1465:
514:
501:
535:
3725:
661:
3858:
605:
1032:, where the deputy commander, the chief of staff and other officers allegedly extorted 3 million roubles of premium pay from other officers since the beginning of 2010. The Tambov military garrison prosecutor confirmed that charges have been lodged against those involved. The affair came to light after a junior officer wrote about the extortion in his personal blog. Sergey Fridinskiy, the Main Military Prosecutor acknowledged that extortion in the distribution of supplementary pay in army units is common, and that "criminal cases on the facts of extortion are being investigated in practically every district and fleet."
702:
3495:
3152:
640:
722:
712:
682:
365:
329:
692:
570:
615:
58:
353:
560:
1978:
341:
2466:
580:
3191:
2452:
2857:
2680:
2393:
1434:
1337:
3268:
3254:
3233:
3212:
3261:
3205:
3219:
3198:
1420:, the U.S. Defence Attache told Hertling that the Ground Forces "while still substantive in quantity, continued to decline in capability and quality. My subsequent visits to the schools and units Streitsov chose reinforced these conclusions. The classroom discussions were sophomoric, and the units in training were going through the motions of their scripts with no true training value or combined arms interaction—infantry, armor, artillery, air, and resupply all trained separately."
3247:
3226:
3240:
1172:
demonstrations, with little opportunity for maneuver or imagination. The military college classroom where a group of middle- and senior-ranking officers conducted a regimental map exercise was rudimentary, with young soldiers manning radio-telephones relaying orders to imaginary units in some imaginary field location. On the motor pool visit, I was able to crawl into a T-80 tank—it was cramped, dirty, and in poor repair—and even fire a few rounds in a very primitive simulator.
3541:
3534:
1286:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
2554:, there were 90,000 women in the Russian Army in 2002, though estimates on numbers of women across the entire Russian Armed Forces in 2000 ranged from 115,000 to 160,000. Women serve in support roles, most commonly in the fields of nursing, communications, and engineering. Some officers' wives have become contract service personnel. By 2013, there were 29,000 women serving in the Armed Forces, none above the rank of colonel. 3.5% served in command posts. A 2016
2440:
2424:
1603:, according to the Ukrainian Ministry of Defence. This "suggests that the generals need to be at the front lines to ensure that their troops are conducting the battle plan in the way that they want. But that also suggests a lack of confidence in their troops if they need to be that far forward with that many senior folks." Ukraine further claims that some 317 officers have been killed, a third of whom are senior command staff. In a tweet the
1718:
3949:- after Russian invasion of Ukraine - "..During her months as a medic in Ukraine , Margarita said, she experienced severe sexual harassment herself and witnessed harassment, assault, and other crimes against women serving with her. She was also told of incidents in which officers threatened and abused soldiers who were reluctant to go into combat and encountered soldiers who had mutilated themselves in an effort to be sent back home." -
2663:
973:
The author identified four major types among the raft of criminality prevalent within the forces—weapons trafficking and the arms trade; business and commercial ventures; military crime beyond Russia's borders; and contract murder. Weapons disappearances began during the dissolution of the Union and has continued. Within units "rations are sold while soldiers grow hungry ... fuel, spare parts, and equipment can be bought." Meanwhile,
3928:
1277:, Sergeyev directed the disbanding of the Ground Forces headquarters itself in December 1997. The disbandment was a "military nonsense", in Orr's words, "justifiable only in terms of internal politics within the Ministry of Defence". The Ground Forces' prestige declined as a result, as the headquarters disbandment implied—at least in theory—that the Ground Forces no longer ranked equally with the Air Force and Navy.
8414:
1072:, barricaded themselves inside the parliament building. While giving public support to the President, the Armed Forces, led by General Grachev, tried to remain neutral, following the wishes of the officer corps. The military leadership were unsure of both the rightness of Yeltsin's cause and the reliability of their forces, and had to be convinced at length by Yeltsin to attack the parliament.
1269:
larger number of army divisions were given "constant readiness" status, which was supposed to bring them up to 80 percent manning and 100 percent equipment holdings. Sergeyev announced in August 1998 that there would be six divisions and four brigades on 24-hour alert by the end of that year. Three levels of forces were announced; constant readiness, low-level, and strategic reserves.
1297:, more funds were committed, the Ground Forces Headquarters was reestablished, and some progress on professionalisation occurred. Plans called for reducing mandatory service to 18 months in 2007, and to one year by 2008, but a mixed Ground Force, of both contract soldiers and conscripts, would remain. (As of 2009, the length of conscript service was 12 months.)
921:, the first Russian Minister of Defence (1992–96), broadly advertised reforms, yet wished to preserve the old Soviet-style Army, with large numbers of low-strength formations and continued mass conscription. The General Staff and the armed services tried to preserve Soviet-era doctrines, deployments, weapons, and missions in the absence of solid new guidance.
1313:
military liability and "Russia's most urgent social problem" for some time to come. Goltz summed up by saying: "All of this means that the
Russian armed forces are not ready to defend the country and that, at the same time, they are also dangerous for Russia. Top military personnel demonstrate neither the will nor the ability to effect fundamental changes."
1047:'s office revealed that corruption in the same year had grown 5.5 times as compared to the previous year, costing the Russian government 4.4 billion rubles (US$ 130 million). It was also revealed that total number of registered crimes in the Russian armed forces had declined in the same period, although one in five crimes registered were corruption-related.
1102:. The continuation of Chechen independence was seen as reducing Moscow's authority; Chechnya became perceived as a haven for criminals, and a hard-line group within the Kremlin began advocating war. A Security Council meeting was held 29 November 1994, where Yeltsin ordered the Chechens to disarm, or else Moscow would restore order. Defence Minister
901:, from that point, became a bastion of conservatism, causing a build-up of troubles that later became critical. The reform plan advocated a change from an Army-Division-Regiment structure to a Corps-Brigade arrangement. The new structures were to be more capable in a situation with no front line, and more capable of independent action at all levels.
1555:, supported by additional S-400 systems, a squadron of Su-25 and a squadron of Su-35; additional S-400 systems and four Su-30 fighters were deployed to the country for joint use with Belarus. Russia also had the 20th and 8th CAAs and the 22nd AC regularly deployed near the Ukrainian border, while elements of 41st CAA were deployed to
1025:", according to the Prosecutor General. Fridinsky also lambasted the military investigations department for their alleged lack of efficiency in investigative matters, with only one in six criminal cases being revealed. Military commanders were also accused of concealing crimes committed against servicemen from military officials.
2711:
to most of the formations with modern equipment, whereas Russia was left with lower-category units, usually with older equipment. As financial stringency began to bite harder, the amount of new equipment fell as well, and by 1998, only ten tanks and about 30 BMP infantry fighting vehicles were being purchased each year.
1014:
However, British military analysts comment that "there should be little doubt that the overall impact of theft and fraud is much greater than that which is actually detected". Chief
Military Prosecutor Sergey Fridinskiy said in March 2007 that there was "no systematic work in the Armed Forces to prevent embezzlement".
1393:) that was used until then was replaced with a 3-chain structure: strategic command – operational command – brigade. Brigades are supposed to be used as mobile permanent-readiness units capable of fighting independently with the support of highly mobile task forces or together with other brigades under joint command.
1113:, the Chechen capital. The 131st Motor Rifle Brigade was ordered to make a swift push for the centre of the city, but was then virtually destroyed in Chechen ambushes. After finally seizing Grozny amid fierce resistance, Russian troops moved on to other Chechen strongholds. When Chechen militants took hostages in the
1519:. By showing better flexibility on terms and pricing, the awarding of new contracts for the upcoming period was much better. Shoygu promised that future contracts would be awarded primarily to domestic firms. While easing tensions, these concessions also weakened incentives for companies to improve performance.
2895:
in store indicated that there might only be some 6,000 vehicles in store, of which 3,000 might be able to be reactivated. Another more exact analysis the same month estimated that "2,048 tanks are relatively combat-ready (886 of them are being preserved under dry air), 1,304 tanks are in storage, and
2637:
There is no relationship of mutual respect between leaders and led and it is difficult to see how a professional army can be created without one...at the moment officers often despise contract servicemen even more than conscripts. Contract soldiers serving in
Chechnya and other "hot spots" are often
2629:
underlined the in-barracks discipline situation, even after years of attempted professionalisation, when releasing the official injury figures for 2002. 531 men had died on duty as a result of accidents and crimes, and 20,000 had been wounded (the numbers apparently not including suicides). According
2624:
Whatever the number of contract soldiers, commentators such as
Alexander Goltz are pessimistic that many more combat ready units will result, as senior officers "see no difference between professional NCOs, ... versus conscripts who have been drilled in training schools for less than six months. Such
2538:
Young officers in Soviet Army units were worked round the clock, normally receiving only three days off per month. Annual vacations were under threat if deficiencies emerged within the unit, and the pressure created enormous stress. Towards the end of the Soviet Union, this led to a decline in morale
1626:
In
February 2023, launching the 2023 Military Balance, the IISS estimated Ground Forces numbers had climbed to an estimated 550,000, including an estimated 100,000 conscripts and up to 300,000 mobilized personnel. This number should be set against the Central Intelligence Agency's estimate of 300,000
1611:
After 14 months of fighting, Russian forces are estimated to have lost over 2,000 tanks, struggling to replace its tank losses due to sanctions by Europe and the United States. This has caused Russia to compensate by instead of using imported goods, using locally made equipment deemed less efficient,
1300:
Funding increases began in 1999. After some recovery of the economy and the associated rise in income, especially from oil, "..officially reported defence spending in nominal terms at least, for the first time since the formation of the
Russian Federation". The budget rose from 141 billion rubles in
874:
formations, the Ground Forces were, to a large extent, created by relocating the formerly full-strength formations from
Eastern Europe to under-resourced districts. However, the facilities in those districts were inadequate to house the flood of personnel and equipment returning from abroad, and many
2710:
The
Russian Ground Forces retain a very large quantity of vehicles and equipment. There is also likely to be a great deal of older equipment in state military storage, a practice continued from the Soviet Union. However, following the collapse of the USSR, the newly independent republics became host
1598:
was to be reduced by some 35%, purely in ground combat vehicles or systems. The parade on 9 May 2022, according to the official guide, would feature only 25 combat systems and 131 ground combat vehicles, compared to 2021 where it featured 198 vehicles and 35 combat systems. In particular there was a
1268:
arrived as
Minister of Defence in 1997, he initiated what were seen as real reforms under very difficult conditions. The number of military educational establishments, virtually unchanged since 1991, was reduced, and the amalgamation of the Siberian and Trans-Baikal Military Districts was ordered. A
1225:
In the first
Chechen war, the Russians primarily laid waste to an area with artillery and airstrikes before advancing the land forces. Improvements were made in the Ground Forces between 1996 and 1999; when the Second Chechen War started, instead of hastily assembled "composite regiments" dispatched
1009:
Abuse of personnel, sending soldiers to work outside units—a long-standing tradition which could see conscripts doing things ranging from being large scale manpower supply for commercial businesses to being officers' families' servants—is now banned by Sergei Ivanov's Order 428 of October 2005. What
972:
went as far as to say that the Armed Forces were "an institution increasingly defined by the high levels of military criminality and corruption embedded within it at every level." The FMSO noted that crime levels had always grown with social turbulence, such as the trauma Russia was passing through.
916:
Few of the reforms planned in the early 1990s eventuated, for three reasons: Firstly, there was an absence of firm civilian political guidance, with President Yeltsin primarily interested in ensuring that the Armed Forces were controllable and loyal, rather than reformed. Secondly, declining funding
1700:
The Main Command of the Ground Forces consists of the Main Staff of the Ground Troops, and departments for Peacekeeping Forces, Armaments of the Ground Troops, Rear Services of the Ground Troops, Cadres of the Ground Troops (personnel), Indoctrination Work, and Military Education. There were also a
1607:
said that the Russian officer corps was suffering "devastating losses" particularly in the junior to mid officer ranks. United States officials estimated that Russian forces had lost 150,000+ killed and wounded from 24 February 2022 – 21 January 2023. In stark contrast, the Russian Defence Minister
1323:, it is unlikely that bullying will disappear altogether without significant societal change. Other assessments from the same source point out that the Russian Armed Forces faced major disruption in 2008, as demographic change hindered plans to reduce the term of conscription from two years to one.
1312:
However, in 2004, Alexander Goltz said that, given the insistence of the hierarchy on trying to force contract soldiers into the old conscript pattern, there is little hope of a fundamental strengthening of the Ground Forces. He further elaborated that they are expected to remain, to some extent, a
1035:
In August 2012, Prosecutor General Fridinsky again reported a rise in crime, with murders rising more than half, bribery cases doubling, and drug trafficking rising by 25% in the first six months of 2012 as compared to the same period in the previous year. Following the release of these statistics,
1017:
In March 2011, Military Prosecutor General Sergei Fridinsky reported that crimes had been increasing steadily in the Russian ground forces for the past 18 months, with 500 crimes reported in the period of January to March 2011 alone. Twenty servicemen were crippled and two killed in the same period
940:
The new Russian Ground Forces inherited an increasing crime problem from their Soviet predecessors. As draft resistance grew in the last years of the Soviet Union, the authorities tried to compensate by enlisting men with criminal records and who spoke little or no Russian. Crime rates soared, with
2483:
together, which produced a figure of 395,000. This can be compared to an estimated 670,000, with 210,000 conscripts, in 1995–96. These numbers should be treated with caution, however, due to the difficulty for those outside Russia to make accurate assessments, and confusion even within the General
1887:
since 2003. However, it was planned that by 2015, Army Aviation will have been transferred back to the Ground Forces and 18 new aviation brigades will have been added. Of the around 1,000 new helicopters that have been ordered under the State Armament Programmes, 900 will be for the Army Aviation.
2558:
article stated: 'At the end of the 2000s, over 90,000 women were serving in the Russian Armed Forces', but that number fell to 'about 45,000' in 2011. TASS explained this drop as follows: 'After the military authorities increased their requirements for female applicants and in connection with the
2491:
were traditionally manned through terms of conscription, which had been reduced in 1967 from three to two years and in 2008 to a full year, following which those who have served their mandatory service may sign contracts to become professional servicemen. This system was administered through the
1159:
and Aleksei Malashenko described the Russian military's performance in Chechniya as "grossly deficient at all levels, from commander-in-chief to the drafted private." The Ground Forces' performance in the First Chechen War has been assessed by a British academic as "appallingly bad". Writing six
2818:
According to the Russian Ministry of Defense, the Russian Ground Forces received in 2023 several hundreds of thousands of small arms, new and repaired weapon systems, military vehicles and equipment, artillery systems, air defense systems, and also over a million individual armor protection and
2534:
The Soviet Army's officer-to-soldier ratio was extremely top-heavy, partially in order to compensate for the relatively low education level of the military manpower base and the absence of professional NCOs. Following World War II and the great expansion of officer education, officers
2511:
worked to quotas sent out by a department of the General Staff, listing how many young men were required by each service and branch of the Armed Forces. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, draft evasion has skyrocketed - officials regularly bemoan the ten or so percent that actually appear when
1316:
More money is arriving both for personnel and equipment; Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin stated in June 2008 that monetary allowances for servicemen in permanent-readiness units will be raised significantly. In May 2007, it was announced that enlisted pay would rise to 65,000 roubles (US$
2792:
Over eight years, more than 2,500 units of armored weapons have been delivered to tank formations and military units of the Ground Forces, including more than 1,000 upgraded tanks T-72B3, T-72B3M, T-80BVM and T-90M. The motorized rifle troops received more than 1,500 units of infantry fighting
2604:
that 30 percent of Russian army personnel were contract servicemen at the end of 2005, and that, as of May 2006, 178,000 contract servicemen were serving in the Ground Forces and the Navy. Planning calls for volunteer servicemen to compose 70 percent of armed forces by 2010, with the remaining
1764:
The Motorised Rifle Troops, the most numerous branch of service, constitutes the nucleus of Ground Forces' battle formations. They are equipped with powerful armament for destruction of ground-based and aerial targets, missile complexes, tanks, artillery and mortars, anti-tank guided missiles,
1013:
The spectrum of dishonest activity has included, in the past, exporting aircraft as scrap metal; but the point at which officers are prosecuted has shifted, and investigations over trading in travel warrants and junior officers' routine thieving of soldiers' meals are beginning to be reported.
904:
Cutting out a level of command, omitting two out of three higher echelons between the theatre headquarters and the fighting battalions, would produce economies, increase flexibility, and simplify command-and-control arrangements. The expected changeover to the new structure proved to be rare,
1840:
in the Siberian Military District and the 21st Tank Division in the Far Eastern MD were disbanded in the early 2000s, although the first one is still represented in the ground forces though the 5th Separate Guards "Tatsinkaya" Tank Brigade. Like motor rifle divisions, all tank divisions were
1171:
The Russian barracks were spartan, with twenty beds lined up in a large room similar to what the U.S. Army had during World War II. The food in their mess halls was terrible. The Russian "training and exercises" we observed were not opportunities to improve capabilities or skills, but rote
2542:
In the early 2000s, many junior officers did not wish to serve—in 2002, more than half the officers who left the forces did so early. Their morale was low, among other reasons because their postings were entirely in the hands of their immediate superiors and the personnel department."
1000:
Reports such as these continued. Some of the more egregious examples have included a constant-readiness motor rifle regiment's tanks running out of fuel on the firing ranges, due to the diversion of their fuel supplies to local businesses. Visiting the 20th Army in April 2002,
941:
the military procurator in Moscow in September 1990 reporting a 40-percent increase in crime over the previous six months, including a 41-percent rise in serious bodily injuries. Disappearances of weapons rose to rampant levels, especially in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus.
2887:
The IISS writes that its "in store" numbers indicate equipment "..held away from front-line units; readiness and training varies." Russia has 10 Central Tank Reserve Bases, at least 37 mixed equipment- and armaments-storage bases, and at least 12 artillery-storage bases.
1400:
Vladimir Boldyrev said that half of the Russian land forces were reformed by 1 June and that 85 brigades of constant combat preparedness had already been created. Among them are the combined-arms brigade, missile brigades, assault brigades and electronic warfare brigades.
1578:
During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian tank losses were reported as a consequence of the Ukrainian use of sophisticated anti-tank weapons and a lack of air support. The Russian army has been described by Phillips O'Brien, a professor of strategic studies at
1010:
is more, the order is being enforced, with several prosecutions recorded. President Putin also demanded a halt to dishonest use of military property in November 2005: "We must completely eliminate the use of the Armed Forces' material base for any commercial objectives."
1226:
with little or no training, whose members had never seen service together, formations were brought up to strength with replacements, put through preparatory training, and then dispatched. Combat performance improved accordingly, and large-scale opposition was crippled.
2796:
The missile forces and artillery of the Ground Forces from 2012 to 2020 received over 1,500 units of military equipment - operational-tactical missile systems "Iskander-M", multiple launch rocket systems of the "Tornado" family, self-propelled howitzers "Msta-SM".
3069:
reported that after two and a half years of invasion the Russian Army has "doubled" the number of its tanks - from 1,700 to 3,500 - and tripled the quantity of its artillery systems while the number of its armored personnel carriers has grown from 4,500 to 8,900.
