First Chechen War - Knowledge

3577: 3845:, made the following remark when questioned about Russia's conduct during the war; "'Generally speaking, it is not only our right but our duty not to allow uncontrolled armed formations on our territory. The Foreign Ministry stands on guard over the country's territorial unity. International law says that a country not only can but must use force in such instances ... I say it was the right thing to do ... The way in which it was done is not my business." These attitudes contributed greatly to the growing doubts in the West as to whether Russia was sincere in its stated intentions to implement democratic reforms. The general disdain for Russian behavior in the Western political establishment contrasted heavily with widespread support in the Russian public. Domestic political authorities' arguments emphasizing stability and the restoration of order resonated with the public and quickly became an issue of state identity. 619: 610: 396: 385: 374: 363: 352: 341: 330: 319: 308: 297: 286: 275: 264: 253: 241: 223: 591: 580: 204: 130: 3786: 3244: 2935: 3593: 2520: 3709:, both sides agreed to an "all for all" exchange of prisoners to be carried out at the end of the war. However, despite this commitment, many persons remained forcibly detained. A partial analysis of the list of 1,432 reported missing found that, as of 30 October 1996, at least 139 Chechens were still being forcibly detained by the Russian side; it was entirely unclear how many of these men were alive. As of mid-January 1997, the Chechens still held between 700 and 1,000 Russian soldiers and officers as prisoners of war, according to 2841: 3405: 47: 2730: 3620:(contract soldiers, not conscripts) and members of the special service forces). The list which contains the names of the dead soldiers, drawn up by the Human Rights Center "Memorial", contains 4,393 names. In 2009, the official number of Russian troops who fought in the two wars and were still missing in Chechnya and presumed dead was some 700, while about 400 remains of the missing servicemen were said to have been recovered up to that point. The Russian military was notorious for hiding casualties. 3100: 175: 3152:. While the political leaders were discussing the ceasefire and peace negotiations, Russian forces continued to conduct combat operations. On 6 August 1996, three days before Yeltsin was to be inaugurated for his second term as Russian president and when most of the Russian troops were moved south due to what was planned as their final offensive against remaining mountainous Chechen strongholds, the Chechens subsequently launched another surprise attack on Grozny. 10282: 163: 2672: 2283: 407: 151: 647: 638: 554: 528: 517: 506: 495: 465: 453: 442: 431: 477: 190: 3086:; in August, the two went to southern Chechnya to try to convince the local commanders to release Russian prisoners. In February 1996, federal and pro-Russian Chechen forces in Grozny opened fire on a massive pro-independence peace march of tens of thousands of people, killing a number of demonstrators. The ruins of the presidential palace, the symbol of Chechen independence, were then demolished two days later. 689: 628: 418: 3192:

officials said that more than 200 soldiers had been killed and nearly 800 wounded in five days of fighting, and that an unknown number were missing; Chechens put the number of Russian dead at close to 1,000. Thousands of troops were either taken prisoner or surrounded and largely disarmed, their heavy weapons and ammunition commandeered by Chechen fighters.

3763: 2418:, the president of Tatarstan, granting many of its demands for greater autonomy for the republic within Russia. Thus, Chechnya remained the only federal subject that did not sign the treaty. Neither Yeltsin nor the Chechen government attempted any serious negotiations and the situation deteriorated into a full-scale conflict. 2596:, ethnic Chechens universally supported the establishment of an independent Chechen state and, in 1995, during the heat of the First Chechen War, Khalid Delmayev, a Dudayev opponent belonging to an Ichkerian liberal coalition, stated that "Chechnya's statehood may be postponed... but cannot be avoided". 3805:

Six months after the Khasavyurt Accord, on 12 May 1997, Chechen-elected president Aslan Maskhadov traveled to Moscow where he and Yeltsin signed a formal treaty "on peace and the principles of Russian-Chechen relations" that Maskhadov predicted would demolish "any basis to create ill-feelings between

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Estimates of the number of civilians killed range widely from 20,000 to 100,000, with the latter figure commonly referenced by Chechen sources. Most scholars and human rights organizations generally estimate the number of civilian casualties to be 40,000; this figure is attributed to the research and

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bodies called for the prohibition on the use of draftees in quelling internal conflicts, while others demanded a total ban on the use of the armed forces in such situations. Russian government officials feared that a move to end the war short of victory would create a cascade of secession attempts by

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Dozens of charred corpses of women and children lay in the courtyard of the mosque, which had been destroyed. The first thing my eye fell on was the burned body of a baby, lying in fetal position... A wild-eyed woman emerged from a burned-out house holding a dead baby. Trucks with bodies piled in the

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civilians at random, often in disregard of their nationality. Chechen fighters took hostages on a massive scale, kidnapped or killed Chechens considered to be collaborators and mistreated civilian captives and federal prisoners of war (especially pilots). Russian federal forces kidnapped hostages for

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of Russia had agreed to "avoid the further use of force", Russian forces entered the republic in order to "establish constitutional order in Chechnya and to preserve the territorial integrity of Russia." Grachev boasted he could topple Dudayev in a couple of hours with a single airborne regiment, and

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analysis report, between January and May 1995, when the Russian forces conquered most of the republic in the conventional campaign, their losses in Chechnya were approximately 2,800 killed, 10,000 wounded and more than 500 missing or captured. Some Chechen fighters infiltrated occupied areas, hiding

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and launched a three-day surprise raid on the city, taking most of it and capturing caches of weapons and ammunition. During the battle, much of the Russian troops were wiped out, with most of them surrendering or routing. After a couple columns of Russian reinforcements were destroyed on the roads

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said the Russian military's bombardment of Grozny killed around 35,000 civilians, including 5,000 children and that the vast majority of those killed were ethnic Russians. While military casualties are not known, the Russian side admitted to having 2,000 soldiers killed or missing. The bloodbath of

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on parts of Russia. According to Human Rights Watch, the campaign was "unparalleled in the area since World War II for its scope and destructiveness, followed by months of indiscriminate and targeted fire against civilians". Due to ethnic Chechens in Grozny seeking refuge among their respective

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bilaterally with 86 out of 88 federal subjects. In almost all cases, demands for greater autonomy or independence were satisfied by concessions of regional autonomy and tax privileges. The treaty outlined three basic types of federal subjects and the powers that were reserved for local and federal

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Leaving the village for the hospital in Grozny, I passed a Russian armored personnel carrier with the word SAMASHKI written on its side in bold, black letters. I looked in my rearview mirror and to my horror saw a human skull mounted on the front of the vehicle. The bones were white; someone must

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Let me tell you about one specific case. I knew for sure that on this day – it was the end of February or the beginning of March 1995 – forty servicemen of the Joint Group were killed. And they bring me information about fifteen. I ask: "Why don't you take into account the rest?" They hesitated:

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While treating the wounded, I heard stories of young men – gagged and trussed up – dragged with chains behind personnel carriers. I heard of Russian aviators who threw Chechen prisoners, screaming, out their helicopters. There were rapes, but it was hard to know how many because women were too

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The economy of Chechnya collapsed as Dudayev severed economic links with Russia while black market trading, arms trafficking and counterfeiting grew. Violence and social disruption increased and the marginal social groups, such as unemployed young men from the countryside, became armed. Ethnic

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leading to the city, Russian troops eventually gave up on trying to reach the trapped soldiers in the city. Chechen fighters subsequently withdrew from the city on orders from the high command. In the same month in March, Chechen fighters and Russian federal troops clashed near the village of

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were also surrounded in their garrisons. Several attempts by the armored columns to rescue the units trapped in Grozny were repelled with heavy Russian casualties (the 276th Motorized Regiment of 900 men suffered 50% casualties in a two-day attempt to reach the city centre). Russian military

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issued an ultimatum to all warring factions in Chechnya, ordering them to disarm and surrender. When the government in Grozny refused, Yeltsin ordered the Russian army to invade the region. Both the Russian government and military command never referred to the conflict as a war but instead a

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attempt in December 1993, the opposition organized themselves into the Provisional Council of the Chechen Republic as a potential alternative government for Chechnya, calling on Moscow for assistance. In August 1994, the coalition of the opposition factions based in north Chechnya launched a

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1994 ended in a big Russian defeat, resulting in many casualties and at first a nearly complete breakdown of morale in the Russian forces. The fighting claimed the lives of an estimated 1,000 to 2,000 Russian soldiers, mostly barely trained conscripts; the worst losses were inflicted on the

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The official Russian estimate of Russian military deaths was 6,000, but according to other estimates, the number of Russian military deaths was as high as 14,000. According to various estimates, the number of Chechen military deaths was approximately 3,000–10,000, the number of Chechen

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serving as an example of such policy). Television and newspaper accounts widely reported largely uncensored images of the carnage to the Russian public. The Russian media coverage partially precipitated a loss of public confidence in the government and a steep decline in President

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Dudayev won overwhelming popular support (as evidenced by the later presidential elections with high turnout and a clear Dudayev victory) to oust the interim administration supported by the central government. He became president and declared independence from the

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on 7 April (several hundred more were detained and beaten or otherwise tortured). In the southern mountains, the Russians launched an offensive along all the front on 15 April, advancing in large columns of 200–300 vehicles. The ChRI forces defended the city of

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in the surrounding villages of the countryside, a high proportion of initial civilian casualties were inflicted against ethnic Russians who were unable to find viable escape routes. The villages were also attacked from the first weeks of the conflict (Russian

6528: 3344:. The protracted war in Chechnya, especially many reports of extreme violence against civilians, ignited fear and contempt of Russia among other ethnic groups in the federation. One of the most notable war crimes committed by the Russian army is the 801: 3182:

to the Russian posts and bases and the government compound in the city centre, while a number of Chechens deemed to be Russian collaborators were rounded up, detained and, in some cases, executed. At the same time, Russian troops in the cities of

3612:, the authoritative Russian independent military weekly, at least 5,362 Russian soldiers died during the war, 52,000 Russian soldiers were wounded or became diseased and some 3,000 more Russian soldiers were still missing in 2005. However, the 844: 3498:, originally sympathetic to the Chechen cause, turned hostile as a result of their Russian-esque culture and language, stronger affinity to Moscow than to Grozny, and a history of conflict with indigenous peoples such as the Chechens. The 3364:

into basements where residents, mostly women, elderly persons and children, had been hiding. Russian troops intentionally burned many bodies, either by throwing the bodies into burning houses or by setting them on fire. A Chechen surgeon,

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From the outset of the First Chechen conflict, Russian authorities struggled to reconcile new international expectations with widespread accusations of Soviet-style heaviness in their execution of the war. For example, Foreign Minister

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for the Russian federal forces, Russia's subsequent efforts to establish control over the remaining lowlands and mountainous regions of Chechnya were met with fierce resistance and frequent surprise raids by Chechen guerrillas. The

2755: 4751: 3078:. Suspicion of responsibility for the attack fell on rogue elements of the Russian military, as the attack destroyed hopes for a permanent ceasefire based on the developing trust between Gen. Romanov and the ChRI Chief of Staff 2902:, which had been fought over for more than three weeks as the Chechens abandoned their positions in the ruins of the downtown area. The battle for the southern part of the city continued until the official end on 6 March 1995. 2814:, after being deployed by helicopters behind enemy lines to capture a Chechen weapons cache. On 29 December, in a rare instance of a Russian outright victory, the Russian airborne forces seized the military airfield next to 3211:

as civilians tried to flee before the army carried out its threat, with parts of the city ablaze and falling shells scattering refugee columns. The bombardment was however soon halted by the ceasefire brokered by General

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ransom and used human shields for cover during the fighting and movement of troops (for example, a group of surrounded Russian troops took approximately 500 civilian hostages at Grozny's 9th Municipal Hospital).

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campaign. After armored assaults failed, the Russian military set out to take the city using air power and artillery. At the same time, the Russian military accused the Chechen fighters of using civilians as

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However, the issue of contention was not independence from Russia: even the opposition stated there was no alternative to an international boundary separating Chechnya from Russia. In 1992, Russian newspaper

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Major Vyacheslav Izmailov, who had rescued at least 174 people from captivity on both sides in the war, was later involved in the search for missing persons. He was honoured as the human rights hero in the

9424: 3268:, causing tens of thousands of unnecessary civilian casualties among the Chechen population. The main strategy in the Russian war effort had been to use heavy artillery and air strikes leading to numerous 3251:

Human rights organizations accused Russian forces of engaging in indiscriminate and disproportionate use of force whenever they encountered resistance, resulting in numerous civilian deaths. (According to

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I called a well-informed diplomat pal and arranged to meet him at a bar favored by the pan-Turkic crowd known as the Gray Wolves, who were said to be actively supporting the Chechens with men and arms.

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estimated that the total number of Russian military deaths was 14,000, based on information which it collected from wounded troops and soldiers' relatives (only counting regular troops, i.e. not the

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population from North Ossetia. Undisciplined Russian soldiers were also reported to be committing murders, rapes, and looting in Ingushetia (in an incident partially witnessed by visiting Russian

3023:. The raid forced a temporary stop in Russian military operations, giving the Chechens time to regroup and to prepare for the national militant campaign. The full-scale Russian attack led many of 2881:, which was destroyed in the fighting near the central railway station. Despite the early Chechen defeat of the New Year's assault and the many further casualties that the Russians had suffered, 3637:

The Chechen formations also suffered fairly high losses. According to the militants, they lost 3,000 fighters. According to official Russian data, Chechen militants lost 17,391 people killed.

