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2784:
6253:
3285:
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8342:, at the university level promoted more academic freedom for the faculty, who were under suspicion by reactionary church officials. Uvarov raised academic standards, improved facilities, and opened the admission doors a bit wider. Nicholas tolerated Uvarov's achievements until 1848, then reversed his innovations. For the rest of the century, the national government continued to focus on universities, and generally ignored elementary and secondary educational needs. By 1900 there were 17,000 university students, and over 30,000 were enrolled in specialized technical institutes. The students were conspicuous in Moscow and Saint Petersburg as a political force typically at the forefront of demonstrations and disturbances. The majority of tertiary institutions in the empire used Russian, while some used other languages but later underwent Russification. Other educational institutions in the empire included the
3385:
8087:, which was responsible for the payment of taxes for the allotments. For these allotments the peasants had to pay a fixed rent, which could be fulfilled by personal labour. The allotments could be redeemed by peasants with the help of the Crown, and then they were freed from all obligations to the landlord. The Crown paid the landlord and the peasants had to repay the Crown, for forty-nine years at 6% interest. The financial redemption to the landlord was not calculated on the value of the allotments but was considered as compensation for the loss of the compulsory labour of the serfs. Many proprietors contrived to curtail the allotments that the peasants had occupied under serfdom, and frequently deprived them of precisely that land of which they were most in need: pasture lands around their houses. The result was to compel the peasants to rent land from their former masters.
1582:
7144:
8504:
2942:, which freed the serfs, was the single most important event in 19th-century Russian history, and the beginning of the end of the landed aristocracy's monopoly on power. The 1860s saw further socio-economic reforms to clarify the position of the Russian government with regard to property rights. Emancipation brought a supply of free labour to the cities, stimulating industry; and the middle class grew in number and influence. However, instead of receiving their lands as a gift, the freed peasants had to pay a special lifetime tax to the government, which in turn paid the landlords a generous price for the land that they had lost. In numerous cases the peasants ended up with relatively small amounts of the least productive land. All the property turned over to the peasants was owned collectively by the
1971:
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9965:Новороссия, состоящая из губерний Бессарабской, Херсонской, Таврической, Екатеринославской, области Войска Донского и Ставропольской губернии, занимает южную окраину Европейской России, примыкающую к Чёрному морю и к Манычу». (Россия. Полное географическое описание нашего отечества. Настольная и дорожная книга для русских людей / Под ред. В. П. Семенова и под общим руководством П. П. Семенова-Тян-Шанского и В. И. Ламанского. — Т. XIV. Новороссия и Крым Архивная копия от 31 октября 2015 на Wayback Machine / Сост. Б. Г. Карпов, П. А. Федулов, В. И. Каратыгин и др. — СПб.: Изд. А. Ф. Девриена, 1910. — 983 с.
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estimated at 11 to 17 hectares (28 to 42 acres). This land was of necessity rented from the landlords. The aggregate value of the redemption and land taxes often reached 185 to 275% of the normal rental value of the allotments, not to speak of taxes for recruiting purposes, the church, roads, local administration, and so on, chiefly levied on the peasants. This burden increased every year; consequently, one-fifth of the inhabitants left their houses and cattle disappeared. Every year more than half the adult males (in some districts three-quarters of the men and one-third of the women) quit their homes and wandered throughout Russia in search of work. In the governments of the
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ignored reform issues. In sharp contrast to
Western Europe, the entire empire had a very small bureaucracy – about 17,000 public officials, most of whom lived in two of the largest cities, Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Modernization of government required much larger numbers; but that, in turn, required an educational system that could provide suitable training. Russia lacked that, and for university education, young men went to Western Europe. The army and the church had their own training programs, narrowly focused on their particular needs. The most important successful reform under Alexander I was the creation of a national system of education.
6044:
113:
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6374:) belonged to Asian Russia. Of the rest, 8 Governorates were in Finland and 10 in Congress Poland. European Russia thus embraced 59 governorates and 1 oblast (that of the Don). The Don Oblast was under the direct jurisdiction of the ministry of war; the rest each had a governor and deputy-governor, the latter presiding over the administrative council. In addition, there were governors-general, generally placed over several governorates and armed with more extensive powers, usually including the command of the troops within the limits of their jurisdiction. In 1906, there were governors-general in Finland, Warsaw,
309:
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estates worked by serfs, and militarism rooted in the army officer corps. Regarding irrationality, Russia avoided the full force of the
European Enlightenment, which gave priority to rationalism, preferring the romanticism of an idealized nation state that reflected the beliefs, values, and behavior of the distinctive people. The distinctly liberal notion of "progress" was replaced by a conservative notion of modernization based on the incorporation of modern technology to serve the established system. The promise of modernization in the service of autocracy frightened the socialist intellectual
2222:
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province of the empire, except
Central Asia, returned a certain number of members; added to which were those returned by several large cities. The members of the Duma were chosen by electoral colleges and these, in their turn, were elected by assemblies of the three classes: landed proprietors, citizens, and peasants. In these assemblies the wealthiest proprietors sat in person while the lesser proprietors were represented by delegates. The urban population was divided into two categories according to taxable wealth and elected delegates directly to the college of the
4735:
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5920:. While the emperor retained many of his old prerogatives, including an absolute veto over all legislation, he equally agreed to the establishment of an elected parliament, without whose consent no laws were to be enacted in Russia. Not that the regime in Russia had become in any true sense constitutional, far less parliamentary. But the "unlimited autocracy" had given way to a "self-limited autocracy". Whether this autocracy was to be permanently limited by the new changes, or only at the continuing discretion of the autocrat, became a subject of heated
345:
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highest for the nobility (84 to 87 percent), merchants (over 75 percent), then the workers and peasants. Serfs were the least literate. In every group, women were far less literate than men. By contrast in
Western Europe, urban men had about a 50 percent literacy rate. The Orthodox hierarchy was suspicious of education, seeing no religious need for literacy whatsoever. Peasants did not need to be literate, and those who did — such as artisans, businessmen, and professionals — were few in number. As late as 1851, only 8% of Russians lived in cities.
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4033:, a strike was organized at a factory in the capital, followed by thousands of people took to the streets in Petrograd to protest food shortages. A day later, protesters rose to two hundred thousand, demanding that Russia withdraw from the war and the emperor be deposed. Eighty thousand Russian troops, half of the men sent to restore order, had gone on strike and refused the senior officers' orders. Any imperial symbols were destroyed and burned. The capital was out of control and gripped by protest and strife.
85:
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4599:, the Russian Empire was one indivisible state. In addition, the 26th article stated that "With the Imperial Russian throne are indivisible the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Principality of Finland". Relations with the Grand Principality of Finland were also regulated by the 2nd article, "The Grand Principality of Finland, constituted an indivisible part of the Russian state, in its internal affairs governed by special regulations at the base of special laws", and by the law of 10 June 1910.
3917:. His offensive was a great success, taking 76,000 prisoners from the main attack and 1,500 from the Austrian bridgehead. But the offensive was halted by inadequate ammunition and a lack of supplies. The eponymous offensive was the most successful allied strike of World War I, practically destroying the Austro-Hungarian army as an independent force, but the slaughter of many casualties (approximately one million men) forced the Russian forces not to rebuild or launch any further attacks.
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1714:, and Alexey Kelin. During Peter's reign, the obligation of the nobility to serve was reinforced, and serf labour played a significant role in the growth of the industry; therefore, Peter's objectives required the preservation of antiquated traditions. The volume of the country's international trade turnover increased as a result of Peter I's industrial reforms. However, imports of goods overtook exports, strengthening the role of foreigners in Russian trade, particularly the
355:
6298:; an audit office; a high court of justice for all political offences; and one of its departments fulfilled the functions of a heralds' college. It also had supreme jurisdiction in all disputes arising out of the administration of the empire, notably in differences between representatives of the central power and the elected organs of local self-government. Lastly, it promulgated new laws, a function which theoretically gave it a power akin to that of the
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78:
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3440:(legislature) to be called without delay. The right to vote was extended and no law was to become final without confirmation by the Duma. The moderate groups were satisfied, but the socialists rejected the concessions as insufficient and tried to organise new strikes. By the end of 1905, there was disunity among the reformers, and the emperor's position was strengthened, allowing him to roll back some of the concessions with the new
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6541:. All owners of houses, tax-paying merchants, artisans, and workmen were enrolled on lists, in descending order according to their assessed wealth. The total valuation was then divided into three equal parts, representing three groups of electors very unequal in number, each of which would elect an equal number of delegates to the municipal duma. The executive was in the hands of an elected mayor and an
2783:
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calculated to have far-reaching and profound effects on the rural economy of Russia. Thirteen years previously the government had endeavored to secure greater fixity and permanence of tenure by providing that at least twelve years must elapse between every two redistributions of the land belonging to a mir amongst those entitled to share in it. The order of
November 1906 provided that the
8505:
8687:. In 1889, Alexander III abolished the election of justices of the peace, except in certain large towns and some outlying parts of the Empire, and greatly restricted the right of trial by jury. The combining of judicial and administrative functions was introduced again by the appointment of officials as judges. In 1909, the third Duma restored the election of justices of the peace.
2790:
2508:, Russia began to lag ever farther behind, creating new weaknesses for the empire seeking to play a role as a great power. Russia's status as a great power concealed the inefficiency of its government, the isolation of its people, and its economic and social backwardness. Following the defeat of Napoleon, Alexander I had been ready to discuss constitutional reforms, but though
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the national government operated six universities, forty-eight secondary state schools, and 337 improved primary schools. Highly qualified teachers arrived from France, fleeing the revolution there. Exiled
Jesuits set up elite boarding schools until their order was expelled in 1815. At the highest level, universities were based on the German model—in
1763:), also known as Peter the Great, played a major role in introducing the European state system into Russia. While the empire's vast lands had a population of 14 million, grain yields trailed behind those in the West. Nearly the entire population was devoted to agriculture, with only a small percentage living in towns. The class of
6067:; from this time the legislative power was exercised normally by the emperor only in concert with the two chambers. The Council of the Empire, or Imperial Council, as reconstituted for this purpose, consisted of 196 members, of whom 98 were nominated by the emperor, while 98 were elective. The ministers, also nominated, were
2946:, the village community, which divided the land among the peasants and supervised the various holdings. Although serfdom was abolished, since its abolition was achieved on terms unfavourable to the peasants, revolutionary tensions did not abate. Revolutionaries believed that the newly freed serfs were merely being sold into
7795:'s population and half of its urban residents were Russians, four-fifths of them agricultural colonists. In the other four oblasts in the same year, Russians constituted only 4 percent of the population, and the overwhelming majority lived in European-style settlements alongside the native quarters in the major towns.
