Second Chechen War

55: 4104: 6068:. Not only the social (such as housing and hospitals) and economic infrastructure but also the foundations of culture and education, including most of educational and cultural institutions, were destroyed over the course of the two wars in Chechnya. However, ongoing reconstruction efforts have been rebuilding the region at a quick pace over the past few years, including new housing, facilities, paved roads and traffic lights, a new mosque, and restoration of electricity to much of the region. Governmental, social and commercial life remain hobbled by bribery, kidnapping, extortion and other criminal activity; reports by the Russian government estimate that the organized crime sector is twice the Russian average and the government is widely perceived to be corrupt and unresponsive. 4166: 3409: 64: 4036: 1355: 1336: 1317: 1306: 1287: 1263: 1244: 1226: 1208: 1189: 1170: 1151: 1132: 1115: 1096: 1077: 1058: 1040: 1014: 1003: 984: 965: 947: 928: 909: 891: 4561:

torture, ill-treatment and infringement of human dignity; serious bodily harm intentionally inflicted on persons not directly participating in hostilities; deliberate strikes against the civilian population, civilian and medical vehicles; illegal detentions of the civilian population and enforced disappearances; looting and destruction of civilian and public property; extortion; taking hostages for ransom; corpse trade. There were also rapes, which, along with women, were committed against men. According to the Minister of Health of Ichkeria, Umar Khanbiev, Russian forces committed

6283: 279: 253: 3417: 84: 6205: 5515: 6369: 879: 853: 835: 817: 793: 769: 750: 732: 708: 263: 3333: 5747: 954: 307: 293: 75: 340: 4557:, on the pretext of "fighting crime and terrorism". Russian forces have throughout the campaign ignored to follow their Geneva convention obligations, and has taken little responsibility of protecting the civilian population. Amnesty International stated in their 2001 report that Chechen civilians, including medical personnel, have been the target of military attacks by Russian forces, and hundreds of Chechen civilians and prisoners of war are extrajudicially executed. 4064:. The siege and fighting devastated the capital like no other European city since World War II. In 2003, the United Nations called Grozny the most destroyed city on Earth. The Russians also suffered heavy losses as they advanced elsewhere, and from Chechen counterattacks and convoy ambushes. On 26 January 2000, the Russian government announced that 1,173 servicemen had been killed in Chechnya since October, more than double the 544 killed reported just 19 days earlier. 3794: 3116: 15981: 4400:, announced that Russia had ended its "anti-terror operation" in Chechnya, claiming that stability had been restored to the territory. "The decision is aimed at creating the conditions for the future normalisation of the situation in the republic, its reconstruction and development of its socio-economic sphere," Bortnikov stated. While Chechnya had largely stabilised, there were still clashes with militants in the nearby regions of Dagestan and Ingushetia. 4021:, 20 kilometres south-east of the capital, one of the last remaining separatist-held towns apart from Grozny. Russian troops started by capturing two bridges that link Shali to the capital, and by 11 December 1999, Russian troops had encircled Shali and were slowly forcing separatists out. By mid-December the Russian military was concentrating attacks in southern parts of Chechnya and preparing to launch another offensive from Dagestan. 4891:. There are also reports that Chechen separatists have committed abuses, including the killing of civilians and prisoners.... The war in Chechnya has greatly damaged Russia's international standing and is isolating Russia from the international community. Russia's work to repair that damage, both at home and abroad, or its choice to risk further isolating itself, is the most immediate and momentous challenge that Russia faces. 1388: 1371: 328: 872: 846: 828: 810: 786: 762: 743: 725: 701: 677: 651: 625: 607: 581: 555: 529: 503: 484: 465: 450: 439: 428: 417: 406: 395: 384: 373: 362: 239: 3998:, a village just south of Grozny. The Chechen and foreign fighters inflicted heavy losses on the Russian forces, reportedly killing more than 70 Russian soldiers before retreating, suffering heavy losses of their own. On the same day, Chechen separatist forces began carrying out a series of counter-attacks against federal troops in several villages as well as in the outskirts of Gudermes. Chechen fighters in 5789:, as a result of the bombardment of chemical facilities and storages during the conflict. Chechnya's wildlife also sustained heavy damage during the hostilities, as animals that had once populated the Chechen forests have moved off to seek safer ground. In 2004, Russian government has designated one-third of Chechnya a "zone of ecological disaster" and another 40% "a zone of extreme environmental distress". 6193:

analysts say there are no more than 2,000 armed terrorists combatants still fighting, while Russia says only a few hundred remain. There is still some sporadic fighting in the mountains and south of the republic, but Russia has scaled down its presence significantly leaving the local government to stabilize things further. In February 2008 the President of the separatist

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Chechnya at the start of the second war. Most Western observers prior to 11 September regarded the alleged al-Qaida links claimed by Russian government with skepticism. The Clinton and Bush administrations, as well as other NATO governments, uniformly dismissed Moscow's rhetoric concerning the existence of Chechens in Afghanistan and Afghans in Chechnya as Soviet-style "

3567:, these plans should be regarded as contingency plans. However, Stepashin did actively call for a military campaign against Chechen separatists in August 1999 when he was the prime minister of Russia. But shortly after his televised interview where he talked about plans to restore constitutional order in Chechnya, he was replaced in the PM's position by Vladimir Putin. 4597:

of Grozny included banned Buratino thermobaric and fuel-air bombs, igniting the air of civilians hiding in basements. There were also reports of the use of chemical weapons, banned according to Geneva law. The Russian president Putin vowed that the military would not stop bombing Grozny until Russian troops quote 'fulfilled their task to the end.' In 2003, the

10822: 6327:, Chechnya's second most powerful loyalist warlord after Kadyrov, also denied that the war is over. In March 2007, Yamadayev claimed there were well over 1,000 separatists and foreign Islamic militants entrenched in the mountains of Chechnya alone: "The war is not over, the war is far from being over. What we are facing now is basically a classic 4225:, but still tied it firmly to Russia and Moscow's rule, and went into force on 2 April 2003. The referendum was strongly supported by the Russian government but met a harsh critical response from Chechen separatists; many citizens chose to boycott the ballot. Akhmad Kadyrov was assassinated by a bomb blast in 2004. Since December 2005, his son 4866:, thousands may be buried in unmarked graves including the 5,000 civilians who disappeared since the beginning of the Second Chechen War in 1999. In 2008, the largest mass grave found to date was uncovered in Grozny, containing some 800 bodies from the First Chechen War in 1995. Russia's general policy to the Chechen mass graves is to not 4904:(ECHR). In March 2005 the court issued the first rulings on Chechnya, finding the Russian government guilty of violating the right to life and even the prohibition of torture with respect to civilians who had died or forcibly disappeared at the hands of Russia's federal troops. Many similar claims were ruled since against Russia. 5920: 4096:", in Chechnya, concerned about the large number of civilian casualties caused by what it called "widespread and often indiscriminate bombing and shelling by Russian forces". On 18 February 2000, a Russian army transport helicopter was shot down in the south, killing 15 men aboard, Russian Interior Minister 4202:

Russian Airborne Troops headquarters later stated that 20 separatists were killed and two taken prisoner. Soon, the Russian forces seized the last populated centres of the organized resistance. (Another offensive against the remaining mountain strongholds was launched by Russian forces in December 2000.)

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in Chechnya. The conflict was linked to the rising brutality and general criminalisation of the Russian police forces. According to human rights activists and journalists, tens of thousands of police and security forces that went to Chechnya learned patterns of brutality and impunity and brought them

4608:

which occurred on 4–6 February 2000. The village of Katyr Yurt was far from the war's front line, and jam-packed with refugees. It was untouched on the morning of 4 February when Russian aircraft, helicopters, fuel-air bombs and Grad missiles pulverised the village. After the bombing the Russian army

4220:

interim head of the pro-Moscow government. This development met with early approval in the rest of Russia, but the continued deaths of Russian troops dampened public enthusiasm. On 23 March 2003, a new Chechen constitution was passed in a referendum. The 2003 Constitution granted the Chechen Republic

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began in early December, accompanied by a struggle for neighbouring settlements. The battle ended when the Russian army seized the city on 2 February 2000. According to official Russian figures, at least 134 federal troops and an unknown number of pro-Russian militiamen died in Grozny. The separatist

8117:

from the Russian original of interview given by Stepashin: В отношении Чечни могу сказать следующее. План активных действий в этой республике разрабатывался начиная с марта. И мы планировали выйти к Тереку в августе-сентябре. Так что это произошло бы, даже если бы не было взрывов в Москве. Я активно

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in Chechnya was functioning properly. According to Hammarberg, missing people and the identification of missing bodies were still the two biggest human rights issues in the region, and he expressed his wish that further efforts be done to clarify the issue. President Putin responded to his comments,

6263:

Throughout the years Russian officials have often announced that the war is over. In April 2002, President Vladimir Putin's declared that the war in Chechnya was over. The Russian government maintains the conflict officially ended in April 2002, and since then has continued largely as a peacekeeping

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government, 160,000 combatants and non-combatants died or have gone missing in the two wars, including 30,000–40,000 Chechens and about 100,000 Russians, while separatist leader Aslan Maskhadov (deceased) repeatedly claimed about 200,000 ethnic Chechens died as a consequence of the two conflicts. As

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caused between 5,000 and 8,000 civilians to perish. The Russian army issued an ultimatum during the Grozny-siege urging Chechens to leave the city or be destroyed without mercy. Around 300 people were killed while trying to escape in October 1999 and subsequently buried in a mass grave. The bombing

4560:

According to human rights activists, Russian troops systematically committed the following crimes in Chechnya: the destruction of cities and villages, not justified by military necessity; shelling and bombardment of unprotected settlements; summary extrajudicial executions and killings of civilians;

3570:

In late May 1999, Russia announced that it was closing the Russian-Chechnya border in an attempt to combat attacks and criminal activity; border guards were ordered to shoot suspects on sight. On 18 June 1999, seven servicemen were killed when Russian border guard posts were attacked in Dagestan. On

5702:

The first war, with its extensive and largely unrestricted coverage (despite deaths of many journalists), convinced the Kremlin more than any other event that it needed to control national television channels, which most Russians rely on for news, to undertake any major national policy. By the time

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that proved to be lethal without sufficient medical care, resulting in deaths of 133 out of 916 hostages. In Beslan, some 20 hostages had been murdered by their captors before the assault, and the ill-prepared assault (started hastily after explosions in the gym that had been rigged with explosives

4087:

On 9 February 2000, a Russian tactical missile hit a crowd of people who had come to the local administration building in Shali, a town previously declared as one of the "safe areas", to collect their pensions. The attack was a response to a report that a group of fighters had entered the town. The

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said that phase two of the Chechnya campaign was just about complete, and a final third phase was about to begin. According to Manilov, the aim of the third phase was to destroy "bandit groups" in the mountains. A few days later Russia's Defense Minister Igor Sergeyev said Russian forces might need

3768:

over Chechnya, with the stated aim of wiping out militants who invaded Dagestan earlier in the same month. On 26 August 1999, Russia acknowledged bombing raids in Chechnya. The Russian air strikes were reported to have forced at least 100,000 Chechens to flee their homes to safety; the neighbouring

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are hard to come by, but in a statement released in 2006, the internal affairs department of Russia's Interior Ministry said that the number of recorded crimes committed by police officers rose 46.8% in 2005. In one nationwide poll in 2005, 71% of respondents said they didn't trust their police at

6104:

Since the Chechen conflict began in 1994, cases of young veterans returning embittered and traumatized to their home towns were reported all across Russia. Psychiatrists, law-enforcement officials, and journalists started calling the condition of psychologically scarred soldiers "Chechen syndrome"

5706:

The Russian government's control of all Russian television stations and its use of repressive rules, harassment, censorship, intimidation and attacks on journalists almost completely deprived the Russian public of the independent information on the conflict. Practically all the local Chechen media

5671:

As of November 2007, there were at least seven amnesties for separatist militants, as well as federal servicemen who committed crimes, declared in Chechnya by Moscow since the start of the second war. The first one was announced in 1999 when about 400 Chechen switched sides. (However, according to

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the village a day prior before entering the village, telling local residents to come out from their cellars for inspection the next day. Upon entering the village, Russian soldiers shot their victims in cold blood, with automatic fire at close range. Victims ranged from a one-year-old babies to an

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Civilian attempts to stop the killings were often met with death. There has been no serious attempt conducted by the Russian authorities to bring to justice those accountable for the crimes committed at Alkhan-Yurt. Credible testimony suggests that Russian leadership in the region had knowledge of

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in the Vedeno Gorge by an estimated 80 to 100 "bandits", according to General Troshev. In the ensuing four-hour battle the federal side lost 15 government soldiers, according to the Russian defence minister. General Troshev told the press that the bodies of four separatist fighters were found. The

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global jihad movement. According to Gordon Hahn, the connections between the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and Al-Qaeda "were common knowledge by the late 1990s among U.S. government officials, intelligence analysts, and terrorism experts" and there were about five hundred foreign jihad fighters in

6335:

factbook, Russia has severely disabled the Chechen separatist movement, although sporadic violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus. The overall security situation in Chechnya remains exceedingly difficult to accurately report due to the near monopoly the Russian government has on media

5899:

answered: "We offered them many times. But it turned out that we constantly press for negotiations and it's as if we are always standing with an extended hand and this is taken as a sign of our weakness. Therefore we don't plan to do this any more." In the same month, the new separatist spokesman

6340:

refuted claims by the government that the conflict has ended, stating "while large-scale military operations have been reduced, the conflict continues." The strength of the separatists has for many years been unknown. Although Russia has killed a lot of separatists throughout the war, many young

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had assumed the leadership, a move that was quickly endorsed by Shamil Basayev (Basayev himself died in July 2006). On 2 February 2006, Sadulayev made large-scale changes in his government, ordering all its members to move into Chechen territory. Among other things, he removed First Vice-Premier

5723:) banned from Russia. Russia's step came in retaliation for ABC's broadcast of an interview with Shamil Basayev, the Chechen rebel leader who ordered and/or carried out some of the worst terrorist acts in the country's history, including the school siege in Beslan that left 330 people dead. The 5525:

Between May 2002 and September 2004, the Chechen and Chechen-led militants, mostly answering to Shamil Basayev, launched a campaign of terrorism directed against civilian targets in Russia. About 200 people were killed in a series of bombings (most of them suicide attacks), most of them in the

6192:

In 2005, there were about 60,000 Federal troops in Chechnya, but that number has since decreased significantly. Tony Wood, a journalist and author who has written extensively about Chechnya, estimated there were about 8,000 local security forces remaining in the region as of 2007. Independent

4886:

We cannot ignore the fact that thousands of Chechen civilians have died and more than 200,000 have been driven from their homes. Together with other delegations, we have expressed our alarm at the persistent, credible reports of human rights violations by Russian forces in Chechnya, including

4572:

Russian forces have since the beginning of the conflict indiscriminately and disproportionately bombed and shelled civilian objects, resulting in heavy civilian casualties. In one such occasion in October 1999, ten powerful hypersonic missiles fell without warning and targeted the city's only

3865:

in an attempt to soften Chechen defences. Many thousands of civilians fled the Russian advance, leaving Chechnya for neighbouring Russian republics. Their numbers were later estimated to reach 200,000 to 350,000, out of the approximately 800,000 residents of the Chechen Republic. The Russians

3822:

against further Chechen aggression; he later recalled that the cordon alone was "pointless and technically impossible," apparently because of Chechnya's rugged terrain. According to Russian accounts, Putin accelerated a plan for a major crackdown against Chechnya that had been drawn up months

5908:, war everywhere our enemy can be reached. (...) And this means mounting attacks at any place, not just in the Caucasus but in all Russia." Reflecting growing radicalization of the Chechen-led militants, Udugov said their goal was no longer Western-style democracy and independence, but the 5811:

but not the 1996 protocol on land mines and other devices). The most heavily mined areas of Chechnya are those in which separatists continued to put up resistance, namely the southern regions, as well as the borders of the republic. No humanitarian mine clearance has taken place since the

3058:, called for a halt to armed resistance against the Chechen police force from August. This marked the end of the Second Chechen War. The death toll of the conflict is unknown, although the total loss of human life, including combatants and non-combatants, is estimated to be over 60,000. 3635:) and in the Dagestani town of Buynaksk. On 4 September 1999, 62 people died in an apartment building housing members of families of Russian soldiers. Over the next two weeks, the bombs targeted three other apartment buildings and a mall; in total over 350 people were killed. The then 4549:. However, a report by Human Rights Watch states that without minimizing the abuses committed by Chechen fighters, the main reason for civilian suffering in the Second Chechen War came as a result of the abuses committed by the Russian forces on the civilian population. According to 3484:(Dagestan), a bomb destroyed an apartment building housing Russian border guards, killing 68 people. The cause of the blast was never determined, but many in Russia blamed Chechen separatists. Three people died on 23 April 1997, when a bomb exploded in the Russian railway station of 3617:. By mid-September 1999, the militants were routed from the villages they had captured and retreated back into Chechnya. According to Russia several hundred militants were killed in the fighting and the Russian side reported 275 servicemen killed and approximately 900 wounded. 3053:

In April 2009, the government operation in Chechnya officially ended. As the bulk of the army was withdrawn, responsibility for dealing with the low-level insurgency was shouldered by the local police force. Three months later, the exiled leader of the separatist government,

6300:, has also stated the war is over. Others believe the war ended in 2003 with the passage of a Moscow-backed constitutional referendum and the election of pro-Moscow president Akhmad Kadyrov, while some consider the conflict on-going. Some independent observers, including 3856:

On 12 October 1999, the Russian forces crossed the Terek and began a two-pronged advance on the capital Grozny to the south. Hoping to avoid the significant casualties that plagued the first Chechen War, the Russians advanced slowly and in force, making extensive use of

5776:

Environmental agencies warn that the Russian republic of Chechnya, devastated by war, now faces ecological disaster. A former aide to Boris Yeltsin believes Russian bombing has rendered Chechnya an "environmental wasteland." There is a special concern over widespread

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82-year-old woman. Victims were asked for money or jewelry by Russian soldiers, which served as a pretext for their execution if the amount was insufficient. Federal soldiers removed gold teeth from their victims and looted their corpses. Killings were accompanied by

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and, probably, financial hub of the new insurgency in the North Caucasus. Increasingly frequent clashes between federal forces and local militants continued in Dagestan, while sporadic fighting erupted in the other southern Russia regions, such as Ingushetia, and

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underwent reconstruction and much of the city and surrounding areas were rebuilt quickly. Sporadic violence continued in the North Caucasus; occasional bombings and ambushes against federal troops and forces of the regional governments in the area still occur.

6045:. In 2006, Chechnya's pro-Moscow deputy health minister, said the Chechen children had become "living specimens" of what it means to grow up with the constant threat of violence and chronic poverty. In 2007, the Chechen interior ministry has identified 1,000 660: 634: 6243:

and bombings targeting federal troops and forces of the regional government, with the violence often spilling over into adjacent regions. Since 2005, the insurgency has largely shifted out of Chechnya proper and into the nearby Russian territories, such as

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them to death. Pillage on a massive scale took place in the village, with Russian soldiers stripping the houses of civilians in broad daylight. Any attempt to make the Russian authorities take responsibilities for the massacre resulted in indignant denial.

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The struggle garnered support from Muslim sympathizers around the world nonetheless, and some of them were willing to take up arms. Many commentators thought it was likely that Chechen fighters had links with international Islamist separatist groups. The

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what was happening and simply chose to ignore it. Russian military leadership dismissed the incident as "fairy tales", claiming that the bodies were planted and the slaughter fabricated in order to damage the reputation of Russian troops. Russian general

1023: 9427:Международный трибунал для Чечни: Правовые перспективы привлечения к индивидуальной уголовной ответственности лиц, подозреваемых в совершении военных преступлений и преступлений против человечности в ходе вооруженного конфликта в Чеченской Республике 6021:, "the majority of Chechens still struggle through lives burdened by fear, uncertainty and poverty." A survey conducted by MSF in September 2005 showed that 77% of the respondents were suffering from "discernible symptoms of psychological distress". 6075:, including 300,000 at the height of the conflict in 2000. Most of them were displaced internally in Chechnya and in neighbouring republic of Ingushetia, but thousands of refugees also went into exile, with, as of 2008, most of them residing in the 4181:

in the Chechen foothills and held off a full-scale Russian attack on the town for over two weeks; they suffered hundreds of casualties, while the Russians admitted to more than 50 killed. On 29 March 2000, about 23 Russian soldiers were killed in a

4339:, dominated law enforcement and security operations, with many members (including Kadyrov himself) being former Chechen separatists who had defected since 1999. Since 2004, the Kadyrovtsy were partly incorporated into two Interior Ministry units, 7570:. However, estimates of the number of deportees sometimes varies widely. Two scholars estimated the number of Chechen and Ingush deportees at 700,000, which would halve the percentage estimates of deaths. See: Fischer, Ruth and Leggett, John C. 3877:

On 15 October 1999, Russian forces took control of a strategic ridge within artillery range of the Chechen capital Grozny after mounting an intense tank and artillery barrage against Chechen fighters. In response, President Maskhadov declared a

590: 3033:

In mid-2000, the Russian government transferred certain military responsibilities to pro-Russian Chechen forces. The military phase of operations was terminated in April 2002, and the coordination of the field operations was given first to the

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reported that at least 659 separatists were killed, including 200 from the Middle East, figures which they said were based on radio-intercept data, intelligence reports, eyewitnesses, local residents and captured Chechens. On 2 March 2000, an

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feelings of the population. While Dudayev and Maskhadov were seeking from Moscow recognition of the independence of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, other leaders spoke out more about the need to expel Russia from the territory of the whole

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maternity hospital, post office, mosque, and a crowded market. Most of the casualties occurred at the central market, and the attack is estimated to have killed over 100 instantly and injuring up to 400 others. Similar incidents include the

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in southern Russia. Rioters demanded the eviction of ethnic Chechens following the murder of two young Russians who locals believed were killed by Chechens. The event revived memories of a recent clash between Chechens and local Russians in

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that requires treatment. Some children whose parents can afford it are sent to the neighbouring republic of Dagestan, where treatment is better; Chechnya lacks sufficient medical equipment in most of its medical facilities. According to the

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occurred in Russian cities, killing over 300 people. Russian authorities were quick to blame Chechens for the bombings, although no Chechen, field commander or otherwise, took responsibility for the attacks. During the initial campaign,

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claimed responsibility for 37 racially motivated murders in the course of one year, saying that "since school hated people from the Caucasus." On 5 June 2007, an anti-Chechen riot involving hundreds of people took place in the town of

4628:

where Russian soldiers went on a murdering spree throughout the village and summarily executing, raping, torturing, looting, burning and killing anyone in their way. Nearly all the killings were committed by Russian soldiers who were

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lasting until at least 22 February (the day preceding the anniversary of Stalin's deportation of the Chechen population). The call was issued through a separatist website and addressed to President Putin, described as a gesture of

512: 7545:

records, 113,000 Ingush and Chechens died (3,000 before deportation, 10,000 during deportation, and 100,000 after resettlement) in the first three years of the resettlement out of 496,460 total deportees. See: Naimark, Norman M.

8118:вел работу по укреплению границ с Чечней, готовясь к активному наступлению. Так что Владимир Путин здесь ничего нового не открыл. Об этом вы можете спросить его самого. Он был в то время директором ФСБ и владел всей информацией. 4103: 54: 5763:

in 2007, up to 25,000 civilians have died or disappeared since 1999. According to Amnesty International in 2007, the second war killed up to 25,000 civilians since 1999, with up to another 5,000 people missing. However, the

5629:. On 2 March 2004, following a number of cross-border raids from Georgia into Chechnya, Ingushetia, and Dagestan, Gelayev was killed in a clash with Russian border guards while trying to get back from Dagestan into Georgia. 3784:

Igor Zubov said that Russian troops had surrounded Chechnya and were prepared to retake the region, but the military planners were advising against a ground invasion because of the likelihood of heavy Russian casualties.

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is often referred to as the "War in the North Caucasus". The Russian government has given no new name to the conflict while most international observers still refer to it as a continuation of the Second Chechen War.