1849:
being created from pre-existing brigades in 2016 and 2022, respectively. The 10th Guards Tank Division is still represented in the ground forces though the 1st Separate Uralsko-Lvovskaya Tank Brigade. As of 2022, there were 3 tank divisions and 2 tank brigades.
1599:
shortage of display ready T-80 tanks and Russia used older equipment to make up numbers. An example is usage of tank transporters in lieu of actual tanks. In 2023 the trend accelerated; only a single World War II-vintage tank was at the parade. As of 6 May,
1079:. There were also indications that some formations deployed into Moscow only under protest. However, once the parliament building had been stormed, the parliamentary leaders arrested, and temporary censorship imposed, Yeltsin succeeded in retaining power.
2535:
became the product of four-to-five-year higher military colleges. As in most armies, newly commissioned officers usually become platoon leaders, having to accept responsibility for the soldiers' welfare and training (with the exceptions noted above).
1892:
1272:
However, personnel quality—even in these favored units—continued to be a problem. Lack of fuel for training and a shortage of well-trained junior officers hampered combat effectiveness. However, concentrating on the interests of his old service, the
1005:
said the volume of theft was "simply impermissible". Ivanov said that 20,000 servicemen were wounded or injured in 2002 as a result of accidents or criminal activity across the entire armed forces - so the ground forces figure would be less.
9446:
8805:
812:, was appointed supreme commander of the CIS Armed Forces in December 1991. Among the numerous treaties signed by the former republics, in order to direct the transition period, was a temporary agreement on general purpose forces, signed in
1530:
agency, this was due to a lack of the manpower needed for permanent-readiness brigades. BTGs made up the preponderance of units deployed by Russia in the Donbass war. By August 2021 Shoygu claimed that the Russian army had around 170 BTGs.
858:
divisions had to be withdrawn from the four groups of forces and the Baltic States, and four military districts—totaling 57 divisions—were handed over to Belarus and Ukraine. Some idea of the scale of the withdrawal can be gained from the
1935:
is bolded, and directs the non-bolded major subordinate formations. It is not entirely clear to which superior(s) the four operational-strategic commands will report from 1 December 2010, as they command formations from multiple services
1608:
said that only 5,937 personnel from the entire Russian Armed Forces had been killed from 24 February – 21 September 2022, the first seven months of fighting. Reported figures from Donetsk and Luhansk would add some 22,000 to this figure.
1301:
2000 to 219 billion rubles in 2001. Much of this funding has been spent on personnel—there have been several pay rises, starting with a 20-percent rise authorised in 2001. The current professionalisation programme, including 26,000 extra
984:
border—supposedly being patrolled by Russian guards—by military aircraft, and a Russian senior officer, General Major Alexander Perelyakin, had been dismissed from his post with the United Nations peacekeeping force in Bosnia-Hercegovina
1944:). A current detailed list of the subordinate units of the four military districts can be found in the respective articles. During 2009, all 23 remaining divisions were reorganised into four tank brigades, 35 motor-rifle brigades, one
3899:
Ground Forces Day was first celebrated on the Preobrazhenskaya Square in Moscow in the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord, where a bishop's service was held. Before the start of the service, an order of the Minister of Defence
8434:
2630:
to Ivanov, "the accident rate is not falling". Two of every seven conscripts will become addicted to drugs and alcohol while serving their terms, and a further one in twenty will suffer homosexual rape, according to 2005 reports.
1927:
Military Districts. The new districts have the role of 'operational strategic commands,' which command the Ground Forces as well as the Naval Forces and part of the Air and Air Defence Forces within their areas of responsibility.
9481:
1853:
The Artillery and Rocket Forces provide the Ground Forces' main firepower. The Ground Forces previously included six static defence machine-gun/artillery and field artillery divisions. The only remaining unit of this type is the
1819:
The Tank Troops are the main impact force of the Ground Forces and a powerful mean of armed struggle, intended for the accomplishment of the most important combat tasks. In 2007, there were three tank divisions in the force: the
2810:
and its missile production exceeded pre-war levels. It was also reported that Russia now produces more ammunition than the United States and Europe and it can manufacture 200 tanks and two million units of ammunition in a year.
1816:. Also present are a large number of mobilisation divisions and brigades, known as "Bases for Storage of Weapons and Equipment", that in peacetime only have enough personnel assigned to guard the site and maintain the weapons.
3908:
were read, according to which the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Lord officially became the main temple of the RF Ground Forces. A year later, the holiday was celebrated with the adoption of the Ground Forces Anthem.
9346:
6941:
5635:
1514:
Rearmament has been an important goal of reform, with the goal of 70% modernization by 2020. From 1998 to 2001, the Ground Forces received almost no new equipment. Sergey Shoygu took a less confrontational approach with the
944:
Generals directing the withdrawals from Eastern Europe diverted arms, equipment, and foreign monies intended to build housing in Russia for the withdrawn troops. Several years later, the former commander in Germany, General
1570:
On 11 February, the US and western nations communicated that Putin had decided to invade Ukraine, and on 12 February, the US and Russian embassies in Kyiv started to evacuate personnel. On 24 February, Russian troops began
2605:
servicemen consisting of conscripts. At the end of 2005, the Ground Forces had 40 all-volunteer constant readiness units, with another 20 constant readiness units to be formed in 2006. These CIA figures can be set against
1684:
in 2004, and in a realignment of responsibilities, the Commander-in-Chief lost his position as a deputy minister of defence. Like Kormiltsev, while serving as Commander-in-Chief Maslov was promoted to General of the Army.
1464:
5407:
1317:
2,750) per month, and the pay of officers on combat duty in rapid response units would rise to 100,000–150,000 roubles (US$ 4,230–$ 6,355) per month. However, while the move to one year conscript service would disrupt
478:
1688:
In January 2014, the acting commander of the Russian Ground Forces was Lieutenant General Sergei Istrakov, who was appointed by Russian president Vladimir Putin upon the dismissal of former commander Colonel General
9572:
403:. The Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces is the chief commanding authority of the Russian Ground Forces. He is appointed by the President of Russia. The Main Command of the Ground Forces is based in
2765:
self-propelled howitzers have been received in 2016. The Russian Ground Forces received two brigade sets of Buk-M3 and Buk-M2 air defence missile complexes in 2016. Troops also received two division sets of
1899:(GRU) and will fall under GRU operational control during wartime operations or under special circumstances. The Ground Forces currently fields 7 spetsnaz brigades of varying sizes and one spetsnaz regiment.
820:(and potentially the other republics) was determined to undermine the concept of joint general purpose forces and form their own armed forces, the new Russian government moved to form its own armed forces.
9441:
7024:
5813:
9170:
5721:
3876:
signed decree No. 549 "On the establishment of professional holidays and memorable days in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation", according to which it was ordered to celebrate Ground Forces Day (
2903:
While more modern vehicles such as T-72s, T-80s, T-90s have been stored, these vehicles cannot be properly activated from store, due to a lack of preventive and corrective maintenance. Thus, instead,
905:
irregular, and sometimes reversed. The new brigades that appeared were mostly divisions that had broken down until they happened to be at the proposed brigade strengths. New divisions—such as the new
3522:
3179:
928:, they received great operational and staff training, but in political terms they had learned an ideology, rather than a wide understanding of international affairs. Thus, the generals—focused on
1305:, was expected to cost at least 31 billion roubles (US$ 1.1 billion). Increased funding has been spread across the whole budget, with personnel spending being matched by greater procurement and
8875:
8810:
3960:
5113:
9498:
2147:
8426:
4070:
7972:
6448:
1765:
anti-aircraft missile systems and installations, and means of reconnaissance and control. It is estimated that there were 16 motor rifle divisions and 12 motor rifle brigades before the
9593:
9384:
5517:
1600:
6937:
5691:
5943:
5313:
7589:
5625:
5469:
6384:
2896:
2,299 tanks are for disposal. A total of 5,651 tanks (of which 2,299 were to be disposed of) and 1,330 tank spaces in hangars." In February 2023, launching the 2023 edition of the
1152:
on 31 August 1996, stipulating that a formal agreement on relations between the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and the Russian federal government need not be signed until late 2001.
8721:
989:), following continued complaints of smuggling, profiteering, and corruption. In terms of contract killings, beyond the Kholodov case, there have been widespread rumours that GRU
5109:
1068:
decree dissolving the Russian Parliament, following its resistance to Yeltsin's consolidation of power and his neo-liberal reforms. A group of deputies, including Vice President
1050:"In 2019, Chief Military Prosecutor Valery Petrov reported that some $ 110 million had been lost due to corruption in the military departments and the number was on the uptick."
441:
9456:
5403:
5214:
1177:
7531:
5543:
2807:
2525:(NCOs), as most NCOs were conscripts sent on short courses to prepare them for section commanders' and platoon sergeants' positions. These conscript NCOs were supplemented by
1377:, with the aim of converting all divisions into brigades, and cutting surplus officers and establishments. In the course of the reorganization, the 4-chain command structure (
897:
published a reform plan on 21 July 1992. Later one commentator said it was "hastily" put together by the General Staff "to satisfy the public demand for radical changes." The
5275:
8681:
7355:
5920:
Kormiltsev was a Colonel General when he became Commander-in-Chief, but after about two years in the position was promoted to General of the Army in 2003. Profile via FBIS,
3515:
3172:
2577:) has grown greatly within the Ground Forces, though many have been of poor quality (wives of officers with no other prospective employment, for example). In December 2005,
6244:
4801:
1789:, are trained especially for a specific environment. As of 2022, there were 9 motor rifle divisions, 22 motor rifle brigades and one independent motor rifle regiment, the
5245:
4522:
1619:
told the BBC that 97% of the Russian ground forces were now committed to the war in Ukraine. Three months afterwards, Russia did not display a single modern tank for the
9610:
9428:
8770:
924:
British military expert Michael Orr claims that the hierarchy had great difficulty in fully understanding the changed situation, due to their education. As graduates of
898:
538:
435:
239:
1963:. These two divisions marked the beginning of the expansion of the Ground Forces as more brigades are being reformed into full divisions within each military district.
2823:
reported on 11 March 2024 that Russia currently produces about 250,000 artillery shells a month or about 3 million a year which is nearly three times the quantity the
2479:
In 2006, the Ground Forces included an estimated total of 360,000 persons, including approximately 190,000 conscripts. The IISS counted both the Ground Forces and the
1507:
had already completed the unpopular reforms (military downsizing and reorganization), it was relatively easy for Shoygu to be conciliatory with the officer corps and
1037:
5751:
2487:
The Ground Forces began their existence in 1992, inheriting the Soviet military manpower system practically unchanged, though it was in a state of rapid decay. The
1160:
years later, Michael Orr said "one of the root causes of the Russian failure in 1994–96 was their inability to raise and deploy a properly trained military force."
1018:
as a result. Crime in the ground forces was up 16% in 2010 as compared to 2009, with crimes against other servicemen constituting one in every four cases reported.
7442:Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 31 мая 2006 г. № 549 "Об установлении профессиональных праздников и памятных дней в Вооружённых силах Российской Федерации"
3508:
3165:
2815:
also reported in September 2023 that the Estonian Defense Ministry claimed that Russia produced ammunition seven times cheaper and eight times faster than Europe.
6558:
7016:
5805:
8120:
6690:(It is quite possible that the BBC reporter became confused between the Army (Ground Forces) and the entire Armed Forces, given their usual title in Russian of
5713:
9160:
8748:
7285:
6920:
4497:
1647:
1488:
in the wake of the intense resentment Serduykov's reforms had generated. He did this a number of ways but one of the ways was integrating himself by wearing a
400:
1075:
When the attack was finally mounted, forces from five different divisions around Moscow were used, and the personnel involved were mostly officers and senior
9402:
3839:
1870:
was transformed into a motor rifle unit following the Serdyukov reforms. As of 2022, there were 1 machine gun artillery divisions and 17 artillery brigades.
251:
7389:
1412:
in 2011–2012, he visited Russia at the invitation of the Commander of the Ground Forces, "Colonel-General (corresponding to an American lieutenant general)
1098:
With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Chechens declared independence in November 1991, under the leadership of a former Air Forces officer, General
8714:
1117:
in Stavropol Kray in June 1995, peace looked possible for a time, but the fighting continued. Following this incident, the separatists were referred to as
7415:"Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 11 марта 2010 года № 293 "О военной форме одежды, знаках различия военнослужащих и ведомственных знаках отличия""
4450:
9461:
7858:
5783:
8188:
5381:
9165:
7563:
4474:
3833:
2785:
Russian troops have reportedly received 2,930 new or modernized systems allowing for two missile brigades, two SAM brigades and two SAM regiments, one
2593:
in the Armed Forces overall to approximately 140,000 in 2008. The current programme allows for an extra 26,000 posts for fully professional sergeants.
1709:
of the Armed Forces, Engineer Troops of the Armed Forces, and Troop Air Defence, as well as several others. Their exact command status is now unknown.
395:
The primary responsibilities of the Russian Ground Forces are the protection of the state borders, combat on land, and the defeat of enemy troops. The
8161:
9155:
8895:
4546:
3827:
3079:
6870:
4653:
3116:
ranks upon the formation of the modern Russian Army in the late 17th century, and have lasted with few changes of title through the Soviet period.
1841:
transformed into brigades following the 2008 reforms, although the 4th Guards Tank Division was reformed in 2013, with two new tank divisions, the
7508:
7220:
6967:
3088:, with some minor changes. The principal difference from the usual Western style is some variation in generals' rank titles—in at least one case,
2500:
s) located throughout the Soviet Union. Between January and May of each year, every young Soviet male citizen was required to report to the local
1526:(BTGs) as the permanent readiness component of the Russian army, rather than brigade-sized formations. According to sources quoted by the Russian
9226:
9196:
8777:
8707:
5429:
4066:
3719:
1873:
1738:
1702:
1666:
1245:. It was a divisive struggle, with at least one senior military officer dismissed for being unresponsive to government commands: General Colonel
278:
9519:
9393:
7964:
6440:
6109:
V.I. Feskov et al. 2004 is the source for the designations, while vad777's website is the source for their disbandment. See also Michael Holm,
6050:
2657:
1754:
1500:
664:
8205:
7832:
5507:
4635:
4446:
8012:
8000:
7988:
7216:
7179:
4166:
1948:
brigade formed from a machinegun-light artillery division, and three airborne-assault brigades (pre-existing). Almost all are now designated
1630:
In October 2023, it was reported that there was a growth of mutinies among Russian troops due to large amount of losses in offensives around
1144:
in August 1996 and signed an agreement on 22/23 August; by the end of that month, the fighting ended. The formal ceasefire was signed in the
876:
419:
on land, the security of occupied territories, and the defeat of enemy troops. The Ground Forces must be able to achieve these goals both in
6024:
5683:
5940:
5924:
5298:
1842:
875:
units "were unloaded from the rail wagons into empty fields." The need for destruction and transfer of large amounts of weaponry under the
7585:
6088:
5459:
513:
427:. Furthermore, they must be capable of protecting the national interests of Russia within the framework of its international obligations.
8800:
6380:
1825:
1556:
8470:- Russian space and rocket engineers are being recruited to join a new Russian battalion called Uranus to fight in Ukraine (27 May 2023)
9647:
9486:
8837:
8792:
8495:
2582:
1956:
777:
7763:
6964:"Два бригадных комплекта ЗРК "Бук-М3" и "Бук-М2" получили Сухопутные войска в прошлом году: Министерство обороны Российской Федерации"
5873:
5603:
5206:
5143:
8883:
8852:
7545:
1064:
The Russian Ground Forces reluctantly became involved in the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 after President Yeltsin issued an
7796:
5539:
2512:
summoned. The new conscripts were then picked up by an officer from their future unit and usually sent by train across the country.
9524:
8925:
8905:
7450:
5267:
5175:
3946:
2547:
1960:
1567:. In all, Russia deployed some 150,000 soldiers around Ukraine during this time, in preparation for the eventual Russian invasion.
831:
forming the Russian Ministry of Defence on 7 May 1992, establishing the Russian Ground Forces along with the other branches of the
500:
6993:
6187:
1499:. The exercises also seemed to have helped validate the general direction of reform. The effect of this readiness was seen during
917:
worsened the progress. Finally, there was no firm consensus within the military about what reforms should be implemented. General
9903:
6500:
6240:
4809:
1812:
and other areas of the extreme northeast, apart from traditional naval infantry units. The best-known of these formations is the
8103:
8034:
6938:"ЦАМТО / Новости / Уровень обеспеченности частей постоянной готовности СВ современным вооружением и техникой доведен до 60 проц"
6330:
5661:
4616:
9703:
9577:
8870:
8782:
5237:
4340:
2625:
sergeants will have neither the knowledge nor the experience that can help them win authority the barracks." Defence Minister
2193:
1967:
440:
the improvement of troops' structure and composition, and the optimization of their numbers, including for Specialised Troops (
107:
7734:
5966:
4518:
4124:
1693:
over corruption charges in December 2013. Istrakov handed over his position to a new commander on 2 May 2014, Colonel General
8847:
8063:
8024:
7924:
6811:
6624:
6584:
6531:
5010:
4245:
4196:
860:
9858:
9201:
8915:
8290:
8269:
7560:"На праздновании Дня Сухопутных войск был презентован их гимн "Вперед, пехота!": Министерство обороны Российской Федерации"
6677:
4869:
4839:
3888:
on 1 October 1550 on the placement in Moscow and surrounding districts of a thousand servicemen forming a local brigade of
2135:
2123:
1734:
1489:
1417:
791:
7047:
9359:
9077:
8930:
8765:
5743:
4367:
3373:
2531:
warrant officers, positions created in the 1960s to support the increased variety of skills required for modern weapons.
1974:
were to be reformed. It is thus likely that the Northern Fleet will be relieved of land forces command responsibilities.
1867:
1855:
1539:
Russia conducted a military buildup on the Ukrainian border starting in late 2021. By mid February 2022, elements of the
1114:
6124:
2806:
reported in an article on 13 September 2023, citing US and European officials, that Russia was managing to overcome the
9451:
9341:
9248:
8308:
7886:
7703:
Babakin, Alexander (20–26 August 2004). "Approximate Composition and Structure of the Armed Forces After the Reforms".
6555:
5996:
Babakin, Alexander (20–26 August 2004). "Approximate Composition and Structure of the Armed Forces After the Reforms".
1059:
805:
801:
751:
643:
199:
8116:
6113:
5493:"BIG Ukraine news: @nickschifrin reports: The US believes Russian President Vladimir Putin has decided to invade Ukr…"
5043:
International Institute for Strategic Studies. "The Military Balance". International Institute for Strategic Studies.
932:
in Eastern Europe—could not adapt themselves and the Armed Forces to the new opportunities and challenges they faced.
9529:
8381:
8350:
8150:
7821:
7723:
7693:
7619:
5573:
4973:
4734:
3283:
1782:
836:
746:
6917:
5846:
Isabel Coles and David Luhnow, "Russia Has Deployed 97% of Army in Ukraine but Is Struggling to Advance, U.K. Says"
4494:
3092:, derived from German usage. Most of the modern rank names used in the Russian military were borrowed from existing
2504:
for assessment for military service, following a summons based on lists from every school and employer in the area.