2047:. However, the cost of these campaigns further burdened the already oppressive social system, under which serfs were required to spend almost all of their time laboring on their owners' land. A major peasant uprising took place in 1773, after Catherine legalised the selling of serfs separate from land. Inspired by a
3137:, tutor to Alexander III and his son Nicholas, and procurator of the Holy Synod from 1880 to 1895. Pobedonostsev taught his imperial pupils to fear freedom of speech and the press, as well as dislike democracy, constitutions, and the parliamentary system. Under Pobedonostsev, revolutionaries were persecuted—by the
3125:(1881–1894), a reactionary who revived the maxim of "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality" of Nicholas I. A committed Slavophile, Alexander III believed that Russia could be saved from turmoil only by shutting itself off from the subversive influences of Western Europe. During his reign, Russia formed the
8309:
was established in 1802, and the country was divided into six educational regions. The long-term plan was for a university in every region, a secondary school in every major city, upgraded primary schools, and – serving the largest number of students – a parish school for every two parishes. By 1825,
8238:
In
November 1906, however, Emperor Nicholas II promulgated a provisional order permitting the peasants to become freeholders of allotments made at the time of emancipation, all redemption dues being remitted. This measure, which was endorsed by the third Duma in an act passed on 21 December 1908, was
8225:
for the land allotted to peasants. There was an increase of wealth among the few, but along with this a general impoverishment of the mass of the people. Added to this, the peculiar institution of the mir—framed on the principle of community ownership and occupation of the land—the overall effect was
6005:
issued on 28 April 1906. However, he retained the right to disband the newly established Duma, and he exercised this right more than once. He also retained an absolute veto over all legislation, and only he could initiate any changes to the
Organic Law itself. His ministers were responsible solely to
7929:
The
Russian Empire was predominantly a rural society spread over vast spaces. In 1913, 80% of the people were peasants. Soviet historiography proclaimed that the Russian Empire of the 19th century was characterized by systemic crisis, which impoverished the workers and peasants and culminated in the
5931:
Conservatism was the ideology of most of the
Russian leadership, albeit with some reformist activities from time to time. The structure of conservative thought was based upon anti-rationalism of the intellectuals, religiosity rooted in the Russian Orthodox Church, traditionalism rooted in the landed
2702:. Russia attempted to expand to the southwest, at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, using recently acquired Georgia at its base for its Caucasus and Anatolian front. The late 1820s were successful years militarily. Despite losing almost all recently consolidated territories in the first year of the
2055:
and proclaiming "Hang all the landlords!", the rebels threatened to take Moscow before they were ruthlessly suppressed. Instead of imposing the traditional punishment of drawing and quartering, Catherine issued secret instructions that the executioners should execute death sentences quickly and with
8229:
During the years 1861 to 1892 the land owned by the nobles decreased 30%, or from 850,000 to 610,000 km (210,000,000 to 150,000,000 acres); during the following four years an additional 8,577 km (2,119,500 acres) were sold; and since then the sales went on at an accelerated rate, until in
8220:
The situation of the former serf-proprietors was also unsatisfactory. Accustomed to the use of compulsory labor, they failed to adapt to the new conditions. The millions of rubles of redemption money received from the crown was spent without any real or lasting agricultural improvements having been
3318:
Economic conditions steadily improved after 1890, thanks to new crops such as sugar beets, and new access to railway transportation. Total grain production increased, as well as exports, even with rising domestic demand from population growth. As a result, there was a slow improvement in the living
3337:
party was a conservative force, with a base of landowners and businessmen. They accepted land reform but insisted that property owners be fully paid. They favored far-reaching reforms, and hoped the landlord class would fade away, while agreeing they should be paid for their land. Liberal elements
2120:
In order to ensure the continued support of the nobility, which was essential to her reign, Catherine was obliged to strengthen their authority and power at the expense of the serfs and other lower classes. Nevertheless, Catherine realized that serfdom must eventually be ended, going so far in her
7994:
A majority of the population, 81.6%, belonged to the peasant order. The other classes were the nobility, 0.6%; clergy, 0.1%; the burghers and merchants, 9.3%; and military, 6.1%. More than 88 million Russians were peasants, some of whom were former serfs (10,447,149 males in 1858) – the
3001:
In the late 1870s, Russia and the Ottoman Empire again clashed in the Balkans. From 1875 to 1877, the Balkan crisis intensified, with rebellions against Ottoman rule by various Slavic nationalities, which the Ottoman Turks had dominated since the 15th century. This was seen as a political risk in
8289:
Educational standards were very low in the Russian Empire, though they slowly increased in its last century of existence. By 1800, the level of literacy among male peasants ranged from 1 to 12 percent and from 20 to 25 percent for urban men. Literacy among women was very low. Literacy rates were
8199:
that the situation was more hopeful. In Ukraine, where the allotments were personal (the mir existing only among state peasants), the state of affairs was not better, on account of high redemption taxes. In the western provinces, where the land was more cheaply valued and the allotments somewhat
7049:
After 1860, the planning and building of the railway network had far-reaching effects on the economy, culture, and ordinary life of Russia. The central authorities and the imperial elite made most of the key decisions, but local elites made demands for rail linkages. Local nobles, merchants, and
8293:
The accession in 1801 of Alexander I (1801–1825) was widely welcomed as an opening to fresh liberal ideas from the European Enlightenment. Many reforms were promised, but few were actually carried out before 1820 when the emperor turned his attention to foreign affairs and personal religion and
6598:
nobility retained considerable powers of self-government and numerous privileges in matters affecting education, police, and the local administration of justice. After 167 years of German language administration and education, in 1888 and 1889 laws were passed transferring administration of the
2330:
Russia was in a continuous state of financial crisis. While revenue rose from 9 million rubles in 1724 to 40 million in 1794, expenses grew more rapidly, reaching 49 million in 1794. The budget allocated 46 percent to the military, 20 percent to government economic activities, 12
8182:
After Emancipation reform, one-quarter of peasants received allotments of only 1.2 hectares (2.9 acres) per male, and one-half received less than 3.4 to 4.6 hectares (8.5 to 11.4 acres); the normal size of the allotment necessary for the subsistence of a family under the three-fields system is
7938:
indicators, and taxation of peasants. He argues that those reforms brought about measurable improvements in social welfare. More generally, he finds that the well-being of the Russian people declined during most of the 18th century but increased slowly from the end of the 18th century to 1914.
6106:
of 2 June 1907) of 442 members, elected by an exceedingly complicated process. The membership was manipulated as to secure an overwhelming majority of the wealthy (especially the landed classes) and also for the representatives of the Russian peoples at the expense of the subject nations. Each
4006:
By the middle of 1915, the impact of the war was demoralizing. Food and fuel were in short supply, casualties were increasing, and inflation was mounting. Strikes rose among low-paid factory workers, and there were reports that peasants, who wanted reforms of land ownership, were restless. The
2562:
In order to repress further revolts, censorship was intensified, including the constant surveillance of schools and universities. Textbooks were strictly regulated by the government. Police spies were planted everywhere. Under Nicholas I, would-be revolutionaries were sent off to Siberia, with
8178:
The former serfs became peasants, joining the millions of farmers who already had peasant status. Most peasants lived in tens of thousands of small villages under a highly patriarchal system. Hundreds of thousands moved to cities to work in factories, but they typically retained their village
7461:
that gave legal status to non-Orthodox religions. This created a "Golden Age of Old Faith" for the previously persecuted Old Believers until the emergence of the Soviet Union. In the early 20th century, some of the restrictions of the Pale of Settlement were reversed, though were not formally
6126:
and urban delegates), the progressives had little chance of representation at all, save for the curious provision that one member at least in each government was to be chosen from each of the five classes represented in the college. That the Duma had any radical elements was mainly due to the
3420:
to present a petition to the emperor. When the procession reached the palace, soldiers opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds. The Russian masses were so furious over the massacre that a general strike was declared, which demanded a democratic republic. This marked the beginning of the
6073:
members. Of the elected members, 3 were returned by the "black" clergy (the monks), 3 by the "white" clergy (secular), 18 by the corporations of nobles, 6 by the academy of sciences and the universities, 6 by the chambers of commerce, 6 by the industrial councils, 34 by local governmental
2475:
fighters. As Napoleon's forces retreated, Russian troops pursued them into Central and Western Europe and to the gates of Paris. After Russia and its allies defeated Napoleon, Alexander became known as the "saviour of Europe". He presided over the redrawing of the map of Europe at the
2335:; five percent of the budget was allocated to debt payments. Paper money was issued to pay for expensive wars, thus causing inflation. As a result of its spending, Russia developed a large and well-equipped army, a very large and complex bureaucracy, and a court that rivaled those of
1891:. Peter told the Senate that its mission was to collect taxes, and tax revenues tripled over the course of his reign. Meanwhile, all vestiges of local self-government were removed. Peter continued and intensified his predecessors' requirement of state service from all nobles, in the
229:
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law – was predicated on the separation of judicial and administrative functions, the independence of the judges and courts, public trials and oral procedure, and the equality of all classes before the law. Moreover, a democratic element was introduced by the adoption of the
7285:
ceased this harsh treatment and pursued a more bureaucratic type of assimilation, such as compensating the Cantonists for their previous military service, including those who remained Jewish, although certain military ranks were still limited to Christians. In contrast, Emperor
6445:, due to its putting the administration of justice outside of the executive sphere. During the latter years of Alexander II and the reign of Alexander III, power that had been given was gradually taken back, and that take back was fully reversed by the third Duma after the
2570:
The question of Russia's direction had been gaining attention ever since Peter the Great's program of modernization. Some favored imitating Western Europe while others were against this and called for a return to the traditions of the past. The latter path was advocated by
1552:
which strengthened Russia's standing on the world stage. Internal transformations and military victories contributed to the transformation of Russia into a great power, playing a major role in European politics. On the day of the announcement of the Treaty of Nystad, the 2
2267:
Nicholas II was deeply devoted to his wife, Alexandra, whom he married on 26 November 1894. They had five children: Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Tsesarevich Alexei. The Russian Imperial Romanov family was executed by who were believed to be drunken
1401:. Poland was partitioned by its three neighbours in 1772–1815, with much of its land and population being taken under Russian rule. Most of the empire's growth in the 19th century came from gaining territory in central and eastern Asia south of Siberia. By 1795, after the
188:
3377:. The Mensheviks believed that the Russian working class was insufficiently developed and that socialism could be achieved only after a period of bourgeois democratic rule. They thus tended to ally themselves with the forces of bourgeois liberalism. The Bolsheviks, under
2503:
Although the Russian Empire played a leading political role in the next century, thanks to its role in defeating Napoleonic France, its retention of serfdom precluded economic progress to any significant degree. As Western European economic growth accelerated during the
292:
291:
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was expanded. The higher forms of education were reserved for a very small elite, with only a few hundred students at the universities by 1825 and 5500 in the secondary schools. There were no schools open to girls. Most rich families still depended on private tutors.
7050:
entrepreneurs imagined a future of promoting their regional interests, from "locality" to "empire". Often, they had to compete with other cities. By envisioning their own role in a rail network they came to understand how important they were to the empire's economy.
6555:
promulgated in 1892 and 1894, the municipal dumas were subordinated to the governors in the same way as the zemstvos. In 1894, municipal institutions, with still more restricted powers, were granted to several towns in Siberia, and in 1895 to some in the Caucasus.
183:
2233:. He favored modernization through foreign loans and strong ties with France, but was reluctant to give significant roles to the new parliament (the Duma).He signed the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 to counter Germany’s influence in the Middle East, ending the
184:
187:
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of 1917. Prior to the issuance of the October Manifesto, the emperor ruled as an absolute monarch, subject to only two limitations on his authority, both of which were intended to protect the existing system: the emperor and his consort must both belong to the
181:
182:
178:
177:
3622:, Austria-Hungary's ally, saw the call to arms as a threat; when Russia mustered its troops, Germany affirmed the state of "imminent danger of War", followed by the declaration of war on 1 August 1914. The Russians were imbued with patriotic earnestness and
186:
180:
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7321:, which had a degree of imperial jurisdiction over the organization of Islamic practice in the country. As the Russian Empire expanded, tsarist administrators found it expedient to draw on existing Islamic religious institutions that were already in place.
179:
2920:. Since playing a major role in the defeat of Napoleon, Russia had been regarded as militarily invincible, but against a coalition of the great powers of Europe, the reverses it suffered on land and sea exposed the weakness of Emperor Nicholas I's regime.
185:
189:
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was only 0.36 hectares (0.90 acres), and for allotments from 1.2 to 2.3 hectares (2.9 to 5.8 acres) the peasants paid 5 to 10 rubles in redemption tax. The state peasants were better off; but they, too, were emigrating in masses. It was only in the
7280:
in military institutions in the east aiming to compel them to convert to Christianity, attempted to stratify Jews into "useful" and "not useful" based on wealth and further restricted religious and commercial rights within the Pale of Settlement.