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gave an ultimatum for Chechen fighters to leave the city within 48 hours, or else it would be leveled in a massive aerial and artillery bombardment. He stated that federal forces would use

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soldier were murdered by apparently drunk Russian soldiers; earlier, drunken Russian soldiers killed another Russian soldier, five Ingush villagers and even Ingushetia's Health Minister).

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by 31 December 1996, and a stipulation that any agreement on the relations between the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and the Russian federal government need not be signed until late 2001.

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that same month, 1,058 Russian soldiers and officers were being detained by Chechen fighters who were willing to release them in exchange for members of Chechen armed groups. American

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at Dolinskoye and the Russian forces suffered their first serious losses. Units of Chechen fighters inflicted severe losses on the Russian troops. Deeper in Chechnya, a group of 50

2787:", Gromov said on television), as did General Boris Poliakov. More than 800 professional soldiers and officers refused to take part in the operation; of these, 83 were convicted by 9820: 6459: 3513:

of men from minority ethnic groups to fight in Chechnya was widespread among other republics, many of which passed laws and decrees on the subject. For example, the government of

2558:, but their attempt was crushed by force. A month later, Dudayev introduced direct presidential rule, and in June 1993 dissolved the Chechen parliament to avoid a referendum on a 5438: 5871: 2946:, the Russian government slowly and methodically expanded its control over the lowland areas and then into the mountains. In what was dubbed the worst massacre in the war, the 10184: 9943: 3774:

paved the way for the signing of two further agreements between Russia and Chechnya. In mid-November 1996, Yeltsin and Maskhadov signed an agreement on economic relations and

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vocally opposed the war and appealed to Yeltsin to stop it and return conscripts, warning the conflict was at risk of expanding across the Caucasus. Some regional and local

10103: 3483: 2760:, who then resigned in protest, stating that it is "a crime" to "send the army against its own people." Many in the Russian military and government opposed the war as well. 3806:

Moscow and Grozny." Maskhadov's optimism, however, proved misplaced. Little more than two years later, some of Maskhadov's former comrades-in-arms, led by field commanders

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passed a decree providing legal protection to soldiers from the republic who refused to participate in the Chechen war and imposed limits on the use of the federal army in

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as they fell outside the vendetta system which protected the Chechens to a certain extent. From 1991 to 1994, tens of thousands of people of non-Chechen ethnicity left the

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numbering approximately 12,000, more than 1,500 Chechen guerrillas (whose numbers soon swelled) overran the key districts within hours in an operation prepared and led by

5132:"Aerial Death Threat Sends Chechens Fleeing From Village: Caucasus: Russians warn they will bomb five towns near Grozny unless 50 captured paratroopers are quickly freed" 4212: 7471: 3601: 959: 3789:

Situation in Chechnya in the period between the end of the First Chechen War and the beginning of the Second Chechen War: In red the territory under the control of the

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in Dagestan (in which more than 2,000 hostages were taken), bringing strong criticism from this hitherto loyal republic and escalating domestic dissatisfaction. The

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fire, becoming the first on a long list of Russian generals to be killed in Chechnya. On 19 January, despite many casualties, Russian forces seized the ruins of the

969: 861: 709: 4350: 4084: 10149: 9830: 6194: 5483: 4926:... По данным Центризбиркома Чечено-Ингушетии, в выборах принимают участие 72% избирателей, за генерала Дудаева голосуют 412,6 тыс. человек (90,1%) ...' 3231:, the withdrawal of both sides' forces from Grozny, the creation of joint headquarters to preclude looting in the city, the withdrawal of all federal forces from 3031:

units to defend their settlements in the case of federal offensive action, officially numbering 5,000–6,000 armed men in late 1995. According to a UN report, the

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The violations committed by members of the Russian forces were usually tolerated by their superiors and were not punished even when investigated (the story of

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for Russian soldiers and Chechen fighters alike who committed illegal acts in connection with the War in Chechnya between December 1994 and September 1996.

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Major Vyacheslav Izmailov is said to have rescued at least 174 people from captivity on both sides in the war, was later involved in the tracing of

3352:, house-by-house searches throughout the entire village. Federal soldiers deliberately and arbitrarily attacked civilians and civilian dwellings in 3027:'s opponents to side with his forces and thousands of volunteers to swell the ranks of mobile militant units. Many others formed local self-defence 2878: 9488: 8818: 8040: 7689: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 3145:

on 21 April 1996. Yeltsin even officially declared "victory" in Grozny on 28 May 1996, after a new temporary ceasefire was signed with the Chechen

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There was an urgent need for a law to clearly define the powers of each federal subject. Such a law was passed on 31 March 1992, when Yeltsin and

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asserted that 80,000 to 100,000 had been killed and 240,000 had been injured. The number given by the ChRI authorities was about 100,000 killed.

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My Jihad: The True Story of an American Mujahid's Amazing Journey from Usama Bin Laden's Training Camps to Counterterrorism with the FBI and CIA

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On 19 August, despite the presence of 50,000 to 200,000 Chechen civilians and thousands of federal servicemen in Grozny, the Russian commander

1877: 1251: 1163: 1091: 1020: 10170: 9461: 7271: 6372: 5790: 5299: 5166: 4630: 2618:. The opposition forces, who were joined by Russian troops, launched a poorly organized assault on Grozny in mid-October 1994, followed by a 1013: 5459: 3341: 3220:'s national security adviser, on 22 August. Gen. Lebed called the ultimatum, issued by General Pulikovsky (replaced by then), a "bad joke". 2894:

by preventing them from leaving the capital as it was bombarded. On 7 January 1995, the Russian Major-General Viktor Vorobyov was killed by

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if the Russian troops did not withdraw from the Chechen border. To prevent the invasion of Chechnya, he did not provoke the Russian troops.

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were ordered to move to the Chechen border; Dudayev, who perceived this as "an act of aggression against the Chechen Republic", declared a

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As military defeats and growing casualties made the war more and more unpopular in Russia, and as the 1996 presidential elections neared,

9414: 9409: 8669: 5323: 3613: 2765: 2427: 757: 6467: 5732: 2487:, but they were forced to withdraw when Dudayev's forces surrounded them at the airport. After Chechnya made its initial declaration of 10071: 9330: 8730: 8325: 5422: 3886: 1338: 1306: 1271: 945: 5863: 5046: 4453: 9868: 9863: 7666: 7476: 6519:"Ukraine's parliament declares the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 'temporarily occupied by Russia' and condemns 'genocide of Chechens'" 4608: 3563:. Both of these incidents were resolved through negotiations, and the hijackers surrendered without any fatalities being inflicted. 3443:, mostly when Russian commanders sent troops over the border in pursuit of Chechen fighters, while as many as 200,000 refugees (from 2622:

on 26–27 November 1994. Despite Russian support, both attempts were unsuccessful. Chechen separatists succeeded in capturing some 20

1986: 1081: 870: 6437: 6393: 6321: 5984: 9988: 9976: 9835: 8956: 7610: 7560: 5585: 3019:; about 120 Russian civilians died before a ceasefire was signed after negotiations between Basayev and the Russian Prime Minister 2455: 1775: 1668: 894: 730: 8647: 6347: 5923: 5768: 5275: 4669: 4474: 3256:, Russian artillery and rocket attacks killed at least 267 civilians during the December 1995 raid by the Chechens on the city of 9778: 8811: 8796: 7651: 7237: 6013: 5355: 5197: 3625:"Well, you see, 40 is a lot. We'd better spread those losses over a few days." Of course, I was outraged by these manipulations. 9898: 9562: 9493: 8786: 8720: 7309: 5604: 3866: 3011:-takings, attempting to influence the Russian public and leadership. In June 1995, a group led by the maverick field commander 2468:

published a notice in the local Chechen press that the elections were illegal. With a turnout of 72%, 90.1% voted for Dudayev.

2014: 2009: 1842: 1181: 1176: 750: 7231: 5689: 5516: 3123:, wiping out an entire Russian armored column resulting in losses up to 220 soldiers killed in action. In another attack near 10317: 9908: 9090: 8335: 7833: 7823: 7281: 7209: 7179: 7152: 7125: 7098: 7071: 7044: 7017: 6988: 6961: 6934: 6908: 6878: 6851: 6821: 6794: 6767: 6737: 6711: 6685: 6655: 6629: 6603: 5114: 4972: 4947: 4882: 4844: 4819: 4316: 4263: 4165: 4126: 4015: 2182:

in the latter part of the 19th century. The Chechens' subsequent attempts at gaining independence after the 1917 fall of the

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deaths was between 30,000 and 100,000. Over 200,000 Chechen civilians may have been injured, more than 500,000 people were

2004: 1398: 1158: 1008: 6078: 5622: 5377: 5249: 9853: 9466: 7615: 7539: 4342: 4076: 3948: 3751: 3744:, which won the jury prize for Best Documentary at the festival in Moscow. He later worked as military correspondent for 3016: 2447: 1791: 1378: 851: 6186: 4547: 4503: 2554:

fought for power, sometimes in pitched battles with the use of heavy weapons. In March 1993, the opposition attempted a

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Hanna, Smith (2014). "Russian Greatpowerness: Foreign policy, the Two Chechen Wars and International Organisations".

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The situation of human rights in the Republic of Chechnya of the Russian Federation – Report of the Secretary-General

5464: 5219: 4430: 4405: 4380: 3348:, in which it is estimated that up to 300 civilians died during the attack. Russian forces conducted an operation of 2711: 2330: 6503:

Horga, Ioana. "Cfsp into the Spotlight: The European Union's Foreign Policy toward Russia during the Chechen Wars".

2822:; the next objective was the city itself. With the Russians closing in on the capital, the Chechens began to set up 2312: 2261:). In March 1944, the Soviet authorities abolished the Checheno-Ingush Republic. Eventually, Soviet first secretary 10322: 10124: 9224: 9160: 8985: 8898: 8020: 7641: 7431: 7426: 7410: 7380: 7353: 6786: 2914:

Grozny shocked Russia and the outside world, inciting severe criticism of the war. International monitors from the

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incorporated these demands into his 1990 election campaign by claiming that their resolution was a high priority.

9928: 9923: 9878: 9617: 9377: 9362: 9303: 8662: 7733: 7263: 6032:"Mintimer Shaimiev: "Stop the Civil War". The first Chechen war and the reaction of the authorities of Tatarstan" 4713: 3585: 2347: 1042: 1032: 9517: 7246: 6132:"So 500 people or 9 thousand? We tell you how many people Russia lost in past wars and what numbers they called" 4118: 2991:. Eventually, the Chechen command withdrew from the area of Vedeno to the Chechen opposition-aligned village of 2171:. He united various North-Caucasian nations under his command to resist Russian invasions and expansion. 10357: 9937: 9085: 9049: 7595: 7400: 7385: 5956: 3299:

from assisting civilians in need. It was widely alleged that Russian troops, especially those belonging to the

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According to various estimates, the number of Chechens who are dead or missing is between 50,000 and 100,000.

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Meanwhile, the war in Chechnya spawned new forms of resistance to the federal government. Opposition to the

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in the summer of 1999 – and soon Russia's forces entered Chechnya again, marking the beginning of the

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Russia in Afghanistan and Chechnya: Military Strategic Culture and the Paradoxes of Asymmetric Conflict

6980: 6250: 1627: 1574: 1436: 993: 179: 5064:"A chain of wars, a chain of crimes, a chain of impunity: Russian wars in Chechnya, Syria and Ukraine" 3319:– militants). Humanitarian and aid groups chronicled persistent patterns of Russian soldiers killing, 2178:, Imperial Russian forces defeated the Chechens and annexed their lands and deported thousands to the 9451: 9345: 9145: 7838: 7585: 7451: 7375: 6759: 6296: 4569: 3296: 2909:, about 27,000 civilians died in the first five weeks of fighting. The Russian historian and general 2819: 2100:, during which Russia covertly sought to overthrow the new Chechen government. Following the intense 1637: 1470: 1151: 1146: 988: 824: 4198: 3377:

ashamed to report them. One girl was raped in front of her father. I heard of one case in which the

9873: 9592: 9298: 8873: 8677: 7850: 7845: 7544: 7446: 7347: 6862: 6292: 5867: 3545: 3448: 3369:, treated wounded in Samashki immediately after the operation and described the scene in his book: 3036: 2996: 2992: 2563: 2492: 2293: 1647: 1590: 1427: 1193: 1061: 899: 5798: 5292: 5163: 3548:

by what were mostly Turkish gunmen who were seeking to publicize the Chechen cause. On 6 March, a

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Russian soldiers often prevented civilians from evacuating areas of imminent danger and prevented

3272:

on civilians. This has led to Western and Chechen sources calling the Russian strategy deliberate

10352: 10347: 10342: 10061: 10041: 9998: 9913: 9505: 9234: 8853: 7656: 7441: 5469: 4638: 3737: 3677:'s team could offer their conservative, documented estimate of more than 50,000 civilian deaths. 3393: 3320: 3184: 2964: 2960: 2807: 2682: 2454:

or fell while trying to escape. This effectively dissolved the government of the Checheno-Ingush

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to Chechens who had been affected by the 1994–96 war. In February 1997, Russia also approved an

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of Chechnya. On 11 December 1994, five days after Dudayev and Russian Minister of Defense Gen.