5942:, and the political schism between the moderates and the radical Islamists fighting in Chechnya and the neighbouring regions with ties in the Middle East. Some commanders, still fighting along with Doku Umarov, like 4333:. While Russia continued to maintain a military presence within Chechnya, federal forces played less of a direct role. Pro-Kremlin Chechen forces under the command of the local strongman Ramzan Kadyrov, known as the 5846:

compiled a list of casualties officially announced in the conflict, which, although incomplete and with little factual value, provide some minimal insight of the casualties. According to the figures released by the

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violence in Russia, directed in a great part against the people from the Caucasus. The Russian authorities were unlikely to label random attacks on people of non-Russian ethnicity as racist, preferring to call it

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began in 1994, when Russian forces entered Chechnya on the premise of restoring constitutional order. Following nearly two years of brutal fighting, with a death toll exceeding 100,000 by some estimates, the 1996

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29 July 1999, the Russian Interior Ministry troops destroyed a Chechen border post near the city of Kizlyar and marched several kilometers into Chechnya. On 22 August 1999, 10 Russian policemen were killed by an

4553:, Chechen civilians have been purposely targeted by Russian forces, in apparent disregard of humanitarian law. The situation has been described by Amnesty International as a Russian campaign to punish an entire 5662:

from his post (although later Zakayev was appointed a Foreign Minister). Sadulayev was killed in June 2006, after which he was succeeded as the separatist leader by the veteran terrorist commander Doku Umarov.

564: 6929: 6399:, visited Russia's Caucasian republics. After wrapping up the week-long visit, he said he observed a number of positive developments in Chechnya, and that there was "obvious progress". He also noted that the 4308:

Although large-scale fighting within Chechnya had ceased, daily attacks continued, particularly in the southern portions of Chechnya and spilling into nearby territories of the Caucasus, especially after the

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these assertions are nothing but a concoction not supported by fact or any proof . . . should be seen as a provocation whose goal is to discredit the federal forces' operation against the terrorists in

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Mark Kramer: "Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency and Terrorism in the North Caucasus: The Military Dimension of the Russian-Chechen Conflict", Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 57, No. 2 (March 2005), p.210 (

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I called a well-informed diplomat pal and arranged to meet him at a bar favored by the pan-Turkic crowd known as the Gray Wolves, who were said to be actively supporting the Chechens with men and arms.

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While anti-Russian local insurgencies in the North Caucasus started even before the war, in May 2005, two months after Maskahdov's death, Chechen separatists officially announced that they had formed a

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up to three more months to complete their military campaign in Chechnya, while some generals said the offensive could be over by New Year's Day. The next day the Chechens briefly recaptured the town of

12538: 5680:".) Some of the other amnesties included one during September 2003 in connection with the adoption of the republic's new constitution, and then another between mid-2006 and January 2007. In 2007, the 15775: 12916: 12911: 4639:

Don't you dare touch the soldiers and officers of the Russian army. They are doing a sacred thing today-they are defending Russia. And don't you dare sully the Russian soldier with your dirty hands!"

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The Russian army moved with ease in the wide open spaces of northern Chechnya and reached the Terek River on 5 October 1999. On this day, a bus filled with refugees was reportedly hit by a Russian

11367: 3535:'s envoy to Chechnya, was kidnapped at the airport in Grozny and ultimately found dead in 2000 during the war. On 7 March 1999, in response to the abduction of General Shpigun, Interior Minister 6461:

On 16 April 2009, the counter-terrorism operation in Chechnya was officially ended. As of 2009, close to 480 active insurgents were fighting in the mountains under leadership of field commander

11345: 15897: 9433:(in Russian). Vol. 2. Нижний Новгород. pp. 16–17, 22–26, 29–35, 55–56, 58–60, 62–65, 67, 104–105, 113, 130, 161, 175, 206, 226, 230, 339, 349–350, 378, 380, 388, 405, 474–475, 508. 9371: 7622: 4617:. Hundreds of civilians died as a result of the Russian bombardment and the following sweep after. Thermobaric weapons have been used by the Russian army on several occasions according to 15876: 12646: 5954:

said in an online Q&A on the conflict: "It has been known for years that Muslim volunteers have traveled to Chechnya to join the fight, reportedly after attending training camps in

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containing hundreds of corpses have been uncovered since the start of the Chechen conflict. As of June 2008, there were 57 registered locations of mass graves in Chechnya. According to

4002:, a small town five kilometres east of Grozny, put up some of the strongest resistance to federal troops since the start of Moscow's military offensive. The separatists in the town of 5598:. Without resistance, Georgian troops have detained an Arab man and six criminals, and declared the region under control. In August 2002, Georgia accused Russia of a series of secret 1824: 12966: 12961: 10844: 10561: 11453: 8219: 3672:(both of whom were later killed), in retaliation for the Russian counteroffensive against their incursion into Dagestan. Six other suspects have been convicted by Russian courts. 3664:

A Russian criminal investigation of the bombings was completed in 2002. The results of the investigation, and the court ruling that followed, concluded that they were organized by

15519: 10079: 5711:, while foreign journalists and media outlets too are pressured into censoring their reports on the conflict. In some cases Russian journalists reporting on Chechnya were jailed ( 7674: 9213: 12080: 11208: 8044: 4010:

Russia had been anxious to avoid; by 9 December 1999, Russian forces were still bombarding Urus-Martan, although Chechen commanders said their fighters had already pulled out.

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region continued to inflict many Russian casualties and challenge Russian political control over Chechnya for several years. Both sides carried out attacks against civilians.

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Heavy fighting accompanied by massive shelling and bombing continued through the winter of 2000 in the mountainous south of Chechnya, particularly in the areas around Argun,

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Political tensions were fueled in part by allegedly Chechen or pro-Chechen terrorist and criminal activity in Russia, as well as by border clashes. On 16 November 1996, in

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Both sides of the war carried out multiple assassinations. The most prominent of these included the 13 February 2004 killing of exiled former separatist Chechen President

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across the Georgian border with Russia. In February 2002, the United States began offering assistance to Georgia in combating "criminal elements" as well as alleged Arab

3711:

attack coordinated by the FSB in order to win public support for a new full-scale war in Chechnya, which boosted the popularity of Prime Minister and former FSB Director

3639:

quickly blamed the attacks on Chechen militants and despite no evidence linking the bombings to Chechens; ordered the bombing campaign of Chechnya. In February 2000, the

13170: 3922:, including many women and children, and left hundreds more wounded. A Russian spokesman said the busy market was targeted because it was used by separatists as an arms 3816:, which cuts the northern third of Chechnya off from the rest of the republic. Putin's stated intention was to take control of Chechnya's northern plain and establish a 2008: 9896:"A Summary of Human Rights Watch Research on Attacks on Fleeing Civilians and Civilian Convoys during the War in Chechnya, Russia between October 1999 to February 2000" 9866:"A Summary of Human Rights Watch Research on Attacks on Fleeing Civilians and Civilian Convoys during the War in Chechnya, Russia between October 1999 to February 2000" 7637: 3420:

Situation in Chechnya in the period between the end of the First Chechen War and the beginning of the Second Chechen War: In red the territory under the control of the

16031: 15745: 15118: 12929: 8279: 8249: 7992: 7620:

Campana, Aurélie. "Case Study: The Massive Deportation of the Chechen People: How and why Chechens were Deported." Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence. November 2007.

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in two, with Ingushetia joining the Russian Federation and Chechnya remaining independent. The tension between Chechnya and Russia over independence ultimately led to

6922: 5703:

the second war began, federal authorities had designed and introduced a comprehensive system to limit the access of journalists to Chechnya and shape their coverage.

15862: 13375: 11312: 10000: 9326: 5864: 5727:

was shut down on "extremism and national hatred" charges. According to a 2007 poll only 11 percent of Russians said they were happy with media coverage of Chechnya.

3770: 3759: 2018: 1469: 12111: 12049: 11756: 11093: 10897: 6005:, also put the Chechen separatist movement in jeopardy due to increasing anti-Islamic sentiment on the rise in Europe, even in some of the countries in Europe like 15848: 15529: 10357: 10334: 10275: 9315: 6507: 5863:, the FSB, police and local paramilitaries, of whom all at least 1,720 were killed by October 2003. Independent Russian and Western estimates are much higher; the 4724: 1561: 12443: 9425: 7012: 4118:

said that "the counter-terrorism operation in Chechnya is over. It will take a couple of weeks longer to pick up splinter groups now." Russia's Defense Minister,

15816: 15602: 14480: 11051: 5452: 3849:. On 10 October 1999, Maskhadov outlined a peace plan offering a crackdown on renegade warlords; the offer was rejected by the Russian side. He also appealed to 2881: 10478: 8770: 8430: 6166:". The number of murders officially classified as racist more than doubled in Russia between 2003 and 2004. The violence included acts of terrorism such as the 15890: 4933: 3961:, the symbolic separatist stronghold in the first war; dozens of Chechen fighters and many civilians were reported killed, and the village was levelled in the 2362: 1817: 655: 11390: 4900:

committed during the course of the conflict in Chechnya. Unable to secure justice domestically, hundreds of victims of abuse have filed applications with the

15172: 12528: 7558:. A third source says a quarter of the 650,000 deported Chechens, Ingush, Karachais and Kalmyks died within four years of resettlement. See: Mawdsley, Evan. 629: 6041:(UNICEF), since 1994 to 2008 about 25,000 children in Chechnya have lost one or both parents. A whole generation of Chechen children is showing symptoms of 15809: 12682: 12313: 12277: 11475: 11193: 9348: 8940: 8831: 8445: 3375: 3267: 12023: 11940: 11418: 11364: 11131: 10160: 10054: 8970: 7289: 5617:, killing nine including five UN observers. Georgia denied having troops in the area, and the suspicion fell on the armed group headed by Chechen warlord 15855: 15221: 10245: 1018: 585: 507: 11679: 9119: 6146:

all; in another, 41% Russians said they lived in fear of police violence. According to Amnesty International, torture of detainees in Russia had become

15922: 13345: 9269: 8352: 7914: 6478: 5754:

In the Second Chechen War, over 60,000 combatants and non-combatants were killed. Civilian casualty estimates vary widely. According to the pro-Moscow

5697: 5681: 3311: 12348: 12329: 11342: 8751: 15914: 13335: 8076: 3547:

The decision to invade Chechnya was made in March 1999... I was prepared for an active intervention. We were planning to be on the north side of the

3527:. In 1998 and 1999, President Maskhadov survived several assassination attempts, blamed on the Russian intelligence services. In March 1999, General 1810: 533: 12199: 11838: 11171: 10584: 10395: 9843: 9794: 8319: 7265: 3045:

By 2009, Russia had disabled the Chechen separatist movement and mass fighting ceased. Russian army and Interior Ministry troops ceased patrolling.

15187: 14517: 13739: 13388: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 11860: 11698: 10651: 9597: 9363: 8892: 8733: 8487: 7619: 6502: 5685: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 3901: 10761: 6117:

in 2003, at least 70% of the estimated 1.5 million Chechnya veterans suffered CS. Many of the veterans came back alcoholic, unemployable and

3769:

region of Ingushetia was reported to have appealed for United Nations aid to deal with tens of thousands of refugees. On 2 October 1999, Russia's

3314:. The pro-Russian government would later demolish this memorial. Tombstones which were an integral part of the memorial were found planted on the 15946: 15306: 11436: 10428: 7390: 3938:; some claimed that civilians were killed in Samashki in revenge for the heavy casualties suffered there by Russian forces during the first war. 3445: 2001: 1928: 11736: 11716: 9182: 4125:, evaluated the numerical strength of the separatists at between 2,000 and 2,500 men, "scattered all over Chechnya." On the same day, a Russian 15384: 15051: 14743: 13360: 12890: 11150: 9459: 8845: 6793: 5497: 4198: 2926: 2300: 2212: 2140: 2069: 559: 10947: 5993:, weakening sympathy for the Chechen resistance globally and increasing xenophobia against Chechens and Muslims in the United States. Rampant 5707:

are under control of the pro-Moscow government, Russian journalists in Chechnya face intense harassment and obstruction leading to widespread

15869: 15160: 11278: 4061: 3995: 3904:, within sight of Grozny, dislodging 200 entrenched Chechen fighters. After heavy fighting, Russia seized the Chechen base in the village of 3812:

and his parliament illegitimate. At this time, Putin announced that Russian troops would initiate a land war but progress only as far as the

3243: 2062: 1463: 12474: 11794: 10558: 9903: 9873: 3302:. An estimated 1/4 to 1/3 of the Chechen population perished due the harsh conditions. Many scholars recognize the deportation as an act of 15401: 10841: 10215: 10185: 1554: 11657: 9687: 8586: 8203: 7283:

Schleichender Völkermord in Tschetschenien. Verschwindenlassen – ethnische Verfolgung in Russland – Scheitern der internationalen Politik.

4141:

in Chechnya's southern lowlands; at least 84 Russian soldiers were killed in the especially heavy fighting. The official newspaper of the

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within the framework of "reforming the system of military–political power." Along with the Chechen, Dagestani and Ingush "sectors," the

4088:

missile is estimated to have killed some 150 civilians, and was followed by an attack by combat helicopters causing further casualties.

15770: 15029: 14429: 14024: 12393: 11816: 11521: 10916: 10806: 10607: 10310: 9532: 9152: 8052: 7666: 6276: 5759:

in the case of military losses, these claims can not be independently verified. According to a count by the Russian human rights group

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that lasted from December 1999 until February 2000. Russia established direct rule over Chechnya in May 2000 although Chechen militant

2387: 2355: 2320: 1994: 12151: 9205: 8643: 8393: 7366: 7159: 6957: 6231:. Meanwhile, the fortunes of the Chechen independence movement sagged, plagued by the internal disunity between Chechen moderates and 15567: 15562: 13365: 13175: 12497:"Ukraine's parliament declares the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 'temporarily occupied by Russia' and condemns 'genocide of Chechens'" 12255: 12177: 12088: 11271:"A Different Dynamic? Explaining Prejudice Against Muslims in the Russian Federation: Islamophobia or Internalised Racial Hierarchy?" 10632: 8548: 6497: 6345: 6320: 4878: 4431: 4257: 2130: 1895: 1663: 12291: 11775: 11010: 10452: 10136: 6184:, when two Russians were killed over an unpaid bill. The Caucasians also face ethnic-related violence in the ranks of Russian Army. 15687: 15675: 15534: 14655: 13309: 13259: 11599: 10878: 8714: 7785: 6097:

The start of the war bolstered the domestic popularity of Vladimir Putin as the campaign was started one month after he had become

5842:

Military casualty figures from both sides are impossible to verify and are generally believed to be higher. In September 2000, the

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ruler. Kadyrov has become Chechnya's most powerful leader and, in February 2007, with support from Putin, Ramzan Kadyrov replaced

15477: 14510: 14495: 13350: 11994: 10102: 9955: 8809: 6855: 6150:. Since 2007, police officers from outside the Caucasus were not only being sent to Chechnya, but to all the region's republics. 4748: 4532: 3957:. The fighting in and around Kulary continued until January 2000. On 17 November 1999, Russian soldiers dislodged separatists in 3027: 1547: 10712: 9097: 15597: 15261: 15192: 14485: 14419: 13008: 12367: 11628: 11537: 9053: 7103: 5462: 3559:

did not discover anything new. You can ask him about this. He was the director of FSB at this time and had all the information.

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most of them were since killed, both by their former comrades and by the Russians, who by then perceived them as a potential "

5555:

by the terrorists) resulted in 294 more casualties among the 1,128 hostages, as well as many losses among the special forces.

16036: 15607: 14789: 14034: 13532: 13522: 12952: 12575: 10778: 10658: 8631: 8186: 8102: 7974: 7630: 7433: 7073: 7020: 6826: 6770: 6731: 6313: 4919: 4017:, claimed that Grozny was fully blockaded by Russian troops. The Russian military's next task was the seizure of the town of 3781: 3039: 2348: 2217: 12977: 12417: 11247: 8271: 8241: 7988: 6630: 6601:

Known officially from the Russian point of view as "Counter-terrorist operations on territories of North Caucasian region" (

5807:-affected region worldwide. Since 1994 there have been widespread use of mines by both sides (Russia is a party to the 1980 4056:

said that 1,500 separatists were killed trying to leave Grozny. The separatists said they lost at least 500 fighters in the

15557: 15140: 15130: 14424: 14029: 13370: 11070: 11032: 10982: 10692: 10673: 10534: 10507: 9291: 8022: 7731: 5998: 5837: 5741: 5551: 5018: 2447: 2207: 2057: 1913: 1495: 11963: 11556: 11304: 9927: 9771: 9075: 9030: 9000: 8871: 8792: 8670: 6064:

because so much of Chechnya's housing was destroyed by the Russian federal forces and many people have not yet been given

15552: 15165: 13314: 13238: 11753: 11090: 10894: 8342: 7824: 7447: 7340: 5411: 4998: 4787: 4586: 4418:

to their tactics. During this period, there were 23 Chechen-related suicide attacks in and outside Chechnya, notably the

4364: 3444:. Kidnapping in Chechnya reached large proportions, and the total turnover reached tens of millions of dollars. In 1998, 2840: 2427: 1681: 1676: 1609: 10365: 10331: 10267: 9747: 9312: 6988: 3926:. Eight days later, Russian aircraft carried out a rocket attack on a large convoy of refugees heading into Ingushetia, 15735: 15682: 15670: 15665: 15592: 15379: 15211: 15098: 14577: 13383: 13289: 12435: 10970: 10742: 7010: 6404:

saying that the visit was of "great significance", and that Russia will take into account what the council had to say.

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had been declared in Chechnya or Russia by the Russian government. The next day, Russian forces captured the strategic

3867: 3732: 2749: 2579: 2295: 2285: 2267: 1781: 1746: 11048: 10486: 5688:, which documents the fate of several persons who have been amnestied and subsequently abducted, tortured and killed. 3609:

from Chechnya into the neighboring Republic of Dagestan. This war saw the first (unconfirmed) use of aerial-delivered

15730: 15321: 14940: 14886: 14881: 14829: 14824: 14814: 14779: 14774: 14764: 14754: 14732: 14727: 14704: 14699: 14674: 14650: 14645: 14630: 14490: 9994: 9721: 9653: 9628: 9526: 9497: 8767: 8623: 8527: 8474: 8142: 7945: 7653: 7599: 7579: 7567: 7555: 7538: 7505: 7493: 7481: 6886: 6443: 6297: 6219:

Most of the more prominent past Chechen separatist leaders have died or have been killed, including former president

6038: 4711: 4119: 3724: 3291: 11387: 9566: 8422: 7238: 3965:

bombing. Two days later, after a failed attempt five days earlier, Russian forces managed to capture the village of

16041: 15823: 14923: 14859: 14684: 14597: 13719: 13340: 13130: 13125: 13109: 13079: 13052: 12893: 6517: 6153:

The wars in Chechnya and associated Caucasian terrorism in Russia were major factors in the growth of intolerance,

5493: 5325: 5160: 5110: 4593: 4460: 4453: 4048: 4030: 3753: 3640: 3631:

Before the wake of the Dagestani campaign had settled, a series of bombings took place in Russia (in Moscow and in

3379: 3287: 3015: 2922: 2754: 2589: 2539: 2135: 1971: 1726: 1614: 1589: 20: 11112: 7857: 7212: 6348:, shows that in the past three years Federal casualties are higher than the number of coalition casualties of the 15627: 15622: 15577: 15316: 15076: 15061: 15002: 14361: 13432: 11906: 9515:Чечня: без средств для жизни: Оценка нарушения экономических, социальных и культурных прав в Чеченской республике 8914: 6118: 5595: 4782: 4777: 4762: 4574: 4159: 3716: 3352: 2091: 2081: 1644: 1599: 15216: 12119: 12057: 10966: 8948: 6723: 4609:

allowed buses in, and allowed a white-flag refugee convoy to leave after which they bombed that as well. Banned

19:

This article is about the war during the period of 1999–2009. For the following conflict in North Caucasus, see

16056: 15636: 14784: 14748: 13294: 13099: 13084: 11936: 11577: 11410: 11128: 10157: 10051: 8978: 8777: 7286: 6106: 5646:. On 8 March 2005, Maskhadov was killed in an operation by Russian security forces in the Chechen community of 5272: 5167: 4901: 4827: 4772: 4542: 4498:

were included. This meant that practically all the regions of Russia's south were involved in the hostilities.

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and sometimes combined for larger raids. Russian forces retaliated with artillery and air strikes, as well as

16011: 15841: 15632: 15199: 14950: 14679: 14505: 14500: 14455: 13274: 12878: 9126: 7845:

Campana, Aurelie."The Effects of War on the Chechen National Identity Construction."Article 8.2(2006):129–148

7696: 7186: 6388: 6136:

human rights organisations, Russian policemen lost their qualifications and professional skills during their

6018: 5720: 5539: 5081: 4310: 3915: 3275: 2510: 1875: 1859: 297: 9261: 9174: 8541:"Russian Federation: Amnesty International's concerns and recommendations in the case of Mikhail Trepashkin" 7906: 5946:, publicly denounced the idea of a global Jihad, but keep fighting for the independence of Caucasus states. 15785: 15587: 15497: 15276: 15246: 15241: 15182: 15071: 15066: 15034: 14975: 14896: 14854: 14737: 13714: 13017: 12345: 12326: 12207: 10616: 10461: 9238: 8748: 8073: 6194: 5569: 5543: 5527: 5519: 5129: 4822: 4702: 3425: 3196:

Chechnya in 1830, and the conflict in the area lasted until 1859, when a 250,000-strong army under General

3095: 2983: 2558: 2115: 2086: 1835: 1706: 1354: 1335: 1316: 1305: 1286: 1262: 1243: 1225: 1207: 1188: 1169: 1150: 1131: 1114: 1095: 1076: 1057: 1039: 1013: 1002: 983: 964: 946: 927: 908: 890: 283: 9816: 5582:

of allowing Chechen separatists to operate on Georgian territory and permitting the flow of militants and

16006: 15707: 15544: 15470: 15411: 15394: 15266: 15135: 15103: 15039: 14928: 14819: 14804: 14640: 13756: 12229: 12146: 11835: 10581: 10387: 9835: 9791: 9466: 8569: 8315: 7262: 6332: 6141:

to their home regions, often returning with disciplinary and psychological problems. Reliable numbers on

5994: 5904:

said that attacks should be expected anywhere in Russia: "Today, we have a different task on our hands –

5848: 5501: 5231: 5155: 4507: 4318: 4142: 3927: 3818: 3363: 2930: 2660: 2584: 2315: 2052: 1776: 1604: 11857: 10648: 9589: 8889:"Russia/Chechnya: "No Happiness Remains": Civilian Killings, Pillage, And Rape In Alkhan-Yurt, Chechnya" 8888: 8494: 7387: 3934:

workers and journalists. Two days later Russian forces conducted a heavy artillery and rocket attack on

16021: 16016: 15311: 14849: 14839: 14809: 14799: 14414: 14354: 13446: 13426: 13304: 13264: 13001: 11676: 10758: 8444:

Cite error: The named reference "AmyKnight" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

8383:"PUTIN'S ASYMMETRIC ASSAULT ON DEMOCRACY IN RUSSIA AND EUROPE: IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY" 7724:"European Parliament recognizes deportation of Chechens and Ingushetians ordered by Stalin as genocide" 6986: 6907: 6167: 5602:

on purported separatists havens in the Pankisi Gorge in which a Georgian civilian was reported killed.

5247: 5194: 5056: 4797: 4767: 3626: 3552: 2998: 2676: 2623: 2485: 2042: 1619: 1457: 344: 11433: 10420: 8093:

Russell, John (2005). "Chechnya, 11 September and the War Against Terrorism". In Richard Sakwa (ed.).

