti Paasikivi 2077:spheres of influence 1993:, the leader of the 1922:, to annex areas in 1857:defence co-operation 1830:Imperial German Army 1818:four-month civil war 1657:Operation Barbarossa 1284:Kirkenes and Petsamo 1272:Heavy water sabotage 17646:Stalin's residences 17593:Galina Dzhugashvili 17577:Svetlana Alliluyeva 17561:Nadezhda Alliluyeva 17488:Cultural depictions 17330:Anti-Stalinist left 17285:Shvernik Commission 17253:Pospelov Commission 17029:Population transfer 17004:1941 Red Army purge 16978:Suppressed research 16632:First Indochina War 16575:Great Patriotic War 16553:Moscow Peace Treaty 16417:Cult of personality 16091:Anti-Comintern Pact 16035:Sphere of influence 15965:Russo-Ukrainian War 15822:First Indochina War 15795:Soviet–Japanese War 15731:Xinjiang War (1937) 15600:Kazakhstan Campaign 15385:Kościuszko Uprising 15285:Second Northern War 15163:Coup attempt (1991) 15056:Soviet-Finnish wars 14736:Ministry of Defence 14658:Minister of Defence 13843:Potsdam Declaration 13732:Italy (Spring 1945) 13495:Liberation of Paris 12952:Siege of Sevastopol 11970:(until August 1944) 11873:Wang Jingwei regime 11695:from September 1943 11655:from September 1944 11593:from September 1944 11453:Romanian war crimes 11444:Persecution of Jews 11430:Croatian war crimes 11400:Japanese war crimes 11214:Occupation of Japan 11163:First Indochina War 10875:Military production 10787:Declarations of war 10563:Business Insider UK 10259:. Victor Gollancz. 10183:Тайны финской войны 10097:] (in Russian). 9848:Meltiukhov, Mikhail 9538:] (in Finnish). 9402:Talvisota 1939–1940 9280:"Вы точно человек?" 9071:Trotter, William R. 9055:. Michael Russell. 8610:DigitalCommons@NYLS 7874:Juutilainen (1999b) 7476:Geust; Uitto (2006) 7020:Juutilainen (1999a) 6996:Juutilainen (1999a) 6984:Juutilainen (1999a) 6929:Juutilainen (1999a) 6917:Juutilainen (1999a) 6905:Juutilainen (1999a) 6638:Geust; Uitto (2006) 6562:F.34980 Op.14 D.108 4627:Library of Congress 4438:Soviet Union portal 4340:, 53,500. In 1997, 4259:Moscow Peace Treaty 3921:Moscow Peace Treaty 3915:Moscow Peace Treaty 3861:End of war in March 3811:Terijoki Government 3803:Alexandra Kollontai 3702:undamaged, but the 3660:in the Baltic Sea. 3588:motor torpedo boats 3095:reinforced-concrete 2997:to their infantry. 2879:56th Rifle Division 2877:, supported by the 2798:command deployed a 2751:Otto Wille Kuusinen 2685:North Finland Group 2663:III Army Corps 2651:Army of the Isthmus 2500:John Langdon-Davies 2329:Dmitri Shostakovich 2228:Shelling of Mainila 2182:and Prime Minister 2032:during "additional 1903:Aarno Yrjö-Koskinen 1880:failed coup attempt 1797:Russian government 1562:Moscow Peace Treaty 1388:Finland (1939–1945) 138:to the Soviet Union 103:Moscow Peace Treaty 17813:History of Karelia 17617:Alexander Svanidze 17545:Konstantin Kuzakov 17537:Yakov Dzhugashvili 17496:Apocalypse: Stalin 17469:Stalin Peace Prize 17464:State Stalin Prize 17167:"Ten Blows" speech 17154:Dizzy with Success 17064:Operation "Priboi" 17044:Operation "Lentil" 16997:1937 Soviet Census 16676:Sino-Soviet Treaty 16590:Potsdam Conference 16543:Invasion of Poland 16203:Invasion of Poland 16172:Economic relations 16025:Russian Revolution 15960:Russo-Georgian War 15942:Second Chechen War 15922:Georgian Civil War 15561:Russo-Japanese War 15313:Great Northern War 15211:Russo-Crimean Wars 15183:Second Chechen War 15081:Russo-Turkish wars 15076:Russo-Swedish wars 15066:Russo-Persian Wars 15051:Russo-Crimean Wars 14883:War in Afghanistan 14828:Territorial Forces 14649:Commander-in-chief 14339:Telecommunications 13979:Great Northern War 13836:Surrender of Japan 13669:Battle of Iwo Jima 13518:Belgrade offensive 12931:Siege of Leningrad 12815:Battle of Shanggao 12744:British Somaliland 12709:Dunkirk evacuation 12660:Norwegian campaign 12598:Invasion of Poland 12425:Japanese prisoners 11393:Italian war crimes 11324:British war crimes 11239:Soviet occupations 11023:South-West Pacific 10910:Allied cooperation 10868:Military equipment 10393:10.1353/jmh.0.0004 10257:The Red Army Moves 10053:on 20 October 2017 9552:Winter War Battles 9341:Talvisota Väreissä 9265:on 6 November 2008 8492:. Westview Press. 8245:Bichekhvost (2012) 7192:Talvisodan Tampere 6171:Iltasanomat (2019) 5110:Baryshnikov (2005) 4940:Krivosheyev (1997) 4804:Krivosheyev (1997) 4312: 4292:Siege of Leningrad 4234: 4130:Polish exile units 4125: 3995: 3985:Foreign volunteers 3931: 3891:suburbs of Viipuri 3887: 3793:Peace negotiations 3744: 3489: 3335: 3290:military academics 3286: 3147: 3040: 2958: 2944:Climate of Finland 2938:Weather conditions 2795: 2723:declaration of war 2670:IV Army Corps 2659:II Army Corps 2603: 2483: 2451:Grigory Kravchenko 2396:Boris Shaposhnikov 2392:Kliment Voroshilov 2361:William R. Trotter 2264: 2109:refresher training 2081:invasion of Poland 2038: 2034:refresher training 1911: 1888:Finnish Parliament 1849:military exercises 1787:Russian Revolution 1738: 1631:territories along 1496:Finnish evacuation 996:French West Africa 837:South West Pacific 745:Denmark and Norway 327:Kliment Voroshilov 170:Foreign volunteers 17823:League of Nations 17793:Conflicts in 1940 17788:Conflicts in 1939 17745: 17744: 17702:Kholodnaya Rechka 17399:Iosif Stalin tank 17320:Lenin's Testament 17295:Era of Stagnation 17096:Mingrelian Affair 17074:Forced settlement 17059:Operation "North" 17019:Soviet war crimes 16797:and controversies 16736:Socialist realism 16699: 16698: 16681:Tito–Stalin split 16580:Tehran Conference 16503:Spanish Civil War 16474:Chinese Civil War 16315: 16314: 16103:Spanish Civil War 16097:Jewish Bolshevism 16043: 16042: 15932:First Chechen War 15887:Soviet–Afghan War 15872:Angolan Civil War 15647:Polish–Soviet War 15605:Finnish Civil War 15583:Russian Civil War 15482:November Uprising 15420:Anglo-Russian War 15360:Bar Confederation 15173:First Chechen War 15153:Russian Civil War 15148:Decembrist revolt 15138:Bulavin Rebellion 15133:Razin's Rebellion 15116: 15115: 15071:Russo-Polish Wars 15039:Lists by opponent 14934: 14933: 14860:Finnish Civil War 14836: 14835: 14715:list of equipment 14705:list of equipment 14691:Finnish Air Force 14601: 14600: 14554: 14553: 14357: 14356: 14265: 14264: 14247:Political parties 14200:Foreign relations 14167: 14166: 13910: 13909: 13868: 13867: 13711:Battle of Okinawa 13610:Burma (1944–1945) 13444:Mariana and Palau 13224:Tunisian campaign 13049:Fall of Singapore 12973:Fall of Hong Kong 12716:Battle of Britain 12569:Operation Himmler 12478: 12477: 12142:Dutch East Indies 11785:Southern Rhodesia 11537: 11536: 11437:Genocide of Serbs 11340:German war crimes 11317:Soviet war crimes 11310:Allied war crimes 11156:Division of Korea 11135:Chinese Civil War 10933:Strategic bombing 10845:Manhattan Project 10520:978-1-137-44606-0 10363:978-951-97557-0-0 10298:978-1-1070-2079-5 9964:978-952-5912-97-5 9920:Ukrayinska Pravda 9799:978-951-37-5278-1 9672:978-951-20-7218-7 9561:978-951-593-068-2 9350:978-952-373-053-3 9331:978-951-0-32765-4 9199:978-1-4051-9681-9 9143:(15 March 2013). 9031:978-0-8047-0482-3 8880:978-1-4728-2718-0 8841:978-1-4728-4394-4 8779:League of Nations 8747:American Rifleman 8683:978-0-521-53989-0 8650:on 20 August 2009 8635:978-1-84176-969-1 8596:978-1-59114-329-1 8577:978-0-7006-0879-9 8520:978-0-316-08472-7 8471:978-0-297-84630-7 8414:978-0-19-531700-8 8379:978-90-04-24908-0 8360:978-0-7146-5203-0 8341:978-0-679-72994-5 8334:. Vintage Books. 8211:, pp. 21–24. 8197:Vihavainen (1999) 8161:Rutherford (2014) 7888:, pp. 59–60. 7724:. 13 March 2010. 7092:Kantakoski (1998) 6794:Paulaharju (1999) 6764:Paulaharju (1999) 6752:Paulaharju (1999) 6729:. 29 April 2019. 5864:. pp. 41–43. 5132:Shirokorad (2001) 5064:Kantakoski (1998) 4840:Kantakoski (1998) 4794:: ch. 4, Table 10 4792:Meltiukhov (2000) 4769:Palokangas (1999) 4745:Palokangas (1999) 4666:Nikita Khrushchev 4591: 4479:Explanatory notes 4352:There were 5,572 4338:N. I. Baryshnikov 4334:Mikhail Semiryaga 4149:Winston Churchill 4145:Reginald Plunkett 4007:Gloster Gladiator 3753:Semyon Timoshenko 3675:Coastal artillery 3501:Finnish Air Force 3481:Finnish Air Force 3459:Finnish Air Force 3434:grenade launchers 3414:strategic bombing 3400:The USSR enjoyed 3341:, bestriding the 3333:in February 1940. 3306:Hjalmar Siilasvuo 3273:Battles in Kainuu 3211:Aarne Juutilainen 3052:manoeuvre warfare 3048:guerrilla tactics 3046:, the Finns used 3030:Soviet tracks at 2983:guerrilla attacks 2854:Battle of Taipale 2809:anti-tank tactics 2805:anti-tank weapons 2678:Woldemar Hägglund 2520:Nikolai Kuznetsov 2510:Commander of the 2435:Soviet Air Forces 2429:veterans General 2427:Spanish Civil War 2299:puppet government 2285:Soviet intentions 2175:Gustaf Mannerheim 2148:Kalastajasaarento 2140:Rybachy Peninsula 1920:Aunus expeditions 1803:Senate of Finland 1791:Russian Civil War 1742:Kingdom of Sweden 1566:League of Nations 1542: 1541: 1429: 1428: 1352: 1351: 1068: 1067: 989:Strategic bombing 905:Mediterranean Sea 658: 657: 494: 493: 483:1,200–3,543 tanks 429:2,514–6,541 tanks 341:Semyon Timoshenko 282:Woldemar Hägglund 233:C.G.E. Mannerheim 142: 141: 132:Rybachy Peninsula 18:Russo-Finnish War 16:(Redirected from 17850: 17818:Karelian Isthmus 17735: 17734: 17637: 17629: 17621: 17620:(brother-in-law) 17613: 17609:Sergei Alliluyev 17605: 17601:Joseph Alliluyev 17597: 17589: 17581: 17573: 17565: 17557: 17549: 17541: 17533: 17525: 17517: 17419:Pantheon, Moscow 17377:The Soviet Story 17351:Darkness at Noon 17240:De-Stalinization 17091:Leningrad Affair 16824:Decossackization 16622:1946 Iran crisis 16585:Yalta Conference 16457:Collectivization 16382: 16381: 16342: 16335: 16328: 16319: 16318: 16084:Prior antagonism 16070: 16063: 16056: 16047: 16046: 15917:Transnistria War 15862:War of Attrition 15768:Continuation War 15717: 15509:January Uprising 15350:Seven Years' War 15250:Time of Troubles 15216:Russo-Kazan Wars 15061:Russo-Kazan Wars 14993: 14992: 14961: 14954: 14947: 14938: 14937: 14873:Continuation War 14763:Plans and Policy 14695:list of aircraft 14681: 14680: 14663:Chief of Defence 14628: 14621: 14614: 14605: 14604: 14581: 14574: 14567: 14529:Independence Day 14519:National symbols 14368: 14367: 14276: 14275: 14178: 14177: 14070:Cities and towns 14063: 14062: 14048:Military history 14026:Continuation War 13937: 13930: 13923: 13914: 13913: 13903: 13896: 13889: 13886:World portal 13884: 13883: 13859: 13852: 13845: 13838: 13829: 13822: 13815: 13806: 13799: 13792: 13785: 13778: 13771: 13762: 13755: 13748: 13746:Prague offensive 13741: 13739:Battle of Berlin 13734: 13727: 13720: 13713: 13706: 13699: 13692: 13685: 13683:Vienna offensive 13678: 13671: 13664: 13662:Battle of Manila 13657: 13637: 13628: 13619: 13612: 13603: 13596: 13589: 13582: 13575: 13568: 13561: 13552: 13543: 13536: 13527: 13520: 13513: 13506: 13497: 13490: 13483: 13476: 13469: 13462: 13455: 13446: 13439: 13430: 13421: 13412: 13405: 13403:Korsun–Cherkassy 13398: 13387: 13365: 13356: 13349: 13342: 13335: 13328: 13321: 13314: 13305: 13298: 13291: 13284: 13275: 13268: 13261: 13254: 13247: 13245:Bombing of Gorky 13240: 13233: 13226: 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Archived from 9237: 9235: 9233: 9216:Aptekar, Pavel. 