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On April 16, a month after the initial conflict, Chechen fighters successfully carried out an

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in 2006 He also helped families to find their sons who had gone missing in the Chechen war.

3714: 3381:

grabbed a newborn baby, threw it among each other like a ball, then shot it dead in the air.

3269: 3196: 3149: 3139: 2784: 2780: 2746: 2623: 1971: 1837: 1642: 1632: 1454: 1407: 1261: 1231: 1121: 521: 245: 38: 71:

11 December 1994 – 31 August 1996 (1 year, 8 months, 2 weeks and 6 days)

9170: 8843: 8740: 8710: 8199: 7811: 7696: 7580: 7466: 7370: 6415: 5488: 5043: 4449: 4133:

A Turkish Fascist youth group, the "Grey Wolves," was recruited to fight with the Chechens.

3718: 3479: 2803: 2379: 1754: 1503: 1497: 1360: 819: 345: 301: 92: 3486:

was completely destroyed by Russian forces in January 1996 in reaction to the large-scale

8: 9958: 9745: 9675: 9532: 9060: 8995: 8766: 8604: 7958: 7600: 7461: 6551:"Ukraine's parliament declares 'Chechen Republic of Ichkeria' Russian-occupied territory" 6429: 6313: 5992: 5819: 5671: 3897: 3871: 3725: 3460: 3020: 2254: 1731: 1726: 1606: 1556: 1323: 1243: 674: 6341: 5760: 5579: 5272: 4811: 4805: 3852:

condemned the "genocide of the Chechen people" during the First and Second Chechen War.

3785: 10056: 9735: 9717: 9670: 9652: 9632: 9271: 9023: 8921: 8893: 8776: 8761: 8590: 8360: 8260: 8045: 8035: 7775: 7631: 7341: 7266: 6665: 5931: 5175: 4661: 4478: 3891: 3819: 3790: 3775: 3710: 3658: 3581: 3556: 3514: 3253: 3243: 3000: 2614:

of the republic, and eventually unmarked Russian aircraft began combat operations over

2567: 2500: 2442:, with the aim of asserting independence. The storming caused the death of the head of 2415: 2394: 2052: 1869: 1188: 1108: 1076: 1052: 1027: 882: 681: 422: 155: 110: 6505:

Annals of University of Oradea, Series: International Relations & European Studies

2378:

that had various formal federal rights attached. Relations of these entities with the

10264: 10239: 9582: 9389: 9315: 9293: 9192: 9070: 8863: 8858: 8848: 8683: 8548: 8433: 8374: 8274: 8030: 7570: 7405: 7390: 7258: 7205: 7175: 7148: 7144: 7121: 7094: 7067: 7063: 7040: 7013: 6984: 6957: 6930: 6904: 6874: 6847: 6817: 6790: 6763: 6733: 6707: 6681: 6651: 6625: 6599: 6595: 6166: 6017: 5900: 5430: 5400:"The situation of human rights in the Republic of Chechnya of the Russian Federation" 5385: 5347: 5189: 5136: 5110: 5104: 4968: 4943: 4878: 4840: 4815: 4515: 4426: 4401: 4376: 4259: 4161: 4122: 4011: 3771: 3706: 3685: 3605: 3592: 3526: 3451:) strained Ingushetia's already weak economy. On several occasions, Ingush president 3345: 3308: 3260:.) Throughout the span of the first Chechen war, Russian forces have been accused by 3224: 3204: 3040: 2951: 2934: 2919: 2910: 2873: 2646: 2519: 2410:

government. The only federal subjects that did not sign the treaty were Chechnya and

2406: 2367: 2262: 2114: 2057: 2024: 1103: 877: 469: 6721: 5600: 5492:. Vol. 1, no. 69. The Jamestown Foundation. August 8, 1995. Archived from 5032:

Battle for Grozny, Volume 1: Prelude and the Way to the City: First Chechen War 1994

4773:"Explore Chechnya's Turbulent Past ~ 1944: Deportation | Wide Angle | PBS" 2579: 2555: 2272: 10003: 9883: 9627: 9572: 9478: 9219: 8990: 8960: 8926: 8771: 8632: 8624: 8610: 8596: 8582: 8568: 8554: 8540: 8534: 8526: 8520: 8512: 8498: 8484: 8458: 8447: 8439: 8425: 8411: 8393: 8380: 8366: 8352: 8315: 8288: 8280: 8266: 8252: 8238: 8224: 8205: 8191: 8172: 8158: 8144: 8130: 8116: 8102: 8088: 8082: 8074: 8025: 7978: 7972: 7964: 7950: 7926: 7711: 7456: 7113: 6086: 5924:"The Jury Prize of the Stalker Festival was awarded to a film about Major Izmailov" 5683: 5508: 4744:"The Massive Deportation of the Chechen People: How and why Chechens were Deported" 3935: 3645: 3459:

for damages inflicted, recalling how the federal forces previously assisted in the

3265: 3228: 3223:

During eight hours of subsequent talks, Lebed and Maskhadov drafted and signed the

3200: 3146: 3142: 3067: 3024: 2840: 2741:

On 11 December 1994, Russian forces launched a three-pronged ground attack towards

2551: 2523: 2435: 2431: 2130: 1211: 1206: 1141: 595: 569: 543: 499: 227: 4320: 9647: 9394: 9246: 9214: 8888: 8868: 8506: 8478: 8472: 8466: 8419: 8399: 8110: 8050: 7986: 7913: 7903: 7893: 7768: 7754: 7739: 7275: 7171: 6999: 6695: 6351: 5875: 5852: 5693: 5626: 5608: 5589: 5279: 5170: 5063: 5050: 4701: 3881: 3678: 3674: 3666: 3630: 3518: 3495: 3404: 3332: 3300: 3213: 3171: 3079: 2895: 2480: 2258: 2218: 2105: 1865: 1131: 856: 716: 510: 457: 389: 334: 257: 46: 2729: 10271: 10231: 10042:

Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin

9730: 9557: 9320: 9310: 8687: 8562: 8492: 8452: 8232: 8218: 8185: 8180: 8152: 8138: 7944: 7934: 7898: 7240:

A collection of analyses and interviews of Chechen commanders conducted by the

7137:

The Lone Wolf and the Bear: Three Centuries of Chechen Defiance of Russian Rule

6888: 6639: 6364: 5961: 5619: 5580:

Russian fighting ceases in Chechnya; Skeptical troops comply with Yeltsin order

5403: 5241: 4890: 4864: 4106: 3931: 3849: 3838: 3811: 3807: 3721: 3654: 3541: 3499: 3419: 3273: 3175: 3135: 3099: 3012: 2988: 2972: 2906: 2788: 2642:'disarmament of illegal gangs' or a 'restoration of the constitutional order'. 2514: 2491:, the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Republic split in two in June 1992 amidst the 2451: 2366:, but significant ethnic and religious differences posed a threat of political 2355: 2183: 411: 400: 356: 323: 279: 268: 88: 2783:), also resigned in protest of the invasion ("It will be a bloodbath, another 16:

1994–96 invasion of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria by the Russian Federation

10301: 10065: 9815: 9787: 9690: 9527: 9165: 8246: 8213: 7908: 7888: 7706: 7395: 7189: 6953: 6918: 6896: 6831: 6755: 6747: 6621: 6523: 5434: 5062:

Cherkasov, Alexander; Golubev, Ostav; Malykhin, Vladimir (24 February 2023),

4860: 3746: 3604:, 3,826 troops were killed, 17,892 troops were wounded, and 1,906 troops are 3552: 3464: 3452: 3366: 3337: 3217: 3131: 3120: 2886: 2761: 2650: 2638: 2464:

and parliament of Chechnya were held on 27 October 1991. The day before, the

2387: 2253:

and they even received the highest military awards in the Soviet Union (e.g.

2222: 2199: 2175: 2160: 1981: 1256: 909: 584: 446: 435: 312: 6618:

Chechnya Diary: A War Correspondent's Story of Surviving the War in Chechnya

6131: 5164:

The Russo-Chechen War: A Threat to Stability in the Middle East and Eurasia?

4539: 4152:

Chechnya Diary: A War Correspondent's Story of Surviving the War in Chechnya

3089: 3070:, the federal commander in Chechnya at the time, was critically injured and 2414:. Eventually, in early 1994, Yeltsin signed a special political accord with 10013: 9992: 9446: 8970: 8936: 8691: 8618: 8576: 8388: 8166: 7939: 7701: 7287: 6782: 6729: 6644:

A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya

6613: 6224: 6064: 6031: 4889:

Vitaly Kutsenko, the elderly First Secretary of the town soviet either was

4145: 4064: 4047: 3952: 3510: 3503: 3491: 3357: 3285: 3261: 2891: 2776: 2634: 2630: 2629:

and about 50 other Russian citizens who were covertly hired by the Russian

2626: 2571: 2473: 2363: 2266: 2238: 2195: 2096:

from 11 December 1994 to 31 August 1996. This conflict was preceded by the

1893: 367: 231: 9207: 5227: 3673:

estimated a death toll of 50,000 people out of a population of 1,000,000.

2602:

covertly supplied opposition forces with finances, military equipment and

2370:

in some regions. In the Soviet period, some of Russia's approximately 100

2241:. The official pretext was punishment for collaboration with the invading 10080: 9552: 9281: 9202: 9135: 8965: 7865: 6813: 6362: 4940:

Unity Or Separation Center-periphery Relations in the Former Soviet Union

4217: 4114: 3530: 3315:("cleansing" raids on town districts and villages suspected of harboring 3116:. The losses on the Russian side amounted to 28 killed and 116 wounded. 3083: 2923: 2792: 2637:) to fight for the Provisional Council forces. On 29 November, President 2603: 2488: 2371: 2179: 2156: 4905: 3455:

protested incursions by Russian soldiers and even threatened to sue the

2745:. The main attack was temporarily halted by the deputy commander of the 937: 55:

helicopter brought down by Chechen fighters near the Chechen capital of

10052:

Tennis Academy, named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin

9587: 9537: 9456: 9325: 8405: 7549: 5553: 4693: 4510:. Mosnews.com. 2007-02-07. Archived from the original on March 2, 2008. 3842: 3440: 3044: 2922:

called the war a "disgraceful, bloody adventure" and German chancellor

2696: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2655: 2592:

noted that, just like most of the other seceding republics, other than

2496: 2147: 1226: 84: 6394:"Vyacheslav Izmailov: we know who ordered Anna Politkovskaya's murder" 5791:"Grozny, August 1996. Occupation of Municipal Hospital No. 9 Memorial" 3502:

started organizing themselves against the Chechens, including manning

2133:, and cities and villages were reduced to rubble across the republic. 1291: 9175: 7090: 7036: 6976: 3798: 3690: 3522: 3378: 3349: 3340:'s popularity. Chechnya was one of the heaviest burdens on Yeltsin's 3094: 3071: 3056: 3048: 2861: 2593: 2562:. In late October 1992, Russian forces dispatched to the zone of the 2547: 2411: 2242: 2671: 2350:

in December 1991. The Russian Federation was widely accepted as the

2282: 742: 9740: 9602: 7920: 7860: 7855: 6112: 3472: 3444: 3353: 3257: 3232: 3188: 3155: 3134:'s government sought a way out of the conflict. Although a Russian 3113: 2980: 2955: 2857: 2853: 2615: 2611: 2540: 2402: 2383: 2375: 2359: 2187: 2152: 2126: 1736: 1710: 167: 80: 52: 5375: 3439:

Limited fighting occurred in the neighbouring a small republic of

3055:

was particularly noteworthy; they also exploited a combination of

7197: 6673: 5484:"Chechnya: Election Date Postponed, Prisoner Exchange in Trouble" 3779: 3560: 3436:

from other regions and even outside Russia would enter the war.

3361: 3324: 3304: 3288:, for example, killed at least 55 civilians during the 3 January 3028: 3008: 2811: 2645:

Beginning on 1 December, Russian forces openly carried out heavy

2273:

Dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation Treaty

2234: 9756: 5704: 3478:

Much larger and more deadly acts of hostility took place in the

3264:

organizations of starting a brutal war with total disregard for

2860:

capital, thousands of civilians died from a week-long series of

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and artillery bombardments in the heaviest bombing campaign in

2815: 2742: 2734: 2607: 2599: 2504: 2484: 2443: 2343: 2250: 2093: 727:

80,000–100,000 civilians killed (Human rights groups estimate)

646: 637: 553: 527: 516: 505: 494: 464: 452: 441: 430: 195: 96: 56: 6867:

Girl, Taken: A True Story of Abduction, Captivity and Survival

4280:"Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy" 3015:

took more than 1,500 people hostage in southern Russia in the

2633:

state security organization (which was later converted to the

7110:

The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union?

5378:"Combat Stress in Chechnya: "The Equal Opportunity Disorder"" 4898: 4807:

The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union?

4662:"Book of Numbers, Book of Losses, Book of the Final Judgment" 4111:

Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism

3894: – 1999–2009 conflict in Chechnya and the North Caucasus 3424: 3279: 3208: 3179: 3374:

back rolled through the streets on the way to the cemetery.