3319:
standards of Russian peasants in the empire's last two decades before 1914. Recent research into the physical stature of Army recruits shows they were bigger and stronger. There were regional variations, with more poverty in the heavily populated
9387:
Ivan III (1462–1505) and his son, Vasili III (1505–1533), completed Moscow's quest to dominate Great Russia. Of the two rulers, Ivan III (the Great) accomplished the most, and Russian historians have called him 'the gatherer of the Russian
7316:
were demanded against Muslims in the early Russian Empire. In the 18th century, Catherine II issued an edict of toleration that gave legal status to Islam and allowed Muslims to fulfill religious obligations. Catherine also established the
2997:
for 11 million rubles (7.2 million dollars) in 1867. Initially, many Americans considered this newly gained territory to be a wasteland and useless, and saw the government wasting money, but later, much gold and petroleum were discovered.
8080:
Household servants or dependents attached to personal service were merely set free, while the landed peasants received their houses and orchards, and allotments of arable land. These allotments were given over to the rural commune, the
7352:, around 1 to 1.5 million Circassians – almost half of the total population – were killed or forcibly deported. Many of those who fled persecution also died en route to other countries. Today, the vast majority of Circassians live in
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5976:
in order to secure Russia's position in the European states system. While later rulers did not discard the new title, the Russian monarch was commonly known as the tsar or tsaritsa until the imperial system was abolished during the
1655:, trade, and industry, including shipbuilding, as well as the growth of the Russian educational system. Every tenth Russian acquired an education during Peter I's reign, when there were 15 million people in the country. The city of
8234:
was founded for making advances to peasants who were desirous of purchasing land, the former serfs, or rather their descendants, had between 1883 and 1904 bought about 78,900 km (19,500,000 acres) from their former masters.
9974:В. М. Хмарський. Новоросійський край (укр.). Енциклопедія історії України: Т. 7: Мі-О / Редкол.: В. А. Смолій (голова) та ін. НАН України. Інститут історії України. — К.: В-во «Наукова думка», 2010. — 728 с.: іл..
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Russia, which similarly suppressed its Muslims in Central Asia and Caucasia. Russian nationalist opinion became a major domestic factor with its support for liberating Balkan Christians from Ottoman rule and making Bulgaria and
261:
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in 1892. Witte began by raising revenues through a monopoly on alcohol, which brought in 300 million rubles 1894. These reforms returned the peasants to essentially being serfs again. In 1900, a peasant class (also known as
227:
8258:
Censorship was heavy-handed until the reign of Alexander II, but it never went away. Newspapers were strictly limited in what they could publish, and intellectuals favored literary magazines for their publishing outlets.
1831:
river, to replace Moscow, which had long been Russia's cultural center. This relocation expressed his intent to adopt European elements for his empire. Many of the government and other major buildings were designed under
6155:. These elected their delegates to the Duma directly, and though their votes were divided (on the basis of taxable property) in such a way as to give the advantage to wealth, each returned the same number of delegates.
176:
6078:, 16 by local governments having no zemstvos, and 6 by Poland. As a legislative body the powers of the council were coordinate with those of the Duma; in practice, however, it has seldom if ever initiated legislation.
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that demanded an obligation for the heir's death, and Austria-Hungary cut all diplomatic ties and declared war on 28 July 1914. Russia supported Serbia because it was a fellow Slavic state, and two days later, Emperor
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held by each peasant should be merged into a single holding; the Duma, however, on the advice of the government, left its implementation to the future, regarding it as an ideal that could only gradually be realized.
10103:
3807:
on 5 August 1915. In the same month, the emperor dismissed Grand Duke Nicholas and took personal command; this was a turning point for the Russian army and the beginning of the worst disaster. The Germans continued
3090:. To replace Muslim refugees who had fled across the new frontier into Ottoman territory, the Russian authorities settled large numbers of Christians from ethnically diverse communities in Kars Oblast, particularly
12849:
3018:
in March 1878, creating an enlarged, independent Bulgaria that stretched into the southwestern Balkans. When Britain threatened to declare war over the terms of the treaty, an exhausted Russia backed down. At the
3361:
solution), or to put it into collective local ownership. The Socialist Revolutionaries also differed from the Social Democrats in that the SRs believed a revolution must rely on urban workers, not the peasantry.
2028:, the German heir to the Russian crown. After the death of Empress Elizabeth, Catherine came to power after she effected a coup d'état against her very unpopular husband. She contributed to the resurgence of the
9323:
Ivan III in his own time already had the reputation of the builder of the Russian state... The consolidation of Russia as a state was not just a territorial issue, for Ivan also began the development of a state
6468:, with jurisdiction over petty causes, whether civil or criminal; the second, based on the French model, were the ordinary tribunals of nominated judges, sitting with or without a jury to hear important cases.
4084:
By the end of the 19th century the area of the empire was about 22,400,000 square kilometers (8,600,000 sq mi), or almost one-sixth of the Earth's landmass; its only rival in size at the time was the
1777:, thus counting them for poll taxation. Russian agricultural kholops had been formally converted into serfs earlier in 1679. They were largely tied to the land, in a feudal sense, until the late 19th century.
228:
7294:, which further restricted Jewish settlements and rights to own property, as well as limiting the types of professions available, and the expulsion of Jews from Kiev in 1886 and Moscow in 1891. The overall
6252:
4610: – the Russian Empire was a contiguous mass of land spanning Europe and Asia. In this it differed from contemporary colonial-style empires. The result of this was that, while the British and
4954:
4893:
6006:
him, and not to the Duma or any other authority, which could question but not remove them. Thus, while the emperor's personal powers were limited in scope after 28 April 1906, they remained formidable.
1178:, which aimed to restrain the rise of secularism and liberalism across Europe. Russia further expanded to the west, south, and east, strengthening its position as a European power. Its victories in the
7250:), and arbitrating doctrinal disputes. When the state lacked resources to provide a secular bureaucracy across its entire territory, guided 'reformation' of faiths provided elements of social control.
4878:
21188:
7272:, an area of Tsarist Russia inside which Jews were authorized to settle, and outside of which were deprived of various rights such as freedom of movement or commerce. Particularly repressive was
6680:
was appointed as the new minister of finance in 1886, he increased the pressure on peasants by increasing taxes on land and prescribing how they harvested grain. These policies led to the severe
5724:
5703:
5682:
5661:
5573:
7356:. Throughout the late 19th century, the term "Circassian" became a common adage for "highwayman" across the Balkan and Anatolian regions, due to the prevalence of homeless Circassian refugees.
5557:
6746:
From 1891 to 1892, peasants were faced with new policies carried out by Ivan Vyshnegradsky, causing a famine and disease that took the lives of four hundred thousand people, especially in the
3525:, when both agreed to settle their differences and joined to oppose the new rising power of Germany. Russia and France's relations remained isolated before the 1890s when both sides agreed to
9956:Кабузан В. М. Заселение Новороссии (Екатеринославской и Херсонской губерний) в XVIII — первой половине XIX века (1719—1858 гг.). — М. : Наука, 1976. — 308 с
8273:, which he accused of publishing trifles and distracting readers from the pressing social concerns of contemporary Russia through their obsession with spectacle and European popular culture.
7163:) and was deemed "the Supreme Defender and Guardian of the dogmas of the predominant Faith and is the Keeper of the purity of the Faith and all good order within the Holy Church" (Article 64
3381:, supported the idea of forming a small elite of professional revolutionists, subject to strong party discipline, to act as the vanguard of the proletariat, in order to seize power by force.
1018:
in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about 22,800,000 square kilometres (8,800,000 sq mi), roughly one-sixth of the world's landmass, making it the
9500:
4250:, an immense shallow lake, mostly bordered by deserts, possessed more importance as a link between Russia and its Asiatic settlements than as a channel for intercourse with other countries.
2272:
revolutionaries under Yakov Yurovsky, as ordered by the Ural Regional Soviet in Yekaterinburg on the night of 16–17 July 1918. This marked the end of the Russian Empire and Imperial Russia.
1107:". Between 1550 and 1700, the Russian state grew by an average of 35,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi) per year. Major events during this period include the transition from the
259:
13583:
8094:
or sent to military service. Owners had the right to sell slaves, depending on whether they were targeting land or accused (i.e., had escaped from working). Children of serfs received less
4352:
of the United States; thereafter, the Russian territorial expansion only encountered nomadic or feudal societies which is strikingly similar to the Westward Expansion of the United States.
15239:
2777:
being imposed on its schools and courts. However, Russification policies in Poland, Finland and among the Germans in the Baltics largely failed and only strengthened political opposition.
174:
13859:
7415:
was strictly controlled during Catherine II's reign, which was considered an epoch of relative tolerance for Catholicism. Catholics were distrusted by the Russian Empire as elements of
5565:
4344:
noted that the methodological procedure how the Russian Empire started to expand their territory was in comparable to that of how the United States had done the same. Russian statesman
13677:
4433:
appointed by him. The emperor never explicitly recognized Finland as a constitutional state in its own right, although his Finnish subjects came to consider the grand duchy as such.
15999:
15371:——— (2001), "The empire strikes out: Imperial Russia, 'national' identity, and theories of empire", in Holquist, Peter; Suny, Ronald Grigor; Martin, Terry (eds.),
12927:
5183:
3329:
On the political right, the reactionary elements of the aristocracy strongly favored the large landholders, who, however, were slowly selling their land to the peasants through the
2555:
as a constitutional monarch. The revolt was easily crushed, but it caused Nicholas to turn away from the modernization program begun by Peter the Great and champion the doctrine of
10349:
8110:
system was introduced in 1865 as a rural assembly with administrative authority over the local population, including education and welfare, which ex-serfs were unable to acquire.
6177:, the first appearance of a prime minister in Russia. This council consisted of all the ministers and of the heads of other principal departments. The ministries were as follows:
1283:, it suffered a series of defeats that further galvanized the population against the emperor. In 1917, mass unrest among the population and mutinies in the army culminated in the
260:
13426:
Rubinstein, Samara; Dulik, Matthew C.; Gokcumen, Omer; Zhadanov, Sergey; Osipova, Ludmila; Cocca, Maggie; Mehta, Nishi; Gubina, Marina; Posukh, Olga; Schurr, Theodore G. (2008).
3326:
By the end of the 19th century, the Russian Empire dominated its territorial extent, covering a surface area of 22,800,000 km, making it become the world's third-largest empire.
3307:, who was committed to retaining the autocracy that his father had left him. Nicholas II proved as an ineffective ruler, and in the end his dynasty was overthrown by the Russian
12862:
The number who died in the Circassian catastrophe of the 1860s could hardly, therefore, have been fewer than one million, and may well have been closer to one-and-a-half million
9758:
13749:[First general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897. Distribution of the population by faiths and regions] (in Russian). archipelag.ru. Archived from
9791:
7167:). Although he made and annulled all senior ecclesiastical appointments, he did not settle questions of dogma or church teaching. The principal ecclesiastical authority of the
175:
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7876:
of 1853–56 caused great soul-searching and resulted in proposals for reform. However, the Russian forces fell further behind the technology, training, and organization of the
2127:("Instruction") to say that serfs were "just as good as we are" – a comment received with disgust by the nobility. Catherine advanced Russia's southern and western frontiers,
5806:
4540:, then a part of Germany; a significant portion of Austrian Galicia; and significant portions of Ottoman Armenia. While the modern Russian Federation currently controls the
8338:
Emperor Nicholas I was a reactionary who wanted to neutralize foreign ideas, especially those he ridiculed as "pseudo-knowledge". Nevertheless, his minister of education,
6294:, consisted of members nominated by the emperor. Its wide variety of functions were carried out by the different departments into which it was divided. It was the supreme
6615:. In 1893, district committees for the management of the peasants' affairs, similar to those in purely Russian governments, were introduced into this part of the empire.