9203: 9184: 9182: 9180: 9160: 9158: 9156: 9136: 9107: 9088: 9066: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9011: 8992: 8983: 8955: 8936: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8884: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8824: 8805: 8786: 8774: 8754: 8741: 8739: 8737: 8705: 8704:. Penguin Press. 8696: 8687: 8668: 8667:. Howells House. 8659: 8657: 8655: 8639: 8620: 8618: 8616: 8600: 8581: 8559: 8532: 8503: 8484: 8475: 8456: 8454: 8440: 8418: 8401:Conquest, Robert 8396: 8383: 8364: 8345: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8310:. Archived from 8284: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8254: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8176: 8170: 8164: 8158: 8152: 8146: 8140: 8134: 8128: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8066:Paasikivi (1958) 8063: 8057: 8054:Laaksonen (2005) 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7982: 7976: 7967: 7961: 7952: 7946: 7940: 7934: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7900: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7865: 7859: 7850: 7844: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7808: 7799: 7797:Ahtiainen (2000) 7794: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7744: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7712: 7706: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7676: 7670: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7609: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7536:(5): 1089–1112. 7521: 7515: 7512:Enkenberg (2020) 7509: 7503: 7500:Laaksonen (1999) 7497: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7452:Laaksonen (1999) 7449: 7443: 7440:Laaksonen (1999) 7437: 7431: 7425: 7414: 7411:Laaksonen (1999) 7408: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7360:Tillotson (1993) 7357: 7351: 7345: 7339: 7333: 7327: 7324:Elfvegren (1999) 7321: 7315: 7312:Elfvegren (1999) 7309: 7303: 7300:Elfvegren (1999) 7297: 7291: 7285: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7261: 7255: 7252:Tillotson (1993) 7249: 7243: 7237: 7231: 7225: 7216: 7209: 7203: 7188: 7182: 7179:Vuorenmaa (1999) 7176: 7170: 7164: 7158: 7152: 7146: 7140: 7131: 7128:Suomen Kuvalehti 7113: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7044:Vuorenmaa (1999) 7041: 7035: 7032:Vuorenmaa (1999) 7029: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7005: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6950: 6944: 6941:Kauppinen (2017) 6938: 6932: 6926: 6920: 6914: 6908: 6902: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6878: 6872: 6869:Laaksonen (1999) 6866: 6860: 6857:Laaksonen (1999) 6854: 6848: 6845:Vuorenmaa (1999) 6842: 6836: 6830: 6821: 6815: 6809: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6782: 6776: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6719: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6689: 6683: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6626:Soikkanen (1999) 6623: 6617: 6611: 6605: 6599: 6593: 6587: 6578: 6572: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6549:Paskhover (2015) 6546: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6489: 6484: 6478: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6449: 6434: 6428: 6419: 6413: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6221: 6215: 6209: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6150: 6144: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6090: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6026: 6020: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5917: 5911: 5905: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5776: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5750: 5744: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5684: 5681:Manninen (1999a) 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5641: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5578:Lightbody (2004) 5575: 5569: 5563: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5270:Lightbody (2004) 5267: 5256: 5250: 5241: 5238:Chubaryan (2002) 5235: 5226: 5220: 5211: 5205: 5196: 5190: 5181: 5175: 5164: 5158: 5149: 5143: 5134: 5129: 5123: 5118: 5112: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5086: 5083:Manninen (1999b) 5080: 5067: 5061: 5052: 5046: 5037: 5034:Manninen (1999b) 5031: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 4998: 4989: 4983: 4974: 4969: 4960: 4954: 4943: 4937: 4926: 4923:Tillotson (1993) 4920: 4907: 4901: 4892: 4886: 4877: 4871: 4858: 4852: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4726: 4697: 4691: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4673: 4662: 4656: 4653:relevant section 4649: 4643: 4640:relevant section 4636: 4630: 4612: 4604: 4596: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4561: 4555: 4543: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4502: 4496: 4489: 4440: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4426: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4205:Continuation War 4160:Édouard Daladier 4067:Nansen passports 3883: 3873: 3854:public statement 3830:right of passage 3658:merchant vessels 3525:Continuation War 3507:Finnish forward 3493:fighter aircraft 3469:Bristol Blenheim 3406:Soviet Air Force 3396:Soviet Air Force 3267:layered clothing 3195:battle of Kollaa 3155:Hannu Hannuksela 3056:economy of force 3012:during the war. 2817:Molotov cocktail 2800:defence in depth 2791: 2785: 2779:Karelian Isthmus 2738:was replaced by 2408:Kirill Meretskov 2137: 2124:Karelian Isthmus 1952:ice-free harbour 1948:Petsamo Province 1789:of 1917 and the 1767:. The resulting 1754:Saint Petersburg 1734: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1661:Continuation War 1651:, in June 1941, 1589:Karelian Isthmus 1534: 1527: 1520: 1432: 1431: 1416:Moscow Armistice 1411:Continuation War 1391: 1389: 1379: 1372: 1365: 1356: 1355: 1339:Petsamo–Kirkenes 1182:Continuation War 1107: 1105: 1095: 1088: 1081: 1072: 1071: 1055:French Indochina 698: 687: 680: 673: 664: 663: 540:Karelian Isthmus 531: 520: 513: 506: 497: 496: 485:261–515 aircraft 456:armed icebreaker 427: 418: 400: 399: 390:Mikhail Dukhanov 388: 387: 376: 375: 366:Vladimir Grendal 364: 363: 354:Kirill Meretskov 352: 351: 338: 337: 324: 323: 310: 309: 292: 291: 280: 279: 268: 267: 256: 255: 244: 243: 230: 229: 216: 215: 185: 183: 182: 161: 159: 158: 120:Karelian Isthmus 73: 72: 61: 41: 40: 21: 17858: 17857: 17853: 17852: 17851: 17849: 17848: 17847: 17773:1940 in Finland 17763:1939 in Finland 17748: 17747: 17746: 17741: 17723: 17719:Stalin's bunker 17669:Room at Kremlin 17659:Tiflis Seminary 17640: 17635: 17627: 17619: 17611: 17603: 17596:(granddaughter) 17595: 17587: 17579: 17571: 17563: 17555: 17553:Artyom Sergeyev 17547: 17539: 17531: 17523: 17515: 17501: 17483: 17387: 17345:True Communists 17308: 17306: 17299: 17263:Khrushchev Thaw 17234: 17201:Stalin's poetry 17120: 16988:Japhetic theory 16926:Medvedev Forest 16819:Georgian Affair 16796: 16790: 16751:Five-year plans 16695: 16664:Berlin Blockade 16654:Greek Civil War 16443:August Uprising 16431: 16412:Political views 16377: 16371: 16351: 16346: 16316: 16311: 16296: 16258: 16191: 16160: 16112: 16079: 16074: 16044: 16039: 16011: 15952: 15946: 15937:War of Dagestan 15711: 15684:August Uprising 15553: 15547: 15536:Boxer Rebellion 15504:Amur Annexation 15305: 15299: 15203: 15197: 15178:War of Dagestan 15158:August Uprising 15112: 15034: 14984: 14965: 14935: 14930: 14887: 14832: 14806: 14780: 14741:Defence Command 14724: 14672: 14637: 14632: 14602: 14597: 14584: 14577: 14570: 14563: 14550: 14524:Public holidays 14436: 14353: 14261: 14225:Law enforcement 14163: 14052: 13984:The Great Wrath 13950: 13941: 13911: 13906: 13899: 13892: 13878: 13876: 13864: 13855: 13848: 13841: 13834: 13825: 13818: 13811: 13802: 13797:Atomic bombings 13795: 13788: 13781: 13774: 13767: 13758: 13751: 13744: 13737: 13730: 13723: 13716: 13709: 13702: 13695: 13688: 13681: 13674: 13667: 13660: 13653: 13640: 13633: 13622: 13615: 13608: 13599: 13592: 13585: 13578: 13571: 13564: 13555: 13546: 13539: 13530: 13523: 13516: 13509: 13500: 13493: 13488:Eastern Romania 13486: 13481:Warsaw Uprising 13479: 13474:Tannenberg Line 13472: 13465: 13460:Western Ukraine 13458: 13449: 13442: 13433: 13424: 13415: 13408: 13401: 13390: 13381: 13368: 13361: 13352: 13345: 13338: 13331: 13324: 13317: 13310: 13301: 13294: 13287: 13278: 13271: 13264: 13257: 13252:Battle of Kursk 13250: 13243: 13236: 13229: 13222: 13209: 13202: 13193: 13186: 13179: 13170: 13163: 13156: 13149: 13140: 13131: 13124: 13117: 13110: 13103: 13096: 13089: 13082: 13075: 13068: 13063:St Nazaire Raid 13061: 13054: 13047: 13034: 13027: 13020: 13013: 13006: 12999: 12992: 12985: 12978: 12971: 12964: 12957: 12950: 12943: 12936: 12929: 12922: 12915: 12908: 12901: 12887: 12878: 12871: 12864: 12857: 12850: 12845:Anglo-Iraqi War 12843: 12836:Battle of Crete 12834: 12827: 12820: 12813: 12806: 12793: 12784: 12777: 12770: 12765:Eastern Romania 12763: 12756: 12749: 12742: 12735: 12728: 12721: 12714: 12707: 12700: 12693: 12686: 12679: 12672: 12665: 12658: 12645: 12638: 12631: 12624: 12617: 12610: 12603: 12596: 12583: 12574: 12567: 12560: 12553: 12546: 12539: 12530: 12523: 12516: 12507: 12500: 12474: 12467: 12460: 12451: 12444: 12439: 12430: 12423: 12416: 12407: 12400: 12391: 12384: 12379: 12372: 12359: 12352: 12343: 12336: 12331: 12326:Western Ukraine 12324: 12317: 12310: 12303: 12296: 12289: 12282: 12275: 12270:Northeast China 12268: 12261: 12254: 12247: 12240: 12233: 12224: 12217: 12210: 12203: 12196: 12189: 12182: 12175: 12168: 12161: 12154: 12147: 12140: 12133: 12126: 12119: 12112: 12105: 12098: 12085: 12078: 12071: 12064: 12057: 12050: 12043: 12036: 12029: 12022: 12015: 12008: 11995: 11988: 11981: 