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in babies and unexplained illnesses among school children. One child in ten is born with some kind of

5867:, for instance, estimated about 2,000 Russian Army servicemen have been killed between 1999 and 2003. 4165: 3691:, cast doubts on the official version and sought an independent investigation. Some others, including 15150: 15044: 14844: 13537: 13284: 13150: 13074: 11713: 8301: 5257: 5090: 4837: 4052:

forces also suffered heavy losses, including losing several top commanders. Russian Defense Minister

3973: 3919: 3408: 3255: 3165: 2686: 2519: 2200: 2195: 2037: 1751: 1721: 1716: 12923: 9492:(in French). Translated by Baranger, L. Paris: Jean-Claude Lattès. pp. 167, 312–313, 325, 413. 8852: 7183:"Shamil Basayev's interview with Andrei Babitsky aired by the American channel ABC on July 28, 2005" 6801: 6331:

war and my prognosis is that it will last two, three, maybe even five more years." According to the

6201:, spoke of "thousands of fighters" when he addressed a speech to all his fighters in the mountains. 5965:

Islamic radicalisation also affected the Chechen separatist movement's support abroad. In 2013, the

3539:

called for an invasion of Chechnya. However, Stepashin's plan was overridden by the prime minister,

3200:

broke down the highlanders' resistance. Frequent uprisings in the Caucasus also occurred during the

15572: 15291: 14997: 14572: 14376: 13549: 13544: 13243: 13145: 13046: 11724: 10944: 10851: 10592: 8083:, "Aslan Maskhadov." The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, 9 March 2005. Web. Retrieved 7 May 2017. 6512: 6455: 6435: 6235:

radicals and the changing global political climate after 11 September 2001, as well as the general

6114: 6098: 5895:

In April 2006, asked whether negotiations with Russians are possible, the top separatist commander

5267: 5210: 5047: 4888: 4393: 4183: 4107: 3953:, defected to the federal side; the Russians also entered the bombed-out former Cossack village of 3650: 3441: 3035: 2696: 2639: 2476: 2242: 2110: 1791: 1649: 129: 100: 37: 9160: 16051: 16046: 15760: 15740: 15697: 15612: 15204: 14933: 14552: 13355: 13140: 12944: 12932: 12466: 11791: 11270: 9895: 9865: 5970: 5445: 5427: 5304: 5134: 4859: 4688:

and other civilian killings. There were several cases of rape. In one incident, Russian soldiers

4409: 4178: 4126: 4018: 3999: 3798: 2874: 2856: 2733: 2563: 2175: 1756: 1711: 1639: 1136: 1062: 11147: 10207: 10177: 15984: 15463: 15406: 15081: 14602: 14537: 14019: 13480: 13034: 11654: 9679: 9559:"Глухое молчание Запада в ответ на геноцид чеченского народа: Запад изменяет отношение к Чечне" 8594: 6088: 5798: 5654: 4812: 4716: 4714:

told her the massacre was probably committed by Chechen fighters "disguised as federal troops".

3460:

between Chechen National Guard troops and a fundamentalist faction leading to many casualties.

2325: 2147: 2096: 1956: 1885: 1786: 1701: 1696: 14794: 12792: 12565: 11300: 10022: 9984: 9394: 7961: 7754: 6660: 5768:

set their estimate of the total death toll in two wars at about 150,000 to 200,000 civilians.

4313:

was established. Typically small separatist units targeted Russian and pro-Russian officials,

4035: 63: 15647: 15336: 15296: 15056: 14985: 14434: 13823: 13795: 13515: 13459: 13135: 12994: 11496: 9322: 9234: 8177:

Richard Sakwa, ed. (2005). "Robert Bruce Ware: Mythology and Political Failure in Chechnya".

7529:(or 31.3 percent) died within the first four years of the resettlement. See: Kleveman, Lutz. 7425:

The Making of Modern Georgia, 1918-2012 : the First Georgian Republic and its Successors

6762: 6755: 6694: 6677: 6416: 6408: 6337: 5786: 5457: 5262: 5252: 5074: 5027: 4863: 4817: 4807: 4605: 4550: 4437: 3804:

The Chechen conflict entered a new phase on 1 October 1999, when Russia's new Prime Minister

3513: 3315: 3197: 2886: 2691: 2681: 2503: 2456: 2310: 2280: 2170: 1880: 1686: 1634: 1624: 1506: 932: 895: 41: 12385: 11813: 10913: 10803: 10604: 10302: 9513: 6465:

according to official data. Doku Umarov was killed by poisoning in 2013. Umarov's successor

6101:. The conflict greatly contributed to the deep changes in the Russian politics and society. 6028:

rate stood at 17 per 1,000, the highest in Russia; There are reports of a growing number of

3866:

appeared to be taking no chances with the Chechen population in its rear areas, setting up "

3010:

paramilitary forces faced Chechen separatists in open combat and seized the Chechen capital

14869: 14542: 14439: 14409: 13898: 13510: 13395: 13279: 13165: 13069: 12969: 12141: 10629: 10569: 8653: 8462: 8382: 8347: 8131: 7697:"UNPO: Chechnya: European Parliament recognises the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944" 7362: 6738:

A Turkish Fascist youth group, the "Grey Wolves," was recruited to fight with the Chechens.

6473:" grouping founded by Umarov in 2007 was by 2015 largely absorbed into the ISIS-affiliated 6454:. However Medvedev said that situation in Chechnya must remain under direct control of the 6042: 6002: 5955: 5852: 5374: 5123: 5117: 4980: 4855: 4792: 4625: 4382: 3704: 3700: 3193: 3169: 2803: 2552: 2546: 2409: 1230: 1212: 821: 12173: 12022:. Ontario: Southern Ontario Model United Nations Assembly. 2007. p. 5. Archived from 9980: 8540: 7155: 6301: 6060:

in August 2009 was 32.9%. By 2017, this figure had decreased to 13.9%. Many people remain

8: 16026: 15657: 15444: 15374: 15231: 14759: 14694: 14465: 14303: 13657: 13299: 13160: 12592: 12529:"Ukraine's parliament declares 'Chechen Republic of Ichkeria' Russian-occupied territory" 11772: 11007: 10449: 10128: 8164: 7611: 6953: 6488:

condemned the "genocide of the Chechen people" during the First and Second Chechen Wars.

6431: 6424: 6376: 6328: 5892:, an impoverished mountain region inhabited mostly by Muslim, non-Russian ethnic groups. 5876: 5825: 5673: 5351: 5346: 5226: 5176: 4943: 4897: 4842: 4802: 4672: 4585:

through a supposed "safe exit". This was repeated in December 1999 when Russian soldiers

4419: 4397: 3728: 3707:, as well as the secessionist Chechen authorities, claimed that the 1999 bombings were a 3680: 3307: 3099: 3019: 2965: 2780: 2775: 2655: 2605: 2372: 2292: 1629: 197: 133: 11607: 10875: 8711: 7793: 7409:Федеральный закон № 5-ФЗ от 12 января 1995 (в редакции от 27 ноября 2002) "О ветеранах" 6282: 5879:

officers Dzhokhar Dudayev and Aslan Maskhadov were succeeded by people who rely more on

3661:

announced on television that the apparent bomb had been part of a “training exercise”.

3492:), and two on 28 May 1997, when another bomb exploded in the Russian railway station of 3416: 15755: 15434: 15416: 15369: 15331: 14970: 14722: 14620: 14475: 14460: 14289: 14059: 13959: 13744: 13734: 13474: 13330: 12860: 12751: 12626: 12603: 9675: 9453: 7306: 7005: 6451: 6447: 6253: 6129: 5990: 5760: 5614: 5573: 4874: 4698: 4618: 4610: 4546: 4528: 4322: 4134: 4089: 3962: 3950: 3897: 3827: 3773:

reported that 78,000 people had fled the air strikes in Chechnya; most of them went to

3643: 3610: 3453: 3421: 3392: 3356: 3263: 3213: 2237: 2157: 2101: 2076: 1771: 1193: 1119: 332: 193: 11990: 9948: 6847: 5820:, the UN official, estimated that there were 500,000 land mines placed in the region. 15963: 15938: 15617: 15341: 15281: 15088: 15014: 14992: 14891: 14769: 14582: 14562: 14557: 14547: 14382: 14247: 14132: 14073: 13973: 13729: 13269: 13104: 13089: 13028: 12905: 12571: 12307: 12271: 11801: 11515: 11469: 11187: 10708: 10303:"NO HAPPINESS REMAINS" CIVILIAN KILLINGS, PILLAGE, AND RAPE IN ALKHAN-YURT, CHECHNYA" 9990: 9821: 9624: 9522: 9493: 9342: 9105: 8825: 8627: 8619: 8573: 8523: 8470: 8211: 8182: 8138: 8098: 7970: 7941: 7649: 7595: 7575: 7563: 7551: 7534: 7501: 7489: 7477: 7439: 7429: 6882: 6822: 6766: 6727: 6466: 6439: 6396: 6392: 6380: 6352:. With the abolition of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and the proclamation of the 6305: 6279:, said that "the war is over," and that "the military campaign lasted only 2 years." 6240: 6057: 6050: 5966: 5924: 5637:

On 2 February 2005, Chechen separatist president Aslan Maskhadov issued a call for a

5579: 5481: 4685: 4652: 4634: 4578: 4562: 4097: 3991: 3893: 3665: 3658: 3564: 3387: 3345: 3327: 3177: 3162: 2910: 2152: 2120: 1966: 1951: 1933: 1761: 1340: 443: 399: 185: 122: 12364: 11534: 9061: 7667:"Texts adopted - Thursday, 26 February 2004 - EU-Russia relations - P5_TA(2004)0121" 5750:

A Russian soldier stands on a mass grave of Chechen civilians in Komsomolskoye, 2000

3653:(FSB) agents were caught by local police planting a bomb at an apartment complex in 3456:

was declared by the authorities in Grozny. In July 1998 a confrontation occurred in

15702: 15582: 15326: 15271: 15177: 14918: 14689: 14659: 14625: 14470: 14331: 14323: 14309: 14295: 14281: 14267: 14253: 14239: 14233: 14225: 14219: 14211: 14197: 14183: 14157: 14146: 14138: 14124: 14110: 14092: 14079: 14065: 14051: 14014: 13987: 13979: 13965: 13951: 13937: 13923: 13904: 13890: 13871: 13857: 13843: 13829: 13815: 13801: 13787: 13781: 13773: 13724: 13677: 13671: 13663: 13649: 13625: 13410: 13155: 12731: 11823: 10923: 10512: 8687: 8466: 8127: 7865: 7133: 7035: 6973: 6602: 6585: 6470: 6353: 6204: 6142: 6092: 6072: 6029: 6025: 5931: 5856: 5653:

Shortly following Maskhadov's death, the Chechen separatist council announced that

5514: 4676: 4524: 4193:

On 23 April 2000, a 22-vehicle convoy carrying ammunition and other supplies to an

4173:

In March a large group of more than 1,000 Chechen fighters, led by field commander

4014: 4013:

On 4 December 1999, the commander of Russian forces in the North Caucasus, General

4007: 3696: 3688: 3669: 3540: 3536: 3383: 3295: 3240: 3071: 2956: 2948: 2260: 2255: 2190: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1691: 1396: 1344: 1325: 1321: 1310: 1295: 1271: 1252: 1197: 1178: 1174: 1159: 1140: 1104: 1085: 1066: 1029: 992: 973: 936: 917: 861: 839: 773: 685: 681: 666: 640: 596: 570: 544: 518: 492: 488: 473: 432: 421: 311: 12949: 10782: 9558: 8343:"Russian Army Operations and Weaponry During Second Military Campaign in Chechnya" 8154: 7065: 6368: 5785:

damaged by war (the water is polluted to a depth of 250 m), and chemical and

4701:

described the Russian authorities' response as "typical". A spokesperson from the

4581:

perpetrated repeated rocket attacks on a large convoy of refugees trying to enter

4545:. Both sides have been criticised by international organizations of violating the 3735:. A description of the bombings as FSB false-flag operations appears in the book 83: 15346: 15093: 14945: 14913: 14587: 14567: 14205: 14177: 14171: 14165: 14118: 14098: 13809: 13749: 13685: 13612: 13602: 13592: 13467: 13453: 13438: 12981: 12974: 12956: 12854: 12846: 12835: 12827: 12819: 12808: 12800: 12784: 12772: 12764: 12756: 12745: 12737: 12725: 12714: 12706: 12695: 12687: 12676: 12664: 12652: 12640: 12632: 12620: 12608: 12597: 12421: 12414: 12371: 12352: 12333: 11864: 11842: 11820: 11798: 11779: 11760: 11740: 11720: 11686: 11683: 11661: 11635: 11560: 11541: 11440: 11422: 11394: 11371: 11349: 11239: 11154: 11135: 11116: 11097: 11074: 11055: 11036: 11014: 10951: 10920: 10901: 10882: 10848: 10810: 10765: 10746: 10716: 10696: 10677: 10655: 10636: 10611: 10588: 10565: 10456: 10343: 10338: 10164: 10058: 9931: 9798: 9775: 9709: 9319: 9246: 8875: 8796: 8774: 8755: 8736: 8718: 8698: 8694: 8674: 8242:"Stepashin declares border with Chechnya closed - Russian Federation | ReliefWeb" 8161: 8080: 7861: 7641: 7626: 7394: 7293: 7269: 7016: 6992: 6979: 6961: 6427: 6400: 6372: 6324: 6220: 6046: 5943: 5860: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5485: 4374: 4194: 4115: 3809: 3592: 3528: 3524: 3485: 3436:

The authority of the government in Grozny was opposed by extremist warlords like

3332: 2994: 2914: 2180: 1671: 1359: 1291: 1234: 1216: 1100: 1081: 1048: 913: 857: 797: 615: 611: 469: 454: 388: 125: 11067: 11029: 10689: 10670: 10526: 9986:

The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus

9299: 8667: 8014: 7969:

Graeme Gill, Professor Department of Government Graeme Gill, James Young. 2013.

7723: 7541:. Another scholar puts the number of deaths at 22.7 percent: Extrapolating from 5546:

in 2004, resulted in the deaths of many civilians. In the Moscow stand-off, FSB

4501:

The Chechen separatist movement took on a new role as the official ideological,

136:

in March 2009 to discuss the end of counter terrorism operations inside Chechnya

15970: 15930: 15741:

Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin

15429: 15256: 15019: 15009: 14386: 14261: 14191: 14151: 13931: 13917: 13884: 13879: 13851: 13837: 13643: 13633: 13597: 12829:

The Lone Wolf and the Bear: Three Centuries of Chechen Defiance of Russian Rule

12814: 12670: 12614: 11967: 11877: 11553: 10986: 9924: 9768: 9083: 9022: 8992: 8868: 8789: 8272:"Seven Russians die in Chechen border clashes - Russian Federation | ReliefWeb" 7526: 7518: 6711: 6564: 6485: 6474: 6420: 6361: 6293: 6287: 6257: 6228: 6208: 6076: 5901: 5889: 5782: 5746: 5659: 5643: 5618: 4598: 4441: 4415: 4314: 4226: 4217: 4174: 4155: 3981: 3976: 3966: 3834: 3805: 3765: 3712: 3684: 3636: 3602: 3598: 3579:, and, on 9 August 1999, six servicemen were kidnapped in the Ossetian capital 3572: 3556: 3509: 3497: 3489: 3279: 3158: 3142: 3134: 3055: 3023: 2975: 1766: 1375: 1007: 988: 969: 883: 736: 712: 377: 168: 113: 8356: 7332: 7019:

200 killed in Dagestan (2002–2006), 45 killed in Chechnya and Dagestan (2007),

6901: 4317:, and military and police convoys and vehicles. The separatist units employed 16000: 15764: 15514: 15486: 15389: 15226: 14864: 13945: 13912: 13607: 13587: 13405: 13094: 12841: 12778: 12720: 12658: 12501: 11664: 9485: 8215: 7816: 7522: 7443: 6309: 6272: 6236: 5843: 5610: 5591: 4604:

Another occasion of indiscriminate and perhaps deliberate bombardment is the

4492: 4122: 4053: 3988: 3885: 3576: 3371: 3181: 3138: 3110: 2305: 1890: 1248: 1155: 1044: 410: 366: 189: 74: 10739: 9743: 9521:(in Russian). Женева: Всемирная организация против пыток. 2004. p. 35. 6757:

Chechnya Diary: A War Correspondent's Story of Surviving the War in Chechnya

5919: 3853:

to help end fighting between his forces and Russian troops, without effect.

15712: 15691: 15145: 14669: 14635: 14390: 14317: 14275: 14087: 13865: 13638: 13400: 12986: 12697:

Chienne de Guerre: A Woman Reporter Behind the Lines of the War in Chechnya

12610:

A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya

9803: 9153:"Ambush at Serzhen Yurt: Command-Detonated Mines in the Second Chechen War" 7966: 7631:

Nurbiyev, Aslan. "Relocation of Chechen 'Genocide' Memorial Opens Wounds."

7397: 6750: 6699: 6682: 6665: 6357: 6198: 6137: 6061: 6033: 5817: 5677: 5647: 5621:, who was speculated to have been hired by the Georgian government to wage 4554: 4330: 4240: 4187: 4093: 4081: 3954: 3942: 3838: 3692: 3646:

stated they had not seen any evidence that tied the bombings to Chechnya.

3449: 3437: 3318:

next to granite steles honoring the losses of the local pro-Russian power.

3299: 3298:; this was done under the false pretext of Chechen mass collaboration with 3271: 3259: 3251: 3189: 3173: 1802: 1392: 1379: 1267: 1123: 958: 899: 801: 777: 754: 716: 14906: 12856:"Welcome to Hell": Arbitrary Detention, Torture, and Extortion in Chechnya 9713: 9646:"Видеозапись зверств российских войск в Чечне и реакция на неё в Германии" 7423: 3395:

agreement was signed and Russian troops were withdrawn from the republic.

15779: 15251: 14980: 14901: 14834: 14664: 13564: 9645: 7817:"Чеченские власти демонтируют Мемориал памяти жертв депортации в Грозном" 7234: 6719: 6462: 6163: 6110: 5986: 5935: 5896: 5884: 4566: 4484: 4003: 3889: 3813: 3793: 3580: 3548: 3154: 9621:

La guerre de Tchétchénie ou l'irrésistible ascension de Vladimir Poutine

9401:(in French). Vol. 50. Paris: CNRS Éditions. pp. 758–759, 762. 8618:, page 81, Matthew Evangelista, pub. Brookings Institution Press, 2002, 7855:

The Security Organs of the Russian Federation. A Brief History 1991–2004

7310: 6580:

and some other North Caucasus regions in general is officially known as

4671:

of Chechens (including committing other crimes) in what is known as the

3987:

On 1 December 1999, after weeks of heavy fighting, Russian forces under

3115: 1986: 15751:

Tennis Academy, named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin

15286: 15236: 15155: 15024: 14104: 13248: 12701: 12200:"The Alkhazurovo Operation: Are Chechnya's separatists on the Rebound?" 11109: 7854: 7572:

Stalin and German Communism: A Study in the Origins of the State Party.

7322:

Federal law of 12 January 1995 N 5-FЗ «On veterans», appendix, part III

7208: 6607:Контртеррористические операции на территории Северо-Кавказского региона 6590:контртеррористические операции на территории Северо-Кавказского региона 6245: 6171: 6154: 6122: 5813: 5599: 5587: 4896:

The Russian government failed to pursue any accountability process for

4867: 4693: 4614: 4582: 4502: 4468: 4335: 4231: 4057: 3905: 3842: 3774: 3720: 3708: 3676: 3632: 3606: 3493: 3237: 3233: 2275: 180: 11914: 11907:"separatists kill 18 pro-Russians in Chechnya, Putin says war is over" 8918: 7468:

Armstrong, Patrick. "Conflict in Chechnya: A Background Perspective."

5930:

This trend ultimately resulted in the October 2007 declaration of the

5870: 4911: 4440:

in Qatar, and the 9 May 2004 killing of pro-Russian Chechen President

4092:

called on the Russian military to stop using FAE, known in Russia as "

2340: 14874: 12908:

resolutions on 'The human rights situation in the Chechen Republic':

12774:

Russia's Restless Frontier: The Chechnya Factor in Post-Soviet Russia

7004:

Interior ministry troops: 1,615-1,825 killed in Chechnya (1999–2002),

6239:

of the Chechen population. Large-scale fighting has been replaced by

6181: 6176: 5905: 5804: 5778: 5638: 5622: 4689: 4648: 4644: 4538: 4488: 4476: 4464: 3931: 3870:" in October in northern Chechnya for detaining suspected members of 3862: 3858: 3429: 3247: 2990: 1539: 12945:"The North Caucasus," Russian Analytical Digest No. 22 (5 June 2007) 12383: 11573: 11209:"Details emerge on brothers suspected in bombing at Boston Marathon" 4854:

Western European rights groups estimate there have been about 5,000

15439: 15301: 13619: 13559: 13554: 12336:. RealClearPolitics (30 April 2007). Retrieved on 25 November 2010. 11129:

Casualties officially announced since the beginning of the conflict

9934: 9779: 7615: 6577: 6412: 6249: 6232: 6147: 5959: 5909: 5880: 5828:

casualties occurring in Chechnya between 1999 and the end of 2003.

5755: 5626: 5583: 5547: 5356: 5330: 4480: 4222: 4040: 3946: 3935: 3517: 3501: 3481: 3469: 3464: 3457: 3367: 3360: 3337: 3303: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3185: 3146: 3130: 3123: 3119: 3083: 3007: 3003: 2971: 2785: 2759: 267: 215: 176: 172: 12233: 11913:. Washington, D.C.: Center for Defense Information. Archived from 8316:"Don't Use Fuel-air Weapons in Chechnya | Human Rights Watch" 7700: 7182: 7036:"Defense and Security / PressPATROL / Media Monitoring Agency WPS" 3764:

In late August and early September 1999, Russia mounted a massive

11845: 11352: 10062: 6224: 6065: 6009:, who supported Chechens during and after conflicts with Russia. 5913: 4660: 4151: 3532: 3382:, in which the Russians covertly tried to oust the government of 3221: 15455: 12384:

Shchedrov, Oleg; Buribayev, Aydar; Pearce, Tim (27 March 2009).

9680:"Концлагерь с коммерческим уклоном: Отчёт о командировке в зону" 7940:. Center for Strategic and International Studies. pp. 2–3. 7814: 7156:"Russia acknowledges 500 soldiers killed in Chechnya since 2006" 4746: 3137:

which has constantly fought against foreign rule, including the

14378: 13582: 13505: 12533: 11966:(in Russian). London: British Broadcasting Corp. Archived from 11574:"The Consequences of War for Education and Culture in Chechnya" 11207:

Finn, Peter; Leonnig, Carol D.; Englund, Will (19 April 2013).

10630:

U.S. Response to Human Rights Commission Resolution on Chechnya

9949:"Tactical Observations from the Grozny Combat Experience, p.74" 9395:"Le suivi par le Conseil de l'Europe du conflit en Tchétchénie" 7786:"В Грозном убирают Мемориал памяти жертв сталинской депортации" 6582:

counter-terrorist operations on the territory of North Caucasus

6158: 6006: 5974: 5821: 4656: 4637:

dismissed accountability for the abuses in the village saying "

4472: 4414:

Between June 2000 and September 2004, Chechen insurgents added

4077: 4073: 3923: 3654: 3341: 3046: 3011: 2979: 871: 845: 827: 809: 785: 761: 742: 724: 700: 676: 650: 624: 606: 580: 554: 528: 502: 483: 464: 449: 438: 427: 416: 405: 394: 383: 372: 361: 244: 219: 202: 96: 9424:Дмитриевский, С. М.; Гварели, Б. И.; Челышева, О. А. (2009b). 7548:

Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe.

6923:"Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy" 6125:

for life and left with very limited help from the government.

5691: 3262:

was established. It annexed a part of territory of the former

1505:

civilians dead (25,000 killed and 5,000 missing) according to

12975:

ISN Case Study: The North Caucasus on the Brink (August 2006)

12821:

The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union?

12174:"Russian Federation What justice for Chechnya's disappeared?" 12087:. Washington, D.C.: News World Communications. Archived from 8616:

The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union?

7474:

The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union?

7235:"Более 2 тысяч боевиков уничтожено на Юге России с 2003 года" 7096:"Russian Authorities Said To Be Underreporting Combat Deaths" 6716:

Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism

6212: 5978: 5939: 4681: 4664: 4130: 3958: 3880: 3831: 3614: 3150: 11629:

The Crisis in Chechnya and the Northern Caucasus at a Glance

10876:

Chechen official puts death toll for 2 wars at up to 160,000

9472: 9423: 6423:

declared this phase to end in March 2009. On 27 March 2009,

4647:

in the war, Russian federal forces went on a village-sweep (

3657:. They were later released on orders from Moscow. FSB chief 3523:

The 1997 election brought to power the separatist president

3440:, who according to some sources was in cooperation with the 3184:, the Russian Empire began spreading its influence into the 13527: 12848:

The Wolves of Islam: Russia and the Faces of Chechen Terror

9327:"Russian Federation. In: Amnesty International Report 2001" 9292:"Reported grave breaches of international humanitarian law" 9256: 9254: 8204:"Russia Closes Posts on Border After Clashes With Chechens" 7542: 6316:, have said that the war has largely concluded as of 2006. 5982: 4668: 4147: 3912: 3850: 3505: 99:

armored personnel carrier disabled by militants during the

15746:

Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after Boris Yeltsin

12758:

Russia's Chechen Wars 1994–2000: Lessons from Urban Combat

12424:. Grani.ru (27 March 2009). Retrieved on 25 November 2010. 12415:Война / Медведев: ФСБ должна сохранить контроль над Чечней 12374:. Grani.ru (26 March 2009). Retrieved on 25 November 2010. 10268:"Chechnya Conflict: Use of Vacuum Bombs by Russian Forces" 9744:"Изъятие внутренних органов у заложников в Чечне Источник" 7486:

Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict.