15040:
8212:, who either farmed the land themselves, with hired laborers, or let it in small farms. Only one-quarter of the peasants were farmers; the remainder were mere laborers.
5997:
On 17 October 1905, the situation changed: the ruler voluntarily limited his legislative power by decreeing that no measure was to become law without the consent of the
13193:
3366:
2837:
The Imperial Standard of the Tsar between from 1858 to 1917. Previous variations of the black eagle on gold background were used as far back as Peter the Great's time.
12551:
6122:
In the college itself, the voting for the Duma was by secret ballot and a simple majority carried the day. Since the majority consisted of conservative elements (the
2260:, further eroded his popularity. By March 1917, public support for Nicholas II had dwindled, leading to his forced abdication and the end of the 304-year rule of the
13932:
13010:
8845:
After all, Orthodoxy was both the majority faith in the Russian Empire – approximately 70 percent subscribed to this faith in the 1897 census–and the state religion.
7344:
In the 19th century, the restrictive policies became much more oppressive during the Russo-Turkish Wars, and the Russian Empire perpetrated persecutions such as the
6735:, in which serfs worked in exchange for cash or goods from the master, allowing them to work outside the estate. These systems were based on a legal code called the
3745:
13085:
13044:
12383:
1965:
2102:, a high-ranking noblewoman, on charges of torturing and murdering serfs. Whilst these gestures garnered Catherine much positive attention from Europe during the
18405:
7367:. During the latter portion of the 19th century, the status of Islam in the Russian Empire became associated with the tsarist regime's ideological principles of
2032:
that began after the death of Peter the Great, abolishing State service and granting them control of most state functions in the provinces. She also removed the
9806:
2343:. But the government was living far beyond its means, and 18th-century Russia remained "a poor, backward, overwhelmingly agricultural, and illiterate country".
1796:
was blocked by Sweden, whose territory enclosed it on three sides. Peter's ambitions for a "window to the sea" led him, in 1699, to make a secret alliance with
21263:
5908:, established in the Russian Empire after October 1905. Before this date, the fundamental laws of Russia described the power of the emperor as "autocratic and
16523:
9578:[Petition of the senators to Tsar Peter I for the adoption of the title of "Father of the Fatherland, Emperor of all the Russias, Peter the Great"].
2519:
This 1892 painting imagines a scene of Russian troops forming a bridge with their bodies, moving equipment to prepare for invading Persian forces during the
9136:
2471:
strategy prevented the invaders from living off the country. In the harsh and bitter winter, thousands of French troops were ambushed and killed by peasant
1144:, which marked the birth of the imperial era, and led a cultural revolution that introduced a modern, scientific, rationalist, and Western-oriented system.
13553:
7934:
assesses the effects of the reforms of latter 19th-century, especially in terms of the 1861 emancipation of the serfs, agricultural output trends, various
2244:
However, his reign was marked by criticism for the government’s suppression of political dissent and perceived failures or inaction during events like the
7411:
was not promulgated, so Jesuits survived in Russian Empire, and this "Russian Society" played a role in re-establishing the Jesuits in the west. Overall,
5890:) who ruled as an absolute monarch. After the Revolution of 1905, Russia developed a new type of government, which became difficult to categorize. In the
3243:
in 1894, with large-scale loans to Russia, sales of arms, and warships, as well as diplomatic support. Once Afghanistan was informally partitioned by the
21258:
16216:
13109:"Hijra and Forced Migration from Nineteenth-Century Russia to the Ottoman Empire. A Critical Analysis of the Great Crimean Tatar Emigration of 1860–1861"
6119:. Workmen were treated in a special manner, with every industrial concern employing fifty hands electing one or more delegates to the electoral college.
2652:
1136:
transformed the tsardom into an empire, and fought numerous wars that turned a vast realm into a major European power. He moved the Russian capital from
13957:(2004) 63#2 pp. 247–274.; Steven Nafziger, "Serfdom, emancipation, and economic development in Tsarist Russia" (Working paper, Williams College, 2012).
7995:
remainder being "state peasants" (9,194,891 males in 1858, exclusive of the Archangel governorate) and "domain peasants" (842,740 males the same year).
6039:, which was the headquarters of the Army General Staff. Today, it houses the headquarters of the Western Military District/Joint Strategic Command West.
608:
15833:
12257:(previously, Article 40): "The primary and predominant Faith in the Russian Empire is the Christian Orthodox Catholic Faith of the Eastern Confession."
12227:
Walter Sperling, "Building a Railway, Creating Imperial Space: 'Locality,' 'Region,' 'Russia,' 'Empire' as Political Arguments in Post-Reform Russia",
8230:
1903 alone close to 8,000 km (2,000,000 acres) passed out of their hands. On the other hand, since 1861, and more especially since 1882, when the
6693:) had emerged, representing less than 20 per cent of the population, who were characterised by owning some of their land, machinery, and livestock. An
6213:
5954:
4210:
An important feature of Russia is its few free outlets to the open sea, outside the ice-bound shores of the Arctic Ocean. The deep indentations of the
3247:
in 1907, Britain, France, and Russia came increasingly close together in opposition to Germany and Austria-Hungary. The three would later comprise the
6476:
Alongside the local organs of the central government in Russia there are three classes of local elected bodies charged with administrative functions:
4222:
territory, and it is only at the very head of the latter gulf that the Russians had taken firm foothold by erecting their capital at the mouth of the
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12461:
6186:
1042:
census, the only one it conducted, found a population of 125.6 million with considerable ethnic, linguistic, religious, and socioeconomic diversity.
13744:
12912:
3130:
1952:). But she did not carry out significant structural reforms. Her reign, which lasted nearly 20 years, is also known for Russia's involvement in the
6311:
13575:
4115:, apart from Finland and its portion of Poland, coincided approximately with the natural limits of the East-European plains. To the north was the
20724:
20580:
14683:
12968:
8306:
7775:. As of the 1897 census, Russian Central Asia's five oblasts contained 5,260,300 inhabitants, 13.9 percent of them urban. The largest towns were
6234:
5553:
3044:
1252:. Notwithstanding its extensive territorial gains and great power status, the empire entered the 20th century in a perilous state. A devastating
8187:
the state of matters was hardly better. Many peasants took "gratuitous allotments", whose amount was about one-eighth of the normal allotments.
2331:
percent to administration, and nine percent for the Imperial Court in St. Petersburg. The deficit required borrowing, primarily from bankers in
112:
16832:
5640:
5537:
4544:, which comprised the northern part of East Prussia, this differs from the area captured by the empire in 1914, though there was some overlap:
3384:
2110:
19437:
14214:
10726:
7462:
abolished until the February Revolution. However, some historians evaluate Tsar Nicholas II as having given tacit approval to the antisemitic
6264:
The Most Holy Synod (established in 1721) was the supreme organ of government of the Orthodox Church in Russia. It was presided over by a lay
5545:
5527:
1737:
1707:
100:
13953:
Steven Hoch, "Did Russia's Emancipated Serfs Really Pay Too Much for Too Little Land? Statistical Anomalies and Long-Tailed Distributions".
9729:
8891:
4258:
From 1860 to 1905, the Russian Empire occupied all territories of the present-day Russian Federation, with the exception of the present-day
3886:, the first attempt to capture the fortress failed, but the second attempt seized the redoubt in March 1915. On 2 May, the Russian army was
21243:
20638:
17453:
17281:
17196:
16935:
15621:
13669:
13252:
8454:
7424:
3066:
Another significant result of the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War in Russia's favour was the acquisition from the Ottomans of the provinces of
2994:
2824:
1930:
1308:
1202:
14596:
13304:
12935:
9007:
8977:
8517:
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as his legitimate successor. The Tsarist system was fully overthrown. After a series of deportations and imprisonments, in July 1918, the
4040:, 262 kilometres (163 mi) southwest from the capital, many generals and politicians advised the Emperor to abdicate in favour of the
3404:(1904–1905) was a major blow to the tsarist regime and further increased the potential for unrest. In January 1905, an incident known as "
1365:. By the early 16th century, all of the semi-independent and petty princedoms in Russia had been unified with Moscow. During the reign of
21228:
20633:
18513:
15713:
14629:
14582:
World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection
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2014:
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3429:(councils of workers) appeared in most cities to direct revolutionary activity. Russia was paralyzed, and the government was desperate.
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as inefficient. In 1859, there were more than 23 million serfs in usually poor living conditions. Alexander II decided to abolish
2539:, when a number of well-educated Russian officers travelled in Europe in the course of military campaigns, where their exposure to the
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4242:, a great chain of mountains separating it from Russia. But even this sheet of water is an inland sea, the only outlet of which, the
3564:
2552:
2163:. Upon achieving victory, she established Russian rule over it and expelled the newly established Persian garrisons in the Caucasus.
1906:
was partially incorporated into the country's administrative structure, in effect making it a tool of the state. Peter abolished the
15404:
9667:
4518:
The Russian Empire expanded its influence and possessions in Central Asia, especially in the later 19th century, conquering much of
4410:
on 17 September 1809, the eastern half of Sweden, the area that then became Finland, was incorporated into the Russian Empire as an
17350:
16598:
13653:
12521:
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within the empire. In a policy influenced by Catherine II but solidified in the 19th century, Tsarist Russia exhibited increasing "
7202:
clergy had to be married when appointed, but if left widowers were not allowed to marry again; this rule continues to apply today.
4155: — the administrative boundary, however, partly extended into Asia on the Siberian slope of the Urals. To the south, were the
3014:
and the Ottomans surrendered. Russia's nationalist diplomats and generals persuaded Alexander II to force the Ottomans to sign the
2083:(the garrison of the fortress of St. Elizabeth was disbanded, it lost its military importance and received the rights of a city) ,
1581:
15332:
Olson, Gust, and Aleksei I. Miller. "Between Local and Inter-Imperial: Russian Imperial History in Search of Scope and Paradigm."
13276:"How the Jesuits Survived Their Suppression: The Society of Jesus in the Russian Empire (1773–1814), written by Mark Inglot, S.J."
2551:(December 1825), which was the work of a small circle of liberal nobles and army officers who wanted to install Nicholas' brother
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between conflicting parties in the state. Provisionally, then, the Russian governmental system may perhaps be best defined as "a
5499:
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2417:
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Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780–1910
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23 million serfs to become free, but they remained indigent throughout the former enslaved population despite their rights. The
21173:
16940:
16839:
16256:
15205:
13732:
To the tsar, the pogroms organized by the police seemed like a holy outburst of popular indignation against the revolutionaries
8090:
Serfs lived in deplorable conditions, working in the fields for nearly seven days a week and being exiled to the harsh land of
7804:
3354:
15185:
15037:
14802:
9862:
9359:
Under Ivan III's reign, the uniting of separate Russian principalities into a centralized state made great and rapid progress.
6268:, representing the emperor, and consisted of the three metropolitans of Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Kiev, the Archbishop of
3598:
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Under Russia's revised Fundamental Law of 20 February 1906, the State Council was associated with the Duma as a legislative
4614:
empires declined in the 20th century, a large portion of the Russian Empire's territory remained together, first within the
3338:
among industrial capitalists and nobility, who believed in peaceful social reform and a constitutional monarchy, formed the
2229:
During his rule, Nicholas II supported the economic and political reforms proposed by his prime ministers, Sergei Witte and
1948:
being put on the Russian throne. Elizabeth supported the arts, architecture, and the sciences (for example, the founding of
21223:
16905:
16685:
16397:
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9203:
The first government to be formed after the February Revolution of 1917 had, with one exception, been composed of liberals.