2610:

while the aviation and border troops established a military

2515:

Internal conflict in Chechnya and the Grozny–Moscow tensions

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Allah's Mountains: Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus

3468: 3410: 2947: 2733:

Chechen women praying for Russian troops not to advance on

2584:

large-scale armed campaign to remove Dudayev's government.

2214: 2164: 10047:

Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after Boris Yeltsin

5555:Неоконченная война: история вооруженного конфликта в Чечне 5217: 3762: 6973:

Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict

5733:"Russia's invasion of Chechnya: a preliminary assessment" 5686: 5582: 4777: 4221:. 11 May 2017. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023 4193: 4175:...the Azerbaijani Gray Wolf leader, Iskander, Hamidov... 3303:(MVD), committed numerous and in part systematic acts of 3238: 3090:

Continuation of the conflict and mounting Russian defeats

2963:, moving their military headquarters first to surrounded 2386:

erupted into a major political issue in the early 1990s.

6895:. Translated by Bush, Peter. Introduction by Tariq Ali. 5423:"Pro-Russian Chechen Leader Survives Bombing in Capital" 5061: 4714:"The War That Continues to Shape Russia, 25 Years Later" 3750:, was part of the team of journalists investigating the 3178:(who called it Operation Jihad). The fighters then laid 6252:

War crimes and politics of terror in Chechnya 1994–2004

6221:"Civil and military casualties of the wars in Chechnya" 4706: 4343:"Radical Ukrainian Nationalism and the War in Chechnya" 4317:"Russian Strategy In Chechnya: a Case Study in Failure" 4077:"Radical Ukrainian Nationalism and the War in Chechnya" 3506:

roadblocks against infiltration of their territories.

3471:

deputies, at least nine Ingush civilians and an ethnic

2354:, but it lost a significant amount of its military and 6163:Россия и СССР в войнах XX века. Потери вооруженных сил 6108:"700 Russian servicemen missing in Chechnya – officer" 5034:(Helion Europe @ War No. 31), Warwick, 2023, pp.34-40. 4498: 4496: 4423:Россия и СССР в войнах XX века. Потери вооруженных сил 4398:Россия и СССР в войнах XX века. Потери вооруженных сил 4373:Россия и СССР в войнах XX века. Потери вооруженных сил 3669:

claimed that fewer than 20,000 civilians were killed.

3207:. This announcement was followed by chaotic scenes of 3127:, at least 28 Russian soldiers were killed in action. 2971:

as they were forced into the mountains and finally to

2421: 9474:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

7188: 6289:"Do Ethnic Russians Support Putin's War in Chechnya?" 5684:

Lebed promises peace in Grozny and no Russian assault

3921:

Author says the figure could reach as high as 10,000.

3227:

on 31 August 1996. It included: technical aspects of

2802:

The advance of the northern column was halted by the

2174:

Following long local resistance during the 1817–1864

6179: 5190:"BBC News – EUROPE – Chechens 'using human shields'" 3007:

As the war continued, the Chechens resorted to mass

2916:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

2885:

was eventually conquered by Russian forces after an

2658:, that would not last any longer than 20 December." 2440:

Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

2204:

Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

2148:

Chechnya within Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union

9826:

Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR

4810:. Washington: Brookings Institution Press. p. 4493: 2983:was surrendered without a fight but the village of 2905:By the estimates of Yeltsin's human rights adviser 2844:A Chechen fighter near the burned-out ruins of the 7081:Aldis, Anne C.; McDermott, Roger N., eds. (2003). 5888: 5102: 4149: 4003: 3841:, who was generally regarded as a Western-leaning 3389: 3095:Growing Russian defeats and unpopularity in Russia 2775:, and Russia's Deputy Minister of Defense General 10313:Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union 2503:, while Chechnya declared full independence from 2438:, stormed a session of the Supreme Soviet of the 2426:Meanwhile, on 6 September 1991, militants of the 10299: 9489:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 8819:List of battles involving the Russian Federation 8041:United Vilayat of Kabarda, Balkaria and Karachay 6670:A Small Corner of Hell: Dispatches from Chechnya 5273:The Russian Federation Human Rights Developments 4239:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3793:in green the territory under the control of the 3700: 3311:on Chechen civilians; they were often linked to 3156:Third Battle of Grozny and the Khasavyurt Accord 2938:A Chechen stands near a burning house in Grozny. 2606:. Russia also suspended all civilian flights to 714:9,000+ killed or missing. Up to 52,000 wounded ( 9608:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 9523:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 6860: 6363:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 5705:Lee Hockstader and David Hoffman (1996-08-22). 5539:The Chechen Struggle: Independence Won and Lost 5536: 4873:. New York: New York University Press. p. 3797:and in grey the areas under the control of the 2493:armed conflict between the Ingush and Ossetians 2362:made up more than 80% of the population of the 2088:, was a struggle for independence waged by the 7080: 5918: 5916: 5753: 5601:Yeltsin declares Russian victory over Chechnya 4967:. University of California Press. p. 65. 3825: 3766:Street of the ruined capital Grozny after war. 3688:which were published in the Russian newspaper 3356:by shooting residents and burning houses with 2929: 2194:and in December 1922 part of the newly formed 1878:Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus 735:At least 161 civilians killed outside Chechnya 9772: 9462:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 8663: 7303: 7192:; Daniloff, Nicholas; Daniloff, Ruth (2003). 6664: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6187:"Russia: Chechen war – Mass Atrocity Endings" 4653: 4533: 4531: 2818:and repelled a Chechen counter-attack in the 2661: 2159:has its origins from 1785 during the time of 1909: 1307: 953: 758: 7317: 6893:Landscapes of War: From Sarajevo to Chechnya 5951: 5949: 5382:Foreign Military Studies Office Publications 4986: 4984: 4893:or tried to clamber out to escape the crowd. 4689: 4687: 4450:"Война, проигранная по собственному желанию" 4444: 4442: 3997: 3968: 3559:by Chechen sympathisers while flying toward 3203:(not used in Chechnya up to this point) and 2791:and the rest were discharged. Later General 2364:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1923: 109:Chechnya retains its independence until the 9904:"Circling over Shannon" diplomatic incident 9415:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 9410:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 7282:Why the Russian Military Failed in Chechnya 7107: 6746: 5913: 4859: 4803: 3740:after he featured in Anna Artemyeva's film 3384:have boiled the skull to remove the flesh. 2550:, factions both sympathetic and opposed to 2428:All-National Congress of the Chechen People 2311:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 9779: 9765: 8731:Military history of the Russian Federation 8670: 8656: 7310: 7296: 6700:Allah's Mountains: The Battle for Chechnya 6588:Crying Wolf: The Return of War to Chechnya 6308: 6306: 6208: 5509:"Mass protests in Grozny end in bloodshed" 4839:. New York: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 176. 4537: 4528: 4205: 3887:Military history of the Russian Federation 3418:The declaration by Chechnya's Chief Mufti 3051:roads in enemy-held territory. The use of 2987:was fought for and defended by the men of 1916: 1902: 1314: 1300: 960: 946: 765: 751: 725:100,000–130,000 civilians killed (Bonner) 9869:State Committee on the State of Emergency 8981:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 6887: 6720: 6160: 5946: 5537:Akhmadov, Ilyas; Lanskoy, Miriam (2010). 5218:Faurby, Ib; Märta-Lisa Magnusson (1999). 4981: 4684: 4439: 4420: 4395: 4370: 3602:General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces 3432:) against Russia raised the spectre that 2712:Learn how and when to remove this message 2331:Learn how and when to remove this message 2117:(ceasefire), and the signing of the 1997 967: 7611:Domodedovo International Airport bombing 7540:1995 Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis 7053: 5506: 5392: 5268: 5266: 4592: 4540:"Army Learned Few Lessons From Chechnya" 4253: 4156:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. p. 3784: 3761: 3614:Committee of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia 3591: 3575: 3403: 3392:and in 2021 won the hero's prize at the 3242: 3098: 2933: 2839: 2728: 2654:proclaimed that it will be "a bloodless 2518: 8942:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747) 8812:List of wars involving the Soviet Union 8473: 8400: 7164:The Russian Army: In a Time of Troubles 7134: 6997: 6917: 6585: 6303: 6165:(in Russian). Олма-Пресс. p. 584. 5551: 5420: 5410:from the original on February 11, 2012. 5103:Gall, Carlotta; Thomas de Waal (1998). 5098: 5096: 5094: 4962: 4937: 4741: 4628: 4599:Gordon, Michael R. (4 September 1996). 4475:"Первая чеченская война – 20 лет назад" 4425:(in Russian). Олма-Пресс. p. 584. 4400:(in Russian). Олма-Пресс. p. 582. 4375:(in Russian). Олма-Пресс. p. 581. 4186: 3752:murder of journalist Anna Politkovskaya 3482:. In particular, the border village of 2967:, then shortly after to the village of 2456:Autonomous Republic of the Soviet Union 1346:than 50 deaths. Incidents are bombings, 1321: 10300: 9563:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 9494:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 9353:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 9331:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 9045:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) 8721:Military history of the Russian Empire 7026: 6970: 6943: 6830: 6776: 6286: 5895:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 5376:Timothy L. Thomas; Charles P. O'Hara. 4834: 4598: 4567: 4308: 4180: 4105: 3867:Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush 3757: 3732:since July 1995 and is presumed dead. 3239:Human rights violations and war crimes 2999:. According to an estimate cited in a 2826:and grouped their forces in the city. 2346:became an independent state after the 9760: 9713:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) 9091:Russian colonization of North America 8651: 7291: 6694: 6638: 6612: 6531:from the original on 27 November 2023 6487: 6248: 6079:"Неизвестный солдат кавказской войны" 5886: 5880: 5263: 5129: 5080:from the original on 6 September 2024 4659: 4601:"Human Rights Violations in Chechnya" 4580:from the original on 6 September 2024 4144: 4099: 3360:. They wantonly opened fire or threw 3247:A Chechen woman with a wounded child. 3166:Despite Russian troops in and around 2829: 2479:In November 1991, Yeltsin dispatched 2430:(NCChP) party, created by the former 1897: 1295: 941: 772: 746: 10199:Boris Yeltsin. Retreat is Impossible 8726:Military history of the Soviet Union 7228:The World Regional Conflicts Project 7161: 6836:Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian Power 6803: 6726:The Angel of Grozny: Inside Chechnya 6440:from the original on 6 December 2017 6287:Dunlop, John B. (January 26, 2005). 5864:DETAILS OF SAMASHKI MASSACRE EMERGE. 5707:"Russian Official Vows To Stop Raid" 5460:"Honoring a General Who is Silenced" 5091: 5071:Memorial Human Rights Defence Centre 4568:Andrei, Sakharov (4 November 1999). 4314: 4138: 4096:-UNSO's "Argo" squad -Viking Brigade 3399: 2979:. Chechnya's second-largest city of 2954:while seizing the border village of 2694:adding citations to reliable sources 2665: 2309:adding citations to reliable sources 2276: 1344:indicate incidents resulting in more 797:Destruction of the Chechen Air Force 9467:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 7616:2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing 7056:Russia's Wars in Chechnya 1994–2009 6806:Chechnya: The Case for Independence 6779:Chechnya: From Nationalism to Jihad 4965:Chechnya Life in a War-Torn Society 4672:from the original on 2 January 2016 4060:Energy and Security in the Caucasus 3342:1996 presidential election campaign 3109:Chechen fighters infiltrated Grozny 3017:Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis 2764:'s adviser on nationality affairs, 2724: 2448:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 2422:Chechen declaration of independence 13: 10178:Boris Yeltsin. Farewell to the Era 10037:Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library 9894:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 9513:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 8879:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 7576:2002 Moscow theater hostage crisis 7083:Russian Military Reform, 1992-2002 6752:Chechnya: Calamity in the Caucasus 6650:: Praeger Security International. 6579: 6563:from the original on 26 March 2023 6342:AI Report 1998: Russian Federation 6238:Russian-Chechen Friendship Society 5957:"Can Russia's Press Ever Be Free?" 5930:. 17 December 2021. Archived from 5106:Chechnya: Calamity in the Caucasus 4870:Chechnya: Calamity in the Caucasus 4477:. 11 December 2014. Archived from 4296:from the original on 23 April 2022 4256:Russia's War in Chechnya 1994–2009 3832:Reactions to the First Chechen War 3738:Stalker Human Rights Film Festival 3724:has been missing from the Chechen 3394:Stalker Human Rights Film Festival 3174:(who named it Operation Zero) and 2879:131st 'Maikop' Motor Rifle Brigade 2810:was captured by the local Chechen 2795:also refused to be decorated as a 2466:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 2221:, more than 500,000 Chechens, the 14: 10369: 10032:Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center 9821:Moscow City Committee of the CPSU 9786: 9378:Red Army intervention in Mongolia 8336:Islamic State – Caucasus Province 7219: 6946:Open Wound: Chechnya 1994 to 2003 6502: 5730: 5668:Lebed calls off assault on Grozny 5541:. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN. p. 64. 5130:Efron, Sonni (January 10, 1995). 4785:from the original on 9 April 2022 4189:"Istanbul: Gateway to a holy war" 4187:Isingor, Ali (6 September 2000). 4010:. Psychology Press. p. 237. 3596:Dead bodies on a truck in Grozny. 3488:Chechen hostage taking in Kizlyar 3408:Chechen irregular fighter with a 3004:in crowds of returning refugees. 2098:battle of Grozny in November 1994 2015:Anti-Chechen pogrom in Kazakhstan 729:30,000–40,000+ civilians killed ( 700:5,552 soldiers killed or missing 10281: 10280: 10125:Boris Yeltsin: From Dawn to Dusk 9432:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 9225:Russian conquest of Central Asia 9161:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 8957:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 8899:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 7642:Battle of Grozny (November 1994) 7427:1999 Russian bombing of Chechnya 7354:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 7251:Documentary by Sergey Govorukhin 6787:University of Pennsylvania Press 6142:from the original on 27 May 2022 6038:(in Russian). 10 November 2022. 5771:from the original on 25 May 2013 4938:Kempton, Daniel R., ed. (2002). 4912:(in Russian). 13 December 2014. 4538:Saradzhyan, Simon (2005-03-09). 3976:"TURKISH VOLUNTEERS IN CHECHNYA" 3877:History of Russia (1991–present) 3862:1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya 3544:carrying 200 Russian passengers 2670: 2535:Russians and other non-Chechens 2526:supporters pray in front of the 2281: 2247:1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya 2231:ethnically cleansed and deported 2063:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 1874:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 687: 645: 636: 626: 617: 608: 589: 578: 552: 526: 515: 504: 493: 475: 463: 451: 440: 429: 416: 405: 394: 383: 372: 361: 350: 339: 328: 317: 306: 295: 284: 273: 262: 251: 239: 221: 202: 188: 173: 161: 149: 128: 45: 9879:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 9718:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022) 9363:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 9304:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine 7647:Censorship of Chechnya coverage 7566:1999 Russian apartment bombings 6543: 6511: 6496: 6481: 6452: 6422: 6386: 6375:from the original on 2024-09-06 6365:"Journalists Missing 1982–2009" 6356: 6335: 6324:from the original on 2024-09-06 6280: 6269:from the original on 2015-04-06 6242: 6197:from the original on 2020-09-08 6154: 6124: 6100: 6071: 6053: 6042:from the original on 2024-09-06 6036:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 6024: 6006: 5977: 5857: 5838: 5812: 5783: 5724: 5698: 5677: 5661: 5632: 5613: 5594: 5573: 5562:from the original on 2024-09-06 5545: 5530: 5519:from the original on 2019-05-27 5500: 5476: 5452: 5441:from the original on 2024-04-22 5421:Specter, Michael (1995-11-21). 5414: 5369: 5358:from the original on 2007-04-18 5340: 5316: 5305:from the original on 2008-10-30 5285: 5252:from the original on 2016-12-03 5234: 5211: 5200:from the original on 2003-03-17 5182: 5156: 5144:from the original on 2023-03-17 5123: 5055: 5037: 5024: 5012: 5000: 4956: 4931: 4916:from the original on 7 May 2017 4853: 4828: 4797: 4765: 4754:from the original on 2024-09-06 4742:Aurélie, Campana (2007-11-05). 4735: 4724:from the original on 2019-12-10 4622: 4561: 4550:from the original on 2020-04-27 4467: 4456:from the original on 2023-02-13 4414: 4389: 4364: 4353:from the original on 2019-04-12 4335: 4315:Lutz, Raymond R. (April 1997). 4272: 4247: 4087:from the original on 2019-04-12 4024:from the original on 2024-09-06 3986:from the original on 2016-03-03 3941: 3938:in an interview in January 1995 3924: 3915: 3653:scholarship of Chechnya expert 2681:needs additional citations for 2348:dissolution of the Soviet Union 2198:(USSR). In 1936, Soviet leader 9400:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 9050:War of the Austrian Succession 7596:2004 Russian aircraft bombings 7401:Battle of Grozny (August 1996) 7386:1995 Shali cluster bomb attack 7194:The Oath: A Surgeon Under Fire 6161:Кривошеев, Г. Ф., ed. (2001). 5709:. Sun Sentinel. Archived from 4631:"The Russian Army in Chechnya" 4421:Кривошеев, Г. Ф., ed. (2001). 4396:Кривошеев, Г. Ф., ed. (2001). 4371:Кривошеев, Г. Ф., ed. (2001). 4069: 4052: 4043:Politics of Conflict: A Survey 4035: 3290:1995 Shali cluster bomb attack 3162:Battle of Grozny (August 1996) 2797:Hero of the Russian Federation 2546:During the undeclared Chechen 1173:Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 667:3,000+ (Russian military data) 1: 10143:Yeltsin: Three Days in August 9623:South Ossetia war (1991–1992) 9501:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 9252:Russian invasion of Manchuria 9242:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 9188:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 9183:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 9126:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 9116:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 9081:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 9076:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 9066:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 9056:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 9034:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 9029:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 9006:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 9001:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) 8976:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653) 8952:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) 8947:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) 8932:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) 8807:List of wars involving Russia 8802:Sino-Russian border conflicts 8326:Islamic International Brigade 7851:Main Intelligence Directorate 7545:1996 Black Sea hostage crisis 7472:Counter-insurgency operations 7272:Why It All Went So Very Wrong 7108:Evangelista, Matthew (2002). 