6113:. According to Yuri Alexandrovsky, deputy director of the 3551:

by August–September This would happen regardless to the

3452:

were accused of being involved in kidnappings. In 1998, a

12458: 12436:"Insurgency Commanders Divulge Details Of Umarov's Death" 11535:Чечня – лидер по уровню безработицы среди регионов России 8648: 8459:

The Age of Assassins. The Rise and Rise of Vladimir Putin

8135:

The Age of Assassins. The Rise and Rise of Vladimir Putin

7881:

Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. Page 114.

7148: 6797: 6780:...the Azerbaijani Gray Wolf leader, Iskander, Hamidov... 6268: 5951: 5875:

The Chechens had become increasingly radicalized. Former

5578:

Russian officials have accused the bordering republic of

3830:, killing at least 11 civilians; two days later, Russian 3760:

List of Russian aircraft losses in the Second Chechen War

3605:, led two groups of up to 2,000 Chechen, Dagestani, Arab 3463:

Some scholars linked Chechen resistance to Russia to the

9954:. United States Military Academy, West Point, New York. 9251: 8520:

Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the Russian Criminal State

8097:(1st ed.). London: Anthem Press. pp. 239–265. 7562:

Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 2003.

6508:

Insurgency in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia

6256:, for its part, has focused on the stabilization of the 5859:

in 1999–2005. This death toll did not include losses of

3777:, where they arrived at a rate of 5,000 to 6,000 a day. 3512:

raided the base of the 136th Motor Rifle Brigade of the

3475: 3250:

troops by 1922. Then, months before the creation of the

11714:

The Geography of OMON Deployments in the North Caucasus

11434:

Large numbers of street children discovered in Chechnya

11049:

Military operations greatly alter Chechen mountain life

10895:

Russia: Chechen Official Puts War Death Toll At 160,000

10450:

European court assails Russia over killings in Chechnya

10094: 10076:"Grozny and Aleppo: a look at the historical parallels" 9488:; et al. (with Ruth et Nicholas Daniloff) (2005). 8145:, page 105. The interview was given on 14 January 2000. 7815:Муслим Ибрагимов; Александр Иванов (14 February 2014). 6954:Федеральным силам в Чечне противостоят 22 тыс. боевиков 5686:

Amnestied People as Targets for Persecution in Chechnya

4710:" An eye-witness also said that investigators from the 4587:

opened fire on a refugee convoy marked with white flags

3874:

militant formations (literally: "bandit formations").

107:: Russian troops en route to Grozny on 18 November 1999 12465:

Sturdee, Nick; Vatchagaev, Mairbek (26 October 2020).

11305:"Imaginary Muslims: How the Polish right frames Islam" 10605:

A vexing reminder of war in Chechnya's booming capital

10582:

Amnesty International Issues Reports on Disappearances

9157:

Engineer: The Professional Bulletin for Army Engineers

7263:

Amnesty International Issues Reports on Disappearances

6879:Россия и СССР в войнах XX века. Потери вооруженных сил 5865:

Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia

5816:

was evicted by Russia in December 1999. In June 2002,

5550:

forces stormed the building on the third day using an

3613:(FAE) in mountainous areas, notably in the village of 3472:" (agitation-propaganda) until 11 September occurred. 15173:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

12962:

Shifting Battlefields of the Chechen War (April 2006)

12386:"Russia mulls lifting tight Chechnya security regime" 10967:

Civil and military casualties of the wars in Chechnya

10857: 9817:

Chechens Believe Russia's Aim Is to Obliterate Nation

9262:"War crimes in Chechnya and the response of the West" 8045:"Chechen Gunmen Attack Russian Army Unit in Dagestan" 7476:

Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2003.

6407:

Counter-insurgency operations have been conducted by

4355:). Two other units of the Chechen pro-Moscow forces, 3312:

memorial dedicated to the victims of the acts of 1944

16:

1999–2009 conflict in Chechnya and the North Caucasus

12365:Грани.Ру // Политика / Россия / Десять лет без права 11299: 9054:"War Crimes and Human Rights Violations in Chechnya" 8768:

CHAMBER JUDGMENTS IN SIX APPLICATIONS AGAINST RUSSIA

7962:

Routledge Handbook of Russian Politics & Society

7498:

Russo-Chechen Conflict, 1800–2000: A Deadly Embrace.

7488:

Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

4205: 3398: 3268:

Checheno–Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

3145:

was established in lowland Chechnya in 1577 by free

2970:'Second Russian-Chechen War') took place in 15525:

Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR

12802:

Russo-Chechen Conflict, 1800–2000: A Deadly Embrace

12256:"Ингушетия: хроника терактов, обстрелов, похищений" 9490:

Le serment tchétchène: Un chirurgien dans la guerre

9150: 8488:"David Satter – House committee on Foreign Affairs" 8155:

Sergey Pravosudov. Interview with Sergei Stepashin.

7986: 6082: 6012: 5981:, accusing the United States of killing Muslims of 5871:

Political radicalization of the separatist movement

3668:, who remains at large, and ordered by Khattab and 3412:

Cadets of the Ichkeria Chechen National Guard, 1999

3310:in 2004. In 1992 the separatist government built a 3089: 12050:"Chechnya's new leader: a boxer with his own army" 11206: 10983:"Chechnya Conflict and Environmental Implications" 10842:POLL FINDS A PLURALITY OF RUSSIANS DISTRUST RAMZAN 10823:Russia Bars ABC News for Interview With Separatist 10068: 9125:. Usacac.army.mil. 11 October 2011. Archived from 8353:Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies 7550:Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001. 7531:The New Great Game: Blood and Oil in Central Asia. 7333:""Путине болчул а алсам цабезам бу сан Кадыровга"" 6754: 6319:The separatists denied that the war was over, and 5698:Russian government censorship of Chechnya coverage 5682:International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights 4169:Fallen Russian soldiers in the Zhani-Vedeno ambush 3424:, in green the territory under the control of the 16032:Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union 12464: 11773:Political turmoil erupts again in deadly protests 11754:Russia: Police Brutality Shows Traces Of Chechnya 9623:(in French). Genève: Georg Éditeur. p. 114. 9587: 8668:Russia launches more air strikes against Chechnya 8392:. U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE. p. 10. 6450:on this issue, which will then be decided by the 6323:continued throughout the North Caucasus. Colonel 4216:In May 2000 the following month, Putin appointed 4114:On 29 February 2000, United Army Group commander 3266:. Chechnya and neighboring Ingushetia formed the 15998: 15188:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 14518:List of battles involving the Russian Federation 13740:United Vilayat of Kabarda, Balkaria and Karachay 12622:A Small Corner of Hell: Dispatches from Chechnya 12346:Commissioner Hammarberg meets Putin and Medvedev 12312:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 12294:. Archived from the original on 13 February 2006 12276:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 11836:Nationalists rally in Russian town near Chechnya 11474:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 11192:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 11174:. Archived from the original on 13 February 2008 10208:"Revealed: Russia's worst war crime in Chechnya" 10178:"Revealed: Russia's worst war crime in Chechnya" 10052:Watchdog alleges mass grave in Russia's Chechnya 9361: 9347:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 9329:. Archived from the original on 14 November 2007 9120:"Reassessing Strategy: A Historical Examination" 8830:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7285:Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker, 2005, page 8 ( 7258: 7256: 6503:International response to the Second Chechen War 4601:called Grozny the most destroyed city on Earth. 4420:hostage taking at an elementary school in Beslan 3945:was raised over Chechnya's second largest city, 3374:leaders signed an agreement splitting the joint 15307:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 15222:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 12967:The Chechen resistance movement: 2006 in review 12824:Author: Matthew Evangelista (preview available) 12810:The Angel of Grozny: Orphans of a Forgotten War 12258:. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 11172:"Chechnya Weekly from the Jamestown Foundation" 11091:Chechnya: Land Mines Seen As Continuing Scourge 10779:"Kremlin Stifles Critical Coverage of Chechnya" 8941:"Russia may withdraw some troops from Chechnya" 8644:"Russia acknowledges bombing raids in Chechnya" 7752: 6972:Military: 3,688 killed in Chechnya (1999–2007), 6446:, which Bortnikov also heads, to report to the 6360:, the conflict in Chechnya and the rest of the 5632: 4158:in Grozny; at least 24 Russian servicemen were 3428:and in grey the areas under the control of the 11964:"Sergey Ivanov: "The war in Chechnya is over"" 11454:"Chechnya, land of Putin's 99 percent support" 10962: 10960: 10508:Witness to Aldi Massacre Tells Story of Terror 10421:"February 5: A Day of Slaughter in Novye Aldi" 9746:(in Russian). Кавказский Узел. 14 March 2003. 9362:Le Huérou, A.; Regamey, A. (11 October 2012). 8712:Refugee bus reportedly shelled by Russian tank 7533:Jackson, Tenn.: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003. 6442:operations in Chechnya. Medvedev directed the 5997:and the exclusive role of the Chechens on the 5498:Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus 4518: 4329:(contract soldiers) as opposed to the earlier 4177:, pursued since their withdrawal from Grozny, 3742: 3172:, under which Kartli-Kakheti became a Russian 2927:Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus 1533:Total killed military/civilian: ~50,000–80,000 15471: 15161:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 14362: 13002: 11991:"Ramzan Kadyrov: Since the war ended forever" 9588:Sylvaine, P.; Alexandra, S. (23 March 2000). 8302:"25 years since the Second Chechen War began" 8176: 7783: 7560:The Stalin Years: The Soviet Union 1929–1953. 7253: 7126:"CHECHNYA: Independence, Islam and Bloodshed" 6917: 6915: 6170:which killed 13 people. In 2007, 18-year-old 6056:According to official statistics, Chechnya's 4927: 4732: 4513: 3739:, which is banned in the Russian Federation. 3620: 3446:a group of four Western hostages was murdered 3244:Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus 2356: 2002: 1818: 1555: 112:: Russian troops firing their artillery from 13016: 10885:International Herald Tribune, 16 August 2005 10103:"Putin Is Playing by Grozny Rules in Aleppo" 9674: 9475:, pp. 23, 71, 73, 74, 76, 325–329, 339. 8812:. Archived from the original on 25 July 2001 8810:"Crimes Of War Project > Expert Analysis" 8729: 8727: 8587:"At least 90 dead in Moscow apartment blast" 8416: 8414: 8334: 7574:Edison, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2006. 7403: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6356:by the president of the separatist movement 4750:Attacks on civilians during the Chechen Wars 4251: 4229:, leader of the pro-Moscow militia known as 3888:) to confront the approaching Russian army. 3808:declared the authority of Chechen President 3066:The Second Chechen War is also known as the 1832: 15603:"Circling over Shannon" diplomatic incident 15114:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 15109:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 12950:Critical media coverage of Chechnya stifled 12637:Author: Sebastian Smith (preview available) 12599:A Dirty War: A Russian Reporter in Chechnya 12292:"Дагестан: хроника террора (1996–2007 гг.)" 11650: 11648: 11646: 11644: 11456:. Archived from the original on 21 May 2008 11025: 11023: 10957: 10358:"Bush Meets Russian Faulted For Atrocities" 9550: 9392: 8570:Bomb Blamed in Fatal Moscow Apartment Blast 8452: 8423:"Finally we Know About the Moscow Bombings" 8121: 7428:. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 77. 7316: 5692:Government censorship of the media coverage 4325:operations. Most soldiers in Chechnya were 4067: 15478: 15464: 14430:Military history of the Russian Federation 14369: 14355: 13009: 12995: 12926:Society for the Russian–Chechen Friendship 12851:Author: Paul J. Murphy (preview available) 12708:Crying Wolf: The Return of War to Chechnya 12634:Allah's Mountains: The Battle for Chechnya 11993:(in Russian). Moscow: Rossiiskaya Gazeta. 9473:Дмитриевский, Гварели & Челышева 2009b 9458:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9076:"Russians urged to stop 'vacuum' bombings" 9051: 8734:Russian warplanes kill dozens of villagers 6912: 6379:on 27 March 2009 to discuss the ending of 6275:, Russia's then–prime minister and former 6109:suffered by Soviet soldiers who fought in 5824:has recorded 2,340 civilian land mine and 5563: 4934: 4920: 4739: 4725: 4594:1999–2000 siege and bombardments of Grozny 4006:also offered fierce resistance, employing 3403: 2363: 2349: 2009: 1995: 1825: 1811: 1562: 1548: 15568:State Committee on the State of Emergency 14680:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 12112:"In the front line of Putin's secret war" 12109: 12047: 11900: 11898: 11237: 10940: 10938: 10936: 10934: 10932: 10759:Russian TV accuses military of censorship 10598: 10479:"Russian atrocities in Chechnya detailed" 10332:Bush Meets Russian Faulted For Atrocities 9946: 9785: 9556: 8790:Europe: Russians 'within sight' of Grozny 8724: 8688:Miscalculations Paved Path to Chechen War 8411: 8376: 8374: 7525:, 150,000 of 478,479 deported Ingush and 7066:"The History Guy: The Second Chechen War" 6876: 6835: 6498:Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War 6481:. Asilderov was reported killed in 2016. 4879:United Nations Commission on Human Rights 4877:noted in her 24 March 2000 speech to the 4537:The Second Chechen War saw a new wave of 4432:List of Second Chechen War assassinations 4258:Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War 4235:, has been functioning as the Chechnya's 3949:, when the local Chechen commanders, the 3918:strike on the central Grozny marketplace 3520:, Dagestan, inflicting heavy casualties. 3246:. Most of the resistance was defeated by 3192:in 1817. Russian forces first moved into 2016: 13310:Domodedovo International Airport bombing 13239:1995 Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis 12832:Author: Moshe Gammer (preview available) 12805:Author: Robert Seely (preview available) 12377: 11792:Migrants flee town after racial violence 11709: 11707: 11641: 11563:, Amnesty International, 25 January 2008 11020: 10837: 10835: 10388:"Russia Condemned for Chechnya Killings" 10100: 9708: 9399:Annuaire français de droit international 9206:"Russia ends 10-year Chechnya operation" 9203: 9197: 7022:226 killed in the North Caucasus (2008), 6814: 6761:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. p. 6367: 6281: 6203: 5918: 5745: 5615:fighting between Chechens and Abkhazians 5513: 4164: 4102: 4034: 3792: 3415: 3407: 3331: 3114: 14641:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747) 14511:List of wars involving the Soviet Union 14172: 14099: 12761:Author: Olga Oliker (preview available) 12427: 12078: 11988: 11904: 11737:For Russians, Police Rampage Fuels Fear 11268: 11068:'In the Caucasus, you can buy anything' 11008:Chechen Republic // GENERAL INFORMATION 10554: 10552: 10443: 9979: 9792:Russians in disarray over Grozny strike 9618: 8092: 8086: 7848: 6881:(in Russian). Олма-Пресс. p. 593. 6791: 6545:From 31 December 1999 until 8 May 2008. 5771: 5609:helicopter was shot down in Georgia in 4966:than 50 deaths. Incidents are bombings, 4941: 4533:Second Chechen War crimes and terrorism 2395:than 50 deaths. Incidents are bombings, 2370: 1530:killed during attacks in Russia proper. 1235: 1217: 1049: 616: 15999: 15262:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 15193:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 15052:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 15030:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 14744:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) 14420:Military history of the Russian Empire 12797:Author: Anne Aldis, Roger N. McDermott 12433: 11961: 11895: 11580:from the original on 27 September 2011 11520:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 11303:; Kotnarowski, Michał (24 July 2019). 10929: 10728:"Убивал – не убивал, попал – не попал" 10473: 10471: 10415: 10413: 10297: 10295: 10293: 10129:"Welcome to Chechnya. Welcome to hell" 9643: 8512: 8420: 8380: 8371: 7989:"Shattering the al-Qaeda-Chechen Myth" 7890: 7517:In one estimate, based on a report by 6818:Putin's Wars: From Chechnya to Ukraine 6785: 6710: 6576:The entirety of 1994—2017 conflict in 6341:fighters have joined the separatists. 6267:In a 10 July 2006, interview with the 4643:In what is regarded as one of gravest 1569: 1456:9,000–11,000+ killed (1999-Feb. 2002; 15459: 15412:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) 14790:Russian colonization of North America 14350: 12990: 12930:The Trauma of ongoing War in Chechnya 12786:Russia's Wars with Chechnya 1994–2003 12563: 12180:from the original on 23 February 2015 11997:from the original on 23 December 2007 11704: 11219:from the original on 18 December 2019 10914:Death Toll Put at 160,000 in Chechnya 10863: 10832: 10659:Institute for War and Peace Reporting 10398:from the original on 12 December 2022 10313:from the original on 10 December 2022 10188:from the original on 10 December 2022 10139:from the original on 13 December 2022 10082:from the original on 26 December 2018 9961:from the original on 11 February 2010 9906:from the original on 14 December 2022 9762: 9750:from the original on 14 December 2022 9484: 9216:from the original on 19 November 2011 9151:Captain Adam Geibel (February 2001). 9003:from the original on 10 December 2020 8749:Russia to 'display' truth on Chechnya 8551:from the original on 22 November 2018 8469:, Gibson Square Books, London, 2008, 8390:Senate Committee on Foreign Relations 8201: 8137:, Gibson Square Books, London, 2008, 7987:Brian Glyn Williams (23 April 2013). 7879:Chechnya: Life in a War-Torn Society. 7472:November 1999; Evangelista, Matthew. 7421: 7189:from the original on 20 December 2022 7180: 7162:from the original on 13 February 2021 7025:total of 2,400–2,600 reported killed. 6821:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 20. 6749: 6704: 6314:UN High Commissioner for Human Rights 5552:unknown incapacitating chemical agent 4915: 4720: 4684:in an attempt to destroy evidence of 4422:, in which at least 334 people died. 4135:attacked by Chechen and Arab fighters 3476:Russian–Chechen relations (1996–1999) 3359:in Chechnya, which ultimately led to 3282:. In 1944, the entire Chechen people 2344: 1990: 1806: 1543: 15898:Boris Yeltsin. Retreat is Impossible 14425:Military history of the Soviet Union 12689:Chechnya: To the Heart of a Conflict 12666:Chechnya: Life in a War-Torn Society 12541:from the original on 18 October 2022 12509:from the original on 18 October 2022 12396:from the original on 31 January 2021 12081:"Outside View: End of Caucasian war" 11858:Racist Violence Plagues Russian Army 11250:from the original on 4 February 2020 11138:, Prague Watchdog, 13 September 2000 10549: 10537:from the original on 10 January 2023 10238:"Eyewitness: Chechnya's war goes on" 10109:from the original on 12 October 2016 10101:Galeotti, Mark (29 September 2016). 10023:"Russia Warns Civilians in Chechnya" 9364:"Massacres de civils en Tchétchénie" 8433:from the original on 7 December 2021 8399:from the original on 9 February 2021 8222:from the original on 11 October 2023 8170: 7935: 7753:Алексей Андреев (18 February 2014). 7343:from the original on 21 October 2020 6743: 5999:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 5838:Casualties of the Second Chechen War 5742:Casualties of the Second Chechen War 4964:indicate incidents resulting in more 4907: 4179:entered the village of Komsomolskoye 3380:Russian intervention in the republic 3321: 3220:established a short-lived Caucasian 2393:indicate incidents resulting in more 1500:Estimate total number of casualties: 1462:5,000+ killed (Aug. 2002-Aug. 2003; 15166:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 13315:2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing 12924:Human Rights Violations in Chechnya 12891:Chechnya: Two Federal Interventions 12678:Chechnya: The Case for Independence 12642:Chechnya: From Nationalism to Jihad 12154:from the original on 9 January 2021 12110:Blomfield, Adrian (27 March 2007). 11554:Amnesty International Urgent Action 11343:Russian demographic statistics 2008 11281:from the original on 1 January 2020 11148:The battle for the soul of Chechnya 10709:Указы Президента ЧРИ А-Х. Садулаева 10649:European Court Rules Against Moscow 10468: 10410: 10290: 10248:from the original on 7 October 2020 9836:"Russian rockets hit Grozny market" 9769:Russians at odds over market attack 9272:from the original on 2 January 2019 9033:from the original on 14 August 2008 8971:"Scars remain amid Chechen revival" 8593:. 10 September 1999. Archived from 8443: 7369:from the original on 9 January 2021 7363:"CIA – The World Factbook – Russia" 7215:from the original on 15 August 2018 7211:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 7209:"Security Watch: December 24, 2002" 7046:from the original on 4 January 2016 7009:279 killed in Chechnya (2004–2005), 6858:from the original on 12 August 2017 6815:Galeotti, Mark (10 November 2022). 6695:Energy and Security in the Caucasus 4184:separatist ambush on an OMON convoy 4080:, where fighting involving Russian 3896:were called, but no martial law or 3080:Second Russian Invasion of Chechnya 13: 15877:Boris Yeltsin. Farewell to the Era 15736:Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library 15593:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 15212:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 14578:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 13275:2002 Moscow theater hostage crisis 12794:Russian Military Reform, 1992–2002 11814:Teenager Admits to Over 30 Murders 11699:Island lessons for Russian war vet 11240:"Georgian roots of Isis commander" 10971:Russian-Chechen Friendship Society 10690:UN helicopter shot down in Georgia 10671:Georgia says gorge 'under control' 10527:"Russia censured over Chechen man" 10078:. The National. 24 November 2016. 10003:from the original on 12 March 2024 9724:from the original on 21 April 2022 9690:from the original on 21 April 2022 9600:from the original on 21 April 2022 9569:from the original on 12 March 2024 9538:from the original on 31 March 2022 9440:from the original on 31 March 2022 9405:from the original on 21 April 2022 9204:Williams, Stuart (16 April 2009). 9185:from the original on 12 March 2024 9104:. 19 February 2000. Archived from 9098:"Chechens down Russian helicopter" 9082:. 15 February 2000. Archived from 8895:from the original on 13 March 2022 8340: 8282:from the original on 12 March 2024 8252:from the original on 12 March 2024 8015:"Deadly blast hits Russian parade" 7938:Getting the Caucasus Emirate Right 7917:from the original on 12 March 2024 7784:Елена Снежная (15 February 2014). 7734:from the original on 19 April 2021 7677:from the original on 12 April 2021 7450:from the original on 12 March 2024 7241:from the original on 19 March 2023 6935:from the original on 23 April 2022 6848:"Russia 'ends Chechnya operation'" 6469:was reported killed in 2015. The " 6438:to discuss the official ending of 6105:(CS), drawing a parallel with the 6071:Hundreds of thousands of Chechens 5883:doctrine, rather than the secular 5831: 5809:Convention on Conventional Weapons 5766:Russian-Chechen Friendship Society 5735: 5725:Russian-Chechen Friendship Society 4858:in Chechnya since 1999. Dozens of 4403: 4392:On 16 April 2009, the head of the 4024: 3500:). On 22 December 1997, forces of 2986:, from August 1999 to April 2009. 14: 16068: 15731:Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center 15520:Moscow City Committee of the CPSU 15485: 15077:Red Army intervention in Mongolia 14035:Islamic State – Caucasus Province 12867: 12446:from the original on 4 April 2022 12048:Blomfield, Adrian (6 July 2006). 11365:A determined spirit guides Grozny 11119:, LM Report 2004, 8 February 2005 11030:Chechnya habitat 'ravaged by war' 10954:, Reuters AlertNet, 11 April 2007 10431:from the original on 11 June 2022 10278:from the original on 1 March 2022 10158:Scars remain amid Chechen revival 10033:from the original on 2 March 2022 9876:from the original on 8 March 2022 9656:from the original on 9 April 2022 9374:from the original on 3 April 2022 9023:"Russian army battered in Grozny" 8947:. 4 February 2000. Archived from 8851:. 7 February 2000. Archived from 8322:from the original on 2 April 2020 8181:. Anthem Press. pp. 79–115. 8025:from the original on 2 April 2020 7995:from the original on 4 March 2016 7827:from the original on 14 July 2019 7765:from the original on 1 March 2017 7755:"Память не слышит приказы сверху" 7272:Jamestown Foundation, 24 May 2007 6794:"Istanbul: Gateway to a holy war" 6792:Isingor, Ali (6 September 2000). 6641:from the original on 3 March 2016 6444:National Anti-Terrorism Committee 6336:covering the issue. In May 2007, 6304:, the human rights envoy for the 6121:. Thousands were also physically 5938:where he also urged for a global 5520:2004 Beslan school hostage crisis 4447: 4425: 4206:Restoration of federal government 4120:Marshal of the Russian Federation 3972:On 26 November 1999, Deputy Army 3399:Prelude to the Second Chechen War 3141:in the 15th century. The Russian 3104: 3030:drew international condemnation. 1924:Anti-Chechen pogrom in Kazakhstan 15980: 15979: 15824:Boris Yeltsin: From Dawn to Dusk 15131:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 14924:Russian conquest of Central Asia 14860:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 14656:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 14598:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 13341:Battle of Grozny (November 1994) 13126:1999 Russian bombing of Chechnya 13053:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 12894:Conflict Studies Research Centre 12591:"Three Worlds Gone Mad" Author: 12521: 12489: 12477:from the original on 22 May 2022 12408: 12358: 12339: 12320: 12284: 12248: 12222: 12192: 12166: 12134: 12103: 12072: 12041: 12009: 11982: 11962:Sakker, Stephen (10 July 2006). 11955: 11943:from the original on 21 May 2008 11929: 11905:Johnson, David (19 April 2002). 11870: 11851: 11829: 11807: 11785: 11766: 11747: 11730: 11701:, Oakland Tribune, 30 April 2003 11692: 11670: 11622: 11592: 11566: 11547: 11528: 11482: 11446: 11443:, Prague Watchdog, 23 March 2007 11427: 11404: 11381: 11358: 11336: 11327: 11315:from the original on 13 May 2020 11293: 11262: 11231: 11200: 11164: 11141: 11122: 11103: 11084: 11061: 11042: 11001: 10975: 10907: 10888: 10869: 10816: 10797: 10771: 10752: 10733: 10721: 10702: 10683: 10664: 10642: 10623: 10575: 10559:Russia: Chechen Mass Grave Found 10519: 10501: 10380: 10350: 10325: 10260: 10230: 10218:from the original on 15 May 2022 10200: 10170: 10151: 10121: 10045: 10015: 9973: 9940: 9918: 9888: 9858: 9846:from the original on 15 May 2022 9828: 9810: 9736: 9702: 9668: 9637: 9612: 9581: 9506: 9478: 9417: 9386: 9355: 9306: 9284: 9228: 9167: 9144: 9112: 8993:"Russia admits heavy casualties" 8421:Knight, Amy (22 November 2012). 7721: 7648:Florence, Ky.: Routledge, 2005. 7500:Florence, Ky.: Routledge, 2000. 6631:"Turkish Volunteers in Chechnya" 6518:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 6227:and terrorist attack mastermind 6211:, formerly a leading separatist 6083:Impact on the Russian population 6013:Impact on the Chechen population 5538:(89). Two big kidnaps, the 2002 5494:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 4454:Caucasian Front (militant group) 3780:As of 22 September 1999, Deputy 3771:Ministry of Emergency Situations 3754:1999 Russian bombing of Chechnya 3176:. To secure communications with 3090:Historical basis of the conflict 2923:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 1972:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 1468:14,000 killed (1999-March 2005; 1386: 1369: 1353: 1334: 1315: 1304: 1285: 1261: 1242: 1224: 1206: 1187: 1168: 1149: 1130: 1113: 1094: 1075: 1056: 1038: 1012: 1001: 982: 963: 952: 945: 926: 907: 889: 877: 870: 851: 844: 833: 826: 815: 808: 791: 784: 767: 760: 748: 741: 730: 723: 706: 699: 675: 649: 623: 605: 579: 553: 527: 501: 482: 463: 448: 437: 426: 415: 404: 393: 382: 371: 360: 338: 326: 305: 291: 277: 261: 257:Provisional Council (until 2000) 251: 237: 159:(8 years, 11 months and 15 days) 82: 73: 62: 53: 21:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 15578:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 15417:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022) 15062:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 15003:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine 13346:Censorship of Chechnya coverage 13265:1999 Russian apartment bombings 12585: 12557: 12079:Romanov, Pyotr (11 July 2006). 11606:. 29 March 2009. Archived from 11600:"Spring rebuilding in Chechnya" 11576:. Idee.org. 29 September 2000. 11275:www.connections.clio-online.net 11238:Akhmeteli, Nina (9 July 2014). 10749:The Moscow Times, 18 March 2005 9644:Бовкун, Е. (25 February 2000). 9557:Мандевиль, Л. (25 March 2002). 9090: 9068: 9045: 9015: 8985: 8963: 8933: 8907: 8881: 8869:Can Russia win the Chechen war? 8862: 8838: 8802: 8783: 8761: 8742: 8705: 8680: 8661: 8636: 8609: 8579: 8563: 8533: 8522:. Yale University Press. 2003. 8480: 8381:Cardin, Ben (10 January 2018). 8308: 8294: 8264: 8234: 8202:Wines, Michael (19 June 1999). 8195: 8148: 8111: 8067: 8037: 8007: 7980: 7954: 7929: 7899: 7884: 7871: 7839: 7808: 7777: 7746: 7715: 7689: 7659: 7604: 7584: 7511: 7462: 7415: 7381: 7355: 7339:(in Chechen). 17 October 2019. 7325: 7299: 7275: 7227: 7201: 7174: 7158:. Spacewar.com. 30 March 2016. 7118: 7088: 7076:from the original on 3 May 2019 7058: 7028: 6998: 6995:total of 3,726 reported killed. 6966: 6947: 6895: 6870: 6595: 6570: 6557: 6548: 6539: 6530: 6128:According to the 2007 study by 6107:post-traumatic stress disorders 5851:in August 2005, at least 1,250 5558: 3353:dissolution of the Soviet Union 3336:A Russian helicopter downed by 3207: 15099:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 14749:War of the Austrian Succession 13295:2004 Russian aircraft bombings 13100:Battle of Grozny (August 1996) 13085:1995 Shali cluster bomb attack 12837:The Oath: A Surgeon Under Fire 12739:Open Wound: Chechnya 1994–2003 12661:and others (preview available) 12567:The Caucasus – An Introduction 11269:Herbert, David (7 July 2020). 10985:. American.edu. Archived from 9313:Russian Federation 2001 Report 8977:. 3 March 2007. Archived from 8778:European Court of Human Rights 7907:"Internal clashes in Chechnya" 6877:Кривошеев, Г. Ф., ed. (2001). 6808: 6687: 6678:Politics of Conflict: A Survey 6670: 6653: 6623: 6350:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 6073:were displaced by the conflict 6039:United Nations Children's Fund 6017:According to a 2006 report by 5719:), and foreign media outlets ( 5536:2004 Russian aircraft bombings 4902:European Court of Human Rights 4543:international humanitarian law 4212:Federal government in Chechnya 3911:On 21 October 1999, a Russian 3649:On 22 September 1999, Russian 2995:infiltrated Dagestan in Russia 2974:and the border regions of the 2960: 2222:Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 1489:6,000-7,000 killed (1999–2009) 1470:Committee of Soldiers' Mothers 1: 15842:Yeltsin: Three Days in August 15322:South Ossetia war (1991–1992) 15200:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 14951:Russian invasion of Manchuria 14941:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 14887:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 14882:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 14825:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 14815:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 14780:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 14775:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 14765:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 14755:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 14733:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 14728:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 14705:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 14700:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) 14675:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653) 14651:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) 14646:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) 14631:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) 14506:List of wars involving Russia 14501:Sino-Russian border conflicts 14025:Islamic International Brigade 13550:Main Intelligence Directorate 13244:1996 Black Sea hostage crisis 13171:Counter-insurgency operations 12654:Chechnya: From Past To Future 12232:. iCasualties. Archived from 11989:Borisov, Tim (10 July 2007). 