1176:
In June 1999 Russian forces, though not the Ground Forces, were involved in a confrontation with NATO. Parts of the
9503:
9314:
8969:
8954:
8168:
7099:
6474:
6300:
6270:
4571:
3190:
2715:
2614:
1572:
1250:
1241:. However, small-scale conflict continued to drag on; as of November 2007, it had spread across other parts of the
229:
3951:"'Field Wife': Officers Make Life Hell For Women In Russia's Military, A Female Medic Says," RFE/RL March 30, 2023
8888:
8418:
7865:
7381:
6704:
Matthews, Jennifer G. (Fall–Winter 2000). "Women in the Russian Armed Forces – A Marriage of Convenience?".
4505:
2779:
1790:
1786:
969:
870:
As the military districts that remained in Russia after the collapse of the Union consisted mostly of the mobile
194:
8427:"What's Perfectly Round, Made Of Metal, And Keeping Russia From Replacing the 2,000 Tanks It's Lost In Ukraine?"
7480:
4596:
2515:
On arrival, they would begin the Young Soldiers' course, and become part of the system of senior rule, known as
835:. At the same time, the General Staff was in the process of withdrawing tens of thousands of personnel from the
534:
9954:
9640:
9319:
9304:
8488:
4102:
2333:
2287:
2241:
2077:
1859:
1620:
1595:
1591:
has blamed confusion and poor morale amongst Russian soldiers over their mission as to their poor performance.
1133:
962:
770:
5773:
5346:
1769:
With the reform, these motor rifle units were converted into 35 motor rifle brigades. With the replacement of
9928:
9221:
8979:
8548:
6417:
5369:
2321:
2275:
2181:
2065:
1883:
Army Aviation, while intended for the direct support of the Ground Forces, has been under the control of the
1813:
1750:
1706:
1658:, directs activities. This body was disbanded in 1997, but reformed by President Putin in 2001 by appointing
1023:
servicemen from different ethnic groups or regions trying to enforce their own rules and order in their units
31:
8184:
7559:
4471:
9933:
9598:
9423:
9270:
8940:
8758:
8753:
8172:
6731:
6412:
3724:
2618:
2560:
1908:
1778:
1766:
1677:
1508:
1485:
1477:
1368:
1193:
1044:
925:
888:
517:
17:
6908:, March 1998, no. 3, pp. 66–71, cited in Austin and Muraviev, 2001, p. 278. See also Mil Bal 95/96, p. 110
4543:
4341:
Chronology of events—Rodionov dismisses commander of ground forces and then cancels visit to United States
3950:
1229:
Most of the prominent past Chechen separatist leaders had died or been killed, including former President
9959:
8842:
8576:
8464:- "eating the seed corn" of reconstitution base of future army by sending training personnel into battle.
7755:
6867:
4128:
3738:
2597:
2567:
2090:
1986:
1971:
1722:
685:
244:
6918:Выступление министра обороны РФ генерала армии Сергея Шойгу на расширенном заседании Коллегии Минобороны
9562:
9534:
9038:
8984:
8974:
7502:
6963:
3905:
2968:
2160:
2004:
1916:
1781:, some of the disbanded divisions were reformed from already existing brigades, while others, like the
1516:
1219:
741:
705:
660:
424:
5896:
5437:
4592:'В 2018 Году Ущерб от Коррупции Военнослужащих в России Вырос до 7 Млрд Рублей', TASS, 21 March 2019,
9633:
9064:
9051:
9025:
8481:
3845:
2949:
2726:, has been introduced since 2015, and has begun replacing old tanks and armored vehicles such as the
2590:
2522:
2300:
2254:
2099:
2022:
2013:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1846:
1409:
763:
725:
715:
299:
214:
9913:
6841:
6046:
5069:
3857:
604:
9848:
9693:
9466:
9436:
9284:
9258:
8999:
8209:
7840:
7504:Храм Преображения Господня на Преображенской площади в Москве стал головным храмом Сухопутных войск
5778:
4639:
3464:
3358:
3267:
3253:
3232:
3211:
3025:
3006:
2610:
2459:
2369:
2166:
2050:
2044:
1995:
1863:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1616:
1523:
1306:
1274:
1076:
910:
906:
848:
840:
695:
573:
477:, most special forces, are under the control of the Main Reconnaissance Directorate (GRU), now the
415:
The primary responsibilities of the Russian Ground Forces are the protection of the state borders,
189:
9683:
6209:
4024:
1484:
had implemented were reversed. He also aimed to restore trust with senior officers as well as the
965:, for activities incompatible with his position — reportedly his wife's business activities.
9923:
9888:
9818:
9808:
9793:
9763:
9688:
9603:
9379:
9374:
9206:
8958:
8900:
8571:
6020:
5921:
3987:
3941:
2789:
brigade, 12 motorized rifle and tank battalions, and three artillery divisions to be reequipped.
2480:
2357:
2345:
2338:
2229:
2217:
2205:
1895:
serve under the Ground Forces in peacetime and at the same time are directly subordinated to the
1746:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1181:
844:
701:
618:
608:
8450:
8185:
Better or Just Not So Bad? An evaluation of Russian combat performance in the Second Chechen War
4914:
28 January and 9 February 1999, in Austin & Muraviev, 2000, p. 268, and M.J. Orr, 1998, p. 3
3204:
721:
711:
681:
639:
9863:
9813:
9803:
9788:
9718:
9698:
9678:
9476:
9447:
Main Organizational-Mobilizational Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces
9407:
9265:
9253:
9132:
8963:
8920:
8857:
8510:
8367:
6084:
3044:
2750:
that have been in active service. Funding for new equipment has greatly risen in recent years.
2350:
2111:
1877:
691:
569:
453:
445:
364:
328:
8461:
6354:"One unit of Russian 44th Army Corps refuses to storm Kharkiv Oblast – underground resistance"
6241:
http://www.ryadovoy.ru/forum/index.php?action=dlattach%3Btopic%3D507.0%3Battach%3D2499%3Bimage
3218:
1587:"In war, moral power is to physical as three parts out of four." Retired US four-star general
867:
states and the Baltic states was an extremely demanding, expensive, and debilitating process.
614:
9918:
9798:
9708:
9211:
9125:
8594:
8467:
8136:
5056:
4237:
4231:
3893:
3298:
3197:
2493:
1932:
1837:
1742:
1580:
1106:
assured Yeltsin that he would "take Grozny with one airborne assault regiment in two hours."
449:
352:
283:
184:
57:
8306:
Robinson, Colin (2005). "The Russian Ground Forces Today: A Structural Status Examination".
7356:"'I know we will win – and how': Ukraine's top general on turning the tables against Russia"
5744:"Russian army suffering devastating losses of junior officers in war in Ukraine, MoD claims"
5110:
Where Have All The Soldiers Gone? Russian military manpower plans versus demographic reality
3448:
3418:
3260:
2521:, literally "rule by the grandfathers." There were only a very small number of professional
1876:(PVO) are one of the basic weapons for the destruction of enemy air forces. They consist of
559:
9838:
9778:
9748:
9733:
9557:
9309:
8730:
8455:
8373:
7884:
Goltz, Alexander (2004). "Military Reform in Russia and the Global War Against Terrorism".
7759:
6781:
5881:
5595:
5496:
5135:
4902:
Armeiskii Sbornik, Aug 1998, FBIS-UMA-98-340, 6 Dec 98 'Russia: New Look of Ground Troops'.
4647:
3954:
3598:
3125:
1977:
1866:, 12th in the Siberian MD, and the 15th in the Far Eastern MD, seem to have disbanded. The
1222:
across Russia. This prompted Russian military action against the alleged Chechen culprits.
1021:
Compounding this problem was also a rise in "extremist" crimes in the ground forces, with "
953:, had their involvement exposed. They were also accused of ordering the murder of reporter
913:, formed on the basis of disbanding tank formations—were formed, rather than new brigades.
855:
832:
809:
492:
389:
340:
312:
5404:"Russian Hybrid Threats Report: Troops arrive in Belarus as propaganda narratives heat up"
3892:, which essentially became a key document in the further formation and development of the
2648:
The Russian army is to replenished by 400,000 contract servicemen, starting 1 April 2023.
1911:, the ground forces now consist of armies subordinate to the four new military districts:
1109:
The operation began on 11 December 1994 and, by 31 December, Russian forces were entering
430:
The Main Command of the Ground Forces is officially tasked with the following objectives:
8:
9883:
9783:
9673:
9297:
9216:
8744:
8613:
8565:
7788:
7647:
Arbatov, Alexei (1998). "Military Reform in Russia: Dilemmas, Obstacles, and Prospects".
6353:
3782:
2633:
Part of the reason is the feeling between contract servicemen, conscripts, and officers.
2609:
data, which reports that at the end of 2004, the number of contracts being signed in the
2428:
1809:
1730:
1643:
1413:
1386:
929:
797:
396:
234:
7440:
7017:"Russia's Munitions Shortages Raise Questions Over How Long It Can Continue Ukraine War"
6868:(15 Mar 2023) Russian army to be replenished with 400,000 new contract service personnel
6293:"Изменение призывного возраста и увеличение армии. Путин и Шойгу выступили в Минобороны"
5167:
3673:
3643:
3313:
3246:
3225:
2870:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2693:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2406:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1447:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1350:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
9878:
9828:
9137:
8910:
8673:
8325:
8248:
7951:
7903:
7746:
7672:
7178:
Lillis, Katie Bo; Bertrand, Natasha; Liebermann, Oren; Britzky, Haley (11 March 2024).
6989:
6829:
6381:"Командующим войсками ЮВО назначен генерал Сергей Кузовлев | Волгоградская Правда"
6176:
4692:
4343:(Report). Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. 4 December 1996. Archived from
3764:
3328:
2802:
2767:
2465:
2306:
2260:
1794:
1662:
1588:
1504:
1481:
1397:
1374:
1205:
309:
224:
219:
6496:
3658:
3403:
3239:
2589:
should become professional, which would raise the number of professional soldiers and
9728:
9723:
9292:
8623:
8540:
8377:
8346:
8329:
8252:
8146:
8140:
8107:
8069:
8059:
8038:
8020:
7965:"I Commanded U.S. Army Europe. Here's What I Saw in the Russian and Ukrainian Armies"
7955:
7934:
Herspring, Dale (July 2006). "Undermining Combat Readiness in the Russian Military".
7920:
7907:
7817:
7719:
7713:
7689:
7664:
7293:
6817:
6807:
6713:
6620:
6580:
6537:
6527:
6322:
5657:
5044:
5016:
5006:
4969:
4963:
4730:
4696:
4684:
4667:
Herspring, Dale (July 2006). "Undermining Combat Readiness in the Russian Military".
4620:
4409:
4269:
4241:
4192:
3885:
3776:
3066:
2719:
2374:
2309:
2263:
1937:
1884:
1770:
1378:
1093:
1069:
204:
8090:
Lukin, Mikhail & Stukalin, Aleksander (14 May 2005). "Vsya Rossiyskaya Armiya".
7848:
Galeotti, Mark (February 1997). "Moscow's armed forces: a city's balance of power".
6556:
https://factsanddetails.com/russia/Government_Military_Crime/sub9_5b/entry-5209.html
5492:
4371:
4344:
3343:
1140:, then Secretary of the Security Council, began talks with the Chechen rebel leader
466:
the development and introduction of training field manuals, tactics, and methodology
265:
9115:
9031:
8605:
8396:
8317:
8238:
7943:
7895:
7836:
7656:
7125:
6358:
5974:
5963:
5951:
5809:
5512:
4676:
4638:(Report). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Foreign Military Studies Office. Archived from
4132:
3877:
3788:
2930:
2892:
2566:
It appears that Defence Minister Shoigu said that 1,100 women were deployed in the
2455:
2444:
2169:
2105:
1690:
1185:
1099:
1065:
1029:
579:
179:
5626:"Russian Victory Day Parade Cut By 35%, Emphasizing Ukraine's Battlefield Prowess"
9833:
9665:
9492:
9110:
8058:. Oxford University Press for the International Institute for Strategic Studies.
7073:
6924:
6874:
6562:
6522:
International Institute for Strategic Studies (2006). Christopher Langton (ed.).
6248:
6128:
6117:
5970:
5947:
5928:
5464:
4911:
4600:
4550:
4501:
4478:
3089:
2987:
2727:
2096:
2053:
1673:
1659:
1560:
1246:
1230:
1211:
1141:
1137:
954:
946:
893:
296:
209:
8286:
8261:
6669:
4861:
4831:
4125:"Official website [Translated by Babelfish and amended for readability]"
2770:
and two of Tor-M2U air defence missile complexes. Moreover, the Forces received
2451:
9823:
9120:
8586:
5828:
4554:
3913:
3873:
3861:
1294:
1242:
1238:
8321:
7899:
7811:
7733:
Bergmann, Max; Snegovaya, Maria; Dolbaia, Tina; Fenton, Nick (14 April 2023).
7152:
5714:"High Death Toll of Russian Generals in Ukraine a Blow to Military Capability"
3433:
1373:
A major reorganisation of the force began in 2007 by the Minister for Defence
957:, who had been investigating the scandals. In December 1996, Defence Minister
9948:
9758:
9713:
9442:
Main Operational Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces
9057:
9044:
8073:
7947:
7668:
7297:
7126:"Поставки новой техники в армию в 2023 году составили 98,8 процента от плана"
6821:
6801:
6717:
6541:
6521:
6121:
5048:
5020:
5000:
4688:
4680:
4568:"Ущерб государству от коррупции в армии в 2013 году превысил 4,4 млрд рублей"
4413:
4273:
4191:. Armed Forces of Asia (Illus. ed.). London: I. B. Tauris. p. 257.
4165:
3933:
3901:
3865:
3821:
3797:
3770:
3751:
3468:
2731:
2626:
2578:
2269:
2198:
2175:
1952:(separate), with only several brigades retaining the guards honorific title.
1774:
1694:
1681:
1473:
1405:
1265:
1164:
1156:
1103:
1002:
958:
950:
918:
824:
286:
8243:
8226:
7736:
Out of Stock? Assessing the Impact of Sanctions on Russia's Defense Industry
7100:"Ukraine is firing shells faster than can be supplied. Can Europe catch up?"
7046:
Barnes, Julian E.; Schmitt, Eric; Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (13 September 2023).
6443:[Sergey Sevryukov accepted command of the 49th Combined Arms Army].
5339:"Russian Army operates around 170 battalion tactical groups — defense chief"
2793:
vehicles BMP-3, upgraded BMP-2 and armored personnel carriers BTR-82A (AM).
1634:
with a lack of artillery, food, water and poor command also being reported.
1040:
denounced the conditions in the Armed Forces as a "crime against humanity".
977:
take bribes to arrange avoidance of service, or a more comfortable posting.
9893:
9873:
9868:
9853:
9773:
9738:
9240:
9105:
8648:
6110:
5684:"Why Russia has suffered the loss of an 'extraordinary' number of generals"
5460:"Russia-Ukraine crisis: Where are Putin's troops and what are his options?"
4236:. International Peace Research Institute. Oslo: Sage Publications. p.
3815:
3613:
3388:
2723:
2585:, proposed that—in addition to the numerous enlisted contract soldiers—all
2573:
From small beginnings in the early 1990s, employment of contract soldiers (
2561:
overall reduction in the number of service personnel in the RF Armed Forces
2527:
2517:
2152:
1941:
1805:
1801:
1758:
1319:
583:
474:
434:
the training of troops for combat, on the basis of tasks determined by the
7611:
7414:
7153:"Российские Сухопутные войска за год получили шесть комплектов систем ПВО"
5565:
4729:. Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 106.
2550:, who are not conscripted, in the Russian Ground Forces. According to the
1285:
863:. For the dissolving Soviet Ground Forces, the withdrawal from the former
9753:
9743:
9083:
8791:
8662:
8524:
7286:"Russian army has lost up to half of key battle tanks, analysts estimate"
7215:
6759:[Soldiers Jane: girls who decided to serve in the Russian army].
5042:
3540:
3533:
3109:
3085:
2900:
the IISS amended their long-term storage estimate of old tanks to 5,000.
2840:
2771:
2667:
2292:
2246:
2128:
1496:
864:
420:
7586:""Вперед, пехота!": Группа "Любэ" исполнила новый гимн сухопутных войск"
7048:"Russia Overcomes Sanctions to Expand Missile Production, Officials Say"
6470:
6441:"Сергей Севрюков принял штандарт командующего 49-й общевойсковой армией"
6292:
6260:
4567:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
1648:
Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
401:
Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
9768:
9567:
9070:
8699:
8631:
8092:
7779:
Dick, Charles. (November 1993). "Russian Views on Future War, Part 3".
7676:
6756:
5207:"Russia's Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu Survives Government Reshuffle"
3961:
Awards and emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation
3884:). The date chosen for the holiday commemorates the edict made by Tsar
2754:
2439:
2423:
2315:
2210:
1955:
In 2013, two of these brigades were reactivated as full divisions: the
1896:
1382:
1256:
The Second Chechen War was officially declared ended on 16 April 2009.
1149:
1053:
981:
469:
the improvement of operational and combat training of the Ground Forces
6323:"Генерал-полковник Сергей Кузовлёв возглавил Московский военный округ"
5658:"Russia-Ukraine war: Sanctions cripple Russia's tank production - GUR"
1880:, anti-aircraft artillery and radio-technical units and subdivisions.
1791:
7th Independent Guards "Proletarian Moscow-Minsk" Motor Rifle Regiment
9018:
9012:
7472:
5238:"The Russian Military under Sergei Shoigu: Will the Reform Continue?"
5196:
Russia Reshapes Army Structure to U.S.-Style Brigades, 5 October 2009
4593:
4264:
Dick, Charles (November 1993). "Russian Views on Future War—Part 3".
4098:
3688:
3628:
2758:
2586:
2326:
2222:
2116:
2070:
1717:
1129:
961:
ordered the dismissal of the Commander of the Ground Forces, General
7660:
7074:"Ukraine war: Western allies say they are running out of ammunition"
4519:"Latest on Sulim and Premium Pay Extortion | Russian Defense Policy"
4404:
Galeotti, Mark. "Moscow's Armed Forces: a city's balance of power".
4092:
2662:
1966:
Since 1 January 2021, the Northern Fleet has been elevated into the
1167:
of the U.S. Army had the chance to visit the Ground Forces in 1994:
9625:
9594:
Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia
9333:
8656:
8637:
8553:
8473:
8342:
6265:
5338:
4368:"Mafia in Uniform: The criminalization of the Russian Armed Forces"
3889:
3868:
during the presentation of the anthem of the Ground Forces in 2016.