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for failing to back Russia. Disappointment at the results of the war stimulated revolutionary tensions, and helped Serbia,
2614:
1872:
1745:
1545:
1520:
20296:
14052:
Mironov, Boris N. (1991). "The Development of Literacy in Russia and the USSR from the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries".
10819:
In the days of the Great Game, Mongolia was an object of imperialist encroachment by Russia, as Tibet was for the British.
7846:
6684:
that lasted from 1891 to 1892, with four hundred thousand perishing from starvation. Vyshnegradsky was succeeded by Count
3204:. China was too weak to resist, and was pulled increasingly into the Russian sphere. Russia obtained treaty ports such as
3188:
Expansion into the vast stretches of Siberia was slow and expensive, but finally became possible with the building of the
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camps. The retaliation for the revolt made "December Fourteenth" a day long remembered by later revolutionary movements.
2535:(1825–1855), who at the beginning of his reign was confronted with an uprising. The background of this revolt lay in the
2068:
1907:
119:
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of Finland. His reign started on 1 November 1894 and ended with his abdication on 15 March 1917. Born on 18 May 1868 at
2202:
Nicholas II, also known as Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov, was the final Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland, and
2063:, in result of which Russian Empire conquered the vast lands in the south including the Black and Azov seas coasts, the
1578:. The adoption of the latter title by Peter I is usually seen as the beginning of the "imperial" period of Russia.
21010:
20886:
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19442:
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16130:
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Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule
13823:
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10302:
Burant, Stephen R. (1985). "The January Uprising of 1863 in Poland: Sources of Disaffection and the Arenas of Revolt".
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attempted to modernise his country, and have it not been so dependant on a single economic sector. During the reign of
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3133:; and demanded important territorial and commercial concessions from China. The emperor's most influential adviser was
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from above, with ample provision for the landowners, rather than wait for it to be abolished from below by revolution.
2040:
1970:
1801:
1437:
1315:
ended Russia's involvement in the war, but who nevertheless were opposed by various factions known collectively as the
1050:
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got their names from Russian settlers, who had staked claims in a region claimed until 1821 by the Spanish as part of
4007:
emperor eventually decided to take personal command of the army and moved to the front, leaving his wife, the Empress
1998:
1295:. Political dysfunction, continued involvement in the widely unpopular war, and widespread food shortages resulted in
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requiring Russian Orthodoxy. Nonetheless, in certain areas Islamic institutions were allowed to operate, such as the
7136:
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was being carried out in the same provinces, in all departments of administration, in the higher schools, and in the
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
4908:
4449:
3453:
3264:
2846:
2818:
2719:
2703:
2679:
2656:
2638:
2520:
2368:
2060:
1857:
1853:
1727:
1377:
were conquered by Russia in the mid-16th century, leading to the development of an increasingly multinational state.
1221:
1179:
13746:Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по вероисповеданиям и регионам
13428:"Russian Old Believers: genetic consequences of their persecution and exile, as shown by mitochondrial DNA evidence"
9576:"Прошение сенаторов к царю Петру I о принятии им титула "Отца Отечества, императора Всероссийского, Петра Великого""
6781:
Output in 1912 of mining and heavy industries of the Russian Empire, as a percentage of national output, by region.
6764:
3357:
wanted to expropriate the land, without payment, but debated whether to distribute the land among the peasants (the
19013:
18608:
17988:
16311:
16294:
15960:
15309:
13522:
10593:"The Plans for Russian Expansion in the New World and the North Pacific in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries"
7920:
6634:
6257:
6219:
5738:
5284:
5272:
5173:
4204:
3859:
3679:
2509:
2210:, Tsarskoye Selo, Russian Empire, he was the eldest son and successor of Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (later known as
1899:
1390:
1260:
in Europe, the empire saw rapid political radicalization and the growing popularity of revolutionary ideas such as
1241:
1187:
252:
17:
13355:
12618:
21238:
20068:
19038:
18641:
18506:
17386:
16930:
16105:
15643:
15423:
15361:
9501:"Perspective | Russian Orthodox Old Believers: Keeping their faith and fighting fires in the West Siberian Plain"
9126:
8916:
7450:
were banished in internal exile to Transcaucasia and Central Asia, with some further emigrating to the Americas.
6681:
6421:
5862:
5477:
4500:
4496:
4053:
4015:(1869–1916). His assassination in late 1916 by a clique of nobles could not restore the emperor's lost prestige.
3339:
3007:
2833:
1253:
486:
19230:
13545:
7510:
3887:
3849:
3006:
independent. In early 1877, Russia intervened on behalf of Serbian and Russian volunteer forces, leading to the
20903:
20898:
20566:
18825:
18658:
18596:
17965:
17468:
16710:
16336:
15769:
15353:
Suny, Ronald Grigor. "Rehabilitating Tsarism: The Imperial Russian State and Its Historians. A Review Article"
8315:
6465:
6181:
6015:
5208:
5123:
4691:
against the colony. After a brief resistance, the colony surrendered and the Russian settlers were deported to
4569:
3963:
This led Russia to declare war on the Ottoman Empire on 2 November. The Russians, led by Baltic German General
3593:
2576:
2412:
in 1807. After Alexander was defeated in Friedland, he agreed to negotiate and sued for peace with France; the
1699:
1288:
965:
671:
9647:[The title "emperor" and the concept of "empire" in Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century].
8683:
of 1879 gave the governors the right to report secretly on the qualifications of candidates for the office of
7307:
5902:". This contradiction in terms demonstrated the difficulty of precisely defining the system, transitional and
2644:
1686:. Afterwards, the concept was developed in the writings of an associate of Peter I, Archbishop Professor
20913:
20506:
19033:
18942:
17802:
16506:
16221:
16045:
16005:
15759:
15683:
15678:
15582:
13166:"The Tsar's Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Imperial Russia by Paul W. Werth"
8684:
7463:
7235:
7118:
6624:
6608:
6603:
justice from Baltic German control to officials of the central government. About the same time, a process of
5431:
5261:
4976:
4634:
3536:
The relations between Russia and the Triple Alliance, especially Germany and Austria, were like those of the
3350:
3213:
2575:, who held the "decadent" West in contempt. The Slavophiles were opponents of bureaucracy, who preferred the
1978:, who reigned from 1762 to 1796, continued the empire's expansion and modernization. Considering herself an
1876:
1643:
1554:
14147:
Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor).
3781:
2927:
ascended the throne in 1855, the desire for reform was widespread. A growing humanitarian movement attacked
1691:
20974:
20819:
20693:
20501:
20385:
18456:
17438:
17426:
16945:
16792:
16772:
16675:
16326:
16276:
16140:
15985:
15950:
15633:
12254:
8884:
8073:
The serfdom that had developed in Russia in the 16th century, and had become enshrined in law in 1649, was
7924:
7839:
7539:
of 1897, adherents of the different religious communities in the empire numbered approximately as follows.
7160:
6002:
5913:
5675:
5654:
5145:
4030:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3465:
3441:
3054:
2191:
2187:
819:
552:
13958:
12453:
11993:
Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries: Russian Conservative Thought and Politics in the Reign of Alexander I
9923:
Autocratic politics in a national crisis: the Imperial Russian government and Pugachev's revolt, 1773–1775
8883:"The Sovereign Emperor exercises legislative power in conjunction with the State Council and State Duma".
7329:
4464:, along with some areas formerly under direct Ottoman rule, came under the rule of the empire. This area (
3173:. That rivalry between the two empires has been considered to have included far-flung territories such as
21090:
20849:
20780:
20511:
19548:
18992:
18987:
18603:
18319:
18233:
18128:
18043:
17960:
17458:
17330:
17185:
16690:
16427:
16299:
16206:
16160:
16150:
16115:
15995:
15870:
15855:
15509:
15475:
13750:
12904:
8103:
8074:
8038:
7930:
revolutions of the early 20th century. Recent research by Russian scholars disputes this interpretation.
7851:
7491:
7324:
7132:
6642:
6637:
was founded in 1860 as a central bank structure (headquarters in Saint Petersburg, photographed in 1905).
6087:
5998:
5912:". After October 1905, while the imperial style was still "Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias", the
5786:
5633:
5549:
5299:
5022:
5006:
4426:
3556:
had nearly led to war and in 1912–13 relations between Saint Petersburg and Vienna were tense during the
3459:
3437:
3031:, as a vassal state and an autonomous principality inside the Ottoman Empire, respectively. As a result,
2939:
2593:
of the West. More extreme social doctrines were elaborated by such Russian radicals on the left, such as
2175:
2099:
1638:
1398:
1273:
1206:
1116:
762:
688:
14095:
Franklin A. Walker, "Enlightenment and religion in Russian education in the reign of Tsar Alexander I."
2860:
21198:
20881:
20854:
19048:
19043:
18499:
18466:
18381:
17970:
17868:
16750:
16583:
16365:
16346:
16246:
16236:
16231:
15823:
15703:
15446:
15325:
Kuzio, Taras. "Historiography and national identity among the Eastern Slavs: towards a new framework."
11006:
Radkey, Oliver H. (1953). "An Alternative to Bolshevism: The Program of Russian Social Revolutionism".
10235:
The first Russian revolution, 1825: the Decembrist movement, its origins, development, and significance
9538:
9468:
9000:"The Price of Expansion: The Nationality Problem in Russia of the Eighteenth-Early Twentieth Centuries"
8331:
6446:
5883:
5855:
5441:
5376:
5014:
4714:
4672:
4453:
4388:
4199:, taking a great circular sweep to the west to embrace east-central Poland, and separating Russia from
3999:
3741:
3653:, which both had been allied with Russia since 1892, fearing the rise of Germany as the new power. The
3320:
3048:
2962:
2156:
1773:, remained a major institution in Russia until 1723, when Peter converted household kholops into house
792:
18158:
13788:
I. N. Grebenkin, "The Disintegration of the Russian Army in 1917: Factors and Actors in the Process."
12976:
9131:
6216:(including police, health, censorship and press, posts and telegraphs, foreign religions, statistics);
2682:, they clashed with Persia over control and consolidation of Georgia, and also became involved in the
21203:
21183:
20719:
20469:
19617:
19181:
19018:
18772:
18733:
18436:
18123:
18058:
18048:
18033:
17368:
17315:
17225:
16802:
16782:
16755:
16511:
16271:
16030:
15909:
15838:
15718:
15181:
13801:
13328:"The Roman Catholic Church and Its Legal Position under the Provisional Government in Russia in 1917"
7931:
7634:
7435:
7172:
7159:. The emperor was not allowed to "profess any faith other than the Orthodox" (Article 62 of the 1906
7114:
5569:
5561:
5086:
4856:
4661:
4626:
4545:
4380:
4045:
3809:
3785:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3721:
3687:
2765:, and Austria tried to intervene in the crisis but were unable to do so. The Russian press and state
2667:
2524:
2456:
2374:
2160:
2152:
2064:
1615:, who were obedient nobles that served the state for the rest of their lives. He also introduced the
18258:
11208:
Arming the Sultan: German Arms Trade and Personal Diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire Before World War I
8253:
6665:
was founded in 1883 to provide loans for Russian peasants, both as individuals and in communes. The
2106:, the specter of revolution and disorder continued to haunt her and her successors. Indeed, her son
1224:, ruled from 1762 until 1917. By the start of the 19th century, Russian territory extended from the
21080:
20746:
20681:
20427:
20402:
20252:
19911:
19906:
17878:
17858:
17823:
17776:
17730:
17082:
16898:
16316:
16155:
16125:
15990:
15904:
15813:
15776:
11106:
A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East
8311:
7982:
7702:
6269:
5218:
4580:
4356:
3769:
3733:
3530:
3522:
3244:
3182:
3134:
3024:
1715:
1678:, was introduced during the reign of Peter I, and it was associated with the name of Archimandrite
1361:
The foundations of a Russian national state were laid in the late 15th century during the reign of
1332:
10050:"The Real and Live Ethnographic Map of Russia: The Russian Empire in The Mirror of The State Duma"
9719:
9097:"The Great Game, 1856–1907: Russo-British Relations in Central and East Asia | Reviews in History"
6043:
21253:
21193:
21143:
21133:
21075:
21015:
20861:
20688:
20671:
20494:
20375:
19916:
19869:
19812:
19511:
19455:
19203:
19023:
18681:
17756:
17448:
17431:
17421:
17396:
17240:
16966:
16822:
16797:
16633:
16482:
16442:
16145:
16090:
15975:
15843:
15341:
Historiography of imperial Russia: The profession and writing of history in a multinational state
10201:
8888:
8612:
8576:
8483:
7556:
7287:
7231:
7168:
7156:
6658:
6548:
5983:
5895:
5533:
5515:
5495:
5382:
5354:
4846:
4630:
4422:
3796:
3683:
3526:
3240:
3126:
3122:
2211:
2166:
Catherine's expansionist policy caused Russia to develop into a major European power, as did the
2072:
2044:
1903:
1833:
1312:
1265:
1019:
469:
77:
31:
14233:
Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond [2 volumes]
7490:
that he found that some proclamations inciting pogroms were printed and distributed by imperial
7097:. Both lines served the commercial and strategic needs of the empire and facilitated migration.