11058:, Prague Watchdog, 4 May 2003 10813:Moscow Times, 27 January 2005 9235:Beslan's unanswered questions 8677:, RTÉ news, 27 September 1999 8318:. Hrw.org. 18 February 2000. 8179:Chechnya: From Past to Future 8167:, 14 January 2000(in Russian) 8095:Chechnya: From Past to Future 7868:, Psan Publishing House 2006. 7699:. 4 June 2012. Archived from 7614:recognized this as an act of 7400:Retrieved on 23 February 2009 6985:10 killed in Dagestan (2005), 6982:28 killed in Chechnya (2008), 6956:Russian Ministry of Defense 6903:Interview with Shamil Basayev 6616: 6053:; the number was increasing. 5792: 5721:American Broadcasting Company 5540:Moscow theater hostage crisis 5518:Photos of the victims of the 4613:were fired on the village of 4246: 3928:killing at least 25 civilians 3916:short-range ballistic missile 3892:was declared in Ichkeria and 3504:militants and Chechnya-based 1881:Insurgency in Chechnya (1732) 1876:Insurgency in Chechnya (1722) 148:7 August 1999 – 30 April 2000 15884:Boris Yeltsin. Life and Fate 15786:Boris Yeltsin Volleyball Cup 15277:Eritrean War of Independence 15247:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 15242:East German uprising of 1953 15183:Eastern Front (World War II) 15072:Red Army invasion of Georgia 15067:Red Army invasion of Armenia 15035:Estonian War of Independence 14976:Russian occupation of Tabriz 14897:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 14855:War of the Seventh Coalition 14738:War of the Polish Succession 14685:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 13715:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 13523:Ministry of Internal Affairs 13433:Polina Zherebtsova's Journal 13131:Battle of Grozny (1999–2000) 13110:Russia–Chechnya Peace Treaty 13080:Battle of Grozny (1994–1995) 12467:"ISIS in the North Caucasus" 12434:Fuller, Liz (23 July 2014). 12327:Articles – Containing Russia 12230:"Operation Enduring Freedom" 11937:"Chechen peace amid gunfire" 11604:International Herald Tribune 11411:A Mystery Malady in Chechnya 10617:International Herald Tribune 10462:International Herald Tribune 9947:Jenkinson, Brett C. (2002). 9925:'Russians fired on refugees' 9239:International Herald Tribune 7792:(in Russian). Archived from 7470:Journal of Conflict Studies. 6215:, had switched sides in 2000 6195:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 5684:published a report entitled 5666: 5633:Unilateral ceasefire of 2005 5596:part of the War on Terrorism 5544:Beslan school hostage crisis 5528:2003 Stavropol train bombing 5453:Rostov-on-Don hostage crisis 4873:American Secretary of State 4031:Battle of Grozny (1999–2000) 3426:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 3202:Russo–Turkish War of 1877–78 3149:who were resettled from the 3076:Втора́я чече́нская кампа́ния 3040:Ministry of Internal Affairs 2984:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 2882:Rostov-on-Don hostage crisis 1519:More in neighbouring regions 284:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 7: 15803:Confession on a Given Theme 15708:Soskovets campaign strategy 15317:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 15267:Sino-Soviet border conflict 15136:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 15104:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 15040:Latvian War of Independence 14929:Russian conquest of Bukhara 14820:War of the Fourth Coalition 14805:War of the Second Coalition 13757:Islamic Djamaat of Dagestan 13260:1996 Kizlyar hostage crisis 12147:Central Intelligence Agency 12017:"The Situation in Chechnya" 11017:, Kommersant, 10 March 2004 10768:, BBC News, 23 January 2000 10740:Smokescreen Around Chechnya 10730:, Kommersant, 7 August 2006 8074:Aslan Maskhadov - Telegraph 7594:New York: Macmillan, 1970. 6491: 5995:Islamic terrorism in Europe 5849:Russian Ministry of Defence 5502:Islamic terrorism in Europe 4968:unless described otherwise. 4703:Russian Ministry of Defence 4575:Baku–Rostov highway bombing 4519:Human rights and war crimes 4444:during a parade in Grozny. 4154:opened fire on a unit from 4143:Russian Ministry of Defense 3920:killed more than 140 people 3788: 3743:1999–2000 Russian offensive 3725:1999 parliamentary election 3586: 3340:militants near the capital 3086:insurgents' point of view. 2961:ШолгIа оьрсийн-нохчийн тӀом 2931:Islamic terrorism in Europe 2397:unless described otherwise. 1929:Chechen–Slav ethnic clashes 1727:Znamenskoye suicide bombing 10: 16073: 15683:1996 presidential election 15671:1991 presidential election 15312:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 14850:War of the Sixth Coalition 14840:War of the Fifth Coalition 14810:War of the Third Coalition 14415:Military history of Russia 14377:Armed conflicts involving 13447:The 3 Rooms of Melancholia 13305:2010 Moscow Metro bombings 12873:Timelines and chronologies 11677:Chechnya's Walking Wounded 10781:. Ifex.org. Archived from 10680:BBC News, 2 September 2002 9989:. NYU Press. p. 100. 9052:Oleg Orlov (26 May 2000). 8915:"A letter of Sgt. S.Durov" 8846:"The Conflict in Chechnya" 7422:Jones, Stephen F. (2014). 6168:2006 Moscow market bombing 6086: 5835: 5796: 5739: 5730: 5695: 5613:gorge near Abkhazia, amid 5567: 4768:Russian apartment bombings 4522: 4514:Human rights and terrorism 4451: 4429: 4407: 4255: 4209: 4028: 3757: 3751: 3747: 3675:Many observers, including 3627:Russian apartment bombings 3624: 3621:Russian apartment bombings 3590: 3325: 3276:small-scale Chechen revolt 3214:Russian Revolution of 1917 3108: 3093: 1620:Staropromyslovsky massacre 1595:Elistanzhi cluster bombing 1524:civilians killed (Kramer) 157:1 May 2000 – 16 April 2009 18: 15958: 15907: 15833: 15794: 15723: 15656: 15598:Constitutional referendum 15563:Cabinet of Yeltsin–Gaidar 15543: 15530:28th Congress of the CPSU 15507: 15493: 15425: 15360: 15151:Soviet invasion of Poland 14961: 14845:French invasion of Russia 14713: 14611: 14530: 14456:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 14448: 14405: 14398: 14043: 14007: 14000: 13765: 13707: 13700: 13575: 13555:Special Forces (Spetsnaz) 13498: 13491: 13419: 13323: 13290:2004 Moscow Metro bombing 13285:2002 Grozny truck bombing 13231: 13151:2002 Khankala Mi-26 crash 13118: 13062: 13024: 11939:. CNN. 21 December 2002. 11682:28 September 2007 at the 11655:The warlord and the spook 11333:, Doctors Without Borders 11134:30 September 2007 at the 10711:, Chechenpress, 27.05.06 9210:The Sydney Morning Herald 8917:. Army.lv. Archived from 8878:BBC News, 10 January 2000 8799:BBC News, 16 October 1999 8795:17 September 2016 at the 8758:, Reuters, 9 October 1999 7646:The Chechens: A Handbook. 7629:Accessed 11 August 2008; 6960:27 September 2007 at the 6606: 6589: 6419:, and former separatist, 6389:Human Rights Commissioner 6298:president of the Chechnya 6187: 5672:Putin's advisor and aide 5532:2004 Moscow metro bombing 5475: 5436: 5420: 5404: 5388: 5365: 5339: 5313: 5297: 5281: 5240: 5219: 5203: 5187: 5143: 5101: 5067: 5038: 5009: 4989: 4973: 4957: 4953: 4758: 4264:Guerrilla phase by year: 4252:Guerrilla war in Chechnya 4039:Russian Army soldiers in 3941:On 12 November 1999, the 3270:in 1936. In 1941, during 3256:Chechen Autonomous Oblast 3180:and other regions of the 3166:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 3075: 3006:military and pro-Russian 2953:Втора́я чече́нская война́ 2952: 2904: 2865: 2849: 2833: 2817: 2794: 2768: 2742: 2726: 2710: 2669: 2648: 2632: 2616: 2572: 2530: 2496: 2467: 2438: 2418: 2402: 2386: 2382: 2136:North Caucasus insurgency 2028: 1846: 1664:Insurgency since May 2000 1581: 1493: 1481:3,500+ killed (1999–2004) 1437: 1407: 352: 229: 140: 47: 35: 30: 16037:Chechen–Russian conflict 15771:Monument (Yekaterinburg) 15573:1991 Soviet coup attempt 15292:South African Border War 15217:Guerrilla war in Ukraine 15119:Chechen uprising of 1932 14800:Russo-Persian War (1796) 13545:Federal Security Service 13300:2004 Beslan school siege 13146:2000 Zhani-Vedeno ambush 13047:Insurgency in Ingushetia 13018:Chechen–Russian conflict 12564:Coene, Frederik (2009). 12118:. London. Archived from 12056:. London. Archived from 11819:22 November 2008 at the 11725:The Jamestown Foundation 11634:25 December 2008 at the 11355:Retrieved on Oct-05-2009 11348:15 December 2010 at the 11115:18 February 2009 at the 11039:, BBC News, 22 June 2006 10852:The Jamestown Foundation 10699:BBC News, 8 October 2001 10635:6 September 2008 at the 10593:The Jamestown Foundation 10455:6 September 2007 at the 10167:, BBC News, 3 March 2007 10057:13 December 2022 at the 9930:24 February 2022 at the 9393:Divac Öberg, M. (2004). 9181:. London. 13 June 2006. 8773:22 December 2009 at the 8754:12 December 2008 at the 8717:18 December 2008 at the 8530:, pages 24–33 and 63–71. 8049:The Jamestown Foundation 7991:. Jamestown Foundation. 7936:Hahn, Gordon M. (2011). 7388:It's over, and Putin won 6718:(3rd ed.). London: 6661:The Chechens: A Handbook 6635:The Jamestown Foundation 6567:in an interview in 2005. 6523: 6513:Insurgency in Ingushetia 6436:Federal Security Service 6387:In late April 2008, the 6344:An estimation, based on 6115:Moscow Serbsky Institute 6019:Médecins Sans Frontières 5570:Georgia–Russia relations 4712:Federal Security Service 4394:Federal Security Service 4221:a significant degree of 4068:Battle for the mountains 3651:Federal Security Service 3543:. Stepashin later said: 3450:Russian special services 3376:Checheno–Ingush republic 3224:which included parts of 3096:Chechen–Russian conflict 3061: 3036:Federal Security Service 1837:Chechen–Russian conflict 1645:OMON fratricide incident 101:2000 Zhani-Vedeno ambush 38:Chechen-Russian conflict 16042:Wars involving Chechnya 15863:President of All Russia 15761:Street of Boris Yeltsin 15698:Loans for shares scheme 15535:Death and state funeral 15498:1st President of Russia 14934:Khivan campaign of 1873 14785:Russo-Polish War (1792) 13380:International response 13141:Battle of Komsomolskoye 12933:Doctors Without Borders 12777:Author: Dmitri Trenin, 12766:Russia's Islamic Threat 12332:11 October 2012 at the 11689:/CNN, 28 September 2003 11660:26 January 2009 at the 11421:2 December 2008 at the 11153:25 January 2008 at the 11100:RFE/RL, 19 October 2004 11073:16 October 2007 at the 10809:7 February 2005 at the 10764:16 October 2015 at the 10745:8 November 2016 at the 10587:10 October 2008 at the 10564:16 October 2015 at the 10163:7 December 2017 at the 9590:"Grozny, ville fantôme" 7891:Litvinenko, Alexander. 7640:2 December 2008 at the 7393:21 January 2013 at the 7268:10 October 2008 at the 7015:1 December 2021 at the 6536:Until 31 December 1999. 6383:operations in Chechnya. 5650:, northeast of Grozny. 5564:Georgian Pankisi crisis 4410:Chechen suicide attacks 4129:paratroop company from 3404:Instability in Chechnya 3068:Second Chechen Campaign 3042:in the summer of 2003. 1860:Murat Kuchukov Movement 1590:Russian air bombardment 1137:Khunkar-Pasha Israpilov 1063:Aslambek Abdulkhadzhiev 15985:Category:Boris Yeltsin 15628:Monetary reform (1998) 15623:Monetary reform (1993) 15407:Western Libya campaign 15082:East Karelian uprising 14603:Wagner Group rebellion 14538:Uprising of Bolotnikov 13270:1999 Tukhchar massacre 12917:Resolution 1403 (2004) 12912:Resolution 1323 (2003) 12879:BBC Timeline: Chechnya 12769:Author: Gordon M. Hahn 12742:Author: Stanley Greene 12711:Author: Vanora Bennett 11841:3 January 2009 at the 11638:, IRC, 31 January 2006 11540:5 January 2009 at the 10919:29 August 2008 at the 10904:RFE/RL, 16 August 2005 9797:24 August 2013 at the 9175:"Land of the warlords" 8673:2 October 2012 at the 8572:, Richard C. Paddock, 7671:www.europarl.europa.eu 7644:; Jaimoukha, Amjad M. 7292:12 August 2014 at the 6978:4 January 2016 at the 6434:, the Director of the 6384: 6290: 6216: 6099:Russian prime minister 6089:Human rights in Russia 5927: 5799:Land mines in Chechnya 5751: 5655:Abdul-Khalim Sadulayev 5522: 4894: 4889:extrajudicial killings 4170: 4160:killed in the incident 4111: 4084:had raged since 1999. 4044: 3847:killing some 35 people 3801: 3799:mass grave in Chechnya 3715:, brought the pro-war 3561: 3433: 3413: 3364:declaring independence 3357:anti-Soviet revolution 3355:in 1991, there was an 3348: 3127: 2989:In August 1999, rogue 2326:Wagner Group rebellion 1886:Sheikh Mansur Movement 353:Commanders and leaders 150:(8 months and 24 days) 16057:Wars involving Russia 15817:Presidential Marathon 15633:1998 financial crisis 15402:Intervention in Syria 15337:Tajikistani Civil War 15045:Lithuanian–Soviet War 14986:Battle of Robat Karim 14435:Post-Soviet conflicts 13824:Abdul-Halim Sadulayev 13796:Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev 13336:Anti-Russian violence 13136:Battle for Height 776 12980:17 April 2021 at the 11878:"Dokka Umarov speech" 11399:Sydney Morning Herald 11393:30 April 2016 at the 10715:4 August 2008 at the 10695:20 April 2010 at the 10676:19 March 2016 at the 10654:19 March 2016 at the 9774:30 March 2023 at the 9323:Amnesty International 9296:Amnesty International 8658:, CNN, 26 August 1999 8656:on 19 September 2000. 8545:Amnesty International 8160:25 March 2022 at the 8079:14 March 2017 at the 7860:7 August 2008 at the 6991:12 March 2024 at the 6928:. World Bank Policy. 6417:President of Chechnya 6371: 6338:Amnesty International 6285: 6207: 5922: 5803:Chechnya is the most 5787:radioactive pollution 5749: 5605:On 8 October 2001, a 5517: 5019:Kizlyar-Pervomayskoye 4883: 4864:Amnesty International 4856:forced disappearances 4692:several women before 4675:. Russian troops had 4655:of dozens of people, 4606:bombing of Katyr-Yurt 4569:during the conflict. 4551:Amnesty International 4438:Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev 4373:), were commanded by 4168: 4106: 4038: 3796: 3641:US Secretary of State 3545: 3419: 3411: 3335: 3316:Akhmad Kadyrov Square 3236:; there was also the 3198:Aleksandr Baryatinsky 3188:region, starting the 3118: 2997:. Later in September 2448:Kizlyar-Pervomayskoye 2281:Revolution of Dignity 2218:Dungan–Kazakh clashes 2020:Post-Soviet conflicts 1600:Grozny missile attack 1485:Russian military data 1452:Independent estimates 1445:Russian military data 1438:Casualties and losses 933:Abdul Halim Sadulayev 896:Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev 42:Post-Soviet conflicts 16012:Wars of independence 15891:Boris Yeltsin. First 15648:Impeachment attempts 15385:Annexation of Crimea 15089:Central Asian Revolt 14998:Ukrainian–Soviet War 14870:Russo-Circassian War 14553:Pugachev's Rebellion 14496:Russo-Ukrainian Wars 14440:Russian Armed Forces 14410:Early modern warfare 13899:Turpal-Ali Atgeriyev 13560:Republic of Chechnya 13396:Politics of Chechnya 13351:Crimes and terrorism 13280:2003 Tushino bombing 13166:2005 raid on Nalchik 13070:Battle of Dolinskoye 12970:Jamestown Foundation 12955:8 March 2007 at the 12692:Author: Andrew Meier 12370:5 April 2016 at the 12142:"The World Factbook" 11863:5 March 2016 at the 11782:IHT, 2 November 2005 11763:RFE/RL, 20 June 2005 11759:16 June 2008 at the 11719:12 June 2008 at the 11439:3 March 2016 at the 11370:5 March 2016 at the 11301:Dudzińska, Agnieszka 11096:13 June 2008 at the 11054:4 March 2016 at the 11035:6 March 2016 at the 10950:20 June 2010 at the 10900:13 June 2008 at the 10881:1 March 2009 at the 10610:18 June 2008 at the 10570:Agence France-Presse 10337:15 June 2021 at the 10135:. 10 December 1999. 9714:"Кавказские хроники" 9619:Allaman, J. (2000). 9318:27 June 2001 at the 9268:. 29 February 2000. 9064:on 22 February 2011. 8693:3 March 2016 at the 8500:on 27 September 2011 8463:Vladimir Pribylovsky 8348:Moscow Defense Brief 8132:Vladimir Pribylovsky 7633:Agence France Press. 7625:6 March 2016 at the 7618:on 26 February 2004. 6486:Ukraine's parliament 6484:On 18 October 2022, 6043:psychological trauma 6003:Abu Omar al-Shishani 5853:Russian Armed Forces 5772:Environmental damage 5375:Metrojet Flight 9268 5326:Volgograd (December) 4626:Alkhan-Yurt massacre 4510:on 13 October 2005. 4383:Said-Magomed Kakiyev 4137:near the village of 3908:, west of the city. 3727:, and secured Putin 3705:Alexander Litvinenko 3701:Vladimir Pribylovsky 3637:Prime Minister Putin 3393:Khasavyurt ceasefire 3170:Treaty of Georgievsk 2804:Metrojet Flight 9268 2755:Volgograd (December) 2301:annexation of Crimea 1914:1940–1944 insurgency 1682:2nd suicide bombings 1677:1st suicide bombings 1513:killed in Chechnya ( 1231:Turpal-Ali Atgeriyev 1213:Ruslan Alikhadzhiyev 822:Said-Magomed Kakiyev 694:Pro-Russian Chechens 656:Stanislav Korovinsky 218:reincorporated into 15964:← Mikhail Gorbachev 15849:Three August's Days 15637:1998 miners' strike 15558:Second inauguration 15445:Sphere of influence 15375:Russo-Ukrainian War 15232:First Indochina War 15205:Soviet–Japanese War 15141:Xinjiang War (1937) 15010:Kazakhstan Campaign 14795:Kościuszko Uprising 14695:Second Northern War 14573:Coup attempt (1991) 14466:Soviet-Finnish wars 13658:Dzhabrail Yamadayev 13161:2004 raid on Grozny 12900:Human rights issues 12863:(preview available) 12789:Author: Michael Orr 12781:(preview available) 12673:(preview available) 12649:(preview available) 12629:(preview available) 12617:(preview available) 12593:Robert Young Pelton 12537:. 18 October 2022. 12505:. 18 October 2022. 12471:New Lines Institute 12116:The Daily Telegraph 12060:on 23 December 2007 12054:The Daily Telegraph 12029:on 16 February 2008 11917:on 13 December 2007 11804:, 14 September 2006 11797:22 May 2013 at the 11778:21 May 2008 at the 11559:26 May 2013 at the 11213:The Washington Post 11013:14 May 2016 at the 10989:on 25 November 2011 10847:20 May 2008 at the 10639:U.S. Mission Geneva 10394:. 12 October 2006. 9842:. 22 October 1999. 9678:(6 February 2001). 9245:21 May 2008 at the 9108:on 15 January 2009. 8999:. 26 January 2000. 8874:9 June 2016 at the 8721:CNN, 7 October 1999 8576:, 10 September 1999 8427:The New York Review 8341:Pashin, Alexander. 8165:Nezavisimaya Gazeta 7612:European Parliament 7592:The Nation Killers. 7181:Babitskiy, Andrey. 6804:on 17 October 2014. 6432:Alexander Bortnikov 6425:President of Russia 6377:Alexander Bortnikov 6277:minister of defense 5877:Soviet Armed Forces 5826:unexploded ordnance 5781:and pollution from 5674:Aslambek Aslakhanov 5625:against separatist 5321:Volgograd (October) 4945:Terrorism in Russia 4898:human rights abuses 4673:Novye Aldi massacre 4611:Thermobaric weapons 4398:Alexander Bortnikov 4108:Zhani-Vedeno ambush 3681:Yuri Shchekochikhin 3611:fuel air explosives 3308:European Parliament 3100:History of Chechnya 2750:Volgograd (October) 2374:Terrorism in Russia 2187:Kyrgyz revolutions 1757:Makhachkala bombing 1630:Novye Aldi massacre 1496:Civilian casualties 630:Alexandr Otrakovsky 201:Suicide attacks in 198:Karachay-Cherkessia 134:Alexander Bortnikov 16007:Second Chechen War 15810:Notes of President 15756:Boris Yeltsin Peak 15608:Elizabeth II visit 15588:Demographic crisis 15553:First inauguration 15435:Russian Revolution 15370:Russo-Georgian War 15352:Second Chechen War 15332:Georgian Civil War 14971:Russo-Japanese War 14723:Great Northern War 14621:Russo-Crimean Wars 14593:Second Chechen War 14491:Russo-Turkish wars 14486:Russo-Swedish wars 14476:Russo-Persian Wars 14461:Russo-Crimean Wars 14290:Abu Hafs al-Urduni 14060:Magomed Suleimanov 13960:Rasul Makasharipov 13745:Vilayat Cherkessia 13735:Vilayat Nokhchicho 13583:Russian Federation 13506:Russian Federation 13475:Ant in a Glass Jar 13389:Second Chechen War 13331:Chechen Revolution 13119:Second Chechen War 13075:Battle of Khankala 13041:Second Chechen War 12861:Human Rights Watch 12752:Anna Politkovskaya 12627:Anna Politkovskaya 12604:Anna Politkovskaya 12420:1 May 2009 at the 12355:Retrieved: 8-26-08 12351:2 May 2008 at the 12085:World Peace Herald 11388:Grozny's lost boys 11378:, 14 November 2007 11161:, 22 November 2007 10827:The New York Times 10804:Silencing Chechnya 10425:Human Rights Watch 10392:Human Rights Watch 10307:Human Rights Watch 10272:Human Rights Watch 10105:. Foreign Policy. 9981:Zürcher, Christoph 9900:Human Rights Watch 9870:Human Rights Watch 9266:Human Rights Watch 9029:. 6 January 2000. 8951:on 9 December 2004 8858:on 24 August 2000. 8780:, 24 February 2005 8208:The New York Times 7722:Узел, Кавказский. 7590:Conquest, Robert. 7484:; Dunlop, John B. 7237:. 7 October 2009. 7070:www.historyguy.com 6452:Russian parliament 6448:Russian government 6385: 6291: 6254:Russian government 6217: 5928: 5752: 5574:2001 Kodori crisis 5523: 5490:Second Chechen War 5396:Shchelkovo Highway 5057:Apartment bombings 4875:Madeleine Albright 4699:Human Rights Watch 4686:summary executions 4653:summary executions 4619:Human Rights Watch 4547:Geneva Conventions 4529:Russian war crimes 4508:notably in Nalchik 4323:counter-insurgency 4197:was ambushed near 4171: 4112: 4090:Human Rights Watch 4045: 3951:Yamadayev brothers 3898:state of emergency 3841:on the village of 3802: 3644:Madeleine Albright 3597:On 7 August 1999, 3553:bombings in Moscow 3454:state of emergency 3434: 3422:Russian Federation 3414: 3349: 3278:broke out, led by 3264:Terek Cossack Host 3143:Terek Cossack Host 3133:is an area in the 3128: 2999:apartment bombings 2982:and the breakaway 2980:Russian Federation 2945:Second Chechen War 2919:Second Chechen War 2825:Shchelkovo Highway 2486:Apartment bombings 2286:pro-Russian unrest 1962:Second Chechen War 1944:Russian Federation 1707:Shelkovskaya crash 1625:Katyr-Yurt bombing 1605:Shami-Yurt bombing 1573:Second Chechen War 1194:Akhmad Avdorkhanov 1120:Zelimkhan Akhmadov 319:Foreign volunteers 194:Kabardino-Balkaria 116:on 2 December 1999 31:Second Chechen War 16022:Conflicts in 2000 16017:Conflicts in 1999 15994: 15993: 15951: 15943: 15939:Tatyana Yumasheva 15935: 15927: 15919: 15666:Electoral history 15618:First Chechen War 15508:Life and politics 15453: 15452: 15342:First Chechen War 15297:Soviet–Afghan War 15282:Angolan Civil War 15057:Polish–Soviet War 15015:Finnish Civil War 14993:Russian Civil War 14892:November Uprising 14830:Anglo-Russian War 14770:Bar Confederation 14583:First Chechen War 14563:Russian Civil War 14558:Decembrist revolt 14548:Bulavin Rebellion 14543:Razin's Rebellion 14526: 14525: 14481:Russo-Polish Wars 14449:Lists by opponent 14344: 14343: 14340: 14339: 14248:Arthur Getagazhev 14133:Supyan Abdullayev 14074:Aliaskhab Kebekov 14030:Riyad-us Saliheen 13996: 13995: 13974:Ilyas Gorchkhanov 13730:Vilayat Galgayche 13696: 13695: 13384:First Chechen War 13105:Khasavyurt Accord 13090:Samashki massacre 13063:First Chechen War 13029:First Chechen War 12906:Council of Europe 12727:One Soldier's War 12577:978-1-135-20302-3 12091:on 7 January 2008 11970:on 1 January 2008 11544:, 5 December 2007 11415:Los Angeles Times 10274:. February 2000. 9937:, 4 December 1999 9825:, 7 November 1999 9822:Los Angeles Times 9807:, 23 October 1999 9782:, 22 October 1999 9712:(6 August 2001). 8739:, 11 October 1999 8632:978-0-8157-2499-5 8597:on 23 August 2000 8574:Los Angeles Times 8547:. 23 March 2006. 8248:. 27 April 1999. 8188:978-1-84331-164-5 8104:978-1-84331-164-5 7975:978-1-136-64102-2 7893:Blowing up Russia 7877:Tishkov, Valery. 7496:; Seely, Robert. 7435:978-1-317-81593-8 6854:. 16 April 2009. 6828:978-1-4728-4753-9 6772:978-0-312-26874-9 6733:978-0-7453-1917-9 6467:Aliaskhab Kebekov 6440:counter-terrorism 6397:Thomas Hammarberg 6393:Council of Europe 6381:counter-terrorism 6321:guerrilla warfare 6306:Council of Europe 6302:Álvaro Gil-Robles 6241:guerrilla warfare 6058:unemployment rate 6030:genetic disorders 5967:Tsarnaev brothers 5925:Caucasian Emirate 5912:"North Caucasian 5511: 5510: 5482:First Chechen War 5471: 5470: 5380:(going to Russia) 5168:Aircraft bombings 5151:Moscow (February) 4908:Terrorist attacks 4851: 4850: 4798:Staropromyslovski 4651:), that involved 4635:Vladimir Shamanov 4579:Russian Air Force 4541:and violation of 4389:) and their men. 4190:in Zhani-Vedeno. 4098:Vladimir Rushailo 4049:assault on Grozny 3992:Vladimir Shamanov 3872:bandformirovaniya 3782:Interior Minister 3737:Blowing Up Russia 3666:Achemez Gochiyaev 3659:Nikolai Patrushev 3565:Robert Bruce Ware 3388:First Chechen War 3346:First Chechen War 3328:First Chechen War 3322:First Chechen War 3135:Northern Caucasus 2969: 2940: 2939: 2911:First Chechen War 2900: 2899: 2809:(going to Russia) 2597:Aircraft bombings 2580:Moscow (February) 2338: 2337: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1967:War in Ingushetia 1952:First Chechen War 1852:Tsardom of Russia 1800: 1799: 1777:Vladikavkaz crash 1722:Grozny truck bomb 1584:Russian offensive 1538: 1537: 1341:Supyan Abdullayev 1019:Aslanbek Ismailov 586:Pavel Varfolomeev 508:Mikhail Rudchenko 444:Nikolai Patrushev 400:Vladimir Shamanov 225: 224: 123:Russian President 16064: 15983: 15982: 15971:Vladimir Putin → 15949: 15941: 15933: 15925: 15923:Claudia Yeltsina 15917: 15703:Semibankirschina 15583:Belovezh Accords 15480: 15473: 15466: 15457: 15456: 15327:Transnistria War 15272:War of Attrition 15178:Continuation War 15127: 14919:January Uprising 14760:Seven Years' War 14660:Time of Troubles 14626:Russo-Kazan Wars 14471:Russo-Kazan Wars 14403: 14402: 14371: 14364: 14357: 14348: 14347: 14332:Zalim Shebzukhov 14328: 14314: 14300: 14286: 14272: 14258: 14244: 14234:Asker Dzhappuyev 14230: 14220:Rustam Asildarov 14216: 14202: 14188: 14174: 14162: 14147:Aslan Byutukayev 14143: 14129: 14115: 14101: 14093:Aslambek Vadalov 14084: 14070: 14056: 14015:Caucasus Emirate 14005: 14004: 13988:Rappani Khalilov 13984: 13970: 13956: 13942: 13928: 13909: 13895: 13876: 13862: 13848: 13834: 13820: 13806: 13792: 13782:Dzhokhar Dudayev 13778: 13725:Vilayat Dagestan 13705: 13704: 13682: 13672:Ruslan Yamadayev 13668: 13654: 13630: 13496: 13495: 13411:Chechen genocide 13156:2004 Nazran raid 13011: 13004: 12997: 12988: 12987: 12732:Arkady Babchenko 12581: 12551: 12550: 12548: 12546: 12525: 12519: 12518: 12516: 12514: 12493: 12487: 12486: 12484: 12482: 12462: 12456: 12455: 12453: 12451: 12431: 12425: 12412: 12406: 12405: 12403: 12401: 12381: 12375: 12362: 12356: 12343: 12337: 12324: 12318: 12317: 12311: 12303: 12301: 12299: 12288: 12282: 12281: 12275: 12267: 12265: 12263: 12252: 12246: 12245: 12243: 12241: 12226: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12215: 12206:. Archived from 12196: 12190: 12189: 12187: 12185: 12170: 12164: 12163: 12161: 12159: 12138: 12132: 12131: 12129: 12127: 12122:on 11 April 2007 12107: 12101: 12100: 12098: 12096: 12076: 12070: 12069: 12067: 12065: 12045: 12039: 12038: 12036: 12034: 12028: 12021: 12013: 12007: 12006: 12004: 12002: 11986: 11980: 11979: 11977: 11975: 11959: 11953: 11952: 11950: 11948: 11933: 11927: 11926: 11924: 11922: 11902: 11893: 11892: 11890: 11888: 11874: 11868: 11855: 11849: 11833: 11827: 11824:The Moscow Times 11811: 11805: 11789: 11783: 11770: 11764: 11751: 11745: 11734: 11728: 11711: 11702: 11696: 11690: 11674: 11668: 11652: 11639: 11626: 11620: 11619: 11617: 11615: 11596: 11590: 11589: 11587: 11585: 11570: 11564: 11551: 11545: 11532: 11526: 11525: 11519: 11511: 11509: 11507: 11501: 11495:. Archived from 11494: 11486: 11480: 11479: 11473: 11465: 11463: 11461: 11450: 11444: 11431: 11425: 11417:, 10 March 2006 11408: 11402: 11385: 11379: 11376:The Boston Globe 11362: 11356: 11340: 11334: 11331: 11325: 11324: 11322: 11320: 11297: 11291: 11290: 11288: 11286: 11266: 11260: 11259: 11257: 11255: 11235: 11229: 11228: 11226: 11224: 11204: 11198: 11197: 11191: 11183: 11181: 11179: 11168: 11162: 11145: 11139: 11126: 11120: 11107: 11101: 11088: 11082: 11065: 11059: 11046: 11040: 11027: 11018: 11005: 10999: 10998: 10996: 10994: 10979: 10973: 10964: 10955: 10942: 10927: 10926:, 16 August 2005 10924:The Moscow Times 10911: 10905: 10892: 10886: 10873: 10867: 10861: 10855: 10839: 10830: 10820: 10814: 10801: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10790: 10775: 10769: 10756: 10750: 10737: 10731: 10725: 10719: 10706: 10700: 10687: 10681: 10668: 10662: 10646: 10640: 10627: 10621: 10602: 10596: 10579: 10573: 10556: 10547: 10546: 10544: 10542: 10523: 10517: 10513:The Moscow Times 10505: 10499: 10498: 10496: 10494: 10485:. Archived from 10475: 10466: 10447: 10441: 10440: 10438: 10436: 10417: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10403: 10384: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10373: 10364:. Archived from 10354: 10348: 10329: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10318: 10299: 10288: 10287: 10285: 10283: 10264: 10258: 10257: 10255: 10253: 10234: 10228: 10227: 10225: 10223: 10214:. 5 March 2000. 10204: 10198: 10197: 10195: 10193: 10184:. 5 March 2000. 10174: 10168: 10155: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10144: 10125: 10119: 10118: 10116: 10114: 10098: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10087: 10072: 10066: 10049: 10043: 10042: 10040: 10038: 10019: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10008: 9977: 9971: 9970: 9968: 9966: 9960: 9953: 9944: 9938: 9922: 9916: 9915: 9913: 9911: 9892: 9886: 9885: 9883: 9881: 9862: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9851: 9832: 9826: 9814: 9808: 9789: 9783: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9740: 9734: 9733: 9731: 9729: 9706: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9676:Политковская, А. 9672: 9666: 9665: 9663: 9661: 9641: 9635: 9634: 9616: 9610: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9585: 9579: 9578: 9576: 9574: 9554: 9548: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9537: 9520: 9510: 9504: 9503: 9482: 9476: 9470: 9464: 9463: 9457: 9449: 9447: 9445: 9439: 9432: 9421: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9410: 9390: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9379: 9359: 9353: 9352: 9346: 9338: 9336: 9334: 9310: 9304: 9303: 9302:on 19 June 2001. 9298:. Archived from 9288: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9258: 9249: 9232: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9201: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9190: 9171: 9165: 9164: 9159:. Archived from 9148: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9131: 9124: 9116: 9110: 9109: 9094: 9088: 9087: 9086:on 4 March 2016. 9072: 9066: 9065: 9060:. Archived from 9049: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9038: 9019: 9013: 9012: 9010: 9008: 8989: 8983: 8982: 8981:on 31 July 2016. 8967: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8937: 8931: 8930: 8928: 8926: 8921:on 20 March 2012 8911: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8900: 8885: 8879: 8866: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8850: 8842: 8836: 8835: 8829: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8806: 8800: 8787: 8781: 8765: 8759: 8746: 8740: 8731: 8722: 8709: 8703: 8684: 8678: 8665: 8659: 8657: 8652:. Archived from 8640: 8634: 8613: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8583: 8577: 8567: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8537: 8531: 8516: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8499: 8493:. Archived from 8492: 8484: 8478: 8477:; pages 105–111. 8467:Yuri Felshtinsky 8456: 8450: 8449: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8418: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8404: 8398: 8387: 8378: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8364: 8355:. Archived from 8338: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8327: 8312: 8306: 8305: 8298: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8287: 8278:. 18 June 1999. 8268: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8238: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8199: 8193: 8192: 8174: 8168: 8152: 8146: 8128:Yuri Felshtinsky 8125: 8119: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8090: 8084: 8071: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8055:on 22 March 2006 8051:. Archived from 8041: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8011: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7984: 7978: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7933: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7913:. 24 July 1998. 7903: 7897: 7896: 7888: 7882: 7875: 7869: 7866:Jonathan Littell 7852: 7846: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7781: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7759:Слово без границ 7750: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7719: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7663: 7657: 7608: 7602: 7588: 7582: 7515: 7509: 7466: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7401: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7329: 7323: 7320: 7314: 7303: 7297: 7279: 7273: 7260: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7136:on 21 March 2017 7132:. Archived from 7122: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7106:on 21 March 2017 7102:. Archived from 7092: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7032: 7026: 7002: 6996: 6970: 6964: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6934: 6927: 6919: 6910: 6904: 6899: 6893: 6892: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6844: 6833: 6832: 6812: 6806: 6805: 6800:. Archived from 6789: 6783: 6782: 6760: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6708: 6702: 6691: 6685: 6674: 6668: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6627: 6610: 6608: 6599: 6593: 6591: 6574: 6568: 6561: 6555: 6554:From 8 May 2008. 6552: 6546: 6543: 6537: 6534: 6479:Rustam Asilderov 6471:Caucasus Emirate 6354:Caucasus Emirate 6143:police brutality 6093:Racism in Russia 6026:infant mortality 6024:As of 2008, the 5977:with a claim of 5971:a suicide attack 5932:Caucasus Emirate 5857:killed in action 5715:) or kidnapped ( 5446:Crocus City Hall 5412:Saint Petersburg 5381: 4955: 4954: 4948: 4946: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4913: 4912: 4753: 4751: 4741: 4734: 4727: 4718: 4717: 4563:organ harvesting 4525:Chechen genocide 4015:Viktor Kazantsev 4008:guerilla tactics 3994:took control of 3868:filtration camps 3819:cordon sanitaire 3697:Yury Felshtinsky 3689:Sergei Yushenkov 3670:Abu Omar al-Saif 3541:Yevgeny Primakov 3537:Sergei Stepashin 3384:Dzhokhar Dudayev 3296:ethnic cleansing 3077: 3038:and then to the 2964: 2962: 2954: 2875:Crocus City Hall 2841:Saint Petersburg 2810: 2384: 2383: 2377: 2375: 2365: 2358: 2351: 2342: 2341: 2213:Gorno-Badakhshan 2208:South Kyrgyzstan 2181:Batken spillover 2038:Nagorno-Karabakh 2023: 2021: 2011: 2004: 1997: 1988: 1987: 1919:Operation Lentil 1849: 1848: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1827: 1820: 1813: 1804: 1803: 1792:2nd Zhani-Vedeno 1697:1st Grozny crash 1650:1st Zhani-Vedeno 1576: 1574: 1564: 1557: 1550: 1541: 1540: 1428:7,000 (in 2000) 1418:80,000 (in 1999) 1403: 1401: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1358: 1357: 1349: 1339: 1338: 1330: 1322:Aslan Byutukayev 1320: 1319: 1311:Aslambek Vadalov 1309: 1308: 1300: 1290: 1289: 1276: 1266: 1265: 1257: 1247: 1246: 1237: 1229: 1228: 1219: 1211: 1210: 1202: 1192: 1191: 1183: 1175:Aydamir Abalayev 1173: 1172: 1164: 1154: 1153: 1145: 1135: 1134: 1118: 1117: 1109: 1099: 1098: 1090: 1080: 1079: 1071: 1061: 1060: 1051: 1043: 1042: 1034: 1027: 1017: 1016: 1006: 1005: 997: 987: 986: 978: 968: 967: 957: 956: 955: 950: 949: 941: 931: 930: 922: 912: 911: 894: 893: 882: 881: 880: 875: 874: 866: 856: 855: 854: 849: 848: 840:Adam Delimkhanov 838: 837: 836: 831: 830: 820: 819: 818: 813: 812: 796: 795: 794: 789: 788: 774:Ruslan Yamadayev 772: 771: 770: 765: 764: 757: 753: 752: 751: 746: 745: 735: 734: 733: 728: 727: 711: 710: 709: 704: 703: 690: 682:Gaidar Gadzhiyev 680: 679: 671: 664: 654: 653: 645: 638: 628: 627: 618: 610: 609: 601: 594: 584: 583: 575: 568: 558: 557: 549: 542: 532: 531: 523: 516: 506: 505: 497: 489:Mikhail Malofeev 487: 486: 478: 468: 467: 459:Killed generals: 453: 452: 442: 441: 433:Viktor Kazantsev 431: 430: 422:Anatoly Kvashnin 420: 419: 409: 408: 398: 397: 387: 386: 376: 375: 365: 364: 343: 342: 341: 331: 330: 329: 312:Caucasus Emirate 310: 309: 308: 296: 295: 294: 282: 281: 280: 268:Chechen Republic 266: 265: 264: 256: 255: 254: 243: 241: 240: 153:Insurgency phase 142: 141: 86: 77: 66: 57: 28: 27: 16072: 16071: 16067: 16066: 16065: 16063: 16062: 16061: 15997: 15996: 15995: 15990: 15954: 15915:Nikolay Yeltsin 15903: 15829: 15790: 15719: 15652: 15539: 15503: 15489: 15484: 15454: 15449: 15421: 15362: 15356: 15347:War of Dagestan 15121: 15094:August Uprising 14963: 14957: 14946:Boxer Rebellion 14914:Amur Annexation 14715: 14709: 14613: 14607: 14588:War of Dagestan 14568:August Uprising 14522: 14444: 14394: 14375: 14345: 14336: 14324: 14310: 14296: 14282: 14268: 14254: 14240: 14226: 14212: 14206:Magomed Vagabov 14198: 14184: 14178:Tarkhan Gaziyev 14166:Khuseyn Gakayev 14158: 14139: 14125: 14119:Anzor Astemirov 14111: 14080: 14066: 14052: 14039: 13992: 13980: 13966: 13952: 13938: 13924: 13905: 13891: 13872: 13858: 13844: 13830: 13816: 13810:Aslan Maskhadov 13802: 13788: 13774: 13761: 13750:Vilayat Iriston 13720:Caucasian Front 13692: 13686:Sulim Yamadayev 13678: 13664: 13650: 13626: 13613:Gennady Troshev 13603:Alexander Lebed 13593:Dmitry Medvedev 13571: 13538:Internal Troops 13487: 13468:Angel of Grozny 13454:The Pathologies 13420:Wars in culture 13415: 13376:Aircraft losses 13361:Suicide attacks 13319: 13227: 13176:Guerrilla phase 13114: 13058: 13035:War in Dagestan 13020: 13015: 12982:Wayback Machine 12957:Wayback Machine 12870: 12588: 12578: 12560: 12555: 12554: 12544: 12542: 12527: 12526: 12522: 12512: 12510: 12495: 12494: 12490: 12480: 12478: 12463: 12459: 12449: 12447: 12432: 12428: 12422:Wayback Machine 12413: 12409: 12399: 12397: 12382: 12378: 12372:Wayback Machine 12363: 12359: 12353:Wayback Machine 12344: 12340: 12334:Wayback Machine 12325: 12321: 12305: 12304: 12297: 12295: 12290: 12289: 12285: 12269: 12268: 12261: 12259: 12254: 12253: 12249: 12239: 12237: 12236:on 6 April 2010 12228: 12227: 12223: 12213: 12211: 12210:on 8 April 2008 12198: 12197: 12193: 12183: 12181: 12172: 12171: 12167: 12157: 12155: 12140: 12139: 12135: 12125: 12123: 12108: 12104: 12094: 12092: 12077: 12073: 12063: 12061: 12046: 12042: 12032: 12030: 12026: 12019: 12015: 12014: 12010: 12000: 11998: 11987: 11983: 11973: 11971: 11960: 11956: 11946: 11944: 11935: 11934: 11930: 11920: 11918: 11903: 11896: 11886: 11884: 11876: 11875: 11871: 11867:IWPR, 15-Sep-00 11865:Wayback Machine 11856: 11852: 11843:Wayback Machine 11834: 11830: 11821:Wayback Machine 11812: 11808: 11799:Wayback Machine 11790: 11786: 11780:Wayback Machine 11771: 11767: 11761:Wayback Machine 11752: 11748: 11744:, 27 March 2005 11741:Washington Post 11735: 11731: 11721:Wayback Machine 11712: 11705: 11697: 11693: 11687:Time (magazine) 11684:Wayback Machine 11675: 11671: 11667:, 31 March 2007 11662:Wayback Machine 11653: 11642: 11636:Wayback Machine 11627: 11623: 11613: 11611: 11598: 11597: 11593: 11583: 11581: 11572: 11571: 11567: 11561:Wayback Machine 11552: 11548: 11542:Wayback Machine 11533: 11529: 11513: 11512: 11505: 11503: 11502:on 13 July 2018 11499: 11492: 11490:"Archived copy" 11488: 11487: 11483: 11467: 11466: 11459: 11457: 11452: 11451: 11447: 11441:Wayback Machine 11432: 11428: 11423:Wayback Machine 11409: 11405: 11401:, 22 March 2008 11395:Wayback Machine 11386: 11382: 11372:Wayback Machine 11363: 11359: 11350:Wayback Machine 11341: 11337: 11332: 11328: 11318: 11316: 11298: 11294: 11284: 11282: 11267: 11263: 11253: 11251: 11236: 11232: 11222: 11220: 11205: 11201: 11185: 11184: 11177: 11175: 11170: 11169: 11165: 11155:Wayback Machine 11146: 11142: 11136:Wayback Machine 11127: 11123: 11117:Wayback Machine 11108: 11104: 11098:Wayback Machine 11089: 11085: 11079:Al-Ahram Weekly 11075:Wayback Machine 11066: 11062: 11056:Wayback Machine 11047: 11043: 11037:Wayback Machine 11028: 11021: 11015:Wayback Machine 11006: 11002: 10992: 10990: 10981: 10980: 10976: 10965: 10958: 10952:Wayback Machine 10943: 10930: 10921:Wayback Machine 10912: 10908: 10902:Wayback Machine 10893: 10889: 10883:Wayback Machine 10874: 10870: 10862: 10858: 10854:, 27 March 2007 10849:Wayback Machine 10840: 10833: 10829:, 2 August 2005 10821: 10817: 10811:Wayback Machine 10802: 10798: 10788: 10786: 10785:on 8 March 2007 10777: 10776: 10772: 10766:Wayback Machine 10757: 10753: 10747:Wayback Machine 10738: 10734: 10726: 10722: 10717:Wayback Machine 10707: 10703: 10697:Wayback Machine 10688: 10684: 10678:Wayback Machine 10669: 10665: 10661:, 2 March 2005M 10656:Wayback Machine 10647: 10643: 10637:Wayback Machine 10628: 10624: 10620:, 29 April 2008 10612:Wayback Machine 10603: 10599: 10589:Wayback Machine 10580: 10576: 10566:Wayback Machine 10557: 10550: 10540: 10538: 10525: 10524: 10520: 10506: 10502: 10492: 10490: 10489:on 4 April 2007 10477: 10476: 10469: 10457:Wayback Machine 10448: 10444: 10434: 10432: 10419: 10418: 10411: 10401: 10399: 10386: 10385: 10381: 10371: 10369: 10368:on 15 June 2021 10362:Washington post 10356: 10355: 10351: 10347:, 29 March 2007 10344:Washington Post 10339:Wayback Machine 10330: 10326: 10316: 10314: 10301: 10300: 10291: 10281: 10279: 10266: 10265: 10261: 10251: 10249: 10236: 10235: 10231: 10221: 10219: 10206: 10205: 10201: 10191: 10189: 10176: 10175: 10171: 10165:Wayback Machine 10156: 10152: 10142: 10140: 10127: 10126: 10122: 10112: 10110: 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9132:on 21 July 2011 9129: 9122: 9118: 9117: 9113: 9096: 9095: 9091: 9074: 9073: 9069: 9058:crimesofwar.org 9050: 9046: 9036: 9034: 9021: 9020: 9016: 9006: 9004: 8991: 8990: 8986: 8969: 8968: 8964: 8954: 8952: 8939: 8938: 8934: 8924: 8922: 8913: 8912: 8908: 8898: 8896: 8887: 8886: 8882: 8876:Wayback Machine 8867: 8863: 8855: 8848: 8844: 8843: 8839: 8823: 8822: 8815: 8813: 8808: 8807: 8803: 8797:Wayback Machine 8788: 8784: 8775:Wayback Machine 8766: 8762: 8756:Wayback Machine 8747: 8743: 8737:The Independent 8732: 8725: 8719:Wayback Machine 8710: 8706: 8702:, 20 March 2000 8699:Washington Post 8695:Wayback Machine 8685: 8681: 8675:Wayback Machine 8666: 8662: 8642: 8641: 8637: 8614: 8610: 8600: 8598: 8585: 8584: 8580: 8568: 8564: 8554: 8552: 8539: 8538: 8534: 8517: 8513: 8503: 8501: 8497: 8490: 8486: 8485: 8481: 8457: 8453: 8436: 8434: 8419: 8412: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8385: 8379: 8372: 8362: 8360: 8339: 8335: 8325: 8323: 8314: 8313: 8309: 8300: 8299: 8295: 8285: 8283: 8270: 8269: 8265: 8255: 8253: 8240: 8239: 8235: 8225: 8223: 8200: 8196: 8189: 8175: 8171: 8162:Wayback Machine 8153: 8149: 8126: 8122: 8116: 8112: 8105: 8091: 8087: 8081:Wayback Machine 8072: 8068: 8058: 8056: 8043: 8042: 8038: 8028: 8026: 8013: 8012: 8008: 7998: 7996: 7985: 7981: 7959: 7955: 7948: 7934: 7930: 7920: 7918: 7905: 7904: 7900: 7889: 7885: 7876: 7872: 7862:Wayback Machine 7853: 7849: 7844: 7840: 7830: 7828: 7821:Кавказский узел 7813: 7809: 7799: 7797: 7796:on 14 July 2019 7782: 7778: 7768: 7766: 7751: 7747: 7737: 7735: 7720: 7716: 7706: 7704: 7695: 7694: 7690: 7680: 7678: 7665: 7664: 7660: 7642:Wayback Machine 7627:Wayback Machine 7609: 7605: 7589: 7585: 7516: 7512: 7467: 7463: 7453: 7451: 7436: 7420: 7416: 7410: 7408: 7404: 7395:Wayback Machine 7386: 7382: 7372: 7370: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7346: 7344: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7321: 7317: 7304: 7300: 7294:Wayback Machine 7280: 7276: 7270:Wayback Machine 7261: 7254: 7244: 7242: 7233: 7232: 7228: 7218: 7216: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7192: 7190: 7179: 7175: 7165: 7163: 7154: 7153: 7149: 7139: 7137: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7109: 7107: 7094: 7093: 7089: 7079: 7077: 7064: 7063: 7059: 7049: 7047: 7034: 7033: 7029: 7017:Wayback Machine 7003: 6999: 6993:Wayback Machine 6980:Wayback Machine 6971: 6967: 6962:Wayback Machine 6952: 6948: 6938: 6936: 6932: 6925: 6921: 6920: 6913: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6889: 6875: 6871: 6861: 6859: 6846: 6845: 6836: 6829: 6813: 6809: 6790: 6786: 6779: 6773: 6748: 6744: 6734: 6712:Cooley, John K. 6709: 6705: 6692: 6688: 6675: 6671: 6658: 6654: 6644: 6642: 6629: 6628: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6613: 6600: 6596: 6575: 6571: 6562: 6558: 6553: 6549: 6544: 6540: 6535: 6531: 6526: 6494: 6428:Dmitry Medvedev 6401:judicial system 6373:Dmitry Medvedev 6346:the war reports 6325:Sulim Yamadayev 6286:Chechen leader 6221:Aslan Maskhadov 6190: 6095: 6085: 6047:street children 6015: 6001:, most notably 5944:Anzor Astemirov 5873: 5861:Internal Troops 5840: 5834: 5832:Military losses 5801: 5795: 5774: 5744: 5738: 5736:Civilian losses 5733: 5717:Andrei Babitsky 5713:Boris Stomakhin 5709:self-censorship 5700: 5694: 5669: 5635: 5576: 5568:Main articles: 5566: 5561: 5512: 5507: 5506: 5486:War of Dagestan 5467: 5432: 5416: 5400: 5384: 5379: 5361: 5335: 5309: 5293: 5277: 5236: 5215: 5199: 5183: 5161:Moscow (August) 5139: 5097: 5063: 5034: 5005: 4985: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4949: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4910: 4852: 4847: 4838:Borozdinovskaya 4828:Tula and Rostov 4754: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4705:declared that " 4535: 4523:Main articles: 4521: 4516: 4456: 4450: 4434: 4428: 4416:suicide attacks 4412: 4406: 4404:Suicide attacks 4375:Sulim Yamadayev 4315:security forces 4260: 4254: 4249: 4214: 4208: 4116:Gennady Troshev 4070: 4033: 4027: 4025:Siege of Grozny 3835:fighter bombers 3810:Aslan Maskhadov 3791: 3766:aerial campaign 3762: 3756: 3750: 3745: 3629: 3623: 3595: 3593:War of Dagestan 3589: 3529:Gennady Shpigun 3525:Aslan Maskhadov 3478: 3406: 3401: 3330: 3324: 3210: 3157:. In 1783, the 3113: 3107: 3102: 3094:Main articles: 3092: 3064: 3022:throughout the 3014:after a winter 2941: 2936: 2935: 2915:War of Dagestan 2896: 2861: 2845: 2829: 2813: 2808: 2790: 2764: 2738: 2722: 2706: 2665: 2644: 2628: 2612: 2590:Moscow (August) 2568: 2526: 2492: 2463: 2434: 2414: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2339: 2334: 2293:Russo-Ukrainian 2247: 2162: 2131:guerrilla phase 2116:Chechen–Russian 2024: 2019: 2017: 2015: 1985: 1980: 1957:War in Dagestan 1842: 1836: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1801: 1796: 1782:Border incident 1752:Borozdinovskaya 1747:Dagestan sieges 1656:Guerrilla phase 1577: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1531: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1509: 1501: 1499: 1488: 1482: 1480: 1473: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1448: 1429: 1427: 1426:9,000 (in 1999) 1419: 1417: 1397: 1387: 1385: 1384: 1370: 1368: 1367: 1364:Arab Mujahideen 1362: 1360:Tarkhan Gaziyev 1352: 1351: 1345: 1333: 1332: 1326: 1314: 1313: 1303: 1302: 1296: 1292:Khuseyn Gakayev 1284: 1283: 1278: 1272: 1260: 1259: 1253: 1241: 1240: 1223: 1222: 1205: 1204: 1198: 1186: 1185: 1179: 1167: 1166: 1160: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1129: 1128: 1112: 1111: 1105: 1101:Rizvan Akhmadov 1093: 1092: 1086: 1082:Ramzan Akhmadov 1074: 1073: 1067: 1055: 1054: 1037: 1036: 1030: 1021: 1011: 1010: 1000: 999: 993: 981: 980: 974: 962: 961: 953: 951: 944: 943: 937: 925: 924: 918: 914:Aslan Maskhadov 906: 905: 904: 888: 878: 876: 869: 868: 862: 858:Buvadi Dakhiyev 852: 850: 843: 842: 834: 832: 825: 824: 816: 814: 807: 806: 798:Sulim Yamadayev 792: 790: 783: 782: 768: 766: 759: 758: 749: 747: 740: 739: 731: 729: 722: 721: 707: 705: 698: 697: 692: 686: 674: 673: 667: 658: 648: 647: 641: 632: 622: 621: 612:Gennady Shpigun 604: 603: 597: 588: 578: 577: 571: 562: 552: 551: 545: 536: 534:Nikolai Garidov 526: 525: 519: 510: 500: 499: 493: 481: 480: 474: 470:German Ugryumov 462: 461: 457: 455:Gennady Troshev 447: 446: 436: 435: 425: 424: 414: 413: 403: 402: 392: 391: 389:Dmitry Medvedev 381: 380: 370: 369: 359: 358: 339: 337: 327: 325: 316: 306: 304: 298:Caucasian Front 292: 290: 278: 276: 262: 260: 252: 250: 238: 236: 211: 205: 200: 183: 158: 156: 151: 149: 126:Dmitry Medvedev 117: 108: 103: 91: 90: 89: 88: 87: 79: 78: 69: 68: 67: 59: 58: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16070: 16060: 16059: 16054: 16052:2000 in Russia 16049: 16047:1999 in Russia 16044: 16039: 16034: 16029: 16024: 16019: 16014: 16009: 15992: 15991: 15989: 15988: 15975: 15974: 15967: 15959: 15956: 15955: 15953: 15952: 15944: 15936: 15931:Naina Yeltsina 15928: 15920: 15911: 15909: 15905: 15904: 15902: 15901: 15894: 15887: 15880: 15873: 15866: 15859: 15852: 15845: 15837: 15835: 15831: 15830: 15828: 15827: 15820: 15813: 15806: 15798: 15796: 15792: 15791: 15789: 15788: 15783: 15773: 15768: 15758: 15753: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15727: 15725: 15721: 15720: 15718: 15717: 15716: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15680: 15679: 15678: 15668: 15662: 15660: 15654: 15653: 15651: 15650: 15645: 15640: 15630: 15625: 15620: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15595: 15590: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15555: 15549: 15547: 15541: 15540: 15538: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15511: 15509: 15505: 15504: 15502: 15501: 15494: 15491: 15490: 15483: 15482: 15475: 15468: 15460: 15451: 15450: 15448: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15430:Russian Winter 15426: 15423: 15422: 15420: 15419: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15398: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15382: 15372: 15366: 15364: 15358: 15357: 15355: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15257:Vlora incident 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15208: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15196: 15195: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15169: 15168: 15158: 15153: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15085: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15048: 15047: 15042: 15037: 15027: 15022: 15020:Sochi conflict 15017: 15012: 15007: 15006: 15005: 14990: 14989: 14988: 14978: 14973: 14967: 14965: 14959: 14958: 14956: 14955: 14954: 14953: 14943: 14938: 14937: 14936: 14931: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14910: 14909: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14878: 14877: 14872: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14812: 14807: 14802: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14752: 14746: 14741: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14719: 14717: 14711: 14710: 14708: 14707: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14617: 14615: 14609: 14608: 14606: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14534: 14532: 14528: 14527: 14524: 14523: 14521: 14520: 14515: 14514: 14513: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14452: 14450: 14446: 14445: 14443: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14406: 14400: 14396: 14395: 14374: 14373: 14366: 14359: 14351: 14342: 14341: 14338: 14337: 14335: 14334: 14320: 14306: 14292: 14278: 14264: 14262:Ibn al-Khattab 14250: 14236: 14222: 14208: 14194: 14192:Said Buryatsky 14180: 14168: 14154: 14152:Movladi Udugov 14149: 14135: 14121: 14107: 14095: 14090: 14076: 14062: 14047: 14045: 14041: 14040: 14038: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14011: 14009: 14002: 13998: 13997: 13994: 13993: 13991: 13990: 13976: 13962: 13948: 13934: 13932:Movsar Barayev 13920: 13918:Ilyas Akhmadov 13915: 13901: 13887: 13885:Akhmed Zakayev 13882: 13880:Salman Raduyev 13868: 13854: 13852:Shamil Basayev 13840: 13838:Ruslan Gelayev 13826: 13812: 13798: 13784: 13769: 13767: 13763: 13762: 13760: 13759: 13754: 13753: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13717: 13711: 13709: 13702: 13698: 13697: 13694: 13693: 13691: 13690: 13689: 13688: 13674: 13660: 13646: 13644:Ramzan Kadyrov 13641: 13636: 13634:Akhmad Kadyrov 13617: 13616: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13598:Vladimir Putin 13595: 13590: 13579: 13577: 13573: 13572: 13570: 13569: 13568: 13567: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13541: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13520: 13519: 13518: 13513: 13502: 13500: 13493: 13489: 13488: 13486: 13485: 13478: 13471: 13464: 13457: 13450: 13443: 13436: 13429: 13423: 13421: 13417: 13416: 13414: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13392: 13391: 13386: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13366:Assassinations 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13327: 13325: 13324:Related topics 13321: 13320: 13318: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13256: 13255: 13241: 13235: 13233: 13229: 13228: 13226: 13225: 13224: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13122: 13120: 13116: 13115: 13113: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13066: 13064: 13060: 13059: 13057: 13056: 13050: 13044: 13038: 13032: 13025: 13022: 13021: 13014: 13013: 13006: 12999: 12991: 12985: 12984: 12972: 12964: 12959: 12947: 12941: 12940: 12936: 12935: 12927: 12921: 12920: 12919: 12914: 12902: 12901: 12897: 12896: 12887: 12886: 12882: 12881: 12875: 12874: 12869: 12868:External links 12866: 12865: 12864: 12852: 12844: 12833: 12825: 12817: 12815:Asne Seierstad 12806: 12798: 12790: 12782: 12770: 12762: 12754: 12747:Putin's Russia 12743: 12735: 12723: 12712: 12704: 12693: 12685: 12674: 12671:Valery Tishkov 12662: 12650: 12638: 12630: 12618: 12615:David R. Stone 12606: 12595: 12587: 12584: 12583: 12582: 12576: 12559: 12556: 12553: 12552: 12520: 12488: 12457: 12426: 12407: 12376: 12357: 12338: 12319: 12283: 12247: 12221: 12191: 12165: 12133: 12102: 12071: 12040: 12008: 11981: 11954: 11928: 11894: 11869: 11850: 11828: 11806: 11802:People's Daily 11784: 11765: 11746: 11729: 11727:, 3 April 2008 11703: 11691: 11669: 11640: 11621: 11610:on 21 May 2008 11591: 11565: 11546: 11527: 11481: 11445: 11426: 11403: 11380: 11357: 11335: 11326: 11292: 11261: 11230: 11199: 11163: 11140: 11121: 11102: 11083: 11060: 11041: 11019: 11000: 10974: 10956: 10928: 10906: 10887: 10868: 10866:, p. 145. 10856: 10831: 10815: 10796: 10770: 10751: 10732: 10720: 10701: 10682: 10663: 10641: 10622: 10597: 10574: 10572:, 21 June 2008 10548: 10518: 10516:, 11 July 2000 10500: 10467: 10465:, 26 July 2007 10442: 10409: 10379: 10349: 10324: 10289: 10259: 10229: 10199: 10169: 10150: 10120: 10093: 10067: 10044: 10014: 9995: 9972: 9939: 9917: 9887: 9857: 9827: 9809: 9784: 9761: 9735: 9720:(in Russian). 9701: 9686:(in Russian). 9667: 9652:(in Russian). 9636: 9629: 9611: 9580: 9565:(in Russian). 9549: 9527: 9505: 9498: 9477: 9465: 9416: 9385: 9354: 9305: 9283: 9250: 9227: 9196: 9166: 9143: 9111: 9089: 9067: 9044: 9014: 8984: 8962: 8932: 8906: 8880: 8861: 8837: 8801: 8782: 8760: 8741: 8723: 8704: 8686:David Hoffman 8679: 8660: 8635: 8608: 8578: 8562: 8532: 8518:David Satter. 8511: 8479: 8451: 8410: 8370: 8333: 8307: 8293: 8263: 8233: 8194: 8187: 8169: 8147: 8120: 8110: 8103: 8085: 8066: 8036: 8021:. 9 May 2002. 8006: 7979: 7953: 7946: 7928: 7898: 7895:. p. 208. 7883: 7870: 7847: 7838: 7823:(in Russian). 7807: 7776: 7761:(in Russian). 7745: 7728:Caucasian Knot 7714: 7703:on 4 June 2012 7688: 7658: 7603: 7583: 7527:Chechen people 7519:Lavrenti Beria 7510: 7461: 7434: 7414: 7402: 7380: 7354: 7324: 7315: 7298: 7281:Sarah Reinke: 7274: 7252: 7226: 7200: 7173: 7147: 7130:Deutsche welle 7117: 7087: 7057: 7027: 6997: 6965: 6946: 6911: 6894: 6887: 6869: 6834: 6827: 6807: 6784: 6771: 6742: 6732: 6703: 6686: 6669: 6652: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6594: 6569: 6565:Shamil Basayev 6556: 6547: 6538: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6493: 6490: 6475:Vilayat Kavkaz 6421:Ramzan Kadyrov 6362:North Caucasus 6296:, the current 6294:Ramzan Kadyrov 6288:Ramzan Kadyrov 6258:North Caucasus 6229:Shamil Basayev 6209:Akhmad Kadyrov 6189: 6186: 6084: 6081: 6077:European Union 6014: 6011: 5902:Movladi Udugov 5890:North Caucasus 5872: 5869: 5855:soldiers were 5836:Main article: 5833: 5830: 5797:Main article: 5794: 5791: 5773: 5770: 5740:Main article: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5696:Main article: 5693: 5690: 5668: 5665: 5660:Akhmed Zakayev 5634: 5631: 5619:Ruslan Gelayev 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5534:(40), and the 5509: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5352:Grozny clashes 5349: 5347:Grozny bombing 5343: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5232:Nevsky Express 5229: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5213: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5172: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5120: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5086: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5052: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5023: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4951: 4950: 4939: 4938: 4931: 4924: 4916: 4909: 4906: 4893: 4892: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4744: 4743: 4736: 4729: 4721: 4677:cluster-bombed 4599:United Nations 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4461:Caucasus Front 4452:Main article: 4449: 4448:Caucasus Front 4446: 4442:Akhmad Kadyrov 4430:Main article: 4427: 4426:Assassinations 4424: 4408:Main article: 4405: 4402: 4311:Caucasus Front 4306: 4305: 4256:Main article: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243:as president. 4227:Ramzan Kadyrov 4218:Akhmad Kadyrov 4210:Main article: 4207: 4204: 4175:Ruslan Gelayev 4156:Sergiyev Posad 4069: 4066: 4029:Main article: 4026: 4023: 3982:Novogroznensky 3977:Valery Manilov 3974:Chief of Staff 3967:Achkhoy-Martan 3902:Tersky Heights 3806:Vladimir Putin 3790: 3787: 3752:Main article: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3713:Vladimir Putin 3685:Sergei Kovalev 3625:Main article: 3622: 3619: 3603:Ibn al-Khattab 3601:together with 3599:Shamil Basayev 3591:Main article: 3588: 3585: 3573:anti-tank mine 3510:Ibn al-Khattab 3498:Stavropol Krai 3490:Krasnodar Krai 3477: 3474: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3326:Main article: 3323: 3320: 3280:Hasan Israilov 3212:Following the 3209: 3206: 3159:Russian Empire 3109:Main article: 3106: 3105:Russian Empire 3103: 3091: 3088: 3063: 3060: 3056:Akhmed Zakayev 3024:North Caucasus 2993:from Chechnya 2976:North Caucasus 2938: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2906: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2859: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2827: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2811: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2781:Grozny clashes 2778: 2776:Grozny bombing 2772: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2736: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2663: 2661:Nevsky Express 2658: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2642: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2626: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2610: 2601: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2549: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2515: 2506: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2490: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2380: 2379: 2368: 2367: 2360: 2353: 2345: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2270: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2252: 2251: 2250:Eastern Europe 2246: 2245: 2243:Karakalpakstan 2240: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2160: 2158:Russo-Georgian 2155: 2150: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2113: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2084: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2070:2023 offensive 2067: 2066: 2065: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2014: 2013: 2006: 1999: 1991: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1870: 1869: 1868:Russian Empire 1865: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1854: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1815: 1807: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1717:Khankala crash 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1610:Goity incident 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1552: 1544: 1536: 1535: 1491: 1490: 1478:Chechen claim: 1474: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1424: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1376:Ibn al-Khattab 1008:Akhmed Zakayev 989:Ruslan Gelayev 970:Shamil Basayev 886: 884:Apti Alaudinov 737:Ramzan Kadyrov 713:Akhmad Kadyrov 378:Vladimir Putin 355: 354: 350: 349: 348: 347: 335: 302: 301: 273: 272: 271: 258: 232: 231: 227: 226: 223: 222: 213: 207: 206: 184:Spillovers in 169:North Caucasus 167: 165: 161: 160: 146: 138: 137: 114:Achkhoy-Martan 81: 80: 72: 71: 70: 61: 60: 52: 51: 50: 49: 48: 45: 44: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16069: 16058: 16055: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16004: 16002: 15987: 15986: 15977: 15976: 15973: 15972: 15968: 15966: 15965: 15961: 15960: 15957: 15948: 15947:Elena Okulova 15945: 15940: 15937: 15932: 15929: 15924: 15921: 15916: 15913: 15912: 15910: 15906: 15900: 15899: 15895: 15893: 15892: 15888: 15886: 15885: 15881: 15879: 15878: 15874: 15872: 15871: 15867: 15865: 15864: 15860: 15858: 15857: 15853: 15851: 15850: 15846: 15844: 15843: 15839: 15838: 15836: 15832: 15826: 15825: 15821: 15819: 15818: 15814: 15812: 15811: 15807: 15805: 15804: 15800: 15799: 15797: 15793: 15787: 15784: 15781: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15766: 15765:Yekaterinburg 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15728: 15726: 15724:Commemoration 15722: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15693: 15689: 15686: 15685: 15684: 15681: 15677: 15674: 15673: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15663: 15661: 15659: 15655: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15643:List of trips 15641: 15638: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15613:Privatization 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15550: 15548: 15546: 15542: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15512: 15510: 15506: 15499: 15496: 15495: 15492: 15488: 15487:Boris Yeltsin 15481: 15476: 15474: 15469: 15467: 15462: 15461: 15458: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15427: 15424: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15400: 15396: 15395:2022 invasion 15393: 15391: 15390:War in Donbas 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15377: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15367: 15365: 15359: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15227:Ili Rebellion 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15194: 15191: 15190: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15167: 15164: 15163: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15148: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15125: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15032: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15004: 15001: 15000: 14999: 14996: 14995: 14994: 14991: 14987: 14984: 14983: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14968: 14966: 14960: 14952: 14949: 14948: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14926: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14908: 14905: 14904: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14867: 14866: 14865:Caucasian War 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14720: 14718: 14712: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14618: 14616: 14610: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14535: 14533: 14529: 14519: 14516: 14512: 14509: 14508: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14453: 14451: 14447: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14407: 14404: 14401: 14397: 14392: 14388: 14384: 14380: 14372: 14367: 14365: 14360: 14358: 14353: 14352: 14349: 14333: 14329: 14327: 14321: 14319: 14315: 14313: 14307: 14305: 14301: 14299: 14293: 14291: 14287: 14285: 14279: 14277: 14273: 14271: 14265: 14263: 14259: 14257: 14251: 14249: 14245: 14243: 14237: 14235: 14231: 14229: 14223: 14221: 14217: 14215: 14209: 14207: 14203: 14201: 14195: 14193: 14189: 14187: 14181: 14179: 14175: 14169: 14167: 14163: 14161: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14144: 14142: 14136: 14134: 14130: 14128: 14122: 14120: 14116: 14114: 14108: 14106: 14102: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14085: 14083: 14077: 14075: 14071: 14069: 14063: 14061: 14057: 14055: 14049: 14048: 14046: 14042: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14012: 14010: 14006: 14003: 13999: 13989: 13985: 13983: 13977: 13975: 13971: 13969: 13963: 13961: 13957: 13955: 13949: 13947: 13946:Muslim Atayev 13943: 13941: 13935: 13933: 13929: 13927: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13913:Vakha Arsanov 13910: 13908: 13902: 13900: 13896: 13894: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13877: 13875: 13869: 13867: 13863: 13861: 13855: 13853: 13849: 13847: 13841: 13839: 13835: 13833: 13827: 13825: 13821: 13819: 13813: 13811: 13807: 13805: 13799: 13797: 13793: 13791: 13785: 13783: 13779: 13777: 13771: 13770: 13768: 13764: 13758: 13755: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13722: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13712: 13710: 13706: 13703: 13699: 13687: 13683: 13681: 13675: 13673: 13669: 13667: 13661: 13659: 13655: 13653: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13631: 13629: 13623: 13622: 13621: 13618: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13608:Pavel Grachev 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13588:Boris Yeltsin 13586: 13585: 13584: 13581: 13580: 13578: 13574: 13566: 13563: 13562: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13525: 13524: 13521: 13517: 13516:Ground Forces 13514: 13512: 13509: 13508: 13507: 13504: 13503: 13501: 13497: 13494: 13490: 13484: 13483: 13479: 13477: 13476: 13472: 13470: 13469: 13465: 13463: 13462: 13458: 13456: 13455: 13451: 13449: 13448: 13444: 13442: 13441: 13437: 13435: 13434: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13424: 13422: 13418: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13406:Kavkaz Center 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13381: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13328: 13326: 13322: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13254: 13252: 13247: 13246: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13237: 13236: 13234: 13232:Major attacks 13230: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13178: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13123: 13121: 13117: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13095:Shatoy ambush 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13067: 13065: 13061: 13054: 13051: 13048: 13045: 13042: 13039: 13036: 13033: 13030: 13027: 13026: 13023: 13019: 13012: 13007: 13005: 13000: 12998: 12993: 12992: 12989: 12983: 12979: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12954: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12942: 12938: 12937: 12934: 12931: 12928: 12925: 12922: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12903: 12899: 12898: 12895: 12892: 12889: 12888: 12884: 12883: 12880: 12877: 12876: 12872: 12871: 12862: 12858: 12857: 12853: 12850: 12849: 12845: 12843: 12842:Khassan Baiev 12839: 12838: 12834: 12831: 12830: 12826: 12823: 12822: 12818: 12816: 12812: 12811: 12807: 12804: 12803: 12799: 12796: 12795: 12791: 12788: 12787: 12783: 12780: 12779:Anatol Lieven 12776: 12775: 12771: 12768: 12767: 12763: 12760: 12759: 12755: 12753: 12749: 12748: 12744: 12741: 12740: 12736: 12733: 12729: 12728: 12724: 12722: 12721:Aukai Collins 12718: 12717: 12713: 12710: 12709: 12705: 12703: 12699: 12698: 12694: 12691: 12690: 12686: 12684: 12680: 12679: 12675: 12672: 12668: 12667: 12663: 12660: 12659:Richard Sakwa 12656: 12655: 12651: 12648: 12644: 12643: 12639: 12636: 12635: 12631: 12628: 12624: 12623: 12619: 12616: 12612: 12611: 12607: 12605: 12601: 12600: 12596: 12594: 12590: 12589: 12579: 12573: 12570:. Routledge. 12569: 12568: 12562: 12561: 12540: 12536: 12535: 12530: 12524: 12508: 12504: 12503: 12502:Novaya Gazeta 12498: 12492: 12476: 12472: 12468: 12461: 12445: 12441: 12437: 12430: 12423: 12419: 12416: 12411: 12395: 12391: 12387: 12380: 12373: 12369: 12366: 12361: 12354: 12350: 12347: 12342: 12335: 12331: 12328: 12323: 12315: 12309: 12293: 12287: 12279: 12273: 12257: 12251: 12235: 12231: 12225: 12209: 12205: 12204:jamestown.org 12201: 12195: 12179: 12175: 12169: 12153: 12149: 12148: 12143: 12137: 12121: 12117: 12113: 12106: 12090: 12086: 12082: 12075: 12059: 12055: 12051: 12044: 12025: 12018: 12012: 11996: 11992: 11985: 11969: 11965: 11958: 11942: 11938: 11932: 11916: 11912: 11911:Russia Weekly 11908: 11901: 11899: 11883: 11879: 11873: 11866: 11862: 11859: 11854: 11848:, 5 June 2007 11847: 11844: 11840: 11837: 11832: 11826:, 29 May 2007 11825: 11822: 11818: 11815: 11810: 11803: 11800: 11796: 11793: 11788: 11781: 11777: 11774: 11769: 11762: 11758: 11755: 11750: 11743: 11742: 11738: 11733: 11726: 11722: 11718: 11715: 11710: 11708: 11700: 11695: 11688: 11685: 11681: 11678: 11673: 11666: 11665:The Economist 11663: 11659: 11656: 11651: 11649: 11647: 11645: 11637: 11633: 11630: 11625: 11609: 11605: 11601: 11595: 11579: 11575: 11569: 11562: 11558: 11555: 11550: 11543: 11539: 11536: 11531: 11523: 11517: 11498: 11491: 11485: 11477: 11471: 11455: 11449: 11442: 11438: 11435: 11430: 11424: 11420: 11416: 11412: 11407: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11389: 11384: 11377: 11373: 11369: 11366: 11361: 11354: 11351: 11347: 11344: 11339: 11330: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11302: 11296: 11280: 11276: 11272: 11265: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11234: 11218: 11214: 11210: 11203: 11195: 11189: 11173: 11167: 11160: 11156: 11152: 11149: 11144: 11137: 11133: 11130: 11125: 11118: 11114: 11111: 11106: 11099: 11095: 11092: 11087: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11069: 11064: 11057: 11053: 11050: 11045: 11038: 11034: 11031: 11026: 11024: 11016: 11012: 11009: 11004: 10988: 10984: 10978: 10972: 10968: 10963: 10961: 10953: 10949: 10946: 10941: 10939: 10937: 10935: 10933: 10925: 10922: 10918: 10915: 10910: 10903: 10899: 10896: 10891: 10884: 10880: 10877: 10872: 10865: 10860: 10853: 10850: 10846: 10843: 10838: 10836: 10828: 10824: 10819: 10812: 10808: 10805: 10800: 10784: 10780: 10774: 10767: 10763: 10760: 10755: 10748: 10744: 10741: 10736: 10729: 10724: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10705: 10698: 10694: 10691: 10686: 10679: 10675: 10672: 10667: 10660: 10657: 10653: 10650: 10645: 10638: 10634: 10631: 10626: 10619: 10618: 10613: 10609: 10606: 10601: 10595:, 24 May 2007 10594: 10590: 10586: 10583: 10578: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10560: 10555: 10553: 10536: 10532: 10528: 10522: 10515: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10474: 10472: 10464: 10463: 10458: 10454: 10451: 10446: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10416: 10414: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10383: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10353: 10346: 10345: 10340: 10336: 10333: 10328: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10298: 10296: 10294: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10263: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10233: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10203: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10173: 10166: 10162: 10159: 10154: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10124: 10108: 10104: 10097: 10081: 10077: 10071: 10065:, 1 July 2008 10064: 10060: 10056: 10053: 10048: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10018: 10002: 9998: 9996:9780814797099 9992: 9988: 9987: 9982: 9976: 9957: 9950: 9943: 9936: 9933: 9929: 9926: 9921: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9891: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9861: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9831: 9824: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9806: 9805: 9800: 9796: 9793: 9788: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9770: 9765: 9749: 9745: 9739: 9723: 9719: 9718:Радио Свобода 9715: 9711: 9705: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9671: 9655: 9651: 9650:Радио Свобода 9647: 9640: 9632: 9630:2-8257-0703-1 9626: 9622: 9615: 9599: 9596:(in French). 9595: 9591: 9584: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9553: 9534: 9530: 9528:2-88477-070-4 9524: 9517: 9516: 9509: 9501: 9499:2-7096-2644-6 9495: 9491: 9487: 9481: 9474: 9469: 9461: 9455: 9436: 9429: 9428: 9420: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9389: 9373: 9370:(in French). 9369: 9365: 9358: 9350: 9344: 9328: 9324: 9321: 9317: 9314: 9309: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9287: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9257: 9255: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9231: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9200: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9170: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9147: 9128: 9121: 9115: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9093: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9071: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9048: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9018: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8988: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8966: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8936: 8920: 8916: 8910: 8894: 8890: 8884: 8877: 8873: 8870: 8865: 8854: 8847: 8841: 8833: 8827: 8811: 8805: 8798: 8794: 8791: 8786: 8779: 8776: 8772: 8769: 8764: 8757: 8753: 8750: 8745: 8738: 8735: 8730: 8728: 8720: 8716: 8713: 8708: 8701: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8689: 8683: 8676: 8672: 8669: 8664: 8655: 8651: 8650: 8645: 8639: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8624:0-8157-2499-3 8621: 8617: 8612: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8582: 8575: 8571: 8566: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8536: 8529: 8528:0-300-09892-8 8525: 8521: 8515: 8496: 8489: 8483: 8476: 8475:1-906142-07-6 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8455: 8447: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8417: 8415: 8395: 8391: 8384: 8377: 8375: 8359:on 1 May 2014 8358: 8354: 8350: 8349: 8344: 8337: 8321: 8317: 8311: 8303: 8297: 8281: 8277: 8276:reliefweb.int 8273: 8267: 8251: 8247: 8246:reliefweb.int 8243: 8237: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8198: 8190: 8184: 8180: 8173: 8166: 8163: 8159: 8156: 8151: 8144: 8143:1-906142-07-6 8140: 8136: 8133: 8129: 8124: 8114: 8106: 8100: 8096: 8089: 8082: 8078: 8075: 8070: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8040: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8010: 7994: 7990: 7983: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7965:, p. 239, at 7964: 7963: 7957: 7949: 7947:9780892066650 7943: 7939: 7932: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7902: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7874: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7856: 7851: 7842: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7811: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7780: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7749: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7718: 7702: 7698: 7692: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7662: 7655: 7654:0-415-32328-2 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7628: 7624: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7607: 7601: 7600:0-333-10575-3 7597: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7580:0-87855-822-5 7577: 7573: 7569: 7568:0-7190-6377-9 7565: 7561: 7557: 7556:0-674-00994-0 7553: 7549: 7544: 7540: 7539:0-87113-906-5 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7523:Joseph Stalin 7520: 7514: 7507: 7506:0-7146-4992-9 7503: 7499: 7495: 7494:0-521-63184-X 7491: 7487: 7483: 7482:0-8157-2498-5 7479: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7431: 7427: 7426: 7418: 7406: 7399: 7396: 7392: 7389: 7384: 7368: 7364: 7358: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7328: 7319: 7312: 7308: 7302: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7284: 7278: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7259: 7257: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7214: 7210: 7204: 7188: 7184: 7177: 7161: 7157: 7151: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7121: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7091: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7061: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7024: 7021: 7018: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7001: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6984: 6981: 6977: 6974: 6969: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6950: 6931: 6924: 6918: 6916: 6909: 6905: 6898: 6890: 6888:5-224-01515-4 6884: 6880: 6873: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6830: 6824: 6820: 6819: 6811: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6768: 6764: 6759: 6758: 6752: 6751:Goltz, Thomas 6746: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6697: 6696: 6690: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6664:, p. 237, at 6663: 6662: 6656: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6622: 6604: 6598: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6573: 6566: 6563:According to 6560: 6551: 6542: 6533: 6529: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6489: 6487: 6482: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6405: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6342: 6339: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6315: 6311: 6310:Louise Arbour 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6284: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6273:Sergei Ivanov 6270: 6265: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6242: 6238: 6237:war-weariness 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6185: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6156: 6151: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6100: 6094: 6090: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6054: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6022: 6020: 6010: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5891: 5886: 5885:nationalistic 5882: 5878: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5845: 5844:Kavkaz Center 5839: 5829: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5769: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5748: 5743: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5699: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5664: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5611:Kodori Valley 5608: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5592:Pankisi Gorge 5589: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5571: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5521: 5516: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4963: 4962: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4937: 4932: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4890: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4757: 4752: 4742: 4737: 4735: 4730: 4728: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4511: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4213: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4195:airborne unit 4191: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4167: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4123:Igor Sergeyev 4121: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4054:Igor Sergeyev 4050: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3989:Major General 3985: 3983: 3978: 3975: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3882: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3839:cluster bombs 3836: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3795: 3786: 3783: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3577:North Ossetia 3574: 3568: 3566: 3563:According to 3560: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3410: 3396: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3344:, during the 3343: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3306:, as did the 3305: 3301: 3297: 3294:in an act of 3293: 3289: 3285: 3284:were deported 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3241:pan-Caucasian 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3182:Transcaucasia 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3139:Ottoman Turks 3136: 3132: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3111:Caucasian War 3101: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3029: 3028:These attacks 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2807: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2453: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2392: 2391: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2316:2022 invasion 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2141:IS insurgency 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2111:North Ossetia 2109: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2082:South Ossetia 2080: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2058:Border crisis 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2022: 2012: 2007: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1891:Caucasian War 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1839: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1640:Komsomolskoye 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1534: 1529: 1523: 1522:40,000–50,000 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1431:Russian claim 1425: 1422: 1421:Chechen claim 1415: 1414:Russian claim 1412: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1394: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1350: 1348: 1342: 1337: 1331: 1329: 1323: 1318: 1312: 1307: 1301: 1299: 1293: 1288: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1269: 1264: 1258: 1256: 1250: 1249:Lechi Dudayev 1245: 1238: 1232: 1227: 1220: 1214: 1209: 1203: 1201: 1195: 1190: 1184: 1182: 1176: 1171: 1165: 1163: 1157: 1156:Isa Astamirov 1152: 1146: 1144: 1138: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1110: 1108: 1102: 1097: 1091: 1089: 1083: 1078: 1072: 1070: 1064: 1059: 1052: 1046: 1045:Vakha Arsanov 1041: 1035: 1033: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1009: 1004: 998: 996: 990: 985: 979: 977: 971: 966: 960: 948: 942: 940: 934: 929: 923: 921: 915: 910: 903: 902: 897: 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15692:Vote or lose 15351: 15146:World War II 14670:Smolensk War 14636:Livonian War 14592: 14325: 14318:Abdulla Kurd 14311: 14297: 14283: 14276:Abu al-Walid 14269: 14255: 14241: 14227: 14213: 14199: 14185: 14159: 14140: 14126: 14112: 14088:Dokka Umarov 14081: 14067: 14053: 13981: 13967: 13953: 13939: 13925: 13906: 13892: 13873: 13866:Arbi Barayev 13859: 13845: 13831: 13817: 13803: 13789: 13775: 13679: 13665: 13651: 13639:Alu Alkhanov 13627: 13511:Armed Forces 13481: 13473: 13466: 13460: 13452: 13445: 13439: 13431: 13401:Chechenpress 13250: 13040: 12855: 12847: 12836: 12828: 12820: 12809: 12801: 12793: 12785: 12773: 12765: 12757: 12746: 12738: 12726: 12715: 12707: 12696: 12688: 12677: 12665: 12653: 12647:James Hughes 12641: 12633: 12621: 12609: 12598: 12586:Bibliography 12566: 12558:Publications 12543:. 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In 1992, 3351:During the 3292:Kirghiz SSR 3168:signed the 3155:Terek River 2734:Makhachkala 2697:Vladikavkaz 2640:Vladikavkaz 2540:Znamenskoye 2477:Vladikavkaz 2428:Budyonnovsk 2268:1993 Moscow 1687:Alkhan-Kala 1464:IISS + CSIS 1022: [ 659: [ 633: [ 589: [ 563: [ 537: [ 511: [ 345:Grey Wolves 300:(2005–2007) 210:Territorial 110:Bottom left 16027:Dirty wars 16001:Categories 15950:(daughter) 15942:(daughter) 15856:Tsar Boris 15545:Presidency 15515:Birthplace 15287:Ogaden War 15237:Korean War 15156:Winter War 15025:Heimosodat 14612:Tsardom of 14105:Ali Taziev 14020:Mujahideen 14008:Combatants 14001:Mujahideen 13708:Combatants 13499:Combatants 13482:The Search 13371:Casualties 12702:Anne Nivat 12545:19 October 12513:19 October 12392:. Moscow. 12240:17 October 11614:17 October 11584:17 October 11178:16 January 10993:17 October 10864:Coene 2009 10789:17 October 9486:Baiev, Kh. 9368:SciencesPo 9136:17 October 8955:9 December 8925:17 October 8899:17 October 8816:10 January 8504:17 October 8351:(3/2002). 7999:15 January 7977:, page 239 7373:17 October 7166:17 October 7080:23 January 7040:old.wps.ru 6722:. p. 6617:References 6246:Ingushetia 6172:Artur Ryno 6155:xenophobia 6138:duty tours 6119:antisocial 6087:See also: 5814:HALO Trust 5793:Land mines 5779:oil spills 5588:mujahideen 5530:(46), the 5463:Surovikino 5289:Domodedovo 5135:Red Square 4808:Katyr-Yurt 4803:Novye Aldi 4783:Shami-Yurt 4773:Elistanzhi 4694:strangling 4690:gang raped 4645:war crimes 4615:Katyr-Yurt 4583:Ingushetia 4577:where the 4539:war crimes 4503:logistical 4485:Circassian 4336:kadyrovtsy 4331:conscripts 4247:Insurgency 4232:kadyrovtsy 4150:unit from 4058:mine field 4043:, Chechnya 3930:including 3906:Goragorsky 3894:reservists 3843:Elistanzhi 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