11976:Slovak Republic 11974: 11966: 11959: 11952: 11947:Empire of Japan 11945: 11936: 11928: 11921: 11914: 11907: 11900: 11893: 11885: 11878: 11871: 11863: 11856: 11843: 11836: 11827: 11820: 11811: 11804: 11797: 11790: 11783: 11776: 11769: 11757: 11750: 11743: 11736: 11729: 11722: 11715: 11708: 11701: 11689: 11682: 11675: 11668: 11661: 11649: 11641: 11634: 11627: 11620: 11613: 11606: 11599: 11587: 11580: 11573: 11566: 11559: 11533: 11524: 11517: 11510: 11503: 11492: 11477: 11470: 11463: 11459:Sexual violence 11458: 11451: 11442: 11435: 11428: 11419: 11412: 11405: 11398: 11391: 11382: 11373: 11366: 11359: 11352: 11345: 11338: 11329: 11322: 11315: 11308: 11295: 11288: 11281: 11274: 11265: 11258: 11251: 11244: 11237: 11228: 11219: 11212: 11205: 11198: 11189: 11182: 11177:Greek Civil War 11175: 11168: 11161: 11154: 11147: 11140: 11133: 11120: 11113: 11104: 11097: 11090: 11081: 11074: 11067: 11060: 11051: 11044: 11037: 11028: 11021: 11014: 11007: 11002:South-East Asia 11000: 10993: 10986: 10973: 10966: 10959: 10952: 10945: 10938: 10931: 10924: 10915: 10908: 10901: 10894: 10887: 10880: 10873: 10866: 10861:Military awards 10859: 10850: 10843: 10836: 10827: 10820: 10813: 10806: 10799: 10792: 10785: 10778: 10771: 10764: 10755: 10748: 10728: 10721: 10714: 10705: 10698: 10691: 10686: 10677: 10670: 10663: 10655: 10650: 10585: 10572: 10570: 10540: 10521: 10446:(online review) 10441: 10422: 10364: 10351: 10337: 10318: 10299: 10236:Chew, Allen F. 10230: 10214: 10212:Further reading 10209: 10193: 10144: 10142: 10138: 10131: 10092: 10082: 10056: 10054: 10050: 10043: 10022: 10020: 10013: 9999: 9988: 9965: 9930: 9928: 9915: 9867: 9865: 9854: 9840: 9800: 9746: 9705: 9673: 9647: 9645: 9638: 9624: 9610: 9608: 9562: 9501: 9499: 9479: 9429: 9416: 9393: 9374: 9351: 9332: 9297: 9295: 9268: 9266: 9259: 9245: 9231: 9229: 9211: 9206: 9200: 9178: 9176: 9154: 9152: 9125: 9104: 9085: 9063: 9041: 9039: 9032: 9008: 8973: 8952: 8933: 8911: 8909: 8902: 8881: 8859: 8857: 8842: 8821: 8802: 8735: 8733: 8726: 8684: 8653: 8651: 8636: 8614: 8612: 8597: 8578: 8548: 8521: 8500: 8472: 8437: 8415: 8380: 8361: 8342: 8317: 8315: 8314:on 29 June 2011 8297: 8292: 8287: 8279: 8275: 8267: 8263: 8255: 8251: 8243: 8239: 8231: 8227: 8221:Van Dyke (1997) 8219: 8215: 8207: 8203: 8195: 8191: 8183: 8179: 8171: 8167: 8159: 8155: 8147: 8143: 8135: 8131: 8124: 8120: 8112: 8108: 8102:Turtola (1999b) 8100: 8096: 8088: 8084: 8076: 8072: 8064: 8060: 8052: 8048: 8040: 8036: 8028: 8024: 8016: 8012: 8004: 8000: 7992: 7985: 7977: 7970: 7962: 7955: 7947: 7943: 7935: 7928: 7918: 7916: 7901: 7892: 7884: 7880: 7872: 7868: 7860: 7853: 7845: 7841: 7833: 7829: 7823:Van Dyke (1997) 7821: 7817: 7809: 7802: 7795: 7788: 7780: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7756: 7752: 7745: 7741: 7731: 7729: 7714: 7713: 7709: 7701: 7697: 7689: 7685: 7677: 7673: 7665: 7661: 7653: 7649: 7639: 7637: 7610: 7601: 7593: 7589: 7581: 7577: 7567: 7565: 7522: 7518: 7510: 7506: 7498: 7494: 7486: 7482: 7474: 7470: 7462: 7458: 7450: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7426: 7417: 7409: 7402: 7394: 7390: 7382: 7378: 7370: 7366: 7358: 7354: 7346: 7342: 7336:Leskinen (1999) 7334: 7330: 7322: 7318: 7310: 7306: 7298: 7294: 7286: 7282: 7274: 7270: 7264:Peltonen (1999) 7262: 7258: 7250: 7246: 7238: 7234: 7226: 7219: 7211:Jouko Juonala: 7210: 7206: 7202:|. (in Finnish) 7189: 7185: 7177: 7173: 7165: 7161: 7153: 7149: 7141: 7134: 7124:Wayback Machine 7114: 7110: 7102: 7098: 7090: 7086: 7078: 7074: 7066: 7062: 7054: 7050: 7042: 7038: 7030: 7026: 7018: 7014: 7006: 7002: 6994: 6990: 6982: 6978: 6970: 6966: 6960:Wayback Machine 6951: 6947: 6939: 6935: 6927: 6923: 6915: 6911: 6903: 6899: 6891: 6887: 6879: 6875: 6867: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6843: 6839: 6831: 6824: 6816: 6812: 6804: 6800: 6792: 6785: 6777: 6770: 6762: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6736: 6734: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6708: 6704: 6696: 6692: 6684: 6680: 6672: 6668: 6660: 6656: 6648: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6624: 6620: 6612: 6608: 6600: 6596: 6588: 6581: 6573: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6547: 6543: 6535: 6531: 6523: 6519: 6513:Laemlein (2013) 6511: 6507: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6481: 6474: 6470: 6462: 6458: 6450: 6437: 6429: 6422: 6414: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6389:Manninen (2008) 6387: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6363: 6359: 6351: 6347: 6339: 6335: 6327: 6323: 6315: 6308: 6300: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6252: 6248: 6240: 6236: 6230:Conquest (2007) 6228: 6224: 6216: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6192: 6188: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6165: 6157: 6153: 6145: 6141: 6133: 6129: 6121: 6117: 6109: 6105: 6099:Elliston (1940) 6097: 6093: 6086: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6064:Kokoshin (1998) 6062: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6029:Yle News (2013) 6027: 6023: 6016: 6012: 6004: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5981: 5963: 5959: 5953:Turtola (1999a) 5951: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5924: 5920: 5912: 5908: 5900: 5896: 5888: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5858: 5854: 5846: 5842: 5834: 5830: 5822: 5818: 5810: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5786: 5779: 5772: 5768: 5762:Turtola (1999a) 5760: 5753: 5745: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5687: 5679: 5675: 5667: 5663: 5657:Turtola (1999a) 5655: 5644: 5636: 5632: 5626:Turtola (1999a) 5624: 5620: 5614:Turtola (1999a) 5612: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5588: 5584: 5576: 5572: 5564: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5539:Van Dyke (1997) 5537: 5533: 5525: 5521: 5513: 5509: 5503:Turtola (1999a) 5501: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5474:Polvinen (1987) 5472: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5438:Turtola (1999a) 5436: 5432: 5426:Turtola (1999a) 5424: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5400: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5347: 5345: 5334: 5330: 5319: 5315: 5307: 5300: 5292: 5288: 5280: 5276: 5268: 5259: 5251: 5244: 5236: 5229: 5221: 5214: 5206: 5199: 5191: 5184: 5176: 5167: 5159: 5152: 5146:Manninen (2008) 5144: 5137: 5130: 5126: 5121:Kovalyov (2006) 5119: 5115: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5089: 5081: 5070: 5062: 5055: 5047: 5040: 5032: 5025: 5015: 5013: 5000: 4999: 4992: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4955: 4946: 4938: 4929: 4921: 4910: 4902: 4895: 4887: 4880: 4872: 4861: 4853: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4828:Manninen (1994) 4826: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4781:Peltonen (1999) 4779: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4729: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4663: 4659: 4650: 4646: 4637: 4633: 4579:, Russian: 4562: 4558: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4520: 4503: 4499: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4436: 4431: 4429: 4422: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4391: 4374: 4304: 4294:as well as the 4222: 4217: 4215:Cross of Sorrow 4211: 4199:Main articles: 4197: 4105: 4099: 4091:Leino prisoners 4047: 4039:Christopher Lee 4003:Volunteer Corps 3987: 3982: 3976: 3974:Foreign support 3923: 3917: 3895:Gulf of Viipuri 3885: 3881: 3879: 3871: 3863: 3799:Hella Wuolijoki 3795: 3774: 3733: 3728: 3677: 3625:and at least 5 3544: 3539: 3533: 3473:No. 44 Squadron 3461: 3402:air superiority 3398: 3393: 3387: 3358:Battle of Salla 3323: 3275: 3136: 3082: 3024: 3018: 2950: 2940: 2935: 2915:Finnish Lapland 2871:Soviet 8th Army 2793: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2775:Mannerheim Line 2767: 2715:bombed Helsinki 2711: 2706: 2704:Soviet invasion 2632:saturation fire 2628:counter-battery 2623:Finnish economy 2611:Defence Command 2595: 2589: 2546:Mannerheim Line 2471: 2465: 2404:order of battle 2383: 2378: 2376:Opposing forces 2287: 2230: 2224: 2168:Eastern Karelia 2152:Hanko Peninsula 2058:Gulf of Finland 2040:In April 1938, 2022: 2016: 1973: 1944:Treaty of Tartu 1928:Greater Finland 1909:in Moscow 1932. 1736: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1706: 1700: 1692:Main articles: 1690: 1685: 1675: 1669: 1538: 1501:Mannerheim Line 1491:Popular culture 1460:Foreign support 1430: 1425: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1353: 1348: 1144:(Faroe Islands) 1108: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1069: 1064: 951:Other campaigns 945:Southern France 854:Burma and India 849:South-East Asia 844:Franco-Thai War 699: 693: 691: 661: 660: 659: 654: 532: 526: 524: 487: 486: 484: 482: 477: 471: 464: 459: 453: 451: 449: 444: 442: 430: 428: 425: 421: 419: 416: 406: 402:Valerian Frolov 394: 382: 370: 358: 346: 332: 318: 304: 298: 286: 274: 262: 250: 238: 224: 210: 180: 178: 156: 154: 116:Gulf of Finland 114:Cession of the 110: 94: 80: 62: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17856: 17846: 17845: 17840: 17835: 17830: 17825: 17820: 17815: 17810: 17805: 17800: 17795: 17790: 17785: 17780: 17775: 17770: 17765: 17760: 17743: 17742: 17740: 17739: 17728: 17725: 17724: 17722: 17721: 17716: 17715: 17714: 17709: 17704: 17699: 17694: 17689: 17684: 17679: 17671: 17666: 17661: 17656: 17650: 17648: 17642: 17641: 17639: 17638: 17630: 17622: 17614: 17606: 17598: 17590: 17582: 17574: 17566: 17558: 17550: 17542: 17534: 17526: 17518: 17509: 17507: 17503: 17502: 17500: 17499: 17491: 17489: 17485: 17484: 17482: 17481: 17476: 17474:Stalin Society 17471: 17466: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17446: 17441: 17436: 17431: 17426: 17421: 17416: 17414:Stalin statues 17411: 17406: 17401: 17395: 17393: 17389: 17388: 17386: 17385: 17380: 17373: 17368: 17361: 17354: 17347: 17342: 17337: 17332: 17327: 17322: 17317: 17315:Stalin Epigram 17311: 17309: 17304: 17301: 17300: 17298: 17297: 17292: 17287: 17282: 17277: 17272: 17265: 17260: 17258:Rehabilitation 17255: 17250: 17244: 17242: 17236: 17235: 17233: 17232: 17227: 17220: 17215: 17210: 17203: 17198: 17193: 17186: 17181: 17174: 17169: 17164: 17157: 17150: 17143: 17136: 17128: 17126: 17122: 17121: 17119: 17118: 17113: 17108: 17103: 17098: 17093: 17088: 17083: 17078: 17077: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17056: 