6256:
The Senate and Synod headquarters – today the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on
4748:
4641:
20934:
20871:
20654:
20516:
20417:
20412:
20100:
20048:
19968:
19901:
19805:
19790:
19683:
19450:
19404:
19245:
19132:
18847:
18676:
18476:
18391:
18238:
17950:
17883:
17751:
17700:
17632:
17532:
17522:
17320:
17255:
17062:
16991:
16760:
16618:
16588:
16543:
16494:
16489:
16422:
16306:
16266:
16226:
16060:
15970:
15965:
15786:
15698:
15565:
15468:
14580:
13275:
8999:
8957:
8755:
8171:
8099:
8048:
7443:
7404:
7282:
7128:
7106:
7038:
6662:
6425:
5064:
4942:
4752:
4665:
4611:
4418:
4407:
4372:
4291:
4278:, but gained Tuva as a protectorate in 1914. Prior to 1917 the Russian Empire included most of
3502:
3330:
3189:
3162:
3003:
2924:
2441:
2433:
2221:
1979:
1592:
1530:
1463:
1191:
284:
15434:
15394:
14931:
14613:
14264:
14231:
14163:
13916:
12984:
12821:
12416:
12011:
11707:
11629:
11590:
11551:
11500:
11410:
11332:
11281:
11155:
11104:
11065:
10885:
10455:
9255:
4076:
2170:
and the Golden age in Russia. But after Catherine died in 1796, she was succeeded by her son,
1548:, which significantly altered Russia's political and social structure, and as a result of the
1331:
across most of the Russian territory; it would be one of four continental empires to collapse
21020:
20876:
20698:
20608:
20447:
20407:
20220:
20095:
19159:
19149:
19108:
19079:
18927:
18792:
18461:
18441:
18421:
18284:
18248:
18203:
18148:
17940:
17935:
17710:
17657:
17482:
17391:
17360:
17300:
17250:
17032:
17022:
16787:
16528:
16501:
16462:
16402:
16201:
16170:
16080:
15828:
15764:
15322:(Yale University Press, 2002), compares Russian with British, Habsburg & Ottoman empires.
13067:
13026:
12178:
12064:
11449:
11371:
11206:
10835:
10565:
10526:
10494:
9692:
9606:
9168:
7869:
7865:
7536:
7078:
7058:
6650:
6464:
of cassation. The first tribunal, based on the English model, were the courts of the elected
6316:
6056:
5958:
5364:
4508:
4376:
4231:
3867:
3829:
3650:
3623:
3581:
3529:
when peace was threatened. France also granted loans for building infrastructure, especially
3482:
3476:
3312:
3304:
3236:
3217:
3178:
3059:
3015:
2735:
2707:
2649:
2619:
2505:
2496:
2397:
2378:
2179:
2167:
1983:
1922:
1784:. His attention then turned to the north. Russia lacked a secure northern seaport, except at
1744:
officially proclaimed the Russian Empire in 1721 and became its first emperor. He instituted
1679:
1634:
1630:
1572:
1494:
1280:
1269:
1160:
1065:. From the 10th to 17th centuries, the Russians had been ruled by a noble class known as the
1039:
886:
592:
449:
20335:
17612:
15264:
Stolberg, Eva-Maria. (2004) "The Siberian Frontier and Russia's Position in World History",
11668:
9816:
9583:
9216:
9029:
8437:
8098:. These serfs were heavily taxed, making them the poorest in any Russians. In 1861, Emperor
3209:
1045:
The rise of the Russian Empire coincided with the decline of neighbouring rival powers: the
21025:
20944:
20939:
20659:
20540:
20370:
20340:
20215:
20146:
20117:
20036:
19370:
19208:
19198:
18982:
18977:
18917:
18852:
18757:
18446:
18365:
18329:
18279:
18138:
18063:
17848:
17725:
17517:
17292:
17270:
17265:
17230:
17172:
16817:
16725:
16720:
16472:
16407:
16165:
16100:
16095:
16085:
16055:
16050:
16010:
15517:
15346:
Smith, Steve. "Writing the History of the Russian Revolution after the Fall of Communism."
13979:
8122:
7978:
7877:
7830:
7349:
7273:
7265:
7171:—which extended its jurisdiction over the entire territory of the empire, including the ex-
6736:
6666:
6654:
5338:
5141:
4526:
4230:
and the Baltic belong also to territory that was not inhabited by Slavs, but by Baltic and
3976:
3821:
3765:
3713:
3697:
3654:
3405:
2901:
2758:
2671:
2532:
2401:
2336:
2249:
2148:
2136:
2103:
1990:
1888:
1797:
1687:
1607:
of the regime. During the reign of Peter I, the last vestiges of the independence of the
1402:
1374:
1159:, and diplomacy, while continuing Peter's policy of modernization towards a Western model.
308:
20320:
9945:
8221:
effected. The forests were sold, and the only prosperous landlords were those who exacted
3883:
3879:
3618:'s declaration of war on Serbia, Nicholas II ordered the mobilisation of 4.9 million men.
2769:
used the Polish uprising to justify the need for unity in the empire. The semi-autonomous
1860:
several areas of Iran to Russia, which after the death of Peter were returned in the 1732
8:
21005:
20814:
20768:
20739:
20232:
20112:
20078:
19980:
19800:
19795:
19607:
19326:
19262:
19137:
19122:
18947:
18877:
18820:
18737:
18563:
18471:
18416:
18253:
18243:
18228:
18218:
18183:
18113:
18028:
17998:
17945:
17662:
17416:
17411:
17310:
17305:
17072:
17027:
16986:
16891:
16812:
16568:
16518:
16437:
16341:
16175:
16120:
16075:
16070:
16065:
16020:
15980:
15945:
15887:
15801:
15732:
15594:
15455:
15027:
The Russian empire and the world, 1700–1917: The geopolitics of expansion and containment
14121:
Stephen Woodburn, "Reaction Reconsidered: Education and the State in Russia, 1825–1848."
12575:"Russian Roads to Mecca: Religious Tolerance and Muslim Pilgrimage in the Russian Empire"
10831:
10376:
10284:
10011:"Legal Basis of Control and Prevention of Crimes by Subaltern Officers in Russian Empire"
8400:
8327:
8095:
7899:
and the fierce political struggles inside army units led to irreversible disintegration.
7896:
7458:
7353:
7345:
7333:
7215:
7191:
7180:
6565:
6398:) had administrative systems of their own, independent of the governorates; in these the
6265:
5978:
5306:
5251:
5119:
4904:
4734:
4553:
4345:
4327:
4311:
4271:
4106:
4024:
3833:
3749:
3334:
2872:
2773:
of Congress Poland subsequently lost its distinctive political and judicial rights, with
2715:
2409:
2025:
2021:
1975:
1953:
1945:
1915:
1836:
influence. In 1722, he turned his aspirations toward increasing Russian influence in the
1683:
1340:
1284:
1145:
834:
604:
19948:
19938:
13804:, "The Myth of a Systemic Crisis in Russia after the Great Reforms of the 1860s–1870s",
13645:
12513:
12284:(1st ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 404, 407–408.
10723:
7388:
7312:
Islam had a "sheltered but precarious" place in the Russian Empire. Initially, sporadic
7033:
3315:
began to show significant influence in Russia, but the country remained rural and poor.
2706:, Russia managed to bring an end to the war with highly favourable terms granted by the
1641:). Civil lettering was adopted during Peter I's reign, and the first Russian newspaper,
21138:
21105:
21070:
20949:
20866:
20844:
20824:
20790:
20345:
20325:
20308:
20259:
20124:
19933:
19884:
19817:
19735:
19676:
19671:
19666:
19622:
19592:
19484:
19382:
19250:
19225:
19053:
18957:
18741:
18693:
18688:
18591:
18581:
18538:
18530:
18370:
18193:
18188:
18153:
18133:
18108:
18103:
18098:
18093:
18088:
18073:
18068:
18013:
17920:
17766:
17637:
17527:
17507:
17463:
17406:
17401:
17378:
17345:
17335:
17325:
17207:
16740:
16715:
16705:
16695:
16680:
16665:
16623:
16553:
16538:
16477:
16457:
16447:
16417:
16392:
16377:
16321:
16261:
16251:
16110:
15933:
15919:
15914:
15860:
15796:
15606:
14077:
14069:
14034:
14026:
13514:
13463:
13408:
13347:
13244:
13146:
13138:
12610:
12602:
12037:
The origins of the Slavic nations: premodern identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus
10049:
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8665:
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8323:
8260:
7935:
7912:
7826:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7416:
7395:
Despite the predominance of Orthodoxy, several Christian denominations were professed.
7276:, who sought the forced assimilation of Jews, from 1827 conscripted Jewish children as
7269:
7227:
7219:
6772:
6677:
6587:
6359:
6295:
5620:
5584:
5523:
5511:
5419:
5372:
5112:
5010:
4998:
4912:
4900:
4820:
4541:
4504:
4469:
4259:
3968:
3910:
3853:
3825:
3571:, raised Europe's tensions, which led to the confrontation between Austria and Russia.
3422:
3401:
3393:
3308:
3274:
3229:
3020:
2841:
2757:
reason to rebel, by assailing national core values of language, religion, and culture.
2745:
Russian emperors quelled two uprisings in their newly acquired Polish territories: the
2699:
2488:" was proclaimed, linking the monarchist great powers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
2477:
2421:
2413:
2393:
2360:
2257:
2253:
2128:
1921:
Peter died in 1725, leaving an unsettled succession. After a short reign by his widow,
1813:
1549:
1534:
1386:
1362:
1300:
1104:
1074:
629:
167:
20558:
14009:
Dianina, Katia (2003). "Passage to Europe: Dostoevskii in the St. Petersburg Arcade".
12928:"Circassian Genocide on its 159th Anniversary – Genocide is a Crime against Humanity!"
10061:
9623:
This explains much of the difficulty encountered by Peter I when he adopted the title
8857:
Williams, Beryl (1 December 1994). "The concept of the first Duma: Russia 1905–1906".
8808:
4649:
3513:. Previously, Saint Petersburg and Paris, along with London, were belligerents in the
2742:. Following a brief occupation, the Russian imperial army withdrew back into Georgia.
2113:
in his short reign aimed directly against the spread of French culture in response to
1663:
that had been conquered during the Great Northern War, served as the state's capital.