3703:
2488:
2471:
2362:
2140:
2082:
1631:
1584:
1527:
1390:
1302:
1215:
1210:
The Second Chechen War began in August 1999 after Chechen militias
1145:
990:
986:
871:
460:
8089:
3810:
Chief of the Main Staff and First Deputy of the Commander-in-Chief
3065:
On 24 July 2024, the Ukrainian Commander-in-chief Colonel General
1970:. However, in December 2022 it was announced that the Moscow and
8393:
Mafia in Uniform: The Criminalisation of the Russian Armed Forces
6407:
5500:
3912:
The following holidays are also celebrated by the Ground Forces:
3105:
3097:
3093:
2891:
In July–August 2022, a relatively credible assessment of Russian
2832:
2234:
2186:
1804:
also has several motor rifle formations under its command in the
1583:
as "a boxer who has a great right hook and a glass jaw." Quoting
1552:
1234:
817:
7739:. Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
5806:"Defence Minister Says 5,937 Russian Soldiers Killed In Ukraine"
9457:
Main Military-Political Directorate of the Russian Armed Forces
9437:
Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces (GRU)
9005:
8766:
Chief of the General Staff and First Deputy Minister of Defence
8413:
8208:(Report). Conflict Studies Research Centre. D67. Archived from
8037:. International Institute for Strategic Studies. Archived from
7683:
7533:Храм Преображения Господня стал главным храмом сухопутных войск
7177:
5630:
4482:
3113:
3101:
3084:
The newly re-emergent Russia retained most of the ranks of the
2868:. The reason given is: obviously has changed since August 2022.
2828:
2762:
2747:
2546:
There is little available information on the current status of
2432:
2280:
2059:
1655:
1604:
1564:
1249:
was dismissed in 2002 for refusing to move from command of the
1189:
1110:
828:
416:
404:
118:
7732:
7382:"Officer Ranks under Peter the Great's Table of Ranks of 1722"
5834:
5508:"US evacuating most Ukraine embassy staff over invasion fears"
5005:. International Institute for Strategic Studies. p. 109.
4094:Главнокомандующий Сухопутными войсками Олег Салюков. Биография
4067:"Ukraine: With Minsk stalled, Russian sanctions must continue"
1705:, in his capacity as a deputy defence minister. They included
8518:
8451:
https://russiandefpolicy.com/2017/08/06/an-ordinary-conflict/
6757:"Солдаты Джейн: девушки, решившие служить в российской армии"
6405:
4808:. Thomson Reuters Foundation. 4 November 2007. Archived from
2782:
armored vehicles equipped with the Arbalet-DM combat module.
2775:
2743:
1253:
to command of the less important Siberian Military District.
813:
796:
As the Soviet Union dissolved, efforts were made to keep the
8101:
7812:
Fes'kov, V.I.; Golikov, V.I. & K.A. Kalashnikov (2004).
7409:
7407:
980:
Beyond the Russian frontier, drugs were smuggled across the
935:
9656:
9471:
8462:
https://twitter.com/TrentTelenko/status/1659602501518213136
7754:
5871:
5774:"Video The staggering toll of Ukraine war comes into focus"
3728:
Standard of Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces
2904:
2836:
2835:. A NATO official said that Russia imports ammunition from
2739:
2735:
2606:
2555:
1563:
and elements of the 49th and the 58th CAA were deployed to
436:
General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
385:
89:
8468:
https://twitter.com/ChrisO_wiki/status/1662158333564813326
8162:
The Russian Armed Forces as a factor in Regional Stability
8104:"McNair Paper 34, The Russian Military's Role in Politics"
5540:"Photos: Russia launches 'full-scale invasion' in Ukraine"
5436:. Jane’s Group UK Limited. 9 December 2021. Archived from
5268:"Sergei Shoigu: Progress Report on Military Modernization"
3916:, Day of Rocket Forces and Artillery, Day of Air Defence.
8080:
7404:
7045:
6904:
Baranov, Nikolai, "Weapons must serve for a long while",
6631:(gives the figure of six months with a training division)
5599:
5569:
2820:
2812:
2551:
1701:
number of directorates which used to be commanded by the
9392:
8456:
https://twitter.com/DefenceHQ/status/1639155669554327552
8227:"The State of Russia's Armed Forces and Military Reform"
8117:"Аналіз запасів танків РФ на базах зберігання за Уралом"
7243:
7241:
7091:
6782:
https://twitter.com/DefenceHQ/status/1718912487213637907
5986:
Scott and Scott, Russian Military Directory 2004, p. 118
4617:
McNair Paper 34, The Russian Military's Role in Politics
816:
on 14 February 1992. However, once it became clear that
7337:
7335:
7322:
7320:
7318:
7316:
7314:
7253:
7015:
Simmons, Stephen Fidler and Ann M. (22 November 2022).
6860:
5566:"Ukraine conflict: Why is Russia losing so many tanks?"
4884:
4772:
4770:
4032:
3957:, the German Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941.
2824:
8083:
The Soviet Ground Forces in the Last Years of the USSR
7814:
The Soviet Army In The Years Of The Cold War 1945–1991
7473:"Иван Грозный заложил основы русской регулярной армии"
6848:
6802:
International Institute for Strategic Studies (2005).
6651:
6649:
6634:
6598:
6596:
5001:
International Institute for Strategic Studies (2001).
4323:
4321:
4319:
4292:
4280:
4147:
2691:. The reason given is: cites are from 2020 or earlier.
1038:
Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia
1028:
A major corruption scandal also occurred at the elite
8390:
7839:, KS: Foreign Military Studies Office. Archived from
7238:
6990:"Расширенное заседание коллегии Министерства обороны"
6261:"Северный флот России получил статус военного округа"
3992:
2484:
Staff on the numbers of conscripts within the force.
1808:, the Northeastern Group of Troops and Forces on the
1806:
Ground and Coastal Defence Forces of the Baltic Fleet
8102:
James H. Brusstar & Ellen Jones (January 1995).
7332:
7311:
7265:
7197:
7098:
Joseph Ataman, Clare Sebastian (17 September 2023).
5088:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5080:
4943:
4941:
4782:
4767:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4381:
3923:
2638:
called mercenaries and marauders by senior officers.
1132:
on 21 April 1996, and that summer, a Chechen attack
1054:
Involvement in Russian constitutional crisis of 1993
9186:
7221:"Equipment losses in Russia's war on Ukraine mount"
6706:
Minerva: Quarterly Report on Women and the Military
6646:
6593:
6497:"Генерал Мурадов возглавил Восточный военный округ"
6065:
5941:"Putin Fires Military Commander Over Bribe Charges"
5853:
4982:
4316:
4210:
4208:
1468:
Sergey Shoygu meeting with Indian officials in 2018
423:and non-nuclear war, especially without the use of
30:"Russian Army" redirects here. For other uses, see
9611:Military training centers of civilian universities
7702:
6179:ГРУ (Главное Разведывательное Управление) ГШ ВС РФ
5128:
4725:Trenin, Dmitri V.; Malashenko, Aleksei V. (2004).
4304:
4182:
4180:
4047:
1729:The branches of service include motorized rifles,
1559:, elements of 1st TA and 6th CAA were deployed to
5077:
4938:
4755:
4743:
4378:
3080:Army ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation
2613:was only 17 percent of the target figure; in the
1785:were reformed from scratch. Some units, like the
1761:, military units, and logistical establishments.
1612:and reactivating tanks from the 1950s and 1960s.
9946:
7718:. Oslo: International Peace Research Institute.
7529:
5299:"Defeating the Russian Battalion Tactical Group"
4958:
4956:
4926:
4724:
4603:via Coffey 2022 on the evolution of dedovschina.
4205:
1601:at least 12 generals have been killed in Ukraine
7933:
7859:"Military Service in Russia: No New Model Army"
7743:
7684:Austin, Greg & Muraviev, Alexey D. (2001).
6406:Алексей Рамм, Евгений Андреев (17 March 2017).
5872:Central Intelligence Agency (12 October 2022).
4710:Scott, Harriet Fast; Scott, William F. (2002).
4177:
3953:The field wife phenomenon was widespread after
3720:Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces
1757:, automobile, and the protection of the rear),
1667:Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces
1615:On 14 February 2023, British defence secretary
1495:Shoygu ordered 750 military exercises, such as
8206:The Russian Ground Forces and Reform 1992–2002
8187:(PDF). Conflict Studies Research Centre. P31.
7778:
7744:Butowsky, Piotr (July 2007). "Russia Rising".
7421:(in Russian). Российской газеты. 12 March 2010
6236:
6234:
5888:
5596:"'Give Ukraine everything they say they need'"
4472:"No solution to hideous army hazing in Russia"
4426:Jane's Defence Weekly, 17 December 2003, p.27.
4186:
2778:IFVs and BTR-82A APCs as well as more than 20
2658:List of equipment of the Russian Ground Forces
1423:
1128:Dzhokar Dudayev was assassinated in a Russian
9641:
9573:Military departments of civilian universities
9472:Main Missile and Artillery Directorate (GRAU)
8715:
8489:
8259:
8231:The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters
7833:"Why the Russian Military Failed in Chechnya"
7830:
7379:
7354:Harding, Luke; Mamo, Alessio (24 July 2024).
7217:International Institute for Strategic Studies
7097:
6408:"В Южном военном округе появится новая армия"
5964:"Главкома Сухопутных войск винят в коррупции"
5532:
5430:"Russia builds up forces on Ukrainian border"
5370:"Moscow Resurrects Battalion Tactical Groups"
5103:
5101:
4953:
4544:"Crime reportedly flourishes in Russian army"
4447:Military Service in Russia: No New Model Army
4167:International Institute for Strategic Studies
3980:
3701:
3695:
3686:
3680:
3671:
3665:
3656:
3650:
3641:
3635:
3626:
3620:
3611:
3605:
3596:
3590:
3516:
3446:
3440:
3431:
3425:
3416:
3410:
3401:
3395:
3386:
3380:
3371:
3365:
3356:
3350:
3341:
3335:
3326:
3320:
3311:
3305:
3296:
3290:
3281:
3275:
3173:
2563:, this number has decreased significantly.'
1551:Combined Arms Armies (CAAs) were deployed to
877:Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
771:
47:
8399:: U.S. Army Foreign Military Studies Office.
8361:Russian Military Directories 2002 & 2004
8359:Scott, Harriet Fast & Scott, William F.
8287:"T-62s for Russian reserve units in Ukraine"
7612:"День войск противовоздушной обороны России"
6732:"The Role of Women in Russia's Armed Forces"
5112:(Report). Conflict Studies Research Centre.
4652:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4611:
4609:
4225:
4223:
2800:In 2022, there was a shortage of munitions.
8224:
7353:
6231:
4968:. United States Government Printing. 2006.
4890:
4636:Why the Russian Military Failed in Chechnya
4259:
4257:
1751:nuclear, biological and chemical protection
1218:, followed quickly in early September by a
882:
800:as a single military structure for the new
9648:
9634:
8793:Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces
8722:
8708:
8496:
8482:
8114:
7259:
6554:Also an IISS estimate, also replicated at
6122:http://www.ww2.dk/new/army/arty/15gvad.htm
5290:
5098:
4709:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4187:Muraviev, Alexey D.; Austin, Greg (2001).
3523:
3509:
3180:
3166:
1957:2nd Guards Tamanskaya Motor Rifle Division
1902:
1669:and also as a deputy minister of defence.
778:
764:
8336:
8242:
8081:Lenskii, A.G. & Tsybin, M.M. (2001).
6574:
6345:
5367:
5361:
5235:
4666:
4606:
4495:"Violent Crimes In Russian Army Increase"
4449:(PDF). Conflict Studies Research Centre.
4220:
3864:(composer of "Forward, infantry!") with
3746:Chief of the Main Directorate (1998–2001)
1259:
936:Crime and corruption in the ground forces
8896:Main Building of the Ministry of Defense
8729:
8449:treating contractors like serfs, 2017 -
8305:
8284:
7962:
7847:
7247:
6703:
6526:(106 ed.). Routledge. p. 154.
5490:
4776:
4254:
3947:Women in the Russian and Soviet military
3856:
3723:
2661:
2464:
2450:
2438:
2422:
1976:
1961:4th Guards Kantemirovskaya Tank Division
1716:
1463:
1396:In a statement on 4 September 2009, RGF
1284:
8830:
8806:Commander of the Missile Defence Forces
8778:Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces
8365:
7646:
7283:
7150:
7123:
7071:
7014:
6792:IISS, The Military Balance 2006, p. 147
6667:
6614:
5995:
5989:
5897:"Mutiny is brewing in the Russian army"
5165:
4429:
4298:
4286:
1703:Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces
806:Minister of Defence of the Soviet Union
42:Ground Forces of the Russian Federation
14:
9947:
9578:Military academies in the Soviet Union
9347:Special Forces of the Main Directorate
7914:
7715:The Russian Army in a Time of Troubles
6895:Austin and Muraviev, 2001, pp. 277–278
6854:
5816:from the original on 22 September 2022
5178:from the original on 13 September 2010
4619:(Report). January 1995. Archived from
4465:
4365:
4233:The Russian Army in a Time of Troubles
2458:equipment being worn by troops of the
1968:Northern Fleet Joint Strategic Command
1712:
1534:
1280:
108:Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
49:Сухопутные войска Российской Федерации
9629:
8703:
8477:
8272:from the original on 23 November 2008
8191:from the original on 19 December 2010
7883:
7856:
7816:. Tomsk University Publishing House.
7766:from the original on 25 February 2022
6680:from the original on 23 November 2008
6503:from the original on 20 February 2023
6451:from the original on 25 February 2016
6438:
6387:from the original on 20 February 2023
6303:from the original on 22 December 2022
6010:IISS Military Balance, various issues
5546:from the original on 24 February 2022
5520:from the original on 28 February 2022
5472:from the original on 27 December 2021
5410:from the original on 12 February 2022
5384:from the original on 27 December 2021
5349:from the original on 27 December 2021
5319:from the original on 27 December 2021
5296:
5107:
5092:
4794:
4574:from the original on 24 February 2023
4488:
4444:
3073:
2757:missile system brigade sets, over 60
1838:2nd Guards "Tatsinkaya" Tank Division
1501:Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014
1416:. ..t preliminary meetings" with the
1199:
879:also necessitated great adjustments.
479:Main Directorate of the General Staff
9655:
9482:Main Agency of Automobiles and Tanks
8503:
8135:
8085:. St Petersburg: B&K Publishers.
8053:
8011:
7999:
7987:
7711:
7453:from the original on 21 January 2016
7341:
7326:
7271:
7203:
6996:from the original on 16 January 2017
6970:from the original on 13 January 2017
6655:
6640:
6602:
6579:. London: Headline. pp. 67–70.
6273:from the original on 20 January 2022
6071:
6004:
5894:
5859:
5786:from the original on 25 January 2023
5368:McDermott, Roger (6 November 2012).
5331:
4988:
4872:from the original on 8 February 2011
4842:from the original on 24 October 2007
4403:
4333:
4327:
4263:
4229:
4153:
4053:
3852:
2850:
2846:
2673:
2386:
1868:127th Machine Gun Artillery Division
1427:
1418:Embassy of the United States, Moscow
1330:
1326:
1087:
993:personnel have been moonlighting as
792:Military history of the Soviet Union
9499:Central Television and Radio Studio
9467:Main Directorate of Military Police
9360:Reserve of the Supreme High Command
8424:
8203:
8182:
8159:
8142:The Collapse of the Soviet Military
8115:Михайленко, Ігор (22 August 2022).
7592:from the original on 9 October 2020
7530:Пестерева, Анна. (8 October 2015).
7511:from the original on 3 October 2015
7392:from the original on 29 August 2021
6166:Moscow Defense Brief #1, 2011 p. 15
6157:Moscow Defense Brief #2, 2010 p. 23
5957:
4947:
4932:
4788:
4761:
4749:
4525:from the original on 15 August 2011
4391:
4310:
4214:
3794:Sergei Istrakov (2013–2014, acting)
1856:18th Machine Gun Artillery Division
1594:Due to the fighting in Ukraine the
1289:A Russian airborne exercise in 2017
1115:Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis
62:Emblem of the Russian Ground Forces
27:Land forces of the Russian military
24:
9452:National Defense Management Center
8309:Journal of Slavic Military Studies
7887:Journal of Slavic Military Studies
7705:Nezavisimoye Voyennoye Obozreniye
7686:The Armed Forces of Russia in Asia
6944:from the original on 23 April 2020
6477:from the original on 19 March 2023
6420:from the original on 19 March 2017
5998:Nezavisimoye Voyennoye Obozreniye
5934:
5606:from the original on 14 April 2022
5576:from the original on 12 April 2022
5297:Fiore, Nicholas J. (Spring 2017).
5236:Gorenburg, Dmitry (14 June 2013).
5166:Yegorov, Ivan (18 December 2008).
5116:from the original on 14 April 2023
4862:"Russia 'ends Chechnya operation'"
4594:https://tass.ru/obschestvo/6242472
4537:
4453:from the original on 14 April 2023
4189:The Armed Forces of Russia in Asia
4073:from the original on 26 March 2016
1888:This transfer did not take place.
1672:Kormiltsev handed over command to
1627:active duty before February 2022.
1060:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
802:Commonwealth of Independent States
752:Military ranks of the Soviet Union
499:
200:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
25:
9971:
9487:Main Military Medical Directorate
8406:
8285:Robinson, Colin (3 August 2022).
7975:from the original on 19 July 2022
7799:from the original on 6 March 2016
7284:Sabbagh, Dan (15 February 2023).
7072:Landale, James (3 October 2023).
7027:from the original on 3 March 2023
6351:
6190:from the original on 4 March 2016
6091:from the original on 23 July 2022
6053:from the original on 15 June 2022
6027:from the original on 23 July 2022
5895:Cole, Brendan (26 October 2023).
5278:from the original on 11 July 2020
5248:from the original on 12 July 2020
5217:from the original on 11 July 2020
5146:from the original on 29 June 2011
4923:Muraviev and Austin, 2001, p. 259
4802:"Chechnya and the North Caucasus"
4633:
4173:. London: Brassey's. p. 102.
3759:Commander-in-Chief (2001–present)
1783:144th Guards Motor Rifle Division
1741:, special corps (reconnaissance,
1654:) of the Ground Forces, based in
1220:series of four terrorist bombings
837:Group of Soviet Forces in Germany
747:History of Russian military ranks
539:General Staff of the Armed Forces
9504:Rear of the Russian Armed Forces
8437:from the original on 23 May 2023
8412:
8169:Conflict Studies Research Centre
7963:Hertling, Mark (11 April 2022).
7622:from the original on 18 May 2022
7604:
7578:
7566:from the original on 27 May 2020
7552:
7523:
7495:
7483:from the original on 29 May 2022
7465:
7433:
7373:
7347:
7277:
7209:
7171:
7151:Новости, РИА (26 January 2024).
7144:
7124:Новости, РИА (26 January 2024).
7117:
7065:
7039:
7008:
6982:
6956:
6930:
6911:
6898:
6889:
6880:
6795:
6786:
6775:
6749:
6724:
6697:
6661:
6608:
6568:
6548:
6515:
6489:
6463:
6447:(in Russian). Stavropol Pravda.
6432:
6399:
6373:
6333:from the original on 15 May 2024
6315:
6285:
6253:
5754:from the original on 31 May 2022
5724:from the original on 3 June 2022
5694:from the original on 31 May 2022
5033:Military Balance 2001-02, p.107.
3926:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3493:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3150:
2855:
2716:Armata Universal Combat Platform
2678:
2391:
1897:Main Directorate of Intelligence
1432:
1335:
1251:North Caucasus Military District
1237:and terrorist attack mastermind
720:
710:
700:
690:
680:
659:
638:
613:
603:
578:
568:
558:
533:
512:
473:It should be clearly noted that
363:
351:
339:
327:
230:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
56:
8293:from the original on 9 May 2023
8123:from the original on 7 May 2023
8056:The Military Balance, 2000–2001
7638:
6804:The Military Balance, 2004–2005
6668:Quartly, Alaan (8 March 2003).