17051: 17046: 17036: 17026: 17021: 17016: 17011: 17006: 17001: 17000: 16999: 16994: 16985: 16980: 16972: 16971: 16970: 16965: 16960: 16955: 16954: 16953: 16948: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16918: 16913: 16908: 16903: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16878: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16857: 16856: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16834:Wittorf affair 16831: 16829:Dekulakization 16826: 16821: 16816: 16811: 16806: 16800: 16798: 16792: 16791: 16789: 16788: 16783: 16778: 16773: 16771:New Soviet man 16768: 16763: 16758: 16753: 16748: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16707: 16705: 16701: 16700: 16697: 16696: 16694: 16693: 16688: 16683: 16678: 16673: 16672: 16671: 16666: 16661: 16656: 16651: 16646: 16645: 16644: 16634: 16629: 16624: 16614: 16609: 16604: 16599: 16594: 16593: 16592: 16587: 16582: 16577: 16572: 16567: 16562: 16557: 16556: 16555: 16545: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16510: 16505: 16500: 16495: 16486: 16481: 16476: 16471: 16470: 16469: 16464: 16454: 16445: 16439: 16437: 16433: 16432: 16430: 16429: 16424: 16419: 16414: 16409: 16404: 16399: 16394: 16388: 16386: 16379: 16373: 16372: 16370: 16369: 16363: 16356: 16353: 16352: 16345: 16344: 16337: 16330: 16322: 16313: 16312: 16310: 16309: 16301: 16298: 16297: 16295: 16294: 16289: 16282: 16280:Katyń massacre 16277: 16272: 16266: 16264: 16260: 16259: 16257: 16256: 16251: 16243: 16238: 16233: 16228:Naval cruiser 16225: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16199: 16197: 16193: 16192: 16190: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16168: 16166: 16162: 16161: 16159: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16137: 16136: 16126: 16120: 16118: 16114: 16113: 16111: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16093: 16087: 16085: 16081: 16080: 16073: 16072: 16065: 16058: 16050: 16041: 16040: 16038: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16022: 16020:Russian Winter 16016: 16013: 16012: 16010: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15988: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15962: 15956: 15954: 15948: 15947: 15945: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15874: 15869: 15864: 15859: 15854: 15849: 15847:Vlora incident 15844: 15839: 15834: 15829: 15824: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15804: 15799: 15798: 15797: 15792: 15787: 15786: 15785: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15759: 15758: 15748: 15743: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15718: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15691: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15675: 15674: 15669: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15649: 15644: 15639: 15638: 15637: 15632: 15627: 15617: 15612: 15610:Sochi conflict 15607: 15602: 15597: 15596: 15595: 15580: 15579: 15578: 15568: 15563: 15557: 15555: 15549: 15548: 15546: 15545: 15544: 15543: 15533: 15528: 15527: 15526: 15521: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15500: 15499: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15468: 15467: 15462: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15422: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15382: 15377: 15372: 15367: 15362: 15357: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15336: 15331: 15325: 15320: 15315: 15309: 15307: 15301: 15300: 15298: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15243: 15238: 15233: 15228: 15223: 15218: 15213: 15207: 15205: 15199: 15198: 15196: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15124: 15122: 15118: 15117: 15114: 15113: 15111: 15110: 15105: 15104: 15103: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15048: 15042: 15040: 15036: 15035: 15033: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14996: 14990: 14986: 14985: 14964: 14963: 14956: 14949: 14941: 14932: 14931: 14929: 14928: 14921: 14919:Military ranks 14916: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14895: 14893: 14889: 14888: 14886: 14885: 14880: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14846: 14844: 14838: 14837: 14834: 14833: 14831: 14830: 14825: 14820: 14814: 14812: 14808: 14807: 14805: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14788: 14786: 14782: 14781: 14779: 14778: 14738: 14732: 14730: 14726: 14725: 14723: 14722: 14708: 14698: 14687: 14685: 14678: 14674: 14673: 14671: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14645: 14643: 14639: 14638: 14631: 14630: 14623: 14616: 14608: 14599: 14598: 14596: 14595: 14590: 14583: 14582: 14575: 14568: 14560: 14559: 14556: 14555: 14552: 14551: 14549: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14532: 14531: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14500: 14499: 14487: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14446: 14444: 14438: 14437: 14435: 14434: 14432:Welfare system 14429: 14424: 14423: 14422: 14417: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14385:Climate change 14382: 14377: 14371: 14365: 14359: 14358: 14355: 14354: 14352: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14329:Stock exchange 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14279: 14273: 14267: 14266: 14263: 14262: 14260: 14259: 14257:Prime Minister 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14238: 14237: 14227: 14222: 14217: 14212: 14207: 14202: 14197: 14192: 14187: 14181: 14175: 14169: 14168: 14165: 14164: 14162: 14161: 14156: 14155: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14124: 14119: 14118: 14117: 14107: 14102: 14100:National parks 14097: 14095:Municipalities 14092: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14075:Extreme points 14072: 14066: 14060: 14054: 14053: 14051: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14038:Finlandization 14035: 14034: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13987: 13986: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13960: 13958: 13952: 13951: 13940: 13939: 13932: 13925: 13917: 13908: 13907: 13905: 13904: 13897: 13890: 13873: 13870: 13869: 13866: 13865: 13863: 13862: 13861: 13860: 13853: 13846: 13832: 13831: 13830: 13816: 13813:South Sakhalin 13809: 13808: 13807: 13793: 13786: 13779: 13772: 13765: 13764: 13763: 13749: 13742: 13735: 13728: 13721: 13714: 13707: 13700: 13693: 13686: 13679: 13672: 13665: 13658: 13650: 13648: 13642: 13641: 13639: 13638: 13631: 13630: 13629: 13613: 13606: 13605: 13604: 13590: 13583: 13576: 13569: 13562: 13553: 13544: 13537: 13528: 13521: 13514: 13507: 13498: 13491: 13484: 13477: 13470: 13463: 13456: 13447: 13440: 13431: 13422: 13413: 13406: 13399: 13388: 13378: 13376: 13370: 13369: 13367: 13366: 13359: 13358: 13357: 13350: 13336: 13329: 13322: 13315: 13308: 13307: 13306: 13292: 13285: 13276: 13269: 13262: 13255: 13248: 13241: 13238:Battle of Attu 13234: 13227: 13219: 13217: 13211: 13210: 13208: 13207: 13200: 13191: 13184: 13177: 13168: 13161: 13154: 13147: 13138: 13137: 13136: 13129: 13115: 13108: 13101: 13094: 13087: 13080: 13073: 13066: 13059: 13052: 13044: 13042: 13036: 13035: 13033: 13032: 13025: 13018: 13011: 13004: 12997: 12990: 12987:Battle of Guam 12983: 12976: 12969: 12962: 12955: 12948: 12941: 12934: 12927: 12920: 12913: 12910:Battle of Kiev 12906: 12899: 12885: 12884: 12883: 12869: 12862: 12855: 12848: 12841: 12840: 12839: 12825: 12818: 12811: 12803: 12801: 12795: 12794: 12792: 12791: 12782: 12775: 12768: 12761: 12754: 12747: 12740: 12733: 12726: 12719: 12712: 12705: 12698: 12691: 12684: 12677: 12670: 12663: 12655: 12653: 12647: 12646: 12644: 12643: 12636: 12629: 12622: 12615: 12608: 12601: 12593: 12591: 12585: 12584: 12582: 12581: 12580: 12579: 12572: 12565: 12558: 12551: 12537: 12536: 12535: 12528: 12514: 12513: 12512: 12497: 12495: 12486: 12480: 12479: 12476: 12475: 12473: 12472: 12465: 12458: 12457: 12456: 12449: 12437: 12436: 12435: 12421: 12414: 12413: 12412: 12409:United Kingdom 12405: 12398: 12397: 12396: 12377: 12369: 12367: 12361: 12360: 12358: 12357: 12350: 12349: 12348: 12341: 12329: 12322: 12315: 12308: 12301: 12294: 12287: 12280: 12273: 12266: 12259: 12252: 12245: 12238: 12231: 12230: 12229: 12222: 12208: 12201: 12194: 12187: 12180: 12173: 12166: 12159: 12152: 12145: 12138: 12131: 12124: 12117: 12110: 12103: 12095: 12093: 12087: 12086: 12084: 12083: 12076: 12069: 12062: 12055: 12048: 12041: 12034: 12027: 12020: 12013: 12005: 12003: 11997: 11996: 11994: 11993: 11986: 11979: 11972: 11964: 11957: 11950: 11943: 11942: 11941: 11926: 11919: 11912: 11905: 11898: 11891: 11883: 11876: 11869: 11861: 11853: 11851: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11841: 11834: 11833: 11832: 11818: 11817: 11816: 11813:British Empire 11806:United Kingdom 11802: 11795: 11788: 11781: 11774: 11767: 11755: 11748: 11741: 11734: 11727: 11720: 11713: 11706: 11699: 11687: 11680: 11673: 11666: 11659: 11647: 11639: 11632: 11625: 11622:Czechoslovakia 11618: 11611: 11604: 11597: 11585: 11578: 11571: 11564: 11556: 11554: 11545: 11539: 11538: 11535: 11534: 11532: 11531: 11530: 11529: 11522: 11519:Rape of Manila 11515: 11508: 11501: 11490: 11475: 11468: 11456: 11449: 11448: 11447: 11440: 11426: 11425: 11424: 11417: 11410: 11396: 11389: 11388: 11387: 11380: 11379: 11378: 11371: 11357: 11350: 11336: 11335: 11334: 11327: 11320: 11305: 11303: 11297: 11296: 11294: 11293: 11290:United Nations 11286: 11279: 11272: 11271: 11270: 11263: 11256: 11249: 11235: 11226: 11217: 11210: 11203: 11196: 11187: 11180: 11173: 11166: 11159: 11152: 11149:Decolonization 11145: 11138: 11130: 11128: 11122: 11121: 11119: 11118: 11111: 11110: 11109: 11095: 11088: 11087: 11086: 11079: 11072: 11058: 11057: 11056: 11049: 11035: 11034: 11033: 11026: 11019: 11012: 11005: 10998: 10983: 10981: 10975: 10974: 10972: 10971: 10964: 10957: 10950: 10943: 10936: 10929: 10922: 10921: 10920: 10913: 10899: 10892: 10885: 10878: 10871: 10864: 10857: 10856: 10855: 10841: 10834: 10833: 10832: 10825: 10822:United Kingdom 10818: 10804: 10797: 10790: 10783: 10776: 10769: 10762: 10761: 10760: 10745: 10743: 10734: 10730: 10729: 10727: 10726: 10719: 10712: 10711: 10710: 10703: 10696: 10684: 10683: 10682: 10668: 10660: 10657: 10656: 10649: 10648: 10641: 10634: 10626: 10620: 10619: 10614: 10608: 10598: 10592: 10589:Военный альбом 10584: 10583:External links 10581: 10580: 10579: 10554: 10544: 10538: 10530:The Winter War 10525: 10519: 10496: 10481: 10468: 10448: 10440:978-0700619108 10439: 10426: 10421:978-1612004297 10420: 10405: 10387:(3): 825–852. 