21125:
21110:
20986:
20954:
20908:
20454:
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20286:
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20210:
20107:
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19240:
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18907:
18887:
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18857:
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18698:
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18018:
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16858:
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16578:
16573:
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15754:
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15708:
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14935:
14906:
14896:
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14337:
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14270:
14237:
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13709:
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13506:
13455:
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13339:
13296:
13248:
13236:
13185:
13130:
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13000:
12954:
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12872:
12839:
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12594:
12345:
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11916:
11888:
11713:
11674:
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11596:
11557:
11506:
11455:
11416:
11377:
11338:
11287:
11212:
11161:
11110:
11071:
11067:
China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic of China
10926:
10893:
10858:
10798:
10788:
10614:
10571:
10532:
10500:
10461:
10421:
10396:
10339:
10065:
10028:
9989:
9834:
9698:
9612:
9543:
9376:
9336:
9300:
9261:
9222:
9172:
8969:
8834:
8778:
8265:
8240:
8231:
8034:
7908:
7822:
7792:
7515:
7412:
7313:
7247:
6724:
6646:
6579:
6537:
Since 1870, the municipalities in European Russia had institutions like those of the
5949:
5921:
5909:
5899:
5891:
5507:
5471:
5467:
5360:
5187:
5169:
5157:
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5018:
5002:
4969:
4922:
4775:
4723:
4704:
4519:
4481:
4430:
4307:
4303:
3926:
3871:
3845:
3788:
and Second armies were severely mauled, and the Second army was nearly surrounded in
3665:
before moving east to attack Russia, whose massive army was much slower to mobilise.
3572:
3433:
3115:
3102:, each of whom hoped to achieve protection and advance their own regional ambitions.
2970:
2746:
2687:
2630:
2548:
2544:
2284:
Catherine II Sestroretsk Rouble (1771) is made of solid copper measuring 77 mm (
2261:
2140:
2114:
2052:
2010:
1949:
1774:
1749:
1604:
1600:
1587:
1394:
1366:
1356:
1320:
1257:
1093:
948:
805:
747:
561:
540:
15301:
Hellie, Richard. "The structure of modern Russian history: Toward a dynamic model."
15211:
15002:
Gatrell, Peter. "Tsarist Russia at War: The View from Above, 1914 – February 1917."
14783:
14764:
13379:""Religion, Nationality, or Politics: Catholicism in the Russian Empire, 1863–1905""
13150:
7442:
were seen as dangerous elements and persecuted heavily. Various minor sects such as
7234:
faiths, which was performed by creating spiritual assemblies (in the case of Islam,
7218:" pursuing top-down reorganization of the empire's faiths, also referred to as the "
7190:
The ecclesiastical heads of the national Russian Orthodox Church consisted of three
3858:
Austria-Hungary went to war with Russia on 6 August. The Russians started to invade
2731:
1637:
that was reformed in the manner of European style and educational institutions (the
21120:
21000:
20795:
20729:
20676:
20618:
20303:
20090:
20085:
20041:
20028:
19958:
19926:
19921:
19785:
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19762:
19723:
19656:
19639:
19580:
19570:
19565:
19506:
19462:
19432:
19392:
19375:
19358:
19321:
19072:
18922:
18837:
18782:
18752:
18703:
18663:
18646:
18636:
18571:
18543:
18412:
18376:
18294:
18118:
17888:
17833:
17796:
17771:
17761:
17695:
17647:
17577:
17572:
17567:
17562:
17557:
17547:
17542:
17235:
16981:
16807:
16745:
16700:
16643:
16548:
16467:
16432:
16241:
15892:
15791:
15599:
15191:
14654:
14565:
14061:
14018:
13467:
13439:
13390:
13286:
13228:
13177:
13120:
12586:
11973:
11015:
10604:
10311:
10215:
10057:
10018:
9854:
9059:
8925:
8866:
8747:
8730:
8707:
8650:" (according to the Western European view), and thus Westerners began to translate
8603:
8591:
8567:
8498:
8394:
8343:
8205:
8201:
8184:
7651:
7595:
7467:
7420:
7198:
and fifty bishops, all drawn from the ranks of the monastic (celibate) clergy. The
6740:
6591:
6524:
6363:
6281:
6128:
6048:
5991:
5933:
5925:
5463:
5322:
5240:
5197:
4990:
4980:
4680:
4530:
4436:
4368:
4349:
4335:
4319:
4089:. The majority of the population lived in European Russia. More than 100 different
4012:
3980:
3906:
3627:
3545:
3510:
3426:
3417:
3389:
2978:
2750:
2594:
2424:. By 1812, Russia had occupied many territories in Eastern Europe, holding some of
2390:
2373:
In 1801, over four years after Paul became the emperor of Russia, he was killed in
2245:
2207:
2171:
2107:
2029:
1884:
1824:
1695:
1656:
1612:
1558:
1370:
1292:
1213:
1141:
1112:
1015:
979:
847:
711:
656:
642:
434:
430:
426:
422:
402:
392:
372:
14570:
14553:
12483:
9553:
9473:
8870:
7363:
were forced to emigrate to the Ottoman Empire following the Russian defeat in the
3972:
2013:. Suvorov's victory was immortalized with the empire's newfound national anthem: "
1852:
the centre of military efforts against Persia, and waged the first full-scale war
1748:
and oversaw the transformation of Russia into a major European power. Painting by
1256:
killed hundreds of thousands and led to popular discontent. As the last remaining
1240:
in the east. By the end of the 19th century, Russia had expanded its control over
21100:
21095:
20763:
20623:
20603:
20521:
20489:
20362:
20330:
20313:
20269:
20264:
20242:
20237:
20195:
20188:
20163:
20023:
20018:
19859:
19740:
19634:
19629:
19597:
19422:
19412:
19306:
19299:
19294:
19279:
19235:
19117:
19103:
18962:
18937:
18725:
18708:
18553:
18289:
18038:
18008:
18003:
17863:
17853:
17818:
17808:
17791:
17627:
17582:
17497:
17215:
17190:
17037:
16867:
16827:
16730:
16670:
16660:
16648:
16593:
16412:
15806:
15781:
15560:
15365:
15313:
15135:
15128:
15044:
14945:
14914:
14876:
14540:
14493:
14460:
14408:
14375:
14347:
14297:
14198:
14170:
14151:(Volume 18 of Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies). Routledge, 7 July 2016.
13965:
13703:
13606:
12724:
12644:
11934:
11908:
10934:
10903:
10866:
10782:
10730:
10457:
Russia in the Nineteenth Century: Autocracy, Reform, and Social Change, 1814–1914
9330:
9294:
9182:
9162:
8895:
8816:
8066:
8043:
7728:
7582:
7502:
7223:
7176:
7147:
Map of subdivisions of the Russian Empire by largest ethnolinguistic group (1897)
7110:
6575:
6571:
6457:
6399:
6247:
5965:
5603:
5137:
5075:
5053:
4932:
4825:
4603:
4473:
4468:) was among the Russian Empire's last territorial acquisitions in Europe. At the
4341:
4323:
4279:
4275:
4215:
4211:
4188:
4184:
4124:
4112:
3964:
3800:
3658:
3631:
3615:
3506:
3252:
3225:
3221:
3111:
3095:
3036:
3028:
2990:
2974:
2958:
2889:
2803:
2660:
2627:
2602:
2598:
2536:
2481:
2429:
2425:
2405:
2382:
2356:
2280:
2135:, and incorporating territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the
2004:
1934:
1911:
1865:
1861:
1820:
1741:
1671:
1562:
1541:
1477:
1237:
1133:
1120:
1035:
779:
775:
580:
418:
414:
19943:
15142:
From Supplication to Revolution: A Documentary Social History of Imperial Russia
14704:
The Russian Empire in the Eighteenth Century: Searching for a Place in the World
13395:
13378:
11033:
Cavendish, Richard (2003). "The Bolshevik-Menshevik split November 16th, 1903".
9435:[First general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897].
9432:
7526:
Ethnographic Map of the Russian Empire by Pauli Gustav-Fedor Khristianovich 1862
7037:
Watercolor-tinted lithgraph, from the 1840s, depicting the arrival of the first
4625:
Furthermore, the empire at times controlled concession territories, notably the
2464:
1966:
Russia in the American Revolutionary War § Russian Diplomacy during the War
21044:
20891:
20773:
20758:
20666:
20464:
20422:
20397:
20380:
20276:
20247:
20205:
20053:
20013:
20008:
19963:
19889:
19849:
19839:
19829:
19644:
19523:
19417:
19284:
19166:
18902:
18897:
18892:
18872:
18862:
18777:
18720:
18613:
18576:
18431:
18213:
18163:
17903:
17898:
17781:
17715:
17587:
17245:
17220:
17125:
17042:
16996:
16765:
16638:
15899:
15865:
15542:
14709:
14646:
14371:
14359:
14329:
13772:
13443:
12996:
12835:
11977:
10315:
8911:
8907:
8367:
8209:
8007:
7857:
7434:
Tsarist religious policy was focused on punishing Orthodox dissenters, such as
7360:
7152:
7042:
5161:
5153:
5097:
4809:
4795:
4764:
4585:
4477:
4176:
4144:
4128:
4086:
3936:
3803:, allowing the Germans to capture many cities, including the kingdom's capital
3692:
3553:
3490:
3378:
3248:
3205:
3174:
3011:
2982:
2905:
2634:
2468:
2460:
2437:
2238:
2230:
2056:
minimal suffering, as part of her effort to introduce compassion into the law.
1941:
1926:
1892:
1809:
1805:
1781:
1711:
1616:
1344:
1316:
1249:
1058:
1046:
1023:
734:
473:
90:
84:
15440:
14658:
14554:"Russian Nationalism and the Divided Soul of the Westernizers and Slavophiles"
13291:
13232:
10567:
The Fires of Patriotism: Alaskans in the Days of the First World War 1910–1920
8281:
6586:, were incorporated into the Russian Empire after the defeat of Sweden in the
3232:
of 1904–1905. Japan took over Korea, and Manchuria remained a contested area.
21167:
21037:
21032:
20703:
20613:
20545:
20432:
20227:
20200:
20173:
20151:
20129:
19896:
19879:
19864:
19708:
19661:
19649:
19575:
19467:
19341:
19336:
19311:
19193:
19008:
18807:
18078:
17843:
17838:
17260:
17118:
17077:
17057:
16872:
16777:
16286:
16025:
15616:
14973:
14888:
13670:"In the former Soviet Union, statues and hero worship for leaders of pogroms"
13626:
13510:
13451:
13404:
13343:
13300:
13240:
13189:
13134:
12664:
12598:
12349:
12299:
10618:
10592:
10371:
9652:
9645:"ТИТУЛ "ИМПЕРАТОР" И ПОНЯТИЕ "ИМПЕРИЯ" В РОССИИ В ПЕРВОЙ ЧЕТВЕРТИ XVIII ВЕКА"
8973:
8381:
8339:
8021:
7916:
7621:
7475:
7470:
suggested that many pogroms were incited by authorities and supported by the
7439:
7400:
6716:
6604:
6595:
6461:
6460:
and coming in contact with each other only in the Senate, which acted as the
6433:
6395:
6355:
6324:
6055:, was the summer residence of the imperial family. It is named after Empress
6052:
6036:
5845:
5541:
5229:
5179:
4866:
4836:
4589:
4512:
4492:
4384:
4331:
4263:
4239:
4180:
4140:
4120:
4057:
3643:
3635:
3619:
3607:
3603:
3498:
3413:
3201:
3146:
3079:
3040:
2774:
2739:
2683:
2675:
2623:
2590:
2485:
2449:
2080:
1887:, in effect a supreme council of state. The countryside was divided into new
1626:
1567:
1433:
1336:
1175:
1108:
1027:
914:
549:
546:
537:
19973:
19953:
17607:
14910:
14544:
14495:
Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire
13216:
12953:. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Rutgers University Press. pp. 91, 92.