6471:"Чем известен Андрей Мордвичев"
6202:
6169:
6160:
6151:
6142:
6133:
6103:
6077:
6039:
6013:
5980:
5914:
5865:
5840:
5798:
5766:
5736:
5706:
5676:
5664:from the original on 3 May 2022
5650:
5638:from the original on 3 May 2022
5618:
5588:
5558:
5484:
5452:
5422:
5396:
5260:
5229:
5199:
5190:
5159:
5036:
5027:
5003:The Military Balance, 2001–2002
4994:
4917:
4905:
4896:
4854:
4836:BBC News World Edition (Europe)
4824:
4718:
4703:
4660:
4627:
4586:
4560:
4511:
4506:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
4420:
4397:
4359:
4105:from the original on 6 May 2014
1826:10th Guards "Uralsko-Lvovskaya"
1787:80th Arctic Motor Rifle Brigade
1522:Shoygu also focused on forming
1082:
970:Foreign Military Studies Office
851:in Hungary, and from Mongolia.
734:History of the Russian military
293:First Deputy Commander-in-Chief
117:Frunzenskaya Embankment 20-22,
9305:Air and Missile Defense Forces
8906:Military-Industrial Commission
8783:Commander-in-Chief of the Navy
8391:Turbiville, Graham H. (1995).
8260:Quartly, Alan (8 March 2003).
7380:Mikaberidze, FINS, Alexander.
6439:Ilyin, Igor (9 January 2014).
6269:(in Russian). 1 January 2021.
5491:@AliRogin (11 February 2022).
4159:
4117:
4085:
4059:
4017:
3973:
3733:Commander-in-Chief (1992–1997)
3458:
2443:Russian soldiers on parade in
2334:29th Guards Combined Arms Army
2288:41st Guards Combined Arms Army
2242:58th Guards Combined Arms Army
2078:20th Guards Combined Arms Army
1621:2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade
1596:2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade
99:500,000 inc 100,000 conscripts
13:
1:
9202:Missile Troops and Artillery
8811:Commander of the Space Forces
8556:
8549:Army of the Tsardom of Russia
8527:
8262:"Miss Shooting Range crowned"
8204:Orr, Michael (January 2003).
7915:Heyman, Charles, ed. (2005).
6670:"Miss Shooting Range crowned"
5242:PonarsEuarasia – Policy Memos
4010:
3783:Aleksandr Postnikov-Streltsov
3713:
3284:Marshal Rossiyskoy Federatsii
2907:have been activated for use.
2322:5th Guards Combined Arms Army
2276:2nd Guards Combined Arms Army
2194:8th Guards Combined Arms Army
2182:3rd Guards Combined Arms Army
1909:2008 Russian military reforms
1814:126th Coastal Defence Brigade
1178:1st Separate Airborne Brigade
1030:Lipetsk pilot training center
452:; Chemical; Motor Transport;
240:Invasion of Crimea and Donbas
32:Russian Army (disambiguation)
9599:Military academies in Russia
8425:Axe, David (19 April 2023).
8225:Parchomenko, Walter (1999).
7919:. Jane's Information Group.
7655:(4). The MIT Press: 83–134.
6763:(in Russian). 5 October 2016
5168:"Serdyukovґs radical reform"
5108:Giles, Keir (October 2006).
4832:"Top Russian general sacked"
4634:Finch, Raymond C. III, MAJ.
4171:The Military Balance 1995–96
2651:
2382:
1972:Leningrad Military Districts
1822:4th Guards "Kantemirovskaya"
1745:, radio electronic warfare,
1637:
1369:2008 Russian military reform
1194:Incident at Pristina airport
1045:Prosecutor General of Russia
949:, and the Defence Minister,
448:branches such as Engineers;
7:
9149:Military ranks and insignia
8871:Weapons of mass destruction
8577:Toy army of Peter the Great
8458:- use of training personnel
7789:"How are the mighty fallen"
7756:Central Intelligence Agency
7507:. Министерства обороны РФ.
6619:. London: Hamish Hamilton.
6329:(in Russian). 15 May 2024.
5172:Russia Beyond the Headlines
5136:"How are the mighty fallen"
4129:Russian Ministry of Defence
3993:
3919:
3804:
3702:
3687:
3672:
3657:
3642:
3627:
3612:
3597:
3447:
3432:
3417:
3402:
3387:
3372:
3357:
3342:
3327:
3312:
3297:
3282:
3277:Маршал Российской Федерации
3119:
2969:Armoured personnel carriers
2568:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2091:Leningrad Military District
1987:Leningrad Military District
1735:artillery and rocket forces
1424:Reforms under Sergey Shoygu
686:Leningrad Military District
425:weapons of mass destruction
10:
9976:
9535:Future of the Russian Navy
8985:Kaliningrad Special Region
8801:Commander of the Air Force
8749:Supreme Commander-in-Chief
8160:Orr, Michael (June 1998).
7936:Armed Forces & Society
7850:Jane's Intelligence Review
7781:Jane's Intelligence Review
6806:. Routledge. p. 151.
4727:Russia's Restless Frontier
4712:Russian Military Directory
4669:Armed Forces & Society
4406:Jane's Intelligence Review
4266:Jane's Intelligence Review
3906:Patriarch Kirill of Moscow
3872:On 31 May 2006, President
3717:
3694:
3580:
3479:
3136:
3077:
2950:Infantry fighting vehicles
2655:
2161:Southern Military District
2005:Southern Military District
1366:
1203:
1184:raced to seize control of
1155:Writing some years later,
1091:
1057:
789:
742:Military history of Russia
706:Southern Military District
627:Special operations force (
484:
444:, a term covering several
410:
29:
9902:
9664:
9586:
9550:
9543:
9512:
9420:
9385:Electronic Warfare Troops
9368:
9342:Special Operations Forces
9332:
9283:
9239:
9179:
9148:
9098:
8992:
8948:
8939:
8823:
8737:
8672:
8647:
8622:
8604:
8585:
8539:
8509:
8337:Schofield, Carey (1991).
8322:10.1080/13518040590944421
8145:. Yale University Press.
8017:The Military Balance 2022
8005:The Military Balance 2023
7993:The Military Balance 2024
7900:10.1080/13518040490440647
6575:Schofield, Carey (1991).
6524:The Military Balance 2006
6217:Russian Military Analysis
6184:Russian Military Analysis
5931:, accessed September 2007
4838:. BBC. 18 December 2002.
3981:
3881:
3696:
3681:
3679:
3666:
3664:
3651:
3649:
3636:
3634:
3621:
3619:
3606:
3604:
3591:
3589:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3490:
3485:
3482:
3465:non-commissioned officers
3441:
3439:
3426:
3424:
3411:
3409:
3396:
3394:
3381:
3379:
3366:
3364:
3351:
3349:
3336:
3334:
3321:
3319:
3306:
3304:
3291:
3289:
3276:
3274:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3147:
3142:
3139:
3026:Multiple rocket launchers
2864:This section needs to be
2687:This section needs to be
2617:, 45 percent; and in the
2591:non-commissioned officers
2523:non-commissioned officers
2400:This section needs to be
2301:Eastern Military District
2298:
2255:Central Military District
2252:
2158:
2088:
2042:
2023:Eastern Military District
2014:Central Military District
1524:battalion tactical groups
1441:This section needs to be
1410:United States Army Europe
1344:This section needs to be
1077:non-commissioned officers
968:A 1995 study by the U.S.
926:Soviet military academies
726:Eastern Military District
716:Central Military District
644:Special Operations Forces
359:
347:
335:
323:
318:
306:Deputy Commander-in-Chief
305:
292:
277:
272:
260:
215:1999 East Timorese crisis
172:
164:
151:
124:
113:
103:
95:
85:
77:
67:
55:
48:
46:
41:
9520:Ground Forces' equipment
9315:Aerospace Defence Forces
8880:General Staff buildings
8366:Suvorov, Viktor (1982).
7948:10.1177/0095327X06288030
7857:Giles, Keir (May 2007).
7544:(126): 3. Archived from
7537:
7532:
7503:
7441:
6923:24 December 2016 at the
6615:Suvorov, Viktor (1982).
6561:25 February 2023 at the
6327:МСК1.ру - новости Москвы
6247:28 February 2012 at the
6211:
6178:
4681:10.1177/0095327X06288030
4599:22 February 2023 at the
4500:13 December 2014 at the
4477:13 December 2014 at the
4445:Giles, Keir (May 2007).
4093:
3966:
3137:General / flag officers
3007:Self-propelled artillery
2714:New equipment, like the
2611:Moscow Military District
2539:amongst young officers.
2475:(Special Forces) snipers
2460:4th Guards Tank Division
2045:Moscow Military District
1996:Moscow Military District
1836:in the Siberian MD. The
1830:Moscow Military District
1307:research and development
1163:Then Lieutenant Colonel
911:Moscow Military District
907:3rd Motor Rifle Division
883:Post-Soviet reform plans
849:Southern Group of Forces
841:Northern Group of Forces
696:Moscow Military District
574:Russian Aerospace Forces
190:East Prigorodny Conflict
9604:Suvorov Military School
9380:Strategic Rocket Forces
8572:Army of Peter the Great
8244:10.55540/0031-1723.1949
6111:12th Artillery Division
5156:(subscription required)
3942:Naval Infantry (Russia)
2808:international sanctions
2774:MANPADS, more than 130
2481:Russian Airborne Forces
2427:A Russian soldier at a
2358:36th Combined Arms Army
2346:35th Combined Arms Army
2230:51st Combined Arms Army
2218:49th Combined Arms Army
2206:18th Combined Arms Army
1903:Dispositions since 2024
1878:surface-to-air missiles
1275:Strategic Rocket Forces
1182:Russian Airborne Forces
847:in Czechoslovakia, the
845:Central Group of Forces
619:Russian Airborne Forces
609:Strategic Rocket Forces
9704:Bosnia and Herzegovina
9477:12th Chief Directorate
9320:Radio-Technical Troops
9171:Armed Forces 1994–2010
8511:Principality of Moscow
8369:Inside the Soviet Army
8339:Inside the Soviet Army
8035:"The Military Balance"
7864:. CSRC. Archived from
7649:International Security
6617:Inside the Soviet Army
6577:Inside the Soviet Army
5174:. Rossiyskaya Gazeta.
5064:Cite journal requires
4868:. BBC. 16 April 2009.
4366:Turbiville, Graham H.
3982:Сухопутные войска (СВ)
3869:
3729:
3045:Surface-to-air missile
2761:MLRS and more than 20
2671:
2646:
2494:military commissariats
2476:
2462:
2448:
2436:
2112:6th Combined Arms Army
2038:Headquarters location
2026:
1940:, Ground Forces &
1874:The Air Defence Troops
1726:
1476:took over the role of
1469:
1408:'s term as Commander,
1290:
1260:Reforms under Sergeyev
1174:
504:
454:Russian Railway Troops
446:combat service support
9955:Russian Ground Forces
9525:Air Forces' equipment
9462:Military Band Service
9126:Arctic Ocean Flotilla
8595:Imperial Russian Army
8183:Orr, Michael (2000).
6877:starting 1 April 2023
6873:15 March 2023 at the
6049:. 19 September 2021.
5969:13 April 2014 at the
5946:13 April 2014 at the
5374:Eurasia Daily Monitor
5142:. 18 September 2008.
3894:Imperial Russian Army
3882:День Сухопутных войск
3860:
3727:
3599:Stárshiy práporshchik
3501:Russian Ground Forces
3463:The rank insignia of
3158:Russian Ground Forces
3126:commissioned officers
3124:The rank insignia of
2665:
2635:
2468:
2454:
2442:
2426:
1980:
1720:
1707:NBC Protection Troops
1581:St Andrews University
1467:
1288:
1169:
790:Further information:
564:Russian Ground Forces
503:
450:Russian Signal Troops
442:ru:Специальные войска
378:Russian Ground Forces
252:Intervention in Syria
185:Tajikistani Civil War
8731:Russian Armed Forces
8421:at Wikimedia Commons
8015:(14 February 2022).
8003:(15 February 2023).
7712:Baev, Pavel (1996).
6992:. 22 December 2016.
6927:armstrade.org. 2016.
6473:. 17 February 2023.
5927:2 April 2015 at the
5922:Kormiltsev Biography
5835:Bergmann et al. 2023
5516:. 12 February 2022.
5468:. 14 February 2022.
4549:3 April 2015 at the
4230:Baev, Pavel (1996).
3955:Operation Barbarossa
2489:Soviet Ground Forces
2066:1st Guards Tank Army
1723:3rd Spetsnaz Brigade
1650:. The Main Command (
856:Soviet Ground Forces
833:Russian Armed Forces
810:Yevgeny Shaposhnikov
592:Independent troops (
493:Russian Armed Forces
390:Russian Armed Forces
384:in English, are the
380:, also known as the
313:Aleksandr Matovnikov
9904:States with limited
9424:Ministry of Defence
9421:Departments in the
9298:Long-Range Aviation
8759:Ministry of Defence
8754:Minister of Defence
8745:President of Russia
8614:Russian Army (1917)
8566:New Order Regiments
8212:on 19 December 2010
8110:on 14 January 2008.
7917:Jane's World Armies
7871:on 31 December 2021
7843:on 15 October 2006.
7386:The Napoleon Series
7021:Wall Street Journal
6212:Военно-Морской Флот
6127:19 May 2015 at the
6116:19 May 2015 at the
5884:on 12 October 2022.
5848:Wall Street Journal
5440:on 10 December 2021
5406:. 21 January 2022.
4812:on 24 February 2011
4642:on 15 October 2006.
4623:on 14 January 2008.
4268:. IHS Jane's: 488.
4156:, pp. 356–387.
3840:Vasily Tonkoshkurov
3592:Ста́рший пра́порщик
2583:Minister of Defence
1907:As a result of the
1810:Kamchatka Peninsula
1779:Minister of Defence
1713:Branches of service
1678:General of the Army
1644:President of Russia
1535:Russo-Ukrainian War
1509:Ministry of Defence
1486:Ministry of Defence
1478:Ministry of Defence
1414:Aleksandr Streitsov
1281:Reforms under Putin
889:Ministry of Defence
798:Soviet Armed Forces
518:Ministry of Defence
463:theory and practice
459:the development of
456:, and Road Troops )
397:President of Russia
245:Invasion of Ukraine
235:Russo-Ukrainian War
73:1992 (current form)
9960:Military of Russia
9394:Logistical Support
9138:Kamchatka Flotilla
9099:Fleets of the Navy
8941:Military districts
8876:Awards and emblems
8690:1992–present
8674:Russian Federation
8041:on 19 January 2013
7831:Finch, Raymond C.
7747:Air Forces Monthly
7052:The New York Times
6866:Ukrayinska Pravda
6087:. 22 August 2016.
5345:. 10 August 2021.
4965:The World Factbook
4035:on 25 October 2020
3904:and the decree of
3870:
3765:Nikolai Kormiltsev
3730:
3469:enlisted personnel
3449:Mladshiy leytenant
3419:Starshiy leytenant
3074:Ranks and insignia
2803:The New York Times
2672:
2477:
2463:
2449:
2437:
2307:Lieutenant General
2261:Lieutenant General
2027:
1795:Kaliningrad Oblast
1767:"new look" reforms
1755:logistical support
1727:
1663:Nikolai Kormiltsev
1589:Curtis Scaparrotti
1505:Anatoliy Serdyukov
1470:
1398:Commander-in-Chief
1375:Anatoliy Serdyukov
1291:
1206:Second Chechen War
1200:Second Chechen War
1043:In July 2013, the
823:Russian President
673:Military districts
665:Logistical Support
505:
310:Lieutenant General
279:Commander-in-Chief
225:Russo-Georgian War
220:Second Chechen War
156:Forward, infantry!
9942:
9941:
9623:
9622:
9619:
9618:
9563:Naval Cadet Corps
9416:
9415:
9355:
9354:
9328:
9327:
9279:
9278:
9235:
9234:
9094:
9093:
8921:Conscription laws
8866:
8865:
8819:
8818:
8697:
8696:
8624:Russian Civil War
8541:Tsardom of Russia
8417:Media related to
8178:on 16 March 2011.
8065:978-0-19-929003-1
8026:978-0-367-46639-8
7926:978-0-7106-1389-9
7760:"World Fact Book"
6906:Armeiskii sbornik
6886:IISS 2006, p. 155
6813:978-0-19-856622-9
6626:978-0-241-10889-5
6586:978-0-7472-0418-3
6533:978-1-85743-399-9
6352:Olena, Ivashkiv.
6243:Ria Novosti 2010
5837:, pp. 13–14.
5660:. 17 April 2022.
5602:. 13 April 2022.
5572:. 12 April 2022.
5074:(recent editions)
5012:978-0-19-850979-0
4791:, pp. 88–90.
4374:on 1 August 2007.
4247:978-0-7619-5187-2
4198:978-1-86064-505-1
4135:on 9 January 2007
3991:
3886:Ivan the Terrible
3853:Ground Forces Day
3777:Vladimir Boldyrev
3739:Vladimir Semyonov
3711:
3710:
3674:Mládshiy serzhánt
3667:Мла́дший сержа́нт
3644:Stárshiy serzhánt
3637:Ста́рший сержа́нт
3456:
3455:
3442:Mладший лейтенант
3412:Старший лейтенант
3329:General-leytenant
3322:Генерал-лейтенант
3314:General-polkovnik
3307:Генерал-полковник
3067:Oleksandr Syrskyi
3063:
3062:
2931:Main battle tanks
2898:Military Balance,
2893:main battle tanks
2885:
2884:
2847:Equipment summary
2819:equipment means.
2708:
2707:
2421:
2420:
2380:
2379:
2375:Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
2310:Aleksandr Sanchik
2264:Andrey Mordvichev
1771:Anatoly Serdyukov
1739:troop air defence
1462:
1461:
1379:military district
1365:
1364:
1327:Serdyukov reforms
1192:, leading to the
1094:First Chechen War
1088:First Chechen War
1070:Alexander Rutskoi
963:Vladimir Semyonov
788:
787:
371:
370:
205:First Chechen War
16:(Redirected from
9967:
9666:Sovereign states
9650:
9643:
9636:
9627:
9626:
9548:
9547:
9544:Military academy
9390:
9389:
9330:
9329:
9285:Aerospace Forces
9281:
9280:
9259:Commando Frogmen
9237:
9236:
9184:
9183:
9032:Saint Petersburg
8946:
8945:
8901:Defense industry
8884:Saint Petersburg
8828:
8827:
8789:
8788:
8724:
8717:
8710:
8701:
8700:
8682:CIS Armed Forces
8606:Russian Republic
8561:
8558:
8532:
8529:
8504:Armies of Russia
8498:
8491:
8484:
8475:
8474:
8446:
8444:
8442:
8416:
8400:
8397:Fort Leavenworth
8387:
8356:
8333:
8302:
8300:
8298:
8281:
8279:
8277:
8256:
8246:
8221:
8219:
8217:
8200:
8198:
8196:
8179:
8177:
8171:. Archived from
8166:
8156:
8137:Odom, William E.