10376: 10362: 10349: 10336:978-1472806314 10335: 10322: 10317:978-9197589529 10316: 10303: 10297: 10284: 10269: 10249: 10234: 10229:978-1472813244 10228: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10207: 10197: 10191: 10178: 10169: 10160: 10151: 10117: 10108: 10099: 10086: 10080: 10063: 10029: 10011: 9992: 9986: 9969: 9963: 9946: 9937: 9923:(in Russian). 9908: 9899: 9890: 9874: 9844: 9838: 9826:Manninen, Ohto 9822: 9813: 9804: 9798: 9782:Manninen, Ohto 9778: 9769: 9760: 9750: 9744: 9727: 9718: 9709: 9703: 9686: 9677: 9671: 9654: 9636: 9617: 9595:(126): 21–24. 9578: 9566: 9560: 9540: 9524: 9508: 9483: 9477: 9460: 9451: 9442: 9433: 9427: 9410: 9397: 9392:978-9185276806 9391: 9378: 9372: 9355: 9349: 9336: 9330: 9313: 9304: 9286:(in Russian). 9275: 9257: 9238: 9224:(in Russian). 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9204: 9198: 9185: 9161: 9137: 9124:978-1509508020 9123: 9108: 9102: 9089: 9083: 9067: 9061: 9048: 9030: 9012: 9007:978-1591139102 9006: 9000:. BookLocker. 8993: 8984: 8972:978-1107055711 8971: 8956: 8951:978-1903111642 8950: 8937: 8931: 8918: 8901:978-0691140605 8900: 8885: 8879: 8866: 8840: 8825: 8820:978-1612000374 8819: 8806: 8800: 8787: 8775: 8755: 8742: 8724: 8706: 8697: 8688: 8682: 8669: 8660: 8640: 8634: 8621: 8601: 8595: 8582: 8576: 8560: 8547:978-9401179645 8546: 8533: 8519: 8504: 8498: 8485: 8481:Finland Fights 8476: 8470: 8457: 8441: 8435: 8423:Coox, Alvin D. 8419: 8413: 8397: 8384: 8378: 8365: 8359: 8353:. Frank Cass. 8346: 8340: 8324: 8308:Helsinki Times 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8285: 8281:Edwards (2006) 8273: 8261: 8257:Edwards (2006) 8249: 8237: 8233:Trotter (2002) 8225: 8213: 8201: 8189: 8185:Trotter (2002) 8177: 8165: 8153: 8149:Jokipii (1999) 8141: 8129: 8118: 8106: 8094: 8082: 8070: 8058: 8046: 8042:Edwards (2006) 8034: 8030:Trotter (2002) 8022: 8018:Trotter (2002) 8010: 8006:Trotter (2002) 7998: 7994:Edwards (2006) 7983: 7979:Trotter (2002) 7968: 7964:Edwards (2006) 7953: 7949:Edwards (2006) 7941: 7937:Trotter (2002) 7926: 7890: 7878: 7866: 7851: 7847:Trotter (2002) 7839: 7827: 7815: 7800: 7786: 7774: 7770:Gadolin (1952) 7762: 7750: 7739: 7707: 7703:Trotter (2002) 7695: 7693:, p. 320. 7691:Fadiman (1985) 7683: 7679:Trotter (2002) 7671: 7659: 7655:Trotter (2002) 7647: 7624:(1): 101–113. 7599: 7595:Edwards (2006) 7587: 7583:Trotter (2002) 7575: 7516: 7504: 7492: 7488:Trotter (2002) 7480: 7468: 7464:Trotter (2002) 7456: 7444: 7432: 7428:Trotter (2002) 7415: 7400: 7396:Trotter (2002) 7388: 7386:, pp. 126, 127 7376: 7364: 7352: 7348:Silvast (1999) 7340: 7328: 7316: 7304: 7292: 7288:Trotter (2002) 7280: 7276:Trotter (2002) 7268: 7256: 7244: 7240:Trotter (2002) 7232: 7228:Trotter (2002) 7217: 7204: 7183: 7171: 7167:Trotter (2002) 7159: 7147: 7143:Trotter (2002) 7132: 7115:Pöntinen, P.: 7108: 7096: 7084: 7072: 7060: 7056:Trotter (2002) 7048: 7036: 7024: 7012: 7000: 6988: 6976: 6972:Trotter (2002) 6964: 6945: 6933: 6921: 6909: 6897: 6885: 6881:Trotter (2002) 6873: 6861: 6849: 6837: 6833:Trotter (2002) 6822: 6818:Trotter (2002) 6810: 6806:Trotter (2002) 6798: 6783: 6779:Trotter (2002) 6768: 6756: 6744: 6714: 6710:Trotter (2002) 6702: 6698:Trotter (2002) 6690: 6686:Trotter (2002) 6678: 6674:Trotter (2002) 6666: 6662:Trotter (2002) 6654: 6650:Trotter (2002) 6642: 6630: 6618: 6614:Trotter (2002) 6606: 6604:, pp. 506, 540 6594: 6590:Trotter (2002) 6579: 6575:Trotter (2002) 6564: 6552: 6541: 6529: 6525:Trotter (2002) 6517: 6505: 6501:Trotter (2002) 6490: 6479: 6476:Trotter (2002) 6468: 6456: 6435: 6431:Trotter (2002) 6420: 6416:Trotter (2002) 6405: 6393: 6381: 6377:Edwards (2006) 6369: 6365:Edwards (2006) 6357: 6353:Trotter (2002) 6345: 6333: 6329:Goldman (2012) 6321: 6306: 6294: 6282: 6278:Edwards (2006) 6270: 6258: 6246: 6242:Bullock (1993) 6234: 6222: 6218:Trotter (2002) 6210: 6208:, pp. 981, 994 6198: 6186: 6184:, pp. 966, 974 6174: 6163: 6151: 6147:Edwards (2006) 6139: 6127: 6115: 6103: 6091: 6080: 6076:Killham (1993) 6068: 6056: 6052:Trotter (2002) 6044: 6032: 6021: 6018:Aptekar (2009) 6010: 5998: 5986: 5979: 5957: 5942: 5938:Edwards (2006) 5930: 5918: 5906: 5894: 5892:, pp. 961, 974 5879: 5867: 5852: 5840: 5828: 5816: 5814:, pp. 963, 971 5804: 5792: 5777: 5766: 5751: 5736: 5724: 5720:Trotter (2002) 5712: 5700: 5685: 5673: 5661: 5642: 5630: 5618: 5606: 5602:Trotter (2002) 5594: 5590:Trotter (2002) 5582: 5570: 5555: 5551:Edwards (2006) 5543: 5531: 5527:Edwards (2006) 5519: 5515:Edwards (2006) 5507: 5490: 5478: 5466: 5462:Edwards (2006) 5454: 5450:Edwards (2006) 5442: 5430: 5418: 5406: 5402:Trotter (2002) 5391: 5379: 5367: 5355: 5328: 5313: 5309:Trotter (2002) 5298: 5296:, pp. 126, 127 5286: 5274: 5257: 5253:Trotter (2002) 5242: 5227: 5212: 5197: 5182: 5165: 5161:Rentola (2003) 5150: 5135: 5124: 5113: 5102: 5087: 5068: 5053: 5038: 5023: 4990: 4986:Sokolov (2000) 4975: 4961: 4944: 4927: 4908: 4893: 4878: 4859: 4855:Trotter (2002) 4844: 4832: 4820: 4808: 4796: 4784: 4773: 4761: 4749: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4692: 4683: 4674: 4657: 4644: 4631: 4615:historiography 4594:Zimnyaya voyna 4582:Зи́мняя война́ 4556: 4538: 4528: 4518: 4497: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4427: 4424:Finland portal 4411: 4408: 4390: 4387: 4373: 4370: 4303: 4300: 4221: 4218: 4196: 4193: 4101:Main article: 4098: 4095: 4059:Boris Bazhanov 4046: 4043: 3986: 3983: 3978:Main article: 3975: 3972: 3919:Main article: 3916: 3913: 3880: 3878:'s coast group 3870: 3862: 3859: 3794: 3791: 3779:trench warfare 3773: 3770: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3676: 3673: 3543: 3542:Naval activity 3540: 3535:Main article: 3532: 3529: 3521:Jorma Sarvanto 3497:reconnaissance 3485:Eric von Rosen 3460: 3457: 3397: 3394: 3389:Main article: 3386: 3385:Aerial warfare 3383: 3351:Kurt Wallenius 3322: 3319: 3274: 3271: 3171:Grigory Shtern 3135: 3132: 3124:Harald Öhquist 3081: 3078: 3017: 3014: 2963:active service 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2867:Ladoga Karelia 2788: 2782: 2766: 2763: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2700: 2681: 2674:Juho Heiskanen 2666: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2560: 2549: 2538: 2496:Central Europe 2464: 2461: 2431:Pavel Rychagov 2388:Andrei Zhdanov 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2369:Stephen Kotkin 2325:Andrei Zhdanov 2291:Vladimir Putin 2286: 2283: 2226:Main article: 2223: 2220: 2203:Supreme Soviet 2018:Main article: 2015: 2012: 1972: 1969: 1907:Maxim Litvinov 1901:was signed by 1872:Lapua Movement 1746:Russian Empire 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1689: 1686: 1671:Main article: 1668: 1665: 1597:Ladoga Karelia 1540: 1539: 1537: 1536: 1529: 1522: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1485: 1484: 1483:Related topics 1480: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1465:Aerial warfare 1462: 1457: 1452: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1427: 1426: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1382: 1381: 1374: 1367: 1359: 1350: 1349: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1328: 1321: 1314: 1307: 1300: 1293: 1286: 1281: 1274: 1269: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1243: 1227: 1226: 1211: 1210: 1203: 1198: 1191: 1184: 1179: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1146: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1098: 1097: 1090: 1083: 1075: 1066: 1065: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1020:Baltic Nations 1011: 1010: 1009: 1008: 998: 993: 992: 991: 981: 976: 971: 966: 965: 964: 948: 947: 942: 937: 936: 935: 930: 925: 917: 912: 907: 902: 901: 900: 895: 879: 878: 873: 872: 871: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 840: 839: 829: 816: 815: 814: 813: 803: 798: 797: 796: 786: 781: 780: 779: 769: 768: 767: 762: 757: 747: 742: 741: 740: 735: 730: 720: 715: 704: 701: 700: 690: 689: 682: 675: 667: 656: 655: 653: 652: 647: 641: 640: 636: 635: 630: 629: 628: 617: 616: 612: 611: 605: 604: 600: 599: 594: 593: 592: 581: 580: 579:Ladoga Karelia 576: 575: 570: 565: 560: 559: 558: 548: 542: 541: 537: 534: 533: 523: 522: 515: 508: 500: 492: 491: 468: 443:43,557 wounded 438: 437: 433: 432: 431:3,880 aircraft 423: 413: 412: 408: 407: 405: 404: 392: 380: 378:Grigori Shtern 368: 356: 344: 330: 316: 301: 299: 297: 296: 284: 272: 270:Erik Heinrichs 260: 258:Harald Öhquist 248: 236: 222: 207: 204: 203: 199: 198: 197: 196: 174: 173: 172: 149: 148: 144: 143: 140: 139: 124:Ladoga Karelia 112: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 89: 87: 83: 82: 77: 69: 68: 54: 53: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17855: 17844: 17841: 17839: 17838:Winter events 17836: 17834: 17831: 17829: 17826: 17824: 17821: 17819: 17816: 17814: 17811: 17809: 17806: 17804: 17801: 17799: 17796: 17794: 17791: 17789: 17786: 17784: 17781: 17779: 17776: 17774: 17771: 17769: 17766: 17764: 17761: 17759: 17756: 17755: 17753: 17738: 17730: 17729: 17726: 17720: 17717: 17713: 17710: 17708: 17705: 17703: 17700: 17698: 17695: 17693: 17692:Semyonovskoye 17690: 17688: 17685: 17683: 17680: 17678: 17675: 17674: 17672: 17670: 17667: 17665: 17662: 17660: 17657: 17655: 17652: 17651: 17649: 17647: 17643: 17634: 17631: 17626: 17623: 17618: 17615: 17610: 17607: 17602: 17599: 17594: 17591: 17586: 17583: 17578: 17575: 17570: 17569:Vasily Stalin 17567: 17564:(second wife) 17562: 17559: 17556:(adopted son) 17554: 17551: 17546: 17543: 17538: 17535: 17530: 17529:Kato Svanidze 17527: 17522: 17519: 17514: 17511: 17510: 17508: 17504: 17498: 17497: 17493: 17492: 17490: 17486: 17480: 17477: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17445: 17442: 17440: 17437: 17435: 17432: 17430: 17427: 17425: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17396: 17394: 17390: 17384: 17381: 17379: 17378: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17366: 17362: 17360: 17359: 17355: 17353: 17352: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17325:Ryutin Affair 17323: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17312: 17310: 17305:Criticism and 17302: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17283: 17281: 17278: 17276: 17273: 17271: 17270: 17266: 17264: 17261: 17259: 17256: 17254: 17251: 17249: 17246: 17245: 17243: 17241: 17237: 17231: 17228: 17225: 17221: 17219: 17218:Order No. 270 17216: 17214: 17213:Order No. 227 17211: 17209: 17208: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17191: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17179: 