12744:
11930:
10802:
9186:
9096:
8929:
7985:, Siberia, and Central Asia were officially registered as a category called
7895:
and became a center of unrest and revolutionary activity. The events of the
7336:, Russian military historian Rostislav Fadeyev wrote: "The state needed the
6669:, in 1885, made loans at nominal interest rates to the landed nobility. The
6059:, who reigned from 1725 to 1727 (watercolor painting from the 19th century).
4574:
4175:
with the Caspian. The western boundary was purely arbitrary: it crossed the
2499:, Russia had burned the city just before Napoleon could reach and occupy it.
2455:
Following a dispute with Emperor Alexander I, in 1812, Napoleon launched an
1816:, which ended in 1721 when an exhausted Sweden asked for peace with Russia.
1385:
Much of Russia's expansion occurred in the 17th century, culminating in the
20437:
20178:
20168:
20134:
20063:
20058:
19985:
19775:
19757:
19718:
19713:
19693:
19688:
19560:
19553:
19543:
19538:
19533:
19427:
19365:
19346:
19331:
19267:
18967:
18797:
18668:
18586:
18168:
17690:
17652:
17552:
17135:
16653:
15638:
15628:
15373:
A state of nations: Empire and nation-making in the age of Lenin and Stalin
15234:
Mironov, Boris N. (2010) "Wages and Prices in Imperial Russia, 1703–1913",
15058:
A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya
14949:
14918:
14880:
14160:
13997:
News under Russia's Old Regime: The Development of a Mass-Circulation Press
13777:
A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya
13459:
13427:
12889:. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Rutgers University Press. pp. 88–93.
11938:
10938:
10907:
10870:
8083:
8014:
7885:
7483:
7431:
were built across Congress Poland, but no forced conversion was attempted.
7199:
7054:
6747:
6685:
6506:
6482:
6115:
were represented by delegates selected by the regional subdivisions called
5987:
5937:
5408:
5397:
5314:
4986:
4657:
4615:
4537:
4461:
4227:
4164:
4116:
4090:
3948:
3932:
3863:
3717:
3709:
3639:
3409:
3296:
3083:
2966:
2947:
2884:
1845:
1647:, was published. Peter I promoted the advancement of science, particularly
1328:
1245:
1225:
1085:
1062:
463:
15430:
14706:(1997) . xii. 307 pp. A synthesis of much Western and Russian scholarship.
14351:
13125:
13108:
12329:
12279:
10930:
10862:
9754:
Formation of the system of Russian education during the reforms of Peter I
8912:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
6547:, which consisted of several members elected by the municipal duma. Under
6152:
5994:. Beyond this, the power of the Russian autocrat was virtually limitless.
4660:
of Hawaii, but the Russian emperor refused to ratify the treaty. See also
4487:
Saint Petersburg gradually extended and consolidated its control over the
4139:. To the east were the Asiatic territories of the empire: Siberia and the
3789:
3157:
Russia had little difficulty expanding to the south, including conquering
2917:
2753:
in 1863. In 1863, the Russian autocracy had given the Polish artisans and
1819:
As a result, Peter acquired four provinces situated south and east of the
21152:
21115:
21085:
21049:
20980:
20965:
20809:
20156:
20141:
19990:
19703:
19612:
19602:
19528:
19176:
19171:
18952:
18830:
18815:
18787:
18623:
18400:
17909:
17705:
17597:
17592:
17512:
17103:
17087:
15848:
15655:
15532:
15019:
Russia Against Napoleon: The True Story of the Campaigns of War and Peace
14978:
The Battle That Shook Europe: Poltava and the Birth of the Russian Empire
13854:
13181:
12988:
12825:
10167:
9674:
Peter I in Russian historiography of the late 18th – early 20th centuries
8831:
Orthodox Christianity in Imperial Russia: A Source Book on Lived Religion
8743:
8656:
8441:
8146:
7965:
7892:
7881:
7873:
7741:
7608:
7396:
7364:
7337:
7239:
7211:
7082:
7074:
6653:
of 1897, 95 per cent of the Russian population lived in the countryside.
6442:
6429:
6290:, i.e. directing or governing senate), originally established during the
6097:
6064:
5904:
5485:
5386:
5368:
5346:
5334:
4756:
4596:
4414:
4403:
4247:
4172:
4152:
3984:
3584:
ordered a mobilisation to attempt to force Austria-Hungary to back down.
3576:
3557:
3514:
3494:
3166:
3087:
3051:
gain independence from, and strengthen themselves against, the Ottomans.
3032:
2986:
2951:
2909:
2854:
2572:
2445:
1875:
based on the latest political models of the time, molding Russia into an
1841:
1785:
1703:
1675:
1183:
682:
665:
15306:
15125:
Information and Empire: Mechanisms of Communication in Russia, 1600–1850
13518:
13494:
13142:
10762:
7328:
Portrait of Muslim Circassian tribes fleeing from persecution after the
6543:
3899:
3820:. Russia lost the entire territory of Poland and Lithuania, part of the
2071:
in 1775, on the former lands of the Ukrainian Cossacks were created the
354:
344:
20785:
20751:
20183:
20000:
19874:
19834:
19767:
18715:
17955:
17893:
17812:
17052:
17017:
15877:
15537:
15527:
14366:. Vol. II, Imperial Russia, 1689–1917. Cambridge University Press.
14030:
13763:
Encyclopaedia of russian history, by James R. Miller, "Turkestan" entry
13351:
13327:
12774:. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Rutgers University Press. p. 76.
12726:
For prophet and tsar : Islam and empire in Russia and Central Asia
12606:
12574:
10855:
St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974
8937:
8129:
8061:
8055:
7689:
7451:
7387:
Corpses of Jewish victims collected for burial in the aftermath of the
7195:
6694:
6438:
6383:
6378:, Kiev, Moscow, and Riga. The larger cities (Saint Petersburg, Moscow,
6069:
5127:
4533:("Emperor Nicholas II Land") first mapped and claimed as late as 1913.
4525:
Newly discovered Arctic islands became part of the Russian Empire: the
4465:
4392:
4299:
4287:
4192:
4148:
3944:
3518:
3374:
3370:
3278:
3170:
2850:
2766:
2695:
2540:
2269:
2256:, which resulted in the destruction of the Russian Baltic Fleet at the
2234:
2203:
1880:
1793:
1660:
1481:
1324:
1304:
1233:
1054:
15451:
15358:
15120:(Polity Press, 2011); discussion of serfdom, the peasant commune, etc.
14073:
10609:
8151:
7383:
7378:
6727:), who did not get any rights from slave masters under the system of "
2491:
2459:. It was catastrophic for France, whose army was decimated during the
1084:), who greatly expanded his domain, established a centralized Russian
20800:
20073:
19844:
19728:
19698:
19479:
19353:
19144:
18762:
18314:
18304:
17873:
17180:
17067:
15522:
13874:
Serfdom and social control in Russia: Petrovskoe, a village in Tambov
13165:
10454:
Polunov, Alexander Y.; Owen, Thomas C.; Zakharova, Larisa G. (2015).
10023:
10010:
8956:
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006).
8638:
8424:
8222:
8142:
7987:
7955:
7788:
7772:
7676:
7277:
7222:". The tsarist administration sought to arrange "orthodoxies" within
7090:
7066:
6417:
6334:
6123:
6108:
5598:
5318:
5133:
4653:
4396:
4243:
4156:
4068:
3836:
in Ukraine; thereafter the front with Germany was stable until 1917.
3696:
Russian POWs and equipments which were captured by Germany after the
3358:
3197:
3193:
3158:
3099:
3091:
3082:, which were transformed into the militarily administered regions of
2865:
2690:. At the conclusion of the war, Persia irrevocably ceded what is now
2581:
2472:
2351:
2332:
2190:,—he inflicted a series of defeats on the French; in particular, the
2132:
2075:, and on the sites of Cossack settlements were founded the cities of
2033:
1956:, where it was successful militarily, but gained little politically.
1849:
1789:
1648:
1296:
1261:
1229:
18491:
15228:
The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia, 1700–1917
14022:
13984:
Peasant Russia: family and community in the post-emancipation period
13810:
The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia, 1700–1917
12590:
12328:
Davies, Franziska; Wessel, Martin Schulze; Brenner, Michael (2015).
12039:(1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 285.
10784:
Soviet Russia and Tibet: the debacle of secret diplomacy, 1918-1930s
8155:
Young Russian peasant women in front of a traditional wooden house (
7053:
During the 1880s, the Russian army built two major railway lines in
6728:
3895:
3773:
3724:. Russia suffered a massive defeat at the Masurian Lakes twice, the
2543:
of Western Europe encouraged them to seek change on their return to
1792:, where the harbor was frozen for nine months a year. Access to the
1155:) presided over further expansion of the Russian state by conquest,
19474:
19257:
19215:
19154:
18972:
18767:
18451:
18334:
18324:
18143:
17642:
16914:
14793:. Vol. III, The Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press.
14774:. Vol. I, From Early Rus' to 1689. Cambridge University Press.
14065:
13860:
Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century
13576:"On This Day: Nicholas II Signs Decree for "Tolerance Development""
11157:
The Third Republic in France, 1870–1940: Conflicts and Continuities
11019:
9790:] (Abstract dissertion thesis) (in Russian). Saint Petersburg.
9676:] (Doctor of Historical Sciences thesis) (in Russian). Moscow.
9218:
The Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd
8420:
7974:
7970:
7960:
7784:
7776:
7715:
7647:
7291:
7094:
6670:
6600:
6453:
6391:
6371:
6112:
5615:
5519:
5342:
5165:
4785:
4684:
4606:. With the exception of this territory – modern-day
4488:
4457:
4168:
4160:
4132:
4094:
3952:
3817:
2795:
2723:
2691:
2088:
2048:
2039:
Catherine extended Russian political control over the lands of the
1837:
1823:, securing access to the sea. There he built Russia's new capital,
1667:
1621:
1287:, which led to the abdication of Nicholas II, the formation of the
1171:
527:
509:
480:
15460:
14377:
The End of Tsarist Russia: The March to World War I and Revolution
14123:
Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750–1850: Selected Papers 2000
8889:"Chapter One On the Essence of Supreme Sovereign Power Article 7."
8297:
8102:
saw serfs as a problem that held back Russia's development, so he
7977:. Native people of the Caucasus, non-ethnic Russian areas such as
7835:
7183:
of the Holy Synod being one of the council of ministers with wide
7123:
6452:
The system established by the law of 1864 had two wholly separate
6020:
3777:
3269:
2252:, and the violent suppression of the 1905 Russian Revolution. The
19387:
19316:
19272:
19127:
18842:
18653:
18344:
18299:
18274:
17828:
17537:
17155:
17108:
17047:
16971:
16925:
16000:
Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine
15882:
15168:
The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe: 1850–1914
14832:
An atlas of Russian history: eleven centuries of changing borders
10380:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 315–333, 352–63.
8647:
8347:
8191:
8166:
8107:
8091:
7479:
7447:
7243:
7086:
6720:
6649:
in 1861, Russia's economy mainly depended on agriculture. By the
6538:
6497:
6375:
6370:(Uriankhai). Of these, 11 Governorates, 17 oblasts, and 1 okrug (
6351:
6302:, of rejecting measures not in accordance with fundamental laws.
6075:
5973:
5886:, the Russian Empire was led by the emperor (also referred to as
5350:
4688:
4676:
4295:
4283:
4235:
4200:
4136:
3891:
3784:
on 11 November against the main army's right flank and rear; the
3662:
3142:
3138:
3071:
2932:
2928:
2727:
2711:
2564:
2386:
2215:
2183:
2144:
2092:
1770:
1652