8132:
8130:
8128:
8111:
8106:. Archived from
8098:
8086:
8077:
8050:
8048:
8046:
8030:
8008:
7996:
7984:
7982:
7980:
7959:
7930:
7911:
7880:
7878:
7876:
7870:
7863:
7853:
7844:
7837:Fort Leavenworth
7827:
7808:
7806:
7804:
7795:. 30 June 2005.
7784:
7775:
7773:
7771:
7751:
7740:
7729:
7708:
7699:
7680:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7627:
7608:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7588:. October 2016.
7582:
7576:
7575:
7573:
7571:
7556:
7550:
7549:
7548:on 5 March 2016.
7527:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7516:
7499:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7488:
7469:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7458:
7437:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7426:
7411:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7377:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7366:
7351:
7345:
7339:
7330:
7324:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7281:
7275:
7269:
7263:
7257:
7251:
7245:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7231:
7213:
7207:
7201:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7175:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7164:
7148:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7137:
7121:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7095:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7069:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7058:
7043:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7032:
7012:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6986:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6975:
6960:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6934:
6928:
6915:
6909:
6902:
6896:
6893:
6887:
6884:
6878:
6864:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6845:
6839:
6835:
6833:
6825:
6799:
6793:
6790:
6784:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6753:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6742:
6728:
6722:
6721:
6701:
6695:
6689:
6687:
6685:
6665:
6659:
6653:
6644:
6643:, p. 40–41.
6638:
6632:
6630:
6612:
6606:
6600:
6591:
6590:
6572:
6566:
6552:
6546:
6545:
6519:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6493:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6482:
6467:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6445:www.stapravda.ru
6436:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6403:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6377:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6366:
6359:Ukrainska Pravda
6349:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6319:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6257:
6251:
6238:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6224:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6173:
6167:
6164:
6158:
6155:
6149:
6146:
6140:
6137:
6131:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6081:
6075:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6047:"Northern Fleet"
6043:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6017:
6011:
6008:
6002:
6001:
5993:
5987:
5984:
5978:
5961:
5955:
5952:The Moscow Times
5938:
5932:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5880:. Archived from
5869:
5863:
5857:
5851:
5844:
5838:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5810:Associated Press
5802:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5718:The Moscow Times
5710:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5513:Associated Press
5504:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5318:
5303:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5163:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5132:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5105:
5096:
5090:
5075:
5073:
5067:
5062:
5060:
5052:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5025:
5024:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4960:
4951:
4945:
4936:
4930:
4924:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4894:
4891:Parchomenko 1999
4888:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4798:
4792:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4651:
4643:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4613:
4604:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4570:. 11 July 2013.
4564:
4558:
4557:(18 August 2012)
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4521:. 26 July 2011.
4515:
4509:
4492:
4486:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4442:
4427:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4376:
4375:
4370:. Archived from
4363:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4347:on 19 March 2007
4337:
4331:
4325:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4261:
4252:
4251:
4227:
4218:
4212:
4203:
4202:
4184:
4175:
4174:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4131:. Archived from
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4069:. 3 March 2016.
4063:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4031:. Archived from
4021:
4004:
4003:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3977:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3883:
3834:Anatoly Golovnev
3789:Vladimir Chirkin
3707:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3684:
3683:
3677:
3669:
3668:
3662:
3654:
3653:
3647:
3639:
3638:
3632:
3624:
3623:
3617:
3609:
3608:
3602:
3594:
3593:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3474:
3473:
3452:
3444:
3443:
3437:
3429:
3428:
3422:
3414:
3413:
3407:
3399:
3398:
3392:
3384:
3383:
3377:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3354:
3353:
3347:
3339:
3338:
3332:
3324:
3323:
3317:
3309:
3308:
3302:
3294:
3293:
3287:
3279:
3278:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3143:Junior officers
3140:Senior officers
3131:
3130:
2910:
2909:
2880:
2877:
2871:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2644:
2600:reported in the
2445:Saint Petersburg
2416:
2413:
2407:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2170:Gennady Anashkin
2106:Saint Petersburg
2029:
2028:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1885:Air Forces (VVS)
1834:5th Guards "Don"
1691:Vladimir Chirkin
1573:invading Ukraine
1517:defence industry
1490:military uniform
1457:
1454:
1448:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1293:Under President
1243:Russian Caucasus
1186:Pristina Airport
1066:unconstitutional
780:
773:
766:
724:
714:
704:
694:
684:
663:
642:
617:
607:
582:
572:
562:
537:
516:
489:
488:
367:
355:
343:
331:
268:
180:Transnistria War
145:
140:
135:
130:
60:
51:
50:
39:
38:
21:
9975:
9974:
9970:
9969:
9968:
9966:
9965:
9964:
9945:
9944:
9943:
9938:
9924:Northern Cyprus
9905:
9898:
9819:North Macedonia
9660:
9654:
9624:
9615:
9582:
9539:
9508:
9493:Krasnaya Zvezda
9426:
9422:
9412:
9388:
9375:Airborne Forces
9364:
9351:
9324:
9275:
9231:
9175:
9144:
9090:
8988:
8935:
8862:
8815:
8787:
8733:
8728:
8698:
8693:
8668:
8643:
8618:
8600:
8597:1721–1917
8581:
8559:
8535:
8530:
8521:1380–1698
8505:
8502:
8440:
8438:
8409:
8404:
8403:
8384:
8353:
8296:
8294:
8275:
8273:
8215:
8213:
8194:
8192:
8175:
8164:
8153:
8126:
8124:
8066:
8044:
8042:
8033:
8027:
7978:
7976:
7927:
7874:
7872:
7868:
7861:
7824:
7802:
7800:
7787:
7769:
7767:
7726:
7696:
7661:10.2307/2539241
7641:
7636:
7635:
7625:
7623:
7610:
7609:
7605:
7595:
7593:
7584:
7583:
7579:
7569:
7567:
7558:
7557:
7553:
7539:
7538:Восточный округ
7534:
7528:
7524:
7514:
7512:
7505:
7501:
7500:
7496:
7486:
7484:
7471:
7470:
7466:
7456:
7454:
7447:КонсультантПлюс
7443:
7439:
7438:
7434:
7424:
7422:
7413:
7412:
7405:
7395:
7393:
7378:
7374:
7364:
7362:
7352:
7348:
7340:
7333:
7325:
7312:
7302:
7300:
7282:
7278:
7270:
7266:
7260:Михайленко 2022
7258:
7254:
7246:
7239:
7229:
7227:
7214:
7210:
7202:
7198:
7188:
7186:
7176:
7172:
7162:
7160:
7149:
7145:
7135:
7133:
7122:
7118:
7108:
7106:
7096:
7092:
7082:
7080:
7070:
7066:
7056:
7054:
7044:
7040:
7030:
7028:
7013:
7009:
6999:
6997:
6988:
6987:
6983:
6973:
6971:
6962:
6961:
6957:
6947:
6945:
6936:
6935:
6931:
6925:Wayback Machine
6916:
6912:
6903:
6899:
6894:
6890:
6885:
6881:
6875:Wayback Machine
6865:
6861:
6853:
6849:
6837:
6836:
6827:
6826:
6814:
6800:
6796:
6791:
6787:
6780:
6776:
6766:
6764:
6755:
6754:
6750:
6740:
6738:
6730:
6729:
6725:
6702:
6698:
6683:
6681:
6666:
6662:
6654:
6647:
6639:
6635:
6627:
6613:
6609:
6601:
6594:
6587:
6573:
6569:
6563:Wayback Machine
6553:
6549:
6534:
6520:
6516:
6506:
6504:
6495:
6494:
6490:
6480:
6478:
6469:
6468:
6464:
6454:
6452:
6437:
6433:
6423:
6421:
6404:
6400:
6390:
6388:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6364:
6362:
6350:
6346:
6336:
6334:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6306:
6304:
6291:
6290:
6286:
6276:
6274:
6259:
6258:
6254:
6249:Wayback Machine
6239:
6232:
6222:
6220:
6213:
6208:
6207:
6203:
6193:
6191:
6180:
6175:
6174:
6170:
6165:
6161:
6156:
6152:
6148:Butowsky, p. 83
6147:
6143:
6139:Butowsky, p. 81
6138:
6134:
6129:Wayback Machine
6118:Wayback Machine
6108:
6104:
6094:
6092:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6070:
6066:
6056:
6054:
6045:
6044:
6040:
6030:
6028:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6009:
6005:
5994:
5990:
5985:
5981:
5977:) (19 Dec 2013)
5971:Wayback Machine
5962:
5958:
5948:Wayback Machine
5939:
5935:
5929:Wayback Machine
5919:
5915:
5905:
5903:
5893:
5889:
5878:World Fact Book
5870:
5866:
5858:
5854:
5845:
5841:
5833:
5829:
5819:
5817:
5804:
5803:
5799:
5789:
5787:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5757:
5755:
5750:. 30 May 2022.
5742:
5741:
5737:
5727:
5725:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5697:
5695:
5682:
5681:
5677:
5667:
5665:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5641:
5639:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5609:
5607:
5594:
5593:
5589:
5579:
5577:
5564:
5563:
5559:
5549:
5547:
5538:
5537:
5533:
5523:
5521:
5506:
5489:
5485:
5475:
5473:
5465:TheGuardian.com
5458:
5457:
5453:
5443:
5441:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5413:
5411:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5387:
5385:
5366:
5362:
5352:
5350:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5301:
5295:
5291:
5281:
5279:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5251:
5249:
5234:
5230:
5220:
5218:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5195:
5191:
5181:
5179:
5164:
5160:
5149:
5147:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5119:
5117:
5106:
5099:
5091:
5078:
5065:
5063:
5054:
5053:
5041:
5037:
5032:
5028:
5013:
4999:
4995:
4987:
4983:
4976:
4962:
4961:
4954:
4946:
4939:
4931:
4927:
4922:
4918:
4912:Krasnaya Zvezda
4910:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4889:
4885:
4875:
4873:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4845:
4843:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4815:
4813:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4787:
4783:
4775:
4768:
4760:
4756:
4748:
4744:
4737:
4723:
4719:
4708:
4704:
4665:
4661:
4645:
4644:
4632:
4628:
4615:
4614:
4607:
4601:Wayback Machine
4591:
4587:
4577:
4575:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4551:Wayback Machine
4542:
4538:
4528:
4526:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4508:(27 March 2011)
4502:Wayback Machine
4493:
4489:
4485:(25 March 2011)
4479:Wayback Machine
4470:
4466:
4456:
4454:
4443:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4402:
4398:
4390:
4379:
4364:
4360:
4350:
4348:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4326:
4317:
4313:, pp. 2–3.
4309:
4305:
4297:
4293:
4285:
4281:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4228:
4221:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4185:
4178:
4164:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4138:
4136:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4106:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4076:
4074:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4052:
4048:
4038:
4036:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4007:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3932:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3855:
3846:Aleksandr Lapin
3828:Eduard Vorobyov
3807:
3722:
3716:
3700:
3685:
3670:
3655:
3640:
3625:
3610:
3595:
3529:
3504:
3494:
3492:
3461:
3445:
3430:
3415:
3400:
3385:
3370:
3355:
3340:
3325:
3310:
3295:
3280:
3186:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3122:
3090:Colonel General
3082:
3076:
2988:Towed artillery
2881:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2683:
2679:
2660:
2654:
2645:
2642:
2570:in March 2023.
2417:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2370:68th Army Corps
2313:
2304:
2267:
2258:
2173:
2167:Colonel General
2164:
2148:44th Army Corps
2136:14th Army Corps
2124:11th Army Corps
2103:
2100:Aleksandr Lapin
2097:Colonel General
2094:
2057:
2054:Sergey Kuzovlev
2051:Colonel General
2048:
2025:
2018:
2016:
2009:
2007:
2000:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1982:
1905:
1715:
1674:Colonel General
1660:Colonel General
1640:
1537:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1404:During General
1371:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1283:
1262:
1247:Gennady Troshev
1231:Aslan Maskhadov
1208:
1202:
1188:in what became
1142:Aslan Maskhadov
1138:Alexander Lebed
1125:within Russia.
1100:Dzhokar Dudayev
1096:
1090:
1085:
1062:
1056:
955:Dmitry Kholodov
947:Matvey Burlakov
938:
894:Krasnaya Zvezda
885:
843:in Poland, the
794:
784:
487:
413:
374:
300:Aleksandr Lapin
297:Colonel General
264:
256:
210:War of Dagestan
195:War in Abkhazia
159:Вперёд, пехота!
147:
143:
142:
138:
137:
133:
132:
128:
72:
63:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9973:
9963:
9962:
9957:
9940:
9939:
9937:
9936:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9916:
9910:
9908:
9900:
9899:
9897:
9896:
9894:United Kingdom
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9724:Czech Republic
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9670:
9668:
9662:
9661:
9653:
9652:
9645:
9638:
9630:
9621:
9620:
9617:
9616:
9614:
9613:
9608:
9607:
9606:
9596:
9590:
9588:
9584:
9583:
9581:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9554:
9552:
9545:
9541:
9540:
9538:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9516:
9514:
9510:
9509:
9507:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9433:
9431:
9418:
9417:
9414:
9413:
9411:
9410:
9405:
9399:
9397:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9370:
9366:
9365:
9363:
9362:
9356:
9353:
9352:
9350:
9349:
9344:
9338:
9336:
9334:Special Forces
9326:
9325:
9323:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9301:
9300:
9289:
9287:
9277:
9276:
9274:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9262:
9261:
9256:
9249:Coastal Troops
9245:
9243:
9233:
9232:
9230:
9229:
9224:
9222:NBC Protection
9219:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9193:
9191:
9181:
9177:
9176:
9174:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9152:
9150:
9146:
9145:
9143:
9142:
9141:
9140:
9130:
9129:
9128:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9102:
9100:
9096:
9095:
9092:
9091:
9089:
9088:
9087:
9086:
9075:
9074:
9073:
9062:
9061:
9060:
9049:
9048:
9047:
9036:
9035:
9034:
9023:
9022:
9021:
9010:
9009:
9008:
8996:
8994:
8990:
8989:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8970:North Caucasus
8967:
8961:
8952:
8950:
8943:
8937:
8936:
8934:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8892:
8891:
8886:
8878:
8873:
8867:
8864:
8863:
8861:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8834:
8832:
8825:
8821:
8820:
8817:
8816:
8814:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8797:
8795:
8786:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8774:
8773:
8763:
8762:
8761:
8751:
8741:
8739:
8735:
8734:
8727:
8726:
8719:
8712:
8704:
8695:
8694:
8692:
8691:
8685:
8678:
8676:
8670:
8669:
8667:
8666:
8660:
8653:
8651:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8641:
8635:
8628:
8626:
8620:
8619:
8617:
8616:
8610:
8608:
8602:
8601:
8599:
8598:
8591:
8589:
8587:Russian Empire
8583:
8582:
8580:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8563:
8551:
8545:
8543:
8537:
8536:
8534:
8533:
8522:
8515:
8513:
8507:
8506:
8501:
8500:
8493:
8486:
8478:
8472:
8471:
8465:
8459:
8453:
8447:
8422:
8419:Army of Russia
8408:
8407:External links
8405:
8402:
8401:
8388:
8382:
8363:
8357:
8351:
8334:
8316:(2): 189–206.
8303:
8289:. WavellRoom.
8282:
8257:
8222:
8201:
8180:
8157:
8151:
8133:
8112:
8099:
8087:
8078:
8064:
8051:
8031:
8025:
8009:
7997:
7985:
7960:
7931:
7925:
7912:
7881:
7854:
7845:
7828:
7822:
7809:
7785:
7776:
7752:
7741:
7730:
7724:
7709:
7700:
7694:
7681:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7603:
7577:
7551:
7522:
7494:
7464:
7432:
7403:
7372:
7346:
7344:, p. 195.
7331:
7329:, p. 194.
7310:
7276:
7274:, p. 185.
7264:
7252:
7237:
7208:
7206:, p. 511.
7196:
7180:"CNN Politics"
7170:
7143:
7116:
7090:
7064:
7038:
7007:
6981:
6955:
6929:
6910:
6897:
6888:
6879:
6859:
6857:, p. 564.
6847:
6838:|journal=
6812:
6794:
6785:
6774:
6748:
6723:
6696:
6660:
6645:
6633:
6625:
6607:
6592:
6585:
6567:
6547:
6532:
6514:
6488:
6462:
6431:
6416:(in Russian).
6398:
6372:
6344:
6314:
6284:
6252:
6230:
6201:
6186:(in Russian).
6168:
6159:
6150:
6141:
6132:
6102:
6076:
6074:, p. 190.
6064:
6038:
6023:. 7 May 2016.
6012:
6003:
5988:
5979:
5956:
5933:
5913:
5887:
5864:
5862:, p. 184.
5852:
5850:(15 Feb 2023).
5839:
5827:
5797:
5765:
5735:
5720:. 6 May 2022.
5705:
5690:. 8 May 2022.
5675:
5649:
5634:. 2 May 2022.
5617:
5587:
5557:
5531:
5499:) – via
5483:
5451:
5421:
5395:
5360:
5330:
5289:
5259:
5228:
5198:
5189:
5158:
5127:
5097:
5076:
5066:|journal=
5035:
5026:
5011:
4993:
4991:, p. 115.
4981:
4974:
4952:
4937:
4925:
4916:
4904:
4895:
4883:
4853:
4823:
4793:
4781:
4766:
4754:
4742:
4735:
4717:
4714:. p. 328.
4702:
4675:(4): 512–531.
4659:
4626:
4605:
4585:
4559:
4555:Deutsche Welle
4536:
4510:
4487:
4464:
4428:
4419:
4396:
4377:
4358:
4332:
4330:, p. 302.
4315:
4303:
4301:, p. 113.
4291:
4289:, p. 112.
4279:
4253:
4246:
4219:
4204:
4197:
4176:
4158:
4146:
4116:
4097:(in Russian).
4084:
4058:
4056:, p. 192.
4046:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4005:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3921:
3918:
3914:Day of Tankmen
3874:Vladimir Putin
3862:Igor Matvienko
3854:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3800:(2014–present)
3795:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3771:Aleksei Maslov
3768:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3735:
3734:
3718:Main article:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3693:
3678:
3663:
3648:
3633:
3618:
3603:
3587:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3505:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3438:
3423:
3408:
3393:
3378:
3363:
3348:
3333:
3318:
3303:
3288:
3272:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3162:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3121:
3118:
3078:Main article:
3075:
3072:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2883:
2882:
2863:
2861:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2706:
2705:
2686:
2684:
2677:
2656:Main article:
2653:
2650:
2640:
2621:, 25 percent.