5891:The Oath A Surgeon Under Fire 5109:. New York University Press. 4942:. Praeger. pp. 120–121. 4804:Evangelista, Matthew (2002). 3961: 3903:List of wars involving Russia 3701:Prisoners and missing persons 3588:showing the battle of Grozny. 3571: 3390:missing persons after the war 2846:Presidential Palace in Grozny 2804:unexpected Chechen resistance 2528:Presidential Palace in Grozny 2102:Battle of Grozny in 1994–1995 1972:Insurgency in Chechnya (1732) 1967:Insurgency in Chechnya (1722) 10185:Boris Yeltsin. Life and Fate 10087:Boris Yeltsin Volleyball Cup 9578:Eritrean War of Independence 9548:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 9543:East German uprising of 1953 9484:Eastern Front (World War II) 9373:Red Army invasion of Georgia 9368:Red Army invasion of Armenia 9336:Estonian War of Independence 9277:Russian occupation of Tabriz 9198:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 9156:War of the Seventh Coalition 9039:War of the Polish Succession 8986:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 8016:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 7824:Ministry of Internal Affairs 7734:Polina Zherebtsova's Journal 7432:Battle of Grozny (1999–2000) 7411:Russia–Chechnya Peace Treaty 7381:Battle of Grozny (1994–1995) 6138:(in Russian). 3 March 2022. 5824:War Resisters' International 5162:Williams, Bryan Glyn (2001). 4349:. The Jamestown Foundation. 3795:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 3742:Don't Shoot at the Bald Man! 3684:According to claims made by 3566: 3519:ethnic or regional conflicts 3107:On 6 March 1996, a group of 3103:A group of Chechen fighters. 3053:improvised explosive devices 2824:defensive fighting positions 2509:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 2119:Russia–Chechnya Peace Treaty 2090:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 1833:Rostov-on-Don hostage crisis 895:Kizlyar–Pervomayskoye crisis 737:500,000+ civilians displaced 136:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 7: 10104:Confession on a Given Theme 10009:Soskovets campaign strategy 9618:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 9568:Sino-Soviet border conflict 9437:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 9405:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 9341:Latvian War of Independence 9230:Russian conquest of Bukhara 9121:War of the Fourth Coalition 9106:War of the Second Coalition 8058:Islamic Djamaat of Dagestan 7561:1996 Kizlyar hostage crisis 7267:Memorial human rights group 7118:Brookings Institution Press 6998:Cassidy, Robert M. (2003). 6706:: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. 6678:University of Chicago Press 5761:"Human Rights Developments" 5049:September 27, 2011, at the 4004:Amjad M. Jaimoukha (2005). 3953:Pervomayskoe hostage crisis 3855: 3826:Foreign policy implications 3457:Russian Ministry of Defence 3422:that the ChRI was waging a 3035:included a large number of 2975:'s ancestral stronghold of 2930:Continued Russian offensive 2926:called it "sheer madness". 2900:Chechen presidential palace 2462:Elections for the president 2352:successor state to the USSR 2155:resistance against Russian 2111:recapture of Grozny in 1996 2020:Chechen–Slav ethnic clashes 1882:Islamic terrorism in Europe 1348:unless described otherwise. 10: 10374: 9984:1996 presidential election 9972:1991 presidential election 9613:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 9151:War of the Sixth Coalition 9141:War of the Fifth Coalition 9111:War of the Third Coalition 8716:Military history of Russia 8678:Armed conflicts involving 7748:The 3 Rooms of Melancholia 7606:2010 Moscow Metro bombings 7242:United States Marine Corps 7238:Chechnya Reference Library 7027:German, Tracey C. (2003). 6981:Cambridge University Press 6750:; de Waal, Thomas (1998). 6350:November 14, 2007, at the 5820:"Mothers' March to Grozny" 5692:December 11, 2008, at the 5607:December 11, 2008, at the 5226:(2): 75–87. Archived from 4835:German, Tracey C. (2003). 3829: 3665:Russian Interior Minister 3297:humanitarian organizations 3159: 3082:, a former colonel in the 2952:killed up to 300 civilians 2836:Battle of Grozny (1994–95) 2833: 2662:Initial stages of conflict 2450:Vitaliy Kutsenko, who was 2213:In 1944, on the orders of 2140: 2136: 2084:, also referred to as the 623:Approx. 6,000 (late 1994) 10259: 10208: 10134: 10095: 10024: 9957: 9899:Constitutional referendum 9864:Cabinet of Yeltsin–Gaidar 9844: 9831:28th Congress of the CPSU 9808: 9794: 9726: 9661: 9452:Soviet invasion of Poland 9262: 9146:French invasion of Russia 9014: 8912: 8831: 8757:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 8749: 8706: 8699: 8344: 8308: 8301: 8066: 8008: 8001: 7876: 7856:Special Forces (Spetsnaz) 7799: 7792: 7720: 7624: 7591:2004 Moscow Metro bombing 7586:2002 Grozny truck bombing 7532: 7452:2002 Khankala Mi-26 crash 7419: 7363: 7325: 6760:New York University Press 5242:"The First Bloody Battle" 5220:"The Battle(s) of Grozny" 4520:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3934:, the press secretary of 3534:other ethnic minorities. 2950:and other federal forces 2872:. The initial assault on 2799:for his part in the war. 2537:faced constant harassment 2104:, which concluded with a 1937: 1855: 1816: 1800: 1784: 1768: 1745: 1719: 1693: 1677: 1661: 1620: 1599: 1583: 1567: 1523: 1481: 1447: 1418: 1389: 1369: 1353: 1337: 1333: 1087:North Caucasus insurgency 979: 784: 724: 665:3,000 (Chechen estimate) 655: 601: 214: 120: 63: 44: 30: 25: 10318:Chechen–Russian conflict 10072:Monument (Yekaterinburg) 9874:1991 Soviet coup attempt 9593:South African Border War 9518:Guerrilla war in Ukraine 9420:Chechen uprising of 1932 9101:Russo-Persian War (1796) 7846:Federal Security Service 7601:2004 Beslan school siege 7447:2000 Zhani-Vedeno ambush 7348:Insurgency in Ingushetia 7319:Chechen–Russian conflict 6971:Dunlop, John B. (1998). 6944:Greene, Stanley (2003). 6586:Bennett, Vanora (1998). 6460:"F&P RFE/RL Archive" 6293:The Jamestown Foundation 6260:Médecins Sans Frontières 6249:Binet, Laurence (2014). 5868:The Jamestown Foundation 5851:11 February 2012 at the 5465:The St. Petersburg Times 5293:"Alikhadzhiev interview" 5248:. BBC News. 2000-03-16. 4963:Tishkov, Valery (2004). 4700:August 14, 2014, at the 4570:"The Second Chechen War" 4113:(3rd ed.). London: 4007:The Chechens: A Handbook 3908: 3671:Médecins Sans Frontières 3138:attack assassinated the 3066:On 6 October 1995, Gen. 2564:Ossetian-Ingush conflict 2225:and several other North 2143:Chechen–Russian conflict 1928:Chechen–Russian conflict 10323:Wars involving Chechnya 10164:President of All Russia 10062:Street of Boris Yeltsin 9999:Loans for shares scheme 9836:Death and state funeral 9799:1st President of Russia 9235:Khivan campaign of 1873 9086:Russo-Polish War (1792) 7681:International response 7442:Battle of Komsomolskoye 7162:Baev, Pavel K. (1996). 7135:Grammer, Moshe (2006). 7058:. Essential Histories. 7054:Galeotti, Mark (2014). 5887:Baiev, Khassan (2003). 5588:March 13, 2008, at the 5348:"FM 3-06.11 Appendix H" 5044:The battle(s) of Grozny 4254:Galeotti, Mark (2014). 3580:Drawing by 10 year old 2570:and threatened general 2397:, then chairman of the 2086:First Russo-Chechen War 1951:Murat Kuchukov Movement 672:Approx. 3,000+ killed ( 379:Khunkar-Pasha Israpilov 291:Aslambek Abdulkhadzhiev 10286:Category:Boris Yeltsin 9929:Monetary reform (1998) 9924:Monetary reform (1993) 9708:Western Libya campaign 9383:East Karelian uprising 8904:Wagner Group rebellion 8839:Uprising of Bolotnikov 7571:1999 Tukhchar massacre 6777:Hughes, James (2007). 6624:: Thomas Dunne Books. 6490:University of Helsinki 6020:on September 27, 2007. 5552:Гродненский, Николай. 5009:. November 22–29, 1992 4660:Cherkasov, Alexander. 4213:"Grey Wolves in Syria" 3802: 3767: 3663: 3642:World Peace Foundation 3635: 3597: 3589: 3537:On 16 January 1996, a 3415: 3386: 3270:indiscriminate attacks 3248: 3104: 2942:Following the fall of 2939: 2870:destruction of Dresden 2849: 2738: 2577:After staging another 2560:vote of non-confidence 2531: 2497:Republic of Ingushetia 2399:Russian Supreme Soviet 1977:Sheikh Mansur Movement 1277:Wagner Group rebellion 705:Independent estimates: 670:Independent estimates: 215:Commanders and leaders 10358:Wars involving Russia 10118:Presidential Marathon 9934:1998 financial crisis 9703:Intervention in Syria 9638:Tajikistani Civil War 9346:Lithuanian–Soviet War 9287:Battle of Robat Karim 8736:Post-Soviet conflicts 8125:Abdul-Halim Sadulayev 8097:Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev 7637:Anti-Russian violence 7437:Battle for Height 776 7234:Crimes of War Project 7010:U.S. Army War College 6844:Yale University Press 6434:worldaffairsboard.com 6399:North Caucasus Weekly 6345:Amnesty International 5224:Baltic Defence Review 5021:. September 1–7, 1995 4908:[First war]. 4696:Jamestown Foundation 4504:"The War in Chechnya" 4258:. Osprey Publishing. 3830:Further information: 3788: 3765: 3715:Amnesty International 3650: 3622: 3595: 3579: 3407: 3371: 3246: 3197:Konstantin Pulikovsky 3150:Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev 3102: 2937: 2843: 2747:Russian Ground Forces 2732: 2624:Russian Ground Forces 2620:second, larger attack 2522: 2113:played a part in the 1399:Kizlyar-Pervomayskoye 1232:Revolution of Dignity 1169:Dungan–Kazakh clashes 971:Post-Soviet conflicts 835:Shali cluster bombing 702:16,098-18,000 wounded 656:Casualties and losses 522:Konstantin Pulikovsky 246:Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev 39:post-Soviet conflicts 10192:Boris Yeltsin. First 9949:Impeachment attempts 9686:Annexation of Crimea 9390:Central Asian Revolt 9299:Ukrainian–Soviet War 9171:Russo-Circassian War 8854:Pugachev's Rebellion 8797:Russo-Ukrainian Wars 8741:Russian Armed Forces 8711:Early modern warfare 8200:Turpal-Ali Atgeriyev 7861:Republic of Chechnya 7697:Politics of Chechnya 7652:Crimes and terrorism 7581:2003 Tushino bombing 7467:2005 raid on Nalchik 7371:Battle of Dolinskoye 7284:U.S. Foreign Studies 7264:War and Human Rights 7255:The Chechen Campaign 7248:Damned and forgotten 7029:Russia's Chechen War 6464:friends-partners.org 6416:Jamestown Foundation 6227:on December 28, 2002 5874:25 June 2007 at the 5324:"Iskhanov interview" 5246:The Chechen Conflict 4837:Russia's Chechen War 4629:Felgenhauer, Pavel. 3850:Ukraine's parliament 3848:On 18 October 2022, 3816:invasion of Dagestan 3719:freelance journalist 3480:Republic of Dagestan 3447:and the conflict in 3033:Chechen Armed Forces 2808:Russian paratroopers 2690:improve this article 2495:. The newly created 2405:himself, signed the 2374:were granted ethnic 2305:improve this section 2186:failed, and in 1922 2005:1940–1944 insurgency 1755:Metrojet Flight 9268 1706:Volgograd (December) 1252:annexation of Crimea 346:Turpal-Ali Atgeriyev 302:Ruslan Alikhadzhiyev 10265:← Mikhail Gorbachev 10150:Three August's Days 9938:1998 miners' strike 9859:Second inauguration 9746:Sphere of influence 9676:Russo-Ukrainian War 9533:First Indochina War 9506:Soviet–Japanese War 9442:Xinjiang War (1937) 9311:Kazakhstan Campaign 9096:Kościuszko Uprising 8996:Second Northern War 8874:Coup attempt (1991) 8767:Soviet-Finnish wars 7959:Dzhabrail Yamadayev 7462:2004 raid on Grozny 7226:Chechen War 1994–96 7202:Random House Canada 6804:Wood, Tony (2007). 6666:Politkovskaya, Anna 6559:. 18 October 2022. 6527:. 18 October 2022. 6430:"Account Suspended" 6314:"RUSSIA / CHECHNYA" 5934:on 4 September 2022 5672:The Daily Telegraph 5620:History of Chechnya 4287:World Bank Document 4201:on 17 October 2014. 3898:Circassian genocide 3872:History of Chechnya 3758:Moscow peace treaty 3608:. According to the 3074:in a bomb blast in 3021:Viktor Chernomyrdin 2647:aerial bombardments 2255:Khanpasha Nuradilov 1701:Volgograd (October) 1325:Terrorism in Russia 1138:Kyrgyz revolutions 675:Nezavisimaya Gazeta 662:Official estimates: 208:Loyalist opposition 10111:Notes of President 10057:Boris Yeltsin Peak 9909:Elizabeth II visit 9889:Demographic crisis 9854:First inauguration 9736:Russian Revolution 9671:Russo-Georgian War 9653:Second Chechen War 9633:Georgian Civil War 9272:Russo-Japanese War 9024:Great Northern War 8922:Russo-Crimean Wars 8894:Second Chechen War 8792:Russo-Turkish wars 8787:Russo-Swedish wars 8777:Russo-Persian Wars 8762:Russo-Crimean Wars 8591:Abu Hafs al-Urduni 8361:Magomed Suleimanov 8261:Rasul Makasharipov 8046:Vilayat Cherkessia 8036:Vilayat Nokhchicho 7884:Russian Federation 7807:Russian Federation 7776:Ant in a Glass Jar 7690:Second Chechen War 7632:Chechen Revolution 7420:Second Chechen War 7376:Battle of Khankala 7342:Second Chechen War 6120:on April 10, 2015. 6014:"Army demoralized" 5965:. 12 November 2021 5765:Human Rights Watch 5731:Blank, Stephen J. 5625:2012-01-30 at the 5427:The New York Times 5282:Human Rights Watch 5278:2013-05-25 at the 5176:Middle East Policy 5169:2022-03-16 at the 5073:, pp. 17–18, 4718:The New York Times 4641:on 9 February 2011 4605:The New York Times 4323:on 27 October 2016 3892:Second Chechen War 3820:Second Chechen War 3803: 3791:Russian Federation 3768: 3711:Human Rights Watch 3598: 3590: 3582:Polina Zherebtsova 3416: 3309:summary executions 3254:Human Rights Watch 3249: 3205:ballistic missiles 3121:ambush near Shatoy 3105: 3001:United States Army 2995:and from there to 2940: 2850: 2830:Storming of Grozny 2820:Battle of Khankala 2779:(commander of the 2739: 2568:state of emergency 2532: 2501:Russian Federation 2416:Mintimer Shaeymiev 2395:Ruslan Khasbulatov 2380:federal government 2094:Russian Federation 2053:Second Chechen War 2035:Russian Federation 1870:Second Chechen War 1776:Shchelkovo Highway 1437:Apartment bombings 1237:pro-Russian unrest 852:Budyonnovsk crisis 423:Oleksandr Muzychko 156:Foreign Mujahideen 142:Foreign volunteers 111:Second Chechen War 10338:Conflicts in 1996 10333:Conflicts in 1995 10328:Conflicts in 1994 10308:First Chechen War 10295: 10294: 10252: 10244: 10240:Tatyana Yumasheva 10236: 10228: 10220: 9967:Electoral history 9919:First Chechen War 9809:Life and politics 9754: 9753: 9643:First Chechen War 9598:Soviet–Afghan War 9583:Angolan Civil War 9358:Polish–Soviet War 9316:Finnish Civil War 9294:Russian Civil War 9193:November Uprising 9131:Anglo-Russian War 9071:Bar Confederation 8884:First Chechen War 8864:Russian Civil War 8859:Decembrist revolt 8849:Bulavin Rebellion 8844:Razin's Rebellion 8827: 8826: 8782:Russo-Polish Wars 8750:Lists by opponent 8645: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8549:Arthur Getagazhev 8434:Supyan Abdullayev 8375:Aliaskhab Kebekov 8331:Riyad-us Saliheen 8297: 8296: 8275:Ilyas Gorchkhanov 8031:Vilayat Galgayche 7997: 7996: 7685:First Chechen War 7406:Khasavyurt Accord 7391:Samashki massacre 7364:First Chechen War 7330:First Chechen War 7259:Pavel Felgenhauer 7211:978-0-679-31156-0 7181:978-0-7619-5187-2 7154:978-1-85065-743-9 7127:978-0-8157-2498-8 7100:978-0-7146-5475-1 7073:978-1-78200-277-2 7064:Osprey Publishing 7046:978-0-415-29720-2 7019:978-1-58487-110-1 6990:978-0-521-63184-6 6963:978-1-904563-01-3 6936:978-1-58574-565-4 6910:978-0-87286-373-6 6901:City Lights Books 6880:978-0-9882138-6-9 6861:Nikitina, Elena; 6853:978-0-300-07398-0 6823:978-1-84467-114-4 6796:978-0-8122-4013-9 6769:978-0-8147-2963-2 6739:978-1-84408-516-3 6713:978-1-85043-979-0 6687:978-0-226-67432-2 6657:978-0-275-98502-8 6631:978-0-312-26874-9 6605:978-0-330-35170-6 6406:(22). 31 May 2007 6299:on March 3, 2008. 5928:247 News Bulletin 5472:on July 17, 2014. 5406:. 26 March 1996. 5336:on March 8, 2008. 5230:on July 20, 2011. 