17175: 17173: 17170: 17168: 17165: 17162: 17158: 17155: 17151: 17148: 17144: 17141: 17137: 17134: 17130: 17129: 17127: 17123: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17111:Doctors' plot 17109: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17069:Nazino affair 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17041: 17040: 17037: 17034: 17033:German–Soviet 17030: 17027: 17025: 17022: 17020: 17017: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17002: 16998: 16995: 16993: 16992:Slavists case 16989: 16986: 16984: 16981: 16979: 16976: 16975: 16973: 16969: 16966: 16964: 16961: 16959: 16958:Moscow Trials 16956: 16952: 16949: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16934: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16917: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16883: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16873: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16855: 16852: 16851: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16812: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16801: 16799: 16793: 16787: 16784: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16721:Korenizatsiya 16719: 16717: 16716:Neo-Stalinism 16714: 16712: 16709: 16708: 16706: 16702: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16670: 16667: 16665: 16662: 16660: 16657: 16655: 16652: 16650: 16647: 16643: 16640: 16639: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16619: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16602:Ili Rebellion 16600: 16598: 16595: 16591: 16588: 16586: 16583: 16581: 16578: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16568: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16554: 16551: 16550: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16540: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16490: 16487: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16477: 16475: 16472: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16459: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16440: 16438: 16434: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16405: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16395: 16393: 16390: 16389: 16387: 16383: 16380: 16374: 16367: 16364: 16361: 16358: 16357: 16354: 16350: 16349:Joseph Stalin 16343: 16338: 16336: 16331: 16329: 16324: 16323: 16320: 16308: 16307: 16303: 16302: 16299: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16287: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16275:Eastern Front 16273: 16271: 16268: 16267: 16265: 16261: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16248: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16231: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16200: 16198: 16194: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16169: 16167: 16163: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16139: 16135: 16132: 16131: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16121: 16119: 16115: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16098: 16094: 16092: 16089: 16088: 16086: 16082: 16078: 16071: 16066: 16064: 16059: 16057: 16052: 16051: 16048: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16017: 16014: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15986: 15985:2022 invasion 15983: 15981: 15980:War in Donbas 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15967: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15957: 15955: 15949: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15860: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15817:Ili Rebellion 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15796: 15793: 15791: 15788: 15784: 15781: 15780: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15757: 15754: 15753: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15738: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15715: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15622: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15594: 15591: 15590: 15589: 15586: 15585: 15584: 15581: 15577: 15574: 15573: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15558: 15556: 15550: 15542: 15539: 15538: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15516: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15498: 15495: 15494: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15457: 15456: 15455:Caucasian War 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15310: 15308: 15302: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15208: 15206: 15200: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15125: 15123: 15119: 15109: 15106: 15102: 15099: 15098: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15043: 15041: 15037: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14997: 14994: 14991: 14987: 14982: 14978: 14974: 14970: 14962: 14957: 14955: 14950: 14948: 14943: 14942: 14939: 14927: 14926: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14899:Civil defence 14897: 14896: 14894: 14890: 14884: 14881: 14878: 14874: 14870: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14847: 14845: 14843: 14839: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14815: 14813: 14809: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14789: 14787: 14783: 14776: 14772: 14768: 14764: 14760: 14756: 14752: 14751: 14746: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14733: 14731: 14727: 14720: 14719:list of ships 14716: 14712: 14709: 14706: 14702: 14699: 14696: 14692: 14689: 14688: 14686: 14682: 14679: 14675: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14650: 14647: 14646: 14644: 14640: 14636: 14629: 14624: 14622: 14617: 14615: 14610: 14609: 14606: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14585: 14580: 14576: 14573: 14569: 14566: 14562: 14561: 14557: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14530: 14527: 14526: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14498: 14497: 14493: 14492: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14447: 14445: 14443: 14439: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14412: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14372: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14360: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14319:Ship-building 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14280: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14268: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14236: 14233: 14232: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14182: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14170: 14160: 14157: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14129: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14116: 14113: 14112: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14067: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14055: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14018: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13985: 13982: 13981: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13961: 13959: 13957: 13953: 13949: 13945: 13938: 13933: 13931: 13926: 13924: 13919: 13918: 13915: 13902: 13898: 13895: 13891: 13888: 13887: 13882: 13875: 13874: 13871: 13858: 13854: 13851: 13847: 13844: 13840: 13839: 13837: 13833: 13828: 13824: 13823: 13821: 13820:Kuril Islands 13817: 13814: 13810: 13805: 13801: 13800: 13798: 13794: 13791: 13787: 13784: 13780: 13777: 13773: 13770: 13766: 13761: 13757: 13756: 13754: 13750: 13747: 13743: 13740: 13736: 13733: 13729: 13726: 13722: 13719: 13715: 13712: 13708: 13705: 13701: 13698: 13694: 13691: 13687: 13684: 13680: 13677: 13673: 13670: 13666: 13663: 13659: 13656: 13652: 13651: 13649: 13647: 13643: 13636: 13632: 13627: 13626: 13621: 13620: 13618: 13614: 13611: 13607: 13602: 13598: 13597: 13595: 13591: 13588: 13587:Syrmian Front 13584: 13581: 13577: 13574: 13570: 13567: 13563: 13560: 13559: 13554: 13551: 13550: 13545: 13542: 13538: 13535: 13534: 13533:Market Garden 13529: 13526: 13522: 13519: 13515: 13512: 13508: 13505: 13504: 13499: 13496: 13492: 13489: 13485: 13482: 13478: 13475: 13471: 13468: 13464: 13461: 13457: 13454: 13453: 13448: 13445: 13441: 13438: 13437: 13432: 13429: 13428: 13423: 13420: 13419: 13414: 13411: 13407: 13404: 13400: 13397: 13393: 13392:Monte Cassino 13389: 13386: 13385: 13380: 13379: 13377: 13375: 13371: 13364: 13360: 13355: 13351: 13348: 13344: 13343: 13341: 13337: 13334: 13330: 13327: 13323: 13320: 13316: 13313: 13309: 13304: 13300: 13299: 13297: 13293: 13290: 13286: 13283: 13282: 13277: 13274: 13270: 13267: 13263: 13260: 13256: 13253: 13249: 13246: 13242: 13239: 13235: 13232: 13228: 13225: 13221: 13220: 13218: 13216: 13212: 13205: 13201: 13198: 13197: 13192: 13189: 13185: 13182: 13178: 13175: 13174: 13169: 13166: 13162: 13159: 13155: 13152: 13148: 13145: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13130: 13127: 13123: 13122: 13120: 13116: 13113: 13109: 13106: 13102: 13099: 13095: 13092: 13088: 13085: 13081: 13078: 13074: 13071: 13067: 13064: 13060: 13057: 13053: 13050: 13046: 13045: 13043: 13041: 13037: 13030: 13026: 13023: 13019: 13016: 13012: 13009: 13005: 13002: 12998: 12995: 12991: 12988: 12984: 12981: 12977: 12974: 12970: 12967: 12963: 12960: 12956: 12953: 12949: 12946: 12942: 12939: 12935: 12932: 12928: 12925: 12921: 12918: 12914: 12911: 12907: 12904: 12900: 12896: 12895: 12890: 12886: 12881: 12877: 12876: 12874: 12870: 12867: 12863: 12860: 12856: 12853: 12849: 12846: 12842: 12837: 12833: 12832: 12830: 12826: 12823: 12819: 12816: 12812: 12809: 12805: 12804: 12802: 12800: 12796: 12789: 12788: 12783: 12780: 12776: 12773: 12769: 12766: 12762: 12759: 12758:Baltic states 12755: 12752: 12748: 12745: 12741: 12738: 12734: 12731: 12727: 12724: 12720: 12717: 12713: 12710: 12706: 12703: 12699: 12696: 12692: 12689: 12685: 12682: 12678: 12675: 12671: 12668: 12664: 12661: 12657: 12656: 12654: 12652: 12648: 12641: 12637: 12634: 12630: 12627: 12623: 12620: 12616: 12613: 12609: 12606: 12602: 12599: 12595: 12594: 12592: 12590: 12586: 12577: 12573: 12570: 12566: 12563: 12559: 12556: 12552: 12549: 12545: 12544: 12542: 12538: 12533: 12529: 12526: 12522: 12521: 12519: 12515: 12510: 12506: 12505: 12503: 12499: 12498: 12496: 12494: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12481: 12470: 12466: 12463: 12459: 12454: 12450: 12447: 12443: 12442: 12438: 12433: 12429: 12428: 12426: 12422: 12419: 12415: 12410: 12406: 12403: 12402:United