2615:North Caucasus
2602:World Factbook
2419:
2418:
2399:
2397:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1904:
1901:
1759:special forces
1714:
1711:
1639:
1636:
1536:
1533:
1480:, the reforms
1460:
1459:
1440:
1438:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1367:Main article:
1363:
1362:
1343:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1295:Vladimir Putin
1282:
1279:
1261:
1258:
1239:Shamil Basayev
1201:
1198:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1055:
1052:
937:
934:
930:NATO expansion
884:
881:
786:
785:
783:
782:
775:
768:
760:
757:
756:
755:
754:
749:
744:
736:
735:
731:
730:
729:
728:
718:
708:
698:
688:
675:
674:
670:
669:
668:
667:
654:
653:
649:
648:
647:
646:
633:
632:
624:
623:
622:
621:
611:
598:
597:
589:
588:
587:
586:
576:
566:
553:
552:
544:
543:
542:
541:
528:
527:
523:
522:
521:
520:
507:
506:
496:
495:
486:
483:
471:
470:
467:
464:
457:
438:
412:
409:
372:
369:
368:
361:
357:
356:
349:
345:
344:
337:
333:
332:
325:
321:
320:
316:
315:
307:
303:
302:
294:
290:
289:
281:
275:
274:
270:
269:
262:
258:
257:
255:
254:
249:
248:
247:
242:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
176:
174:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
153:
149:
148:
126:
122:
121:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9972:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9952:
9950:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9929:South Ossetia
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9911:
9909:
9907:
9901:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9671:
9669:
9667:
9663:
9658:
9651:
9646:
9644:
9639:
9637:
9632:
9631:
9628:
9612:
9609:
9605:
9602:
9601:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9591:
9589:
9585:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9555:
9553:
9549:
9546:
9542:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9517:
9515:
9511:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9494:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9434:
9432:
9430:
9429:General Staff
9425:
9419:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9391:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9367:
9361:
9358:
9357:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9339:
9337:
9335:
9331:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9299:
9296:
9295:
9294:
9291:
9290:
9288:
9286:
9282:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9251:
9250:
9247:
9246:
9244:
9242:
9238:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9188:Ground Forces
9185:
9182:
9178:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9156:Ground Forces
9154:
9153:
9151:
9147:
9139:
9136:
9135:
9134:
9131:
9127:
9124:
9123:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9103:
9101:
9097:
9085:
9081:
9080:
9079:
9076:
9072:
9068:
9067:
9066:
9063:
9059:
9058:Yekaterinburg
9055:
9054:
9053:
9050:
9046:
9045:Rostov-on-Don
9042:
9041:
9040:
9037:
9033:
9029:
9028:
9027:
9024:
9020:
9016:
9015:
9014:
9011:
9007:
9003:
9002:
9001:
8998:
8997:
8995:
8991:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8938:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8881:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8868:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8835:
8833:
8829:
8826:
8822:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8794:
8790:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8772:
8771:General Staff
8769:
8768:
8767:
8764:
8760:
8757:
8756:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8746:
8743:
8742:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8725:
8720:
8718:
8713:
8711:
8706:
8705:
8702:
8689:
8688:Ground Forces
8686:
8684:1991–93
8683:
8680:
8679:
8677:
8675:
8671:
8665:1946–92
8664:
8661:
8659:1922–46
8658:
8655:
8654:
8652:
8650:
8646:
8640:1918–22
8639:
8636:
8634:1918–23
8633:
8630:
8629:
8627:
8625:
8621:
8615:
8612:
8611:
8609:
8607:
8603:
8596:
8593:
8592:
8590:
8588:
8584:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:1648–98
8567:
8564:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8546:
8544:
8542:
8538:
8526:
8523:
8520:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8512:
8508:
8499:
8494:
8492:
8487:
8485:
8480:
8479:
8476:
8469:
8466:
8463:
8460:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8448:
8436:
8432:
8428:
8423:
8420:
8415:
8411:
8410:
8398:
8394:
8389:
8385:
8383:0-586-05978-4
8379:
8375:
8371:
8370:
8364:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8352:0-7472-0418-7
8348:
8344:
8340:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8311:
8310:
8304:
8292:
8288:
8283:
8271:
8267:
8263:
8258:
8254:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8223:
8211:
8207:
8202:
8190:
8186:
8181:
8174:
8170:
8163:
8158:
8154:
8152:0-300-07469-7
8148:
8144:
8143:
8138:
8134:
8122:
8118:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8100:
8096:
8094:
8088:
8084:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8061:
8057:
8054:IISS (2000).
8052:
8040:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8022:
8019:. Routledge.
8018:
8014:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7932:
7928:
7922:
7918:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7888:
7882:
7867:
7860:
7855:
7851:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7829:
7825:
7823:5-7511-1819-7
7819:
7815:
7810:
7798:
7794:
7793:The Economist
7790:
7786:
7782:
7777:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7748:
7742:
7738:
7737:
7731:
7727:
7725:0-7619-5187-3
7721:
7717:
7716:
7710:
7706:
7701:
7697:
7695:1-86064-485-6
7691:
7687:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7645:
7644:
7621:
7617:
7613:
7607:
7591:
7587:
7581:
7565:
7561:
7555:
7547:
7543:
7535:
7526:
7510:
7506:
7498:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7468:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7436:
7420:
7416:
7410:
7408:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7376:
7361:
7357:
7350:
7343:
7338:
7336:
7328:
7323:
7321:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7280:
7273:
7268:
7261:
7256:
7249:
7248:Robinson 2022
7244:
7242:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7212:
7205:
7200:
7185:
7181:
7174:
7158:
7154:
7147:
7131:
7127:
7120:
7105:
7101:
7094:
7079:
7075:
7068:
7053:
7049:
7042:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7011:
6995:
6991:
6985:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6943:
6939:
6933:
6926:
6922:
6919:
6914:
6907:
6901:
6892:
6883:
6876:
6872:
6869:
6863:
6856:
6851:
6843:
6831:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6809:
6805:
6798:
6789:
6783:
6778:
6762:
6758:
6752:
6737:
6733:
6727:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6700:
6693:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6664:
6658:, p. 42.
6657:
6652:
6650:
6642:
6637:
6628:
6622:
6618:
6611:
6605:, p. 43.
6604:
6599:
6597:
6588:
6582:
6578:
6571:
6564:
6560:
6557:
6551:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6529:
6525:
6518:
6502:
6498:
6492:
6476:
6472:
6466:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6435:
6419:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6402:
6386:
6382:
6376:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6348:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6318:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6288:
6272:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6256:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6237:
6235:
6218:
6214:
6210:"Warfare.be"
6205:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:"Warfare.be"
6172:
6163:
6154:
6145:
6136:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6112:
6106:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6073:
6068:
6052:
6048:
6042:
6026:
6022:
6021:"Motor rifle"
6016:
6007:
5999:
5992:
5983:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5965:
5960:
5954:(20 Dec 2013)
5953:
5949:
5945:
5942:
5937:
5930:
5926:
5923:
5917:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5856:
5849:
5843:
5836:
5831:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5801:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5769:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5739:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5663:
5659:
5653:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5621:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5561:
5545:
5541:
5535:
5519:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5487:
5471:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5455:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5425:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5364:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5334:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5300:
5293:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5232:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5193:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5162:
5145:
5141:
5140:The Economist
5137:
5131:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5102:
5094:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5071:
5058:
5050:
5046:
5039:
5030:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5008:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4985:
4977:
4975:0-16-076547-1
4971:
4967:
4966:
4959:
4957:
4950:, p. 12.
4949:
4944:
4942:
4934:
4929:
4920:
4913:
4908:
4899:
4892:
4887:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4797:
4790:
4785:
4778:
4777:Hertling 2022
4773:
4771:
4764:, p. 87.
4763:
4758:
4752:, p. 82.
4751:
4746:
4738:
4736:0-87003-204-6
4732:
4728:
4721:
4713:
4706:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4655:
4649:
4641:
4637:
4630:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4589:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4540:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4491:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4468:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4423:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4394:, p. 10.
4393:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4373:
4369:
4362:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4329:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4312:
4307:
4300:
4295:
4288:
4283:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4260:
4258:
4249:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4226:
4224:
4216:
4211:
4209:
4200:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4181:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4155:
4150:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4088:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4055:
4050:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4016:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3979:Russian:
3976:
3972:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3934:Russia portal
3924:
3917:
3915:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3902:Sergei Shoigu
3897:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3879:
3875:
3867:
3866:Oleg Salyukov
3863:
3859:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3822:Yuri Bukreyev
3820:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3799:
3798:Oleg Salyukov
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3752:Yuri Bukreyev
3750:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3706:
3705:
3691:
3690:
3676:
3675:
3661:
3660:
3646:
3645:
3631:
3630:
3616:
3615:
3601:
3600:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3526:
3521:
3519:
3514:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3489:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3451:
3450:
3436:
3435:
3421:
3420:
3406:
3405:
3391:
3390:
3376:
3375:
3361:
3360:
3346:
3345:
3344:General-mayor
3337:Генерал-майор
3331:
3330:
3316:
3315:
3301:
3300:
3299:General armii
3292:Генерал армии
3286:
3285:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3146:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3071:
3068:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2879:
2867:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2702:
2690:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2649:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2627:Sergei Ivanov
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2579:Sergei Ivanov
2576:
2571:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2492:thousands of
2490:
2485:
2482:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2441:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2415:
2412:November 2018
2403:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2270:Yekaterinburg
2265:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:Novocherkassk
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2176:Rostov-on-Don
2171:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1858:The previous
1857:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:Sergei Shoigu
1772:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1719:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1695:Oleg Salyukov
1692:
1686:
1683:
1682:Alexey Maslov
1679:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:Sergey Shoygu
1466:
1456:
1444:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1406:Mark Hertling
1402:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1359:
1347:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1266:Igor Sergeyev
1257:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1165:Mark Hertling
1161:
1158:
1157:Dmitri Trenin
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:retook Grozny
1131:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1104:Pavel Grachev
1101:
1095:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1003:Sergey Ivanov
998:
996:
992:
988:
983:
978:
976:
971:
966:
964:
960:
959:Igor Rodionov
956:
952:
951:Pavel Grachev
948:
942:
933:
931:
927:
922:
920:
919:Pavel Grachev
914:
912:
908:
902:
900:
899:General Staff
896:
895:
890:
880:
878:
873:
868:
866:
862:
861:division list
857:
854:Thirty-seven
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:Boris Yeltsin
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
793:
781:
776:
774:
769:
767:
762:
761:
759:
758:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
738:
737:
733:
732:
727:
723:
719:
717:
713:
709:
707:
703:
699:
697:
693:
689:
687:
683:
679:
678:
677:
676:
672:
671:
666:
662:
658:
657:
656:
655:
651:
650:
645:
641:
637:
636:
635:
634:
630:
626:
625:
620:
616:
612:
610:
606:
602:
601:
600:
599:
595:
591:
590:
585:
581:
577:
575:
571:
567:
565:
561:
557:
556:
555:
554:
550:
546:
545:
540:
536:
532:
531:
530:
529:
525:
524:
519:
515:
511:
510:
509:
508:
502:
498:
497:
494:
491:
490:
482:
480:
476:
468:
465:
462:
458:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
437:
433:
432:
431:
428:
426:
422:
418:
408:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
373:Military unit
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
348:Middle emblem
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
314:
311:
308:
304:
301:
298:
295:
291:
288:
287:Oleg Salyukov
285:
282:
280:
276:
271:
267:
263:
259:
253:
250:
246:
243:
241:
238:
237:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
175:
171:
167:
165:Anniversaries
163:
160:
157:
154:
150:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
70:
66:
59:
54:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
9934:Transnistria
9843:
9491:
9310:Space Forces
9187:
8848:Bases abroad
8687:
8649:Soviet Union
8439:. Retrieved
8430:
8392:
8368:
8360:
8338:
8313:
8307:
8295:. Retrieved
8274:. Retrieved
8265:
8234:
8230:
8214:. Retrieved
8210:the original
8193:. Retrieved
8173:the original
8141:
8125:. Retrieved
8108:the original
8091:
8082:
8055:
8043:. Retrieved
8039:the original
8016:
8007:. Routledge.
8004:
7995:. Routledge.
7992:
7977:. Retrieved
7968:
7939:
7935:
7916:
7891:
7885:
7873:. Retrieved
7866:the original
7849:
7841:the original
7813:
7801:. Retrieved
7792:
7780:
7768:. Retrieved
7745:
7735:
7714:
7704:
7685:
7652:
7648:
7639:Bibliography
7624:. Retrieved
7615:
7606:
7596:13 September
7594:. Retrieved
7580:
7570:13 September
7568:. Retrieved
7554:
7546:the original
7541:
7525:
7513:. Retrieved
7497:
7485:. Retrieved
7476:
7467:
7455:. Retrieved
7446:
7435:
7423:. Retrieved
7418:
7394:. Retrieved
7385:
7375:
7363:. Retrieved
7360:the Guardian
7359:
7349:
7301:. Retrieved
7290:The Guardian
7289:
7279:
7267:
7255:
7228:. Retrieved
7224:
7211:
7199:
7187:. Retrieved
7183:
7173:
7161:. Retrieved
7159:(in Russian)
7156:
7146:
7134:. Retrieved
7132:(in Russian)
7129:
7119:
7107:. Retrieved
7103:
7093:
7081:. Retrieved
7077:
7067:
7055:. Retrieved
7051:
7041:
7029:. Retrieved
7020:
7010:
6998:. Retrieved
6984:
6972:. Retrieved
6958:
6946:. Retrieved
6932:
6913:
6905:
6900:
6891:
6882:
6862:
6850:
6803:
6797:
6788:
6777:
6767:29 September
6765:. Retrieved
6760:
6751:
6739:. Retrieved
6735:
6726:
6709:
6705:
6699:
6691:
6682:. Retrieved
6673:
6663:
6636:
6616:
6610:
6576:
6570:
6550:
6523:
6517:
6505:. Retrieved
6491:
6479:. Retrieved
6465:
6453:. Retrieved
6444:
6434:
6422:. Retrieved
6411:
6401:
6389:. Retrieved
6375:
6363:. Retrieved
6357:
6347:
6335:. Retrieved
6326:
6317:
6305:. Retrieved
6296:
6287:
6275:. Retrieved
6264:
6255:
6221:. Retrieved
6219:(in Russian)
6216:
6204:
6192:. Retrieved
6183:
6171:
6162:
6153:
6144:
6135:
6105:
6093:. Retrieved
6079:
6067:
6055:. Retrieved
6041:
6029:. Retrieved
6015:
6006:
5997:
5991:
5982:
5959:
5936:
5916:
5904:. Retrieved
5900:
5890:
5882:the original
5877:
5867:
5855:
5847:
5842:
5830:
5820:21 September
5818:. Retrieved
5800:
5788:. Retrieved
5777:
5768:
5756:. Retrieved
5747:
5738:
5726:. Retrieved
5717:
5708:
5696:. Retrieved
5687:
5678:
5666:. Retrieved
5652:
5640:. Retrieved
5629:
5620:
5608:. Retrieved
5590:
5578:. Retrieved
5560:
5548:. Retrieved
5534:
5522:. Retrieved
5511:
5486:
5474:. Retrieved
5463:
5454:
5442:. Retrieved
5438:the original
5433:
5424:
5412:. Retrieved
5398:
5386:. Retrieved
5377:
5373:
5363:
5351:. Retrieved
5342:
5333:
5321:. Retrieved
5309:
5305:
5292:
5280:. Retrieved
5272:www.csis.org
5271:
5262:
5250:. Retrieved
5241:
5231:
5219:. Retrieved
5210:
5201:
5192:
5180:. Retrieved
5171:
5161:
5150:21 September
5148:. Retrieved
5139:
5130:
5118:. Retrieved
5057:cite journal
5038:
5029:
5002:
4996:
4984:
4964:
4935:, p. 6.
4928:
4919:
4907:
4898:
4886:
4874:. Retrieved
4865:
4856:
4844:. Retrieved
4835:
4826:
4814:. Retrieved
4810:the original
4805:
4796:
4784:
4757:
4745:
4726:
4720:
4711:
4705:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4640:the original
4629:
4621:the original
4588:
4576:. Retrieved
4562:
4539:
4527:. Retrieved
4513:
4490:
4467:
4455:. Retrieved
4422:
4405:
4399:
4372:the original
4361:
4351:27 September
4349:. Retrieved
4345:the original
4335:
4306:
4299:Arbatov 1998
4294:
4287:Arbatov 1998
4282:
4265:
4232:
4217:, p. 2.
4188:
4170:
4161:
4149:
4137:. Retrieved
4133:the original
4119:
4107:. Retrieved
4087:
4075:. Retrieved
4061:
4049:
4037:. Retrieved
4033:the original
4029:470sv.mil.ru
4028:
4025:"Главная СВ"
4019:
3998:
3997:ukhoputniye
3994:
3975:
3911:
3898:
3871:
3816:Boris Gromov
3614:Práporshchyk
3500:
3491:
3483:Junior NCOs
3480:Senior NCOs
3462:
3374:Podpolkovnik
3367:Подполковник
3157:
3148:
3123:
3083:
3064:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2886:
2873:
2865:
2831:produce for
2817:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2784:
2752:
2724:Kurganets-25
2713:
2709:
2696:
2688:
2647:
2636:
2632:
2623:
2601:
2595:
2575:kontraktniki
2574:
2572:
2565:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2528:praporshchik
2526:
2518:dedovshchina
2516:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2409:
2401:
2299:
2253:
2159:
2153:Petrozavodsk
2089:
2043:
1965:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1930:
1906:
1893:Spetsnaz GRU
1890:
1882:
1872:
1852:
1818:
1799:
1763:
1728:
1699:
1687:
1671:
1651:
1641:
1629:
1625:
1614:
1610:
1593:
1577:
1569:
1538:
1521:
1513:
1494:
1471:
1450:
1442:
1403:
1395:
1372:
1353:
1345:
1320:dedovshchina
1318:
1315:
1311:
1299:
1292:
1271:
1263:
1255:
1233:and leading
1228:
1224:
1214:neighboring
1209:
1175:
1170:
1162:
1154:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1097:
1083:Chechen Wars
1074:
1063:
1049:
1042:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
999:
994:
979:
974:
967:
943:
939:
923:
915:
903:
892:
886:
869:
853:
822:
795:
652:Other troops
628:
593:
584:Russian Navy
563:
548:
475:Spetsnaz GRU
472:
429:
414:
394:
382:Russian Army
381:
377:
375:
284:Army General
158:
155:
114:Headquarters
104:Part of
36:
18:Russian army
9906:recognition
9879:Switzerland
9814:Netherlands
9558:Cadet Corps
9369:Independent
9271:Hydrography
9227:Topographic
9197:Air Defence
9084:Severomorsk
8980:Far Eastern
8663:Soviet Army
8562:–1721
8560: 1550
8531: 1700
8525:Landed Army
8216:9 September
8195:9 September
7969:The Bulwark
7157:РИА Новости
7130:РИА Новости
6855:Heyman 2005
6507:20 February
6481:20 February
6455:25 February
6391:20 February
6307:22 December
6223:31 December
6194:30 December
6085:"Divisions"
5790:22 February
5550:24 February
5524:12 February
5476:12 February
5414:12 February
5388:27 December
5353:27 December
5323:27 December
5312:(2): 9–10.