5137:Los Angeles Times 5116:978-0-8147-2963-2 4974:978-0-520-23888-6 4949:978-0-275-97011-6 4884:978-0-8147-2963-2 4846:978-0-415-29720-2 4821:978-0-8157-2498-8 4265:978-1-78200-279-6 4167:978-0-312-26874-9 4128:978-0-7453-1917-9 4017:978-0-415-32328-4 3772:Khasavyurt Accord 3707:Khasavyurt Accord 3686:Sergey Govorukhin 3640:According to the 3606:missing in action 3600:According to the 3527:Mintimer Shaimiev 3400:Spread of the war 3346:Samashki massacre 3225:Khasavyurt Accord 3201:strategic bombers 3140:Chechen president 3043:tactics, such as 3041:guerrilla warfare 2920:Mikhail Gorbachev 2911:Dmitri Volkogonov 2722: 2721: 2714: 2446:'s branch of the 2407:Federation Treaty 2341: 2340: 2333: 2263:Nikita Khrushchev 2169:Caucasian peoples 2115:Khasavyurt Accord 2082:First Chechen War 2075: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2058:War in Ingushetia 2043:First Chechen War 1943:Tsardom of Russia 1891: 1890: 1862:First Chechen War 1851: 1850: 1760:(going to Russia) 1548:Aircraft bombings 1531:Moscow (February) 1289: 1288: 935: 934: 878:Samashki massacre 776:First Chechen War 741: 740: 697:Russian estimate: 470:Vladimir Shamanov 116: 115: 26:First Chechen War 10365: 10284: 10283: 10272:Vladimir Putin → 10250: 10242: 10234: 10226: 10224:Claudia Yeltsina 10218: 10004:Semibankirschina 9884:Belovezh Accords 9781: 9774: 9767: 9758: 9757: 9628:Transnistria War 9573:War of Attrition 9479:Continuation War 9428: 9220:January Uprising 9061:Seven Years' War 8961:Time of Troubles 8927:Russo-Kazan Wars 8772:Russo-Kazan Wars 8704: 8703: 8672: 8665: 8658: 8649: 8648: 8633:Zalim Shebzukhov 8629: 8615: 8601: 8587: 8573: 8559: 8545: 8535:Asker Dzhappuyev 8531: 8521:Rustam Asildarov 8517: 8503: 8489: 8475: 8463: 8448:Aslan Byutukayev 8444: 8430: 8416: 8402: 8394:Aslambek Vadalov 8385: 8371: 8357: 8316:Caucasus Emirate 8306: 8305: 8289:Rappani Khalilov 8285: 8271: 8257: 8243: 8229: 8210: 8196: 8177: 8163: 8149: 8135: 8121: 8107: 8093: 8083:Dzhokhar Dudayev 8079: 8026:Vilayat Dagestan 8006: 8005: 7983: 7973:Ruslan Yamadayev 7969: 7955: 7931: 7797: 7796: 7712:Chechen genocide 7457:2004 Nazran raid 7312: 7305: 7298: 7289: 7288: 7215: 7185: 7158: 7145:Hurst Publishers 7131: 7114:Washington, D.C. 7104: 7077: 7050: 7023: 6994: 6967: 6940: 6914: 6884: 6863:Quinlan, Patrick 6857: 6827: 6800: 6773: 6743: 6717: 6696:Smith, Sebastian 6691: 6661: 6635: 6609: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6466:. Archived from 6456: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6414:– via The 6413: 6411: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6360: 6354: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6310: 6301: 6300: 6295:. Archived from 6284: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6268: 6257: 6246: 6240: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6223:. Archived from 6217: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6183: 6177: 6176: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6116:. Archived from 6104: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6085:. Archived from 6075: 6069: 6068: 6063:. Archived from 6057: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6047: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6016:. Archived from 6010: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5991:. Archived from 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5953: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5920: 5911: 5910: 5894: 5884: 5878: 5861: 5855: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5797:. Archived from 5787: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5749:on 8 March 2008. 5748: 5742:. 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Archived from 4184: 4178: 4177: 4155: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4103: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4092: 4073: 4067: 4056: 4050: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4029: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3991: 3972: 3955: 3945: 3939: 3936:Dzhokhar Dudayev 3928: 3922: 3919: 3646:Tufts University 3633: 3266:humanitarian law 3229:demilitarization 3147:acting president 3143:Dzhokhar Dudayev 3068:Anatoliy Romanov 3025:Dzhokhar Dudayev 2774: 2759: 2737:, December 1994. 2725:Initial conflict 2717: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2697: 2674: 2666: 2552:Dzhokhar Dudayev 2499:then joined the 2436:Dzhokhar Dudayev 2432:Soviet Air Force 2382:and demands for 2336: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2316: 2285: 2277: 2227:Caucasian people 2202:established the 2167:(leader) of the 2010:Operation Lentil 1940: 1939: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1918: 1911: 1904: 1895: 1894: 1826:Crocus City Hall 1792:Saint Petersburg 1761: 1335: 1334: 1328: 1326: 1316: 1309: 1302: 1293: 1292: 1164:Gorno-Badakhshan 1159:South Kyrgyzstan 1132:Batken spillover 989:Nagorno-Karabakh 974: 972: 962: 955: 948: 939: 938: 923: 900:Black Sea crisis 874: 848: 809: 779: 777: 767: 760: 753: 744: 743: 692: 691: 690: 650: 649: 641: 640: 631: 630: 629: 622: 621: 613: 612: 596:Ruslan Labazanov 594: 593: 592: 583: 582: 581: 574: 567: 557: 556: 548: 541: 533:Nikolay-Skrypnik 531: 530: 520: 519: 509: 508: 500:Anatoly Kvashnin 498: 497: 490: 480: 479: 478: 472: 468: 467: 456: 455: 445: 444: 434: 433: 421: 420: 419: 410: 409: 408: 399: 398: 388: 387: 377: 376: 366: 365: 355: 354: 344: 343: 333: 332: 322: 321: 311: 310: 300: 299: 289: 288: 278: 277: 267: 266: 256: 255: 248: 244: 243: 228:Dzhokhar Dudayev 226: 225: 207: 206: 205: 194: 192: 191: 178: 177: 176: 166: 165: 164: 154: 153: 152: 134: 132: 131: 65: 64: 49: 23: 22: 10373: 10372: 10368: 10367: 10366: 10364: 10363: 10362: 10298: 10297: 10296: 10291: 10255: 10216:Nikolay Yeltsin 10204: 10130: 10091: 10020: 9953: 9840: 9804: 9790: 9785: 9755: 9750: 9722: 9663: 9657: 9648:War of Dagestan 9422: 9395:August Uprising 9264: 9258: 9247:Boxer Rebellion 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6722:Seierstad, Åsne 6714: 6688: 6658: 6640:Stone, David R. 6632: 6606: 6582: 6580:Further reading 6577: 6576: 6566: 6564: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6534: 6532: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6501: 6497: 6486: 6482: 6473: 6471: 6458: 6457: 6453: 6443: 6441: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6409: 6407: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6378: 6376: 6361: 6357: 6352:Wayback Machine 6340: 6336: 6327: 6325: 6312: 6311: 6304: 6285: 6281: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6255: 6247: 6243: 6230: 6228: 6219: 6218: 6209: 6200: 6198: 6191:sites.tufts.edu 6185: 6184: 6180: 6173: 6159: 6155: 6145: 6143: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6106: 6105: 6101: 6092: 6090: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6045: 6043: 6030: 6029: 6025: 6012: 6011: 6007: 5998: 5996: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5968: 5966: 5955: 5954: 5947: 5937: 5935: 5922: 5921: 5914: 5907: 5885: 5881: 5876:Wayback Machine 5862: 5858: 5853:Wayback Machine 5843: 5839: 5829: 5827: 5818: 5817: 5813: 5804: 5802: 5789: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5772: 5759: 5758: 5754: 5746: 5735: 5729: 5725: 5716: 5714: 5703: 5699: 5694:Wayback Machine 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According to 3703: 3679:Alexander Lebed 3675:Sergey Kovalyov 3667:Anatoly Kulikov 3634: 3631:Anatoly Kulikov 3629: 3574: 3569: 3521:within Russia. 3496:Southern Russia 3402: 3382: 3375: 3333:Vladimir Glebov 3301:Internal Troops 3241: 3214:Alexander Lebed 3172:Aslan Maskhadov 3164: 3158: 3097: 3092: 3080:Aslan Maskhadov 2932: 2838: 2832: 2789:military courts 2768: 2753: 2751:Eduard Vorobyov 2727: 2718: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2687: 2675: 2664: 2517: 2507:in 1993 as the 2481:Internal Troops 2424: 2337: 2326: 2320: 2317: 2302: 2286: 2275: 2259:Movlid Visaitov 2219:Lavrentiy Beria 2190:became part of 2150: 2145: 2139: 2106:pyrrhic victory 2078: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2048:War in Dagestan 1933: 1927: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1892: 1887: 1886: 1866:War of Dagestan 1847: 1812: 1796: 1780: 1764: 1759: 1741: 1715: 1689: 1673: 1657: 1616: 1595: 1579: 1563: 1541:Moscow (August) 1519: 1477: 1443: 1414: 1385: 1365: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1290: 1285: 1244:Russo-Ukrainian 1198: 1113: 1082:guerrilla phase 1067:Chechen–Russian 975: 970: 968: 966: 936: 931: 917: 915:Nalchik bombing 864: 842: 799: 787:Pre-war battles 780: 775: 773: 771: 736: 734: 728: 726: 713: 708:14,000 killed ( 707: 703: 701: 699: 688: 686: 685: 679: 668: 666: 664: 644: 643: 642:23,800 (1994) 635: 627: 625: 624: 616: 615: 607: 590: 588: 587: 579: 577: 576: 570: 561: 559:Viktor Vorobyov 551: 550: 544: 535: 525: 524: 514: 513: 511:Anatoly Romanov 503: 502: 492: 491: 484: 482:Anatoly Shkirko 476: 474: 473: 462: 461: 460: 458:Anatoly Kulikov 450: 449: 439: 438: 428: 425: 417: 415: 414: 406: 404: 403: 393: 392: 390:Ramzan Akhmadov 382: 381: 371: 370: 360: 359: 349: 348: 338: 337: 335:Lecha Khultygov 327: 326: 316: 315: 305: 304: 294: 293: 283: 282: 272: 271: 261: 260: 258:Aslan Maskhadov 250: 249: 238: 237: 236: 220: 203: 201: 189: 187: 174: 172: 162: 160: 150: 148: 139: 129: 127: 105: 99: 50: 34: 33:Chechen–Russian 17: 12: 11: 5: 10371: 10361: 10360: 10355: 10353:1996 in Russia 10350: 10348:1995 in Russia 10345: 10343:1994 in Russia 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10289: 10276: 10275: 10268: 10260: 10257: 10256: 10254: 10253: 10245: 10237: 10232:Naina Yeltsina 10229: 10221: 10212: 10210: 10206: 10205: 10203: 10202: 10195: 10188: 10181: 10174: 10167: 10160: 10153: 10146: 10138: 10136: 10132: 10131: 10129: 10128: 10121: 10114: 10107: 10099: 10097: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10089: 10084: 10074: 10069: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10028: 10026: 10022: 10021: 10019: 10018: 10017: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9981: 9980: 9979: 9969: 9963: 9961: 9955: 9954: 9952: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9850: 9848: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9812: 9810: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9802: 9795: 9792: 9791: 9784: 9783: 9776: 9769: 9761: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9731:Russian Winter 9727: 9724: 9723: 9721: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9699: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9673: 9667: 9665: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9558:Vlora incident 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9509: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9497: 9496: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9470: 9469: 9459: 9454: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9386: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9349: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9328: 9323: 9321:Sochi conflict 9318: 9313: 9308: 9307: 9306: 9291: 9290: 9289: 9279: 9274: 9268: 9266: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9256: 9255: 9254: 9244: 9239: 9238: 9237: 9232: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9211: 9210: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9173: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9047: 9042: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9020: 9018: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8918: 8916: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8835: 8833: 8829: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8821: 8816: 8815: 8814: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8753: 8751: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8707: 8701: 8697: 8696: 8675: 8674: 8667: 8660: 8652: 8643: 8642: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8635: 8621: 8607: 8593: 8579: 8565: 8563:Ibn al-Khattab 8551: 8537: 8523: 8509: 8495: 8493:Said Buryatsky 8481: 8469: 8455: 8453:Movladi Udugov 8450: 8436: 8422: 8408: 8396: 8391: 8377: 8363: 8348: 8346: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8312: 8310: 8303: 8299: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8291: 8277: 8263: 8249: 8235: 8233:Movsar Barayev 8221: 8219:Ilyas Akhmadov 8216: 8202: 8188: 8186:Akhmed Zakayev 8183: 8181:Salman Raduyev 8169: 8155: 8153:Shamil Basayev 8141: 8139:Ruslan Gelayev 8127: 8113: 8099: 8085: 8070: 8068: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8060: 8055: 8054: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8018: 8012: 8010: 8003: 7999: 7998: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7989: 7975: 7961: 7947: 7945:Ramzan Kadyrov 7942: 7937: 7935:Akhmad Kadyrov 7918: 7917: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7899:Vladimir Putin 7896: 7891: 7880: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7870: 7869: 7868: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7821: 7820: 7819: 7814: 7803: 7801: 7794: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7786: 7779: 7772: 7765: 7758: 7751: 7744: 7737: 7730: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7687: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7667:Assassinations 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7628: 7626: 7625:Related topics 7622: 7621: 7619: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7557: 7556: 7542: 7536: 7534: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7423: 7421: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7339: 7333: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7315: 7314: 7307: 7300: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7279: 7269: 7261: 7252: 7244: 7235: 7229: 7221: 7220:External links 7218: 7217: 7216: 7210: 7190:Baiev, Khassan 7186: 7180: 7159: 7153: 7132: 7126: 7105: 7099: 7078: 7072: 7051: 7045: 7024: 7018: 6995: 6989: 6968: 6962: 6941: 6935: 6919:Collins, Aukai 6915: 6909: 6885: 6879: 6858: 6852: 6832:Lieven, Anatol 6828: 6822: 6801: 6795: 6774: 6768: 6748:Gall, Carlotta 6744: 6738: 6718: 6712: 6692: 6686: 6662: 6656: 6636: 6630: 6610: 6604: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6542: 6510: 6495: 6480: 6451: 6436:. 7 May 2004. 6421: 6385: 6355: 6334: 6302: 6279: 6262:. p. 83. 6241: 6207: 6193:. 2015-08-07. 6178: 6171: 6153: 6123: 6099: 6070: 6067:on 2002-12-28. 6052: 6023: 6005: 5985:"July archive" 5976: 5962:The New Yorker 5945: 5912: 5905: 5879: 5856: 5837: 5811: 5782: 5752: 5723: 5697: 5676: 5660: 5631: 5629:WaYNaKH Online 5612: 5593: 5572: 5544: 5529: 5507:Chris Hunter. 5499: 5496:on 2006-11-22. 5475: 5451: 5413: 5404:United Nations 5391: 5388:on 2007-08-01. 5368: 5339: 5315: 5284: 5262: 5233: 5210: 5181: 5155: 5122: 5115: 5090: 5054: 5036: 5030:Efim Sandler, 5023: 5011: 4999: 4980: 4973: 4955: 4948: 4930: 4906:"Первая война" 4897: 4883: 4861:Gall, Carlotta 4852: 4845: 4827: 4820: 4796: 4764: 4734: 4720:. 2019-12-10. 