States 12399: 12394: 12390: 12389: 12387: 12383: 12382: 12378: 12375: 12371: 12370: 12368: 12366: 12362: 12355: 12351: 12346: 12342: 12339: 12338:Quốc dân Đảng 12335: 12334: 12330: 12327: 12323: 12320: 12316: 12313: 12309: 12306: 12302: 12299: 12295: 12292: 12288: 12285: 12281: 12278: 12274: 12271: 12267: 12264: 12260: 12257: 12253: 12250: 12246: 12243: 12239: 12236: 12232: 12227: 12223: 12220: 12216: 12215: 12213: 12209: 12206: 12202: 12199: 12195: 12192: 12188: 12185: 12181: 12178: 12174: 12171: 12167: 12164: 12160: 12157: 12153: 12150: 12146: 12143: 12139: 12136: 12132: 12129: 12125: 12122: 12118: 12115: 12111: 12108: 12104: 12101: 12097: 12096: 12094: 12092: 12088: 12081: 12077: 12074: 12070: 12067: 12063: 12060: 12056: 12053: 12049: 12046: 12042: 12039: 12038:Liechtenstein 12035: 12032: 12028: 12025: 12021: 12018: 12014: 12011: 12007: 12006: 12004: 12002: 11998: 11991: 11987: 11984: 11980: 11977: 11973: 11969: 11965: 11962: 11958: 11955: 11951: 11948: 11944: 11939: 11935: 11934: 11931: 11927: 11924: 11920: 11917: 11913: 11910: 11906: 11903: 11899: 11896: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11881: 11877: 11874: 11870: 11866: 11862: 11859: 11855: 11854: 11852: 11850: 11846: 11839: 11835: 11830: 11826: 11825: 11823: 11822:United States 11819: 11814: 11810: 11809: 11807: 11803: 11800: 11796: 11793: 11789: 11786: 11782: 11779: 11775: 11772: 11768: 11764: 11760: 11756: 11753: 11749: 11746: 11742: 11739: 11735: 11732: 11728: 11725: 11721: 11718: 11714: 11711: 11707: 11704: 11700: 11696: 11692: 11688: 11685: 11681: 11678: 11674: 11671: 11667: 11664: 11660: 11656: 11652: 11648: 11644: 11640: 11637: 11633: 11630: 11626: 11623: 11619: 11616: 11612: 11609: 11605: 11602: 11598: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11583: 11579: 11576: 11572: 11569: 11565: 11562: 11558: 11557: 11555: 11553: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11540: 11527: 11523: 11520: 11516: 11513: 11512:Comfort women 11509: 11506: 11502: 11499: 11496: / 11495: 11491: 11488: 11485: / 11484: 11481: / 11480: 11476: 11473: 11472:Camp brothels 11469: 11466: 11462: 11461: 11457: 11454: 11450: 11445: 11441: 11438: 11434: 11433: 11431: 11427: 11422: 11418: 11415: 11411: 11408: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11397: 11394: 11390: 11385: 11381: 11376: 11372: 11369: 11365: 11364: 11362: 11361:The Holocaust 11358: 11355: 11351: 11348: 11347:forced labour 11344: 11343: 11341: 11337: 11332: 11328: 11325: 11321: 11318: 11314: 11313: 11311: 11307: 11306: 11304: 11302: 11298: 11291: 11287: 11284: 11280: 11277: 11273: 11268: 11264: 11261: 11257: 11254: 11250: 11247: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11236: 11233: 11232: 11227: 11224: 11223: 11218: 11215: 11211: 11208: 11204: 11201: 11200:Marshall Plan 11197: 11194: 11193: 11188: 11185: 11181: 11178: 11174: 11171: 11167: 11164: 11160: 11157: 11153: 11150: 11146: 11143: 11139: 11136: 11132: 11131: 11129: 11127: 11123: 11116: 11112: 11107: 11103: 11102: 11100: 11096: 11093: 11089: 11084: 11080: 11077: 11073: 11070: 11066: 11065: 11063: 11059: 11054: 11053:Eastern Front 11050: 11047: 11046:Western Front 11043: 11042: 11040: 11036: 11031: 11027: 11024: 11020: 11017: 11013: 11010: 11006: 11003: 10999: 10996: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10985: 10984: 10982: 10980: 10976: 10969: 10965: 10962: 10958: 10955: 10951: 10948: 10944: 10941: 10940:Puppet states 10937: 10934: 10930: 10927: 10923: 10918: 10914: 10911: 10907: 10906: 10904: 10900: 10897: 10893: 10890: 10886: 10883: 10882:Naval history 10879: 10876: 10872: 10869: 10865: 10862: 10858: 10853: 10849: 10848: 10846: 10842: 10839: 10835: 10830: 10829:United States 10826: 10823: 10819: 10816: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10805: 10802: 10798: 10795: 10791: 10788: 10784: 10781: 10777: 10774: 10770: 10767: 10763: 10758: 10754: 10753: 10751: 10747: 10746: 10744: 10742: 10738: 10735: 10731: 10724: 10720: 10717: 10713: 10708: 10704: 10701: 10697: 10694: 10690: 10689: 10685: 10680: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10669: 10666: 10662: 10661: 10658: 10654: 10647: 10642: 10640: 10635: 10633: 10628: 10627: 10624: 10618: 10615: 10612: 10609: 10606: 10602: 10599: 10596: 10593: 10590: 10587: 10586: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10545: 10541: 10535: 10531: 10526: 10522: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10503: 10497: 10494: 10493:1-56512-249-6 10490: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10469: 10465: 10461: 10457: 10453: 10449: 10447: 10442: 10436: 10432: 10427: 10423: 10417: 10413: 10412: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10365: 10359: 10355: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10332: 10328: 10323: 10319: 10313: 10309: 10304: 10300: 10294: 10290: 10285: 10282: 10281:0-8117-2433-6 10278: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10254: 10253:Cox, Geoffrey 10250: 10247: 10246:0-87013-167-2 10243: 10239: 10235: 10231: 10225: 10221: 10216: 10215: 10204:(in Finnish). 10203: 10198: 10194: 10192:5-7838-0583-1 10188: 10184: 10179: 10176:(in Finnish). 10175: 10170: 10167:(in Finnish). 10166: 10161: 10158:(in Finnish). 10157: 10152: 10137: 10129: 10125: 10124: 10118: 10115:(in Finnish). 10114: 10109: 10106:(in Finnish). 10105: 10100: 10096: 10087: 10083: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10064: 10049: 10041: 10037: 10036: 10030: 10018: 10014: 10012:5-17-009849-9 10008: 10004: 10000: 9993: 9989: 9987:951-0-14299-9 9983: 9980:]. WSOY. 9979: 9975: 9970: 9966: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9947: 9944:(in Finnish). 9943: 9938: 9926: 9922: 9921: 9916: 9909: 9906:(in Finnish). 9905: 9900: 9897:(in Finnish). 9896: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9839:952-90-5251-0 9835: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9820:(in Finnish). 9819: 9814: 9811:(in Finnish). 9810: 9805: 9801: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9776:(in Finnish). 9775: 9770: 9767:(in Finnish). 9766: 9761: 9758:(in Finnish). 9757: 9751: 9747: 9745:951-0-28690-7 9741: 9737: 9733: 9728: 9724: 9719: 9716:(in Finnish). 9715: 9710: 9706: 9704:951-20-6911-3 9700: 9696: 9692: 9687: 9684:(in Finnish). 9683: 9678: 9674: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9655: 9643: 9639: 9637:5-9524-2324-8 9633: 9629: 9625: 9618: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9585: 9579: 9576:(in Finnish). 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9484: 9480: 9478:951-98057-0-2 9474: 9470: 9466: 9461: 9458:(in Finnish). 9457: 9452: 9449:(in Finnish). 9448: 9443: 9440:(in Finnish). 9439: 9434: 9430: 9424: 9420: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9398: 9394: 9388: 9384: 9379: 9375: 9373:951-20-7042-1 9369: 9365: 9361: 9356: 9352: 9346: 9342: 9337: 9333: 9327: 9324:]. WSOY. 9323: 9319: 9314: 9311:(in Finnish). 9310: 9305: 9293: 9290:(4): 99–108. 9289: 9285: 9281: 9276: 9264: 9260: 9258:5-87849-171-0 9254: 9250: 9246: 9239: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9214: 9213: 9201: 9195: 9191: 9186: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9135: 9130: 9126: 9120: 9116: 9115: 9109: 9105: 9103:0-7146-4314-9 9099: 9096:. Routledge. 9095: 9090: 9086: 9084:1-85410-881-6 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9062:0-85955-196-2 9058: 9054: 9049: 9037: 9033: 9027: 9023: 9022: 9017: 9016:Tanner, Väinö 9013: 9009: 9003: 8999: 8994: 8990: 8985: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8968: 8964: 8963: 8957: 8953: 8947: 8943: 8938: 8934: 8932:0-08-033592-6 8928: 8924: 8919: 8907: 8903: 8897: 8893: 8892: 8886: 8882: 8876: 8872: 8867: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8837: 8833: 8832: 8826: 8822: 8816: 8812: 8807: 8803: 8801:0-415-22404-7 8797: 8794:. Routledge. 8793: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8743: 8731: 8727: 8725:1-85367-280-7 8721: 8717: 8716: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8698: 8694: 8689: 8685: 8679: 8675: 8670: 8666: 8661: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8631: 8627: 8622: 8611: 8607: 8602: 8598: 8592: 8588: 8583: 8579: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8543: 8539: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8516: 8512: 8511: 8505: 8501: 8499:0-8133-0149-1 8495: 8491: 8486: 8482: 8477: 8473: 8467: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8452: 8446: 8445:Dallin, David 8442: 8438: 8436:0-8047-1160-7 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8385: 8381: 8375: 8371: 8366: 8362: 8356: 8352: 8347: 8343: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8328:Bullock, Alan 8325: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8300: 8299: 8282: 8277: 8270: 8269:Sedlar (2007) 8265: 8259:, pp. 277–279 8258: 8253: 8246: 8241: 8234: 8229: 8222: 8217: 8210: 8205: 8199:, pp. 893–896 8198: 8193: 8186: 8181: 8174: 8169: 8162: 8157: 8151:, pp. 145–146 8150: 8145: 8138: 8133: 8127: 8122: 8115: 8114:Reiter (2009) 8110: 8103: 8098: 8091: 8090:Dallin (1942) 8086: 8079: 8078:Halsti (1955) 8074: 8067: 8062: 8055: 8050: 8044:, pp. 272–273 8043: 8038: 8031: 8026: 8020:, pp. 238–239 8019: 8014: 8008:, pp. 237–238 8007: 8002: 7995: 7990: 7988: 7980: 7975: 7973: 7965: 7960: 7958: 7950: 7945: 7939:, pp. 235–236 7938: 7933: 7931: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7887: 7882: 7875: 7870: 7863: 7858: 7856: 7849:, pp. 194–202 7848: 7843: 7836: 7831: 7825:, pp. 189–190 7824: 7819: 7812: 7807: 7805: 7798: 7793: 7791: 7784:, pp. 142–143 7783: 7778: 7771: 7766: 7759: 7754: 7748: 7743: 7727: 7723: 7722: 7717: 7711: 7704: 7699: 7692: 7687: 7681:, pp. 249–251 7680: 7675: 7669:, pp. 260–295 7668: 7663: 7657:, pp. 247–248 7656: 7651: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7596: 7591: 7585:, pp. 246–247 7584: 7579: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7520: 7513: 7508: 7501: 7496: 7489: 7484: 7477: 7472: 7465: 7460: 7453: 7448: 7442:, pp. 426–427 7441: 7436: 7430:, pp. 214–215 7429: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7413:, pp. 424–425 7412: 7407: 7405: 7398:, pp. 203–204 7397: 7392: 7385: 7384:Reiter (2009) 7380: 7373: 7372:Reiter (2009) 7368: 7362:, pp. 152–153 7361: 7356: 7350:, pp. 694–696 7349: 7344: 7337: 7332: 7325: 7320: 7313: 7308: 7301: 7296: 7290:, pp. 191–192 7289: 7284: 7277: 7272: 7266:, pp. 607–608 7265: 7260: 7253: 7248: 7242:, pp. 187–188 7241: 7236: 7229: 7224: 7222: 7214: 7208: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7187: 7181:, pp. 545–549 7180: 7175: 7169:, pp. 178–180 7168: 7163: 7156: 7151: 7145:, pp. 171–174 7144: 7139: 7137: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7112: 7106:, pp. 217–218 7105: 7100: 7093: 7088: 7081: 7076: 7069: 7064: 7057: 7052: 7045: 7040: 7034:, pp. 559–561 7033: 7028: 7022:, pp. 516–517 7021: 7016: 7009: 7004: 6997: 6992: 6986:, pp. 510–511 6985: 6980: 6973: 6968: 6961: 6957: 6954: 6949: 6942: 6937: 6930: 6925: 6918: 6913: 6907:, pp. 504–505 6906: 6901: 6894: 6889: 6882: 6877: 6871:, pp. 411–412 6870: 6865: 6858: 6853: 6847:, pp. 494–495 6846: 6841: 6834: 6829: 6827: 6820:, pp. 148–149 6819: 6814: 6808:, pp. 131–132 6807: 6802: 6796:, pp. 297–298 6795: 6790: 6788: 6781:, pp. 145–146 6780: 6775: 6773: 6766:, pp. 289–290 6765: 6760: 6753: 6748: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6711: 6706: 6699: 6694: 6687: 6682: 6675: 6670: 6663: 6658: 6651: 6646: 6639: 6634: 6627: 6622: 6615: 6610: 6603: 6598: 6591: 6586: 6584: 6576: 6571: 6569: 6561: 6556: 6550: 6545: 6538: 6533: 6526: 6521: 6514: 6509: 6502: 6497: 6495: 6488: 6483: 6477: 6472: 6465: 6460: 6453: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6432: 6427: 6425: 6417: 6412: 6410: 6402: 6401:Kotkin (2017) 6397: 6390: 6385: 6378: 6373: 6366: 6361: 6354: 6349: 6342: 6337: 6330: 6325: 6318: 6313: 6311: 6304:, pp. 994–995 6303: 6298: 6291: 6286: 6279: 6274: 6267: 6262: 6255: 6250: 6243: 6238: 6231: 6226: 6219: 6214: 6207: 6206:Kotkin (2017) 6202: 6196:, pp. 974-975 6195: 6194:Kotkin (2017) 6190: 6183: 6182:Kotkin (2017) 6178: 6172: 6167: 6160: 6155: 6148: 6143: 6136: 6131: 6124: 6119: 6112: 6111:Sander (2013) 6107: 6100: 6095: 6089: 6088:Coates (1940) 6084: 6077: 6072: 6065: 6060: 6053: 6048: 6041: 6040:Tanner (1950) 6036: 6030: 6025: 6019: 6014: 6007: 6006:Kilin (2007a) 6002: 5995: 5994:Tanner (1950) 5990: 5982: 5980:951-710-050-7 5976: 5972: 5968: 5961: 5954: 5949: 5947: 5939: 5934: 5927: 5926:Murphy (2021) 5922: 5915: 5910: 5903: 5902:Kotkin (2017) 5898: 5891: 5890:Kotkin (2017) 5886: 5884: 5876: 5875:Kotkin (2017) 5871: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5848:Kotkin (2017) 5844: 5837: 5836:Kotkin (2017) 5832: 5825: 5824:Kotkin (2017) 5820: 5813: 5812:Kotkin (2017) 5808: 5801: 5800:Kotkin (2017) 5796: 5789: 5788:Kotkin (2017) 5784: 5782: 5775: 5774:Tanner (1950) 5770: 5763: 5758: 5756: 5748: 5747:Kotkin (2017) 5743: 5741: 5733: 5732:Kotkin (2017) 5728: 5721: 5716: 5709: 5708:Kotkin (2017) 5704: 5697: 5696:Kotkin (2017) 5692: 5690: 5683:, pp. 141–148 5682: 5677: 5670: 5665: 5658: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5639: 5634: 5627: 5622: 5615: 5610: 5603: 5598: 5591: 5586: 5579: 5574: 5567: 5566:Murphy (2021) 5562: 5560: 5552: 5547: 5540: 5535: 5528: 5523: 5516: 5511: 5504: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5488:, pp. 452–454 5487: 5486:Engman (2007) 5482: 5475: 5470: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5446: 5439: 5434: 5427: 5422: 5415: 5410: 5403: 5398: 5396: 5388: 5383: 5376: 5371: 5364: 5359: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5324: 5317: 5311:, pp. 234–235 5310: 5305: 5303: 5295: 5294:Reiter (2009) 5290: 5283: 5282:Kotkin (2017) 5278: 5271: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5254: 5249: 5247: 5239: 5234: 5232: 5224: 5223:Reiter (2009) 5219: 5217: 5209: 5204: 5202: 5194: 5189: 5187: 5179: 5178:Ravasz (2003) 5174: 5172: 5170: 5162: 5157: 5155: 5147: 5142: 5140: 5133: 5128: 5122: 5117: 5111: 5106: 5099: 5094: 5092: 5085:, pp. 810–811 5084: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5065: 5060: 5058: 5050: 5045: 5043: 5035: 5030: 5028: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4987: 4982: 4980: 4973: 4972:Petrov (2013) 4968: 4966: 4958: 4957:Kilin (2007b) 4953: 4951: 4949: 4941: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4924: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4905: 4900: 4898: 4890: 4885: 4883: 4875: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4856: 4851: 4849: 4841: 4836: 4829: 4824: 4817: 4812: 4805: 4800: 4793: 4788: 4782: 4777: 4770: 4765: 4758: 4753: 4747:, pp. 299–300 4746: 4741: 4737: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4687: 4678: 4671: 4670:Grigory Kulik 4667: 4661: 4654: 4648: 4641: 4635: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4608: 4600: 4595: 4589: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4532: 4522: 4515: 4514:Vickers 6-Ton 4511: 4507: 4501: 4494: 4488: 4484: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4428: 4425: 4414: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4369: 4367: 4366:Ohto Manninen 4361: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4319: 4317: 4308: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4268: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4244: 4243:Interim Peace 4240: 4231: 4226: 4216: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4164: 4161: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4131: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3991: 3981: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3927: 3922: 3912: 3909: 3908:Kyösti Kallio 3905: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3877: 3867: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3850:Gustav V 3846: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3820: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3780: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3737: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3705: 3700: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3672: 3670: 3667:into Finnish 3666: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3580:heavy cruiser 3577: 3573: 3572:landing craft 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3538: 3531:Naval warfare 3528: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 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2842:Taipale river 2839: 2834: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2689:border guards 2686: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655:Hugo Österman 2652: 2648: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2607:unpaved roads 2599: 2594: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2460: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2447:Georgy Zhukov 2444: 2443:Grigory Kulik 2440: 2439:Dmitry Pavlov 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2373: 2370: 2365: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2350:regime change 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2292: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2229: 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1649:Interim Peace 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1628: 1626: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1470:Naval warfare 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1406:Interim Peace 1404: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1390: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1192: 1190: 1189: 1185: 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Retrieved 10562: 10547: 10529: 10501: 10484: 10477:The Atlantic 10476: 10455: 10430: 10414:. Casemate. 10410: 10384: 10380: 10353: 10326: 10307: 10288: 10272: 10256: 10237: 10219: 10201: 10182: 10173: 10164: 10155: 10143:. Retrieved 10127: 10122: 10112: 10103: 10094: 10071: 10067: 10055:. Retrieved 10048:the original 10039: 10034: 10021:. Retrieved 10002: 9977: 9973: 9954: 9950: 9941: 9929:. Retrieved 9918: 9903: 9894: 9885: 9881: 9866:. Retrieved 9857: 9829: 9817: 9808: 9789: 9785: 9773: 9764: 9755: 9735: 9731: 9722: 9713: 9694: 9690: 9681: 9662: 9658: 9646:. Retrieved 9627: 9609:. Retrieved 9592: 9588: 9573: 9551: 9547: 9535: 9531: 9519: 9515: 9502:15 September 9500:. Retrieved 9491: 9468: 9464: 9455: 9446: 9437: 9418: 9405: 9401: 9382: 9363: 9359: 9340: 9321: 9317: 9308: 9296:. Retrieved 9287: 9283: 9267:. Retrieved 9263:the original 9248: 9230:. Retrieved 9221: 9189: 9177:. Retrieved 9153:. Retrieved 9132: 9113: 9093: 9074: 9052: 9040:. 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The names 4577:Vinterkriget 4559: 4541: 4531: 4521: 4500: 4493:White Guards 4487: 4400:Paul Reynaud 4392: 4375: 4362: 4351: 4347:Pavel Petrov 4330: 4322: 4320: 4315: 4313: 4302:Soviet Union 4284:East Karelia 4272: 4267:Adolf Hitler 4263: 4247: 4235: 4232:19 May 1940. 4173: 4165: 4157: 4141: 4126: 4079: 4063: 4054: 4048: 4000: 3996: 3948: 3932: 3888: 3847: 3842:Leon Trotsky 3833: 3823: 3815: 3796: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3758: 3749: 3745: 3708: 3703: 3697: 3686: 3678: 3662: 3648: 3637: 3631: 3623:minesweepers 3607:Finnish Navy 3604: 3582:, almost 20 3568:Baltic Fleet 3556:ice breakers 3545: 3505: 3490: 3449: 3443: 3399: 3374: 3355: 3336: 3309: 3299: 3287: 3263:at Ilomantsi 3256: 3252:Matti Aarnio 3247: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3223: 3187: 3148: 3127: 3117: 3109: 3098: 3087:Maginot Line 3083: 3070: 3064: 3041: 3038:is pictured. 2999: 2979:ski troopers 2959: 2905:attacked at 2897:attacked at 2891: 2835: 2828: 2813:bogie wheels 2796: 2748: 2712: 2697:Wiljo Tuompo 2695:units under 2691:and drafted 2644: 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2256:journalists 2243:casus belli 2180:Eljas Erkko 1999:Great Purge 1960:Pork Mutiny 1950:, with its 1936:White Guard 1783:World War I 1750:Finnish War 1637:sovereignty 1633:Lake Ladoga 1421:Lapland War 1331:Attacks on 1201:Lapland War 984:Air Warfare 898:East Africa 621:Suomussalmi 474:frostbitten 452:62 aircraft 109:Territorial 17758:Winter War 17752:Categories 17707:Lake Ritsa 17687:Uspenskoye 17604:(grandson) 17588:(grandson) 17580:(daughter) 17335:Trotskyism 17307:opposition 16983:Lysenkoism 16669:Korean War 16548:Winter War 16436:Chronology 16427:Death toll 16392:Early life 16292:Baltic Way 16241:Basis Nord 16218:Winter War 16151:Axis talks 15877:Ogaden War 15827:Korean War 15746:Winter War 15615:Heimosodat 15202:Tsardom of 14869:Winter War 14767:C5 Systems 14755:Operations 14642:Leadership 14490:Literature 14405:Healthcare 14242:Parliament 14205:Government 14021:Winter War 13974:Cudgel War 13964:Prehistory 13725:West Hunan 13558:Pointblank 12894:Silver Fox 12880:Summer War 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Osprey. 8850:1261364794 8736:12 October 8654:18 October 8628:. Osprey. 8556:9401179646 8391:. 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