5182:8 September
4846:8 September
4816:8 September
4648:cite report
4578:24 February
4039:30 November
3848:(2022–2024)
3842:(2018–2022)
3836:(1995–1998)
3830:(1994–1995)
3824:(1992–1994)
3818:(1991–1992)
3791:(2012–2013)
3785:(2010–2012)
3779:(2008–2010)
3773:(2004–2008)
3767:(2001–2004)
3754:(1998–2001)
3741:(1992–1997)
3477:Rank group
3459:Other ranks
3134:Rank group
3086:Soviet Army
2841:North Korea
2668:T-14 Armata
2643:Michael Orr
2293:Novosibirsk
2247:Vladikavkaz
2129:Kaliningrad
1931:Each major
1860:34th Guards
1847:47th Guards
1843:90th Guards
1828:within the
1747:engineering
1617:Ben Wallace
1497:Vostok 2018
975:voyemkomats
865:Warsaw Pact
804:. The last
421:nuclear war
386:land forces
173:Engagements
9949:Categories
9849:San Marino
9809:Montenegro
9794:Luxembourg
9779:Kazakhstan
9689:Azerbaijan
9568:Page Corps
9530:Navy ships
9071:Khabarovsk
8955:Volga–Ural
8911:War crimes
8738:Leadership
8632:White Army
8372:. London:
8341:. London:
8167:(Report).
8093:Kommersant
7770:24 January
7688:. Tauris.
7515:15 October
7457:15 October
7109:25 October
7083:1 November
7057:1 November
7000:15 January
6974:15 January
6277:20 January
5973:, dni.ru (
5906:26 October
5748:News.co.uk
5120:2 December
5093:Goltz 2004
4457:2 December
4139:28 October
4011:References
4001:oyska (SV)
3714:Commanders
3607:Пра́порщик
2755:Iskander-M
2699:March 2023
2619:Volga-Ural
2509:voyenkomat
2502:voyenkomat
2498:voyenkomat
2429:checkpoint
2316:Khabarovsk
2211:Sevastopol
2035:Field army
1946:prikritiya
1832:, and the
1383:field army
1204:See also:
1150:Khasavyurt
1123:terrorists
1119:insurgents
1092:See also:
1058:See also:
891:newspaper
808:, Marshal
547:Services (
273:Commanders
9789:Lithuania
9659:in Europe
9513:Equipment
9293:Air Force
9161:Air Force
9111:Black Sea
9019:Leningrad
9013:Leningrad
8374:Macmillan
8330:145691472
8253:234001418
8097:. Moscow.
8074:0459-7222
7956:110963490
7908:154254640
7894:: 29–41.
7669:0162-2889
7616:Calend.ru
7477:Calend.ru
7396:1 October
7342:IISS 2022
7327:IISS 2022
7298:0261-3077
7272:IISS 2023
7204:IISS 2022
6948:1 January
6840:ignored (
6830:cite book
6822:0459-7222
6736:Jamestown
6718:1573-1871
6656:Odom 1998
6641:Odom 1998
6603:Odom 1998
6542:0459-7222
6072:IISS 2023
5860:IISS 2023
5211:Jamestown
5049:0459-7222
5021:0459-7222
4989:IISS 2000
4697:110963490
4689:0095-327X
4529:14 August
4414:1350-6226
4328:Odom 1998
4274:1350-6226
4154:Odom 1998
4099:ITAR TASS
4054:IISS 2024
3988:romanized
3682:Ефре́йтор
3629:Starshyná
3622:Старшина́
3486:Enlisted
3434:Leytenant
3427:Лейтенант
3359:Polkovnik
3352:Полковник
2922:In Store
2876:June 2023
2759:Tornado-G
2744:BMP-1/2/3
2734:like the
2652:Equipment
2587:sergeants
2383:Personnel
2351:Belogorsk
2327:Ussuriysk
2223:Stavropol
2117:Agalatovo
2071:Odintsovo
2032:Formation
1950:otdelnaya
1938:Air Force
1933:formation
1864:Moscow MD
1725:on parade
1652:Glavkomat
1638:Structure
1482:Serdyukov
1453:July 2021
1356:July 2021
1309:funding.
1303:sergeants
1146:Dagestani
1130:airstrike
827:signed a
168:1 October
9914:Abkhazia
9864:Slovenia
9859:Slovakia
9834:Portugal
9709:Bulgaria
9551:Previous
9266:Aviation
9254:Infantry
9207:Engineer
9180:Services
9121:Northern
9078:Northern
9039:Southern
8975:Siberian
8949:Previous
8916:Uniforms
8843:Doctrine
8831:Military
8747:as
8657:Red Army
8638:Red Army
8554:Streltsy
8435:Archived
8343:Headline
8291:Archived
8270:Archived
8266:BBC News
8189:Archived
8139:(1998).
8121:Archived
7991:(2024).
7973:Archived
7797:Archived
7764:Archived
7758:(2006).
7620:Archived
7590:Archived
7564:Archived
7509:Archived
7481:Archived
7451:Archived
7390:Archived
7189:16 March
7163:16 March
7136:16 March
7078:BBC News
7025:Archived
6994:Archived
6968:Archived
6942:Archived
6921:Archived
6871:Archived
6678:Archived
6674:BBC News
6559:Archived
6501:Archived
6475:Archived
6449:Archived
6424:20 March
6418:Archived
6413:Известия
6385:Archived
6331:Archived
6301:Archived
6271:Archived
6266:Interfax
6245:Archived
6188:Archived
6125:Archived
6114:Archived
6089:Archived
6051:Archived
6025:Archived
5967:Archived
5944:Archived
5925:Archived
5901:Newsweek
5874:"Russia"
5814:Archived
5784:Archived
5779:ABC News
5752:Archived
5722:Archived
5692:Archived
5662:Archived
5636:Archived
5610:14 April
5604:Archived
5580:12 April
5574:Archived
5544:Archived
5518:Archived
5470:Archived
5444:8 August
5434:Politico
5408:Archived
5382:Archived
5347:Archived
5314:Archived
5276:Archived
5246:Archived
5215:Archived
5176:Archived
5144:Archived
5114:Archived
4948:Orr 2003
4933:Orr 2003
4870:Archived
4866:BBC News
4840:Archived
4806:AlertNet
4789:Orr 2000
4762:Orr 2000
4750:Orr 2000
4597:Archived
4572:Archived
4547:Archived
4523:Archived
4498:Archived
4475:Archived
4451:Archived
4392:Orr 2003
4311:Orr 2003
4215:Orr 1998
4169:(1995).
4103:Archived
4077:29 March
4071:Archived
3920:See also
3890:Streltsy
3805:Deputies
3704:Ryadovóy
3697:Рядово́й
3689:Efréĭtor
3659:Serzhánt
3652:Сержа́нт
3120:Officers
3098:Prussian
2787:Spetsnaz
2720:Bumerang
2641:—
2472:Spetsnaz
2469:Russian
2363:Ulan Ude
2141:Murmansk
2083:Voronezh
1917:Southern
1845:and the
1632:Avdiivka
1585:Napoleon
1561:Voronezh
1528:Interfax
1503:. Since
1391:regiment
1387:division
1216:Dagestan
1148:town of
997:hitmen.
991:Spetsnaz
987:UNPROFOR
461:military
360:Insignia
319:Insignia
9889:Ukraine
9839:Romania
9804:Moldova
9769:Ireland
9764:Hungary
9754:Germany
9749:Georgia
9739:Finland
9734:Estonia
9729:Denmark
9714:Croatia
9699:Belgium
9694:Belarus
9684:Austria
9679:Armenia
9674:Albania
9587:Current
9408:Railway
9133:Pacific
9116:Caspian
9065:Eastern
9052:Central
9026:Western
8993:Current
8931:Culture
8838:History
8824:General
8276:1 March
8045:1 March
7979:19 July
7875:1 March
7803:1 March
7677:2539241
7365:28 July
7303:20 July
7031:3 March
6741:23 July
6712:(3/4).
6684:1 March
6095:23 July
6057:23 July
6031:23 July
5975:Russian
5688:ABCNews
5501:Twitter
5380:(203).
5310:CXXVIII
5282:11 July
5252:11 July
5221:11 July
4876:1 March
3878:Russian
3404:Kapitan
3397:Kапитан
3106:English
3047:systems
2998:≈12,415
2941:≈10,200
2916:Active
2866:updated
2833:Ukraine
2763:Msta-SM
2748:BTR-80s
2689:updated
2581:, then
2447:in 2014
2435:in 2001
2402:updated
2235:Donetsk
2187:Luhansk
1925:Eastern
1921:Central
1913:Western
1862:in the
1793:in the
1743:signals
1676:(later
1665:as the
1646:is the
1553:Belarus
1443:updated
1346:updated
1235:warlord
1212:invaded
1180:of the
909:in the
818:Ukraine
485:History
411:Mission
399:is the
388:of the
261:Website
78:Country
68:Founded
9919:Kosovo
9884:Turkey
9874:Sweden
9854:Serbia
9844:Russia
9829:Poland
9824:Norway
9784:Latvia
9759:Greece
9744:France
9719:Cyprus
9657:Armies
9396:troops
9212:Signal
9190:troops
9106:Baltic
9006:Moscow
9000:Moscow
8889:Moscow
8853:Budget
8441:22 May
8431:Forbes
8380:
8349:
8328:
8251:
8149:
8095:-Vlast
8072:
8062:
8023:
7954:
7923:
7906:
7820:
7722:
7692:
7675:
7667:
7626:18 May
7487:18 May
7425:26 May
7296:
7230:24 May
6820:
6810:
6716:
6692:Armiya
6623:
6583:
6540:
6530:
6365:17 May
6337:15 May
5758:31 May
5728:31 May
5698:31 May
5631:Forbes
5047:
5019:
5009:
4972:
4733:
4695:
4687:
4483:Pravda
4412:
4408:: 52.
4272:
4244:
4195:
3498:
3155:
3114:Polish
3112:, and
3102:French
3094:German
3017:≈4,260
2979:≈6,000
2973:6,050+
2829:Europe
2780:Tigr-M
2768:Tor-M2
2746:, and
2722:, and
2456:Ratnik
2433:Kosovo
2281:Samara
2060:Moscow
2021:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1994:
1992:
1985:
1983:
1923:, and
1656:Moscow
1605:UK MoD
1565:Crimea
1557:Yelnya
1472:After
1190:Kosovo
1111:Grozny
995:mafiya
839:, the
829:decree
417:combat
405:Moscow
266:mil.ru
146:Silver
144:
139:
134:
129:
125:Colors
119:Moscow
81:Russia
9869:Spain
9799:Malta
9774:Italy
8959:Volga
8926:Women
8858:Bands
8519:Rynda
8326:S2CID
8297:9 May
8249:S2CID
8237:(4).
8176:(PDF)
8165:(PDF)
8127:9 May
7952:S2CID
7942:(4).
7904:S2CID
7869:(PDF)
7862:(PDF)
7707:(31).
7673:JSTOR
7419:rg.ru
6000:(31).
5668:3 May
5642:3 May
5497:Tweet
5317:(PDF)
5306:Armor
5302:(PDF)
4693:S2CID
4109:6 May
3967:Notes
3389:Mayor
3382:Майор
3110:Dutch
3050:1,520
3039:2022
3036:3,220
3030:1,056
3020:2022
3011:1,968
3001:2022
2982:2022
2963:2022
2960:8,500
2954:5,180
2944:2022
2935:2,927
2925:Date
2919:Date
2913:Type
2905:T-62s
2776:BMP-3
2772:Verba
2548:women
2339:Chita
1773:with
1731:tanks
1264:When
982:Tajik
872:cadre
814:Minsk
526:Staff
336:Patch
152:March
136:Green
9427:and
9403:Road
9241:Navy
9217:Tank
9166:Navy
9082:HQ:
9069:HQ:
9056:HQ:
9043:HQ:
9030:HQ:
9017:HQ:
9004:HQ:
8964:Ural
8443:2023
8378:ISBN
8347:ISBN
8299:2023
8278:2011
8218:2010
8197:2010
8147:ISBN
8129:2023
8070:ISSN
8060:ISBN
8047:2011
8021:ISBN
8013:IISS
8001:IISS
7989:IISS
7981:2022
7921:ISBN
7877:2011
7818:ISBN
7805:2011
7772:2021
7720:ISBN
7690:ISBN
7665:ISSN
7628:2022
7598:2020
7572:2020
7517:2015
7489:2022
7459:2015
7427:2021
7398:2021
7367:2024
7305:2023
7294:ISSN
7232:2024
7225:IISS
7191:2024
7165:2024
7138:2024
7111:2023
7085:2023
7059:2023
7033:2023
7002:2017
6976:2017
6950:2020
6842:help
6818:ISSN
6808:ISBN
6769:2022
6761:TASS
6743:2023
6714:ISSN
6686:2011
6621:ISBN
6581:ISBN
6538:ISSN
6528:ISBN
6509:2023
6483:2023
6457:2016
6426:2017
6393:2023
6367:2024
6339:2024
6309:2022
6297:TACC
6279:2022
6225:2012
6196:2012
6120:and
6097:2022
6059:2022
6033:2022
5908:2023
5822:2022
5792:2023
5760:2022
5730:2022
5700:2022
5670:2022
5644:2022
5612:2022
5582:2022
5552:2022
5526:2022
5478:2022
5446:2024
5416:2022
5390:2021
5355:2021
5343:TASS
5325:2021
5284:2020
5254:2020
5223:2020
5184:2010
5152:2008
5122:2017
5070:help
5045:ISSN
5017:ISSN
5007:ISBN
4970:ISBN
4878:2011
4848:2010
4818:2010
4731:ISBN
4685:ISSN
4654:link
4580:2023
4531:2011
4459:2017
4410:ISSN
4353:2008
4270:ISSN
4242:ISBN
4193:ISBN
4141:2006
4111:2014
4079:2016
4041:2020
3467:and
3053:2022
3033:2022
3014:2022
2995:2022
2976:2022
2957:2022
2938:2022
2839:and
2837:Iran
2827:and
2753:Two
2740:T-90
2736:T-72
2732:BTRs
2728:BMPs
2670:tank
2607:IISS
2596:The
2556:TASS
2507:The
2314:(HQ
2268:(HQ
2174:(HQ
2104:(HQ
2058:(HQ
1959:and
1942:Navy
1891:The
1824:and
1802:Navy
1800:The
1721:The
1642:The
1549:36th
1547:and
1545:35th
1541:29th
1036:the
887:The
376:The
324:Flag
141:Gold
96:Size
90:Army
86:Type
71:1550
8318:doi
8239:doi
7944:doi
7896:doi
7657:doi
7536:.
7184:CNN
7104:CNN
5600:BBC
5570:BBC
4677:doi
3059:--
2992:150
2821:CNN
2813:CNN
2598:CIA
2552:BBC
2431:in
1777:as
1121:or
629:sof
594:rod
549:vid
131:Red
9951::
8557:c.
8528:c.
8433:.
8429:.
8395:.
8376:.
8345:.
8324:.
8314:18
8312:.
8268:.
8264:.
8247:.
8235:29
8233:.
8229:.
8119:.
8068:.
7971:.
7967:.
7950:.
7940:32
7938:.
7902:.
7892:17
7890:.
7835:.
7791:.
7762:.
7671:.
7663:.
7653:22
7651:.
7618:.
7614:.
7562:.
7542:37
7540:.
7479:.
7475:.
7449:.
7445:.
7417:.
7406:^
7388:.
7384:.
7358:.
7334:^
7313:^
7292:.
7288:.
7240:^
7223:.
7219:.
7182:.
7155:.
7128:.
7102:.
7076:.
7050:.
7023:.
7019:.
6966:.
6940:.
6834::
6832:}}
6828:{{
6816:.
6734:.
6710:18
6708:.
6694:.)
6676:.
6672:.
6648:^
6595:^
6536:.
6499:.
6410:.
6383:.
6356:.
6325:.
6299:.
6295:.
6263:.
6233:^
6215:.
6182:.
5950:,
5899:.
5876:.
5812:.
5808:.
5782:.
5776:.
5746:.
5716:.
5686:.
5628:.
5598:.
5568:.
5542:.
5510:.
5505:;
5462:.
5432:.
5376:.
5372:.
5341:.
5308:.
5304:.
5274:.
5270:.
5244:.
5240:.
5213:.
5209:.
5170:.
5138:.
5100:^
5079:^
5061::
5059:}}
5055:{{
5015:.
4955:^
4940:^
4864:.
4834:.
4804:.
4769:^
4691:.
4683:.
4673:32
4671:.
4650:}}
4646:{{
4608:^
4553:,
4504:,
4481:,
4431:^
4380:^
4318:^
4256:^
4240:.
4238:67
4222:^
4207:^
4179:^
4127:.
4101:.
4027:.
3985:,
3896:.
3880::
3471:.
3128:.
3108:,
3104:,
3100:,
3056:--
2843:.
2825:US
2742:,
2738:,
2730:,
2718:,
2666:A
2318:)
2272:)
2178:)
2108:)
2062:)
1919:,
1915:,
1797:.
1753:,
1749:,
1737:,
1733:,
1697:.
1680:)
1623:.
1575:.
1543:,
1511:.
1492:.
1389:–
1385:–
1381:–
1196:.
1136:.
481:.
407:.
392:.
9649:e
9642:t
9635:v
8966:)
8957:(
8723:e
8716:t
8709:v
8497:e
8490:t
8483:v
8445:.
8386:.
8355:.
8332:.
8320::
8301:.
8280:.
8255:.
8241::
8220:.
8199:.
8155:.
8131:.
8076:.
8049:.
8029:.
7983:.
7958:.
7946::
7929:.
7910:.
7898::
7879:.
7852:.
7826:.
7807:.
7783:.
7774:.
7750:.
7728:.
7698:.
7679:.
7659::
7630:.
7600:.
7574:.
7519:.
7491:.
7461:.
7429:.
7400:.
7369:.
7307:.
7262:.
7250:.
7234:.
7193:.
7167:.
7140:.
7113:.
7087:.
7061:.
7035:.
7004:.
6978:.
6952:.
6844:)
6824:.
6771:.
6745:.
6720:.
6688:.
6629:.
6589:.
6565:.
6544:.
6511:.
6485:.
6459:.
6428:.
6395:.
6369:.
6341:.
6311:.
6281:.
6227:.
6198:.
6099:.
6061:.
6035:.
5910:.
5824:.
5794:.
5762:.
5732:.
5702:.
5672:.
5646:.
5614:.
5584:.
5554:.
5528:.
5503:.
5495:(
5480:.
5448:.
5418:.
5392:.
5378:9
5357:.
5327:.
5286:.
5256:.
5225:.
5186:.
5154:.
5124:.
5095:.
5072:)
5068:(
5051:.
5023:.
4978:.
4893:.
4880:.
4850:.
4820:.
4779:.
4739:.
4699:.
4679::
4656:)
4582:.
4533:.
4461:.
4416:.
4355:.
4276:.
4250:.
4201:.
4143:.
4113:.
4081:.
4043:.
3999:v
3995:S
3990::
3524:e
3517:t
3510:v
3181:e
3174:t
3167:v
3096:/
2878:)
2874:(
2701:)
2697:(
2496:(
2414:)
2410:(
2404:.
2312:)
2305:(
2266:)
2259:(
2172:)
2165:(
2102:)
2095:(
2056:)
2049:(
1936:(
1455:)
1451:(
1445:.
1358:)
1354:(
1348:.
985:(
779:e
772:t
765:v
631:)
596:)
551:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.