4705: 4683: 4652: 4621: 4591: 4560: 4527: 4492: 4481:on 6 June 2023 4466: 4438: 4431: 4413: 4406: 4388: 4381: 4363: 4334: 4307: 4271: 4264: 4246: 4204: 4179: 4166: 4137: 4127: 4098: 4068: 4051: 4034: 4016: 3996: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3940: 3932:Movladi Udugov 3923: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3857: 3854: 3839:Andrei Kozyrev 3827: 3824: 3814:, launched an 3812:Ibn al-Khattab 3808:Shamil Basayev 3759: 3756: 3722:Andrew Shumack 3702: 3699: 3627: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3546:was taken over 3542:passenger ship 3500:Kuban Cossacks 3420:Akhmad Kadyrov 3414:submachine gun 3401: 3398: 3358:flame-throwers 3274:terror bombing 3240: 3237: 3176:Shamil Basayev 3160:Main article: 3157: 3154: 3136:guided missile 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3037:child soldiers 3013:Shamil Basayev 2989:Ruslan Gelayev 2973:Shamil Basayev 2931: 2928: 2907:Sergei Kovalev 2874:New Year's Eve 2848:, January 1995 2834:Main article: 2831: 2828: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2678: 2676: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2516: 2513: 2423: 2420: 2401:and an ethnic 2368:disintegration 2356:economic power 2339: 2338: 2289: 2287: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2184:Russian Empire 2149: 2146: 2141:Main article: 2138: 2135: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2017: 2012: 2007: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1961: 1960: 1959:Russian Empire 1956: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1945: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1921: 1920: 1913: 1906: 1898: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1810: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1778: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1763: 1762: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1732:Grozny clashes 1729: 1727:Grozny bombing 1723: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1688: 1687: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1671: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1614: 1612:Nevsky Express 1609: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1594: 1593: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1578: 1577: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1561: 1552: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1500: 1495: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1466: 1457: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1442: 1441: 1432: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1403: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1384: 1383: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1364: 1363: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1331: 1330: 1319: 1318: 1311: 1304: 1296: 1287: 1286: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1221: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1203: 1202: 1201:Eastern Europe 1197: 1196: 1194:Karakalpakstan 1191: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1111: 1109:Russo-Georgian 1106: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1064: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1035: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1021:2023 offensive 1018: 1017: 1016: 1006: 1001: 996: 985: 984: 980: 977: 976: 965: 964: 957: 950: 942: 933: 932: 930: 929: 924: 912: 907: 902: 897: 886: 885: 880: 875: 859: 854: 849: 840:Aksai incident 837: 832: 827: 822: 811: 810: 794: 785: 782: 781: 770: 769: 762: 755: 747: 739: 738: 722: 721: 694: 680:3,000 killed ( 658: 657: 653: 652: 633: 604: 603: 599: 598: 426: 412:Ibn Al-Khattab 401:Akhmad Kadyrov 357:Akhmed Zakayev 324:Salman Raduyev 280:Shamil Basayev 269:Ruslan Gelayev 217: 216: 212: 211: 210: 209: 184: 183: 182: 170: 158: 123: 122: 118: 117: 114: 113: 107: 101: 100: 89:Stavropol Krai 79: 77: 73: 72: 69: 61: 60: 42: 41: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10370: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10305: 10303: 10288: 10287: 10278: 10277: 10274: 10273: 10269: 10267: 10266: 10262: 10261: 10258: 10249: 10248:Elena Okulova 10246: 10241: 10238: 10233: 10230: 10225: 10222: 10217: 10214: 10213: 10211: 10207: 10201: 10200: 10196: 10194: 10193: 10189: 10187: 10186: 10182: 10180: 10179: 10175: 10173: 10172: 10168: 10166: 10165: 10161: 10159: 10158: 10154: 10152: 10151: 10147: 10145: 10144: 10140: 10139: 10137: 10133: 10127: 10126: 10122: 10120: 10119: 10115: 10113: 10112: 10108: 10106: 10105: 10101: 10100: 10098: 10094: 10088: 10085: 10082: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10067: 10066:Yekaterinburg 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10025:Commemoration 10023: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9994: 9990: 9987: 9986: 9985: 9982: 9978: 9975: 9974: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9960: 9956: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9944:List of trips 9942: 9939: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9914:Privatization 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9847: 9843: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9813: 9811: 9807: 9800: 9797: 9796: 9793: 9789: 9788:Boris Yeltsin 9782: 9777: 9775: 9770: 9768: 9763: 9762: 9759: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9728: 9725: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9697: 9696:2022 invasion 9694: 9692: 9691:War in Donbas 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9678: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9660: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9528:Ili Rebellion 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9495: 9492: 9491: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9468: 9465: 9464: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9426: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9305: 9302: 9301: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9295: 9292: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9261: 9253: 9250: 9249: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9209: 9206: 9205: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9167: 9166:Caucasian War 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9013: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8911: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8830: 8820: 8817: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8754: 8752: 8748: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8705: 8702: 8698: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8673: 8668: 8666: 8661: 8659: 8654: 8653: 8650: 8634: 8630: 8628: 8622: 8620: 8616: 8614: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8600: 8594: 8592: 8588: 8586: 8580: 8578: 8574: 8572: 8566: 8564: 8560: 8558: 8552: 8550: 8546: 8544: 8538: 8536: 8532: 8530: 8524: 8522: 8518: 8516: 8510: 8508: 8504: 8502: 8496: 8494: 8490: 8488: 8482: 8480: 8476: 8470: 8468: 8464: 8462: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8445: 8443: 8437: 8435: 8431: 8429: 8423: 8421: 8417: 8415: 8409: 8407: 8403: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8386: 8384: 8378: 8376: 8372: 8370: 8364: 8362: 8358: 8356: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8343: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8304: 8300: 8290: 8286: 8284: 8278: 8276: 8272: 8270: 8264: 8262: 8258: 8256: 8250: 8248: 8247:Muslim Atayev 8244: 8242: 8236: 8234: 8230: 8228: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8214:Vakha Arsanov 8211: 8209: 8203: 8201: 8197: 8195: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8176: 8170: 8168: 8164: 8162: 8156: 8154: 8150: 8148: 8142: 8140: 8136: 8134: 8128: 8126: 8122: 8120: 8114: 8112: 8108: 8106: 8100: 8098: 8094: 8092: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8078: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8065: 8059: 8056: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8007: 8004: 8000: 7988: 7984: 7982: 7976: 7974: 7970: 7968: 7962: 7960: 7956: 7954: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7932: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7922: 7919: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7909:Pavel Grachev 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7889:Boris Yeltsin 7887: 7886: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7875: 7867: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7825: 7822: 7818: 7817:Ground Forces 7815: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7798: 7795: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7780: 7778: 7777: 7773: 7771: 7770: 7766: 7764: 7763: 7759: 7757: 7756: 7752: 7750: 7749: 7745: 7743: 7742: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7719: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7707:Kavkaz Center 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7623: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7555: 7553: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7533:Major attacks 7531: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7418: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7396:Shatoy ambush 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7362: 7355: 7352: 7349: 7346: 7343: 7340: 7337: 7334: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7324: 7320: 7313: 7308: 7306: 7301: 7299: 7294: 7293: 7290: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7256: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7213: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7160: 7156: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7133: 7129: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7106: 7102: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7052: 7048: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7021: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 7002: 6996: 6992: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6969: 6965: 6959: 6955: 6954:Trolley Books 6951: 6947: 6942: 6938: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6897:San Francisco 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6802: 6798: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6775: 6771: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6614:Goltz, Thomas 6611: 6607: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6584: 6583: 6562: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6546: 6530: 6526: 6525: 6524:Novaya Gazeta 6520: 6514: 6506: 6499: 6491: 6484: 6470:on 2017-12-06 6469: 6465: 6461: 6455: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6425: 6417: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6389: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6359: 6353: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6338: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6309: 6307: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6283: 6265: 6261: 6254: 6253: 6245: 6239: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6182: 6174: 6172:5-224-01515-4 6168: 6164: 6157: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6127: 6119: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6103: 6089:on 2017-02-08 6088: 6084: 6080: 6074: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6019: 6015: 6009: 5995:on 2016-06-08 5994: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5952: 5950: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5917: 5908: 5906:0-8027-1404-8 5902: 5898: 5893: 5892: 5883: 5877: 5873: 5870:, 5 May 1995 5869: 5865: 5860: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5841: 5826:. 1 June 1995 5825: 5821: 5815: 5801:on 2016-03-03 5800: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5756: 5745: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5713:on 2012-02-07 5712: 5708: 5701: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5650:on 2016-12-15 5649: 5645: 5641: 5635: 5628: 5624: 5621: 5616: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5597: 5591: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5576: 5561: 5557: 5556: 5548: 5540: 5533: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5455: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5372: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5343: 5332: 5325: 5319: 5301: 5294: 5288: 5281: 5277: 5274: 5269: 5267: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5159: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5126: 5118: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5040: 5033: 5027: 5020: 5015: 5008: 5003: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4985: 4976: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4951: 4945: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4915: 4911: 4910:kommersant.ru 4907: 4901: 4894: 4892: 4891:defenestrated 4886: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4848: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4823: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4800: 4784: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4768: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4688: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4656: 4640: 4636: 4635:Crimes of War 4632: 4625: 4611:on 2002-12-28 4610: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4532: 4523: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4443: 4434: 4432:5-224-01515-4 4428: 4424: 4417: 4409: 4407:5-224-01515-4 4403: 4399: 4392: 4384: 4382:5-224-01515-4 4378: 4374: 4367: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4275: 4267: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4242: 4236: 4235:cite magazine 4220: 4219: 4214: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4183: 4176: 4169: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4153: 4147: 4146:Goltz, Thomas 4141: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4038: 4023: 4019: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4000: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3967: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3937: 3933: 3930:According to 3927: 3918: 3914: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3853: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3747:Novaya Gazeta 3743: 3739: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3594: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3553:passenger jet 3551: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3484:Pervomayskoye 3481: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3453:Ruslan Aushev 3450: 3449:North Ossetia 3446: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3413: 3412: 3406: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3385: 3380: 3370: 3368: 3367:Khassan Baiev 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3286:cluster bombs 3282: 3281: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3132:Boris Yeltsin 3128: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3115: 3110: 3101: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2969:Serzhen'-Yurt 2966: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2936: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2892:human shields 2888: 2887:urban warfare 2884: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2856:besieged the 2855: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2731: 2716: 2713: 2705: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2679:This section 2677: 2673: 2668: 2667: 2659: 2657: 2652: 2651:Pavel Grachev 2648: 2643: 2640: 2639:Boris Yeltsin 2636: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2452:defenestrated 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2388:Boris Yeltsin 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2372:nationalities 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2332: 2324: 2321:December 2023 2314: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2290:This section 2288: 2284: 2279: 2278: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2243:German forces 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2206:, within the 2205: 2201: 2200:Joseph Stalin 2197: 2193: 2192:Soviet Russia 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2176:Caucasian War 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2161:Sheikh Mansur 2158: 2154: 2144: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1995: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1982:Caucasian War 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1930: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1343: 1342: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1267:2022 invasion 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1092:IS insurgency 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1062:North Ossetia 1060: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1033:South Ossetia 1031: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1009:Border crisis 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 991: 990: 987: 986: 982: 981: 978: 973: 963: 958: 956: 951: 949: 944: 943: 940: 928: 925: 921: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 892: 891: 890: 884: 881: 879: 876: 872: 868: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 846: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 817: 816: 815: 807: 803: 798: 795: 793: 790: 789: 788: 783: 778: 768: 763: 761: 756: 754: 749: 748: 745: 732: 723: 719: 718: 711: 706: 698: 695: 683: 677: 676: 671: 663: 660: 659: 654: 651:70,509 (1995) 648: 639: 634: 620: 614:1,000 (1994) 611: 606: 605: 600: 597: 586: 585:Doku Zavgayev 575: 573: 565: 560: 555: 549: 547: 539: 534: 529: 523: 518: 512: 507: 501: 496: 488: 483: 471: 466: 459: 454: 448: 447:Pavel Grachev 443: 437: 436:Boris Yeltsin 432: 427: 424: 413: 402: 397: 391: 386: 380: 375: 369: 364: 358: 353: 347: 342: 336: 331: 325: 320: 314: 313:Vakha Arsanov 309: 303: 298: 292: 287: 281: 276: 270: 265: 259: 254: 247: 242: 235: 234: 229: 224: 219: 218: 213: 200: 199: 198: 197: 185: 181: 171: 169: 159: 157: 147: 146: 145: 143: 138: 137: 125: 124: 119: 112: 108: 103: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 83:and parts of 82: 78: 75: 74: 70: 67: 66: 62: 58: 54: 48: 43: 40: 36: 29: 24: 19: 10279: 10270: 10263: 10197: 10190: 10183: 10176: 10169: 10162: 10155: 10148: 10141: 10123: 10116: 10109: 10102: 10014:Xerox affair 9993:Vote or lose 9918: 9642: 9447:World War II 8971:Smolensk War 8937:Livonian War 8883: 8626: 8619:Abdulla Kurd 8612: 8598: 8584: 8577:Abu al-Walid 8570: 8556: 8542: 8528: 8514: 8500: 8486: 8460: 8441: 8427: 8413: 8389:Dokka Umarov 8382: 8368: 8354: 8282: 8268: 8254: 8240: 8226: 8207: 8193: 8174: 8167:Arbi Barayev 8160: 8146: 8132: 8118: 8104: 8090: 8076: 7980: 7966: 7952: 7940:Alu Alkhanov 7928: 7812:Armed Forces 7782: 7774: 7767: 7761: 7753: 7746: 7740: 7732: 7702:Chechenpress 7551: 7329: 7274: 7247: 7193: 7163: 7136: 7109: 7082: 7055: 7028: 7000: 6972: 6945: 6922: 6892: 6866: 6835: 6805: 6783:Philadelphia 6778: 6751: 6730:Virago Press 6725: 6699: 6669: 6643: 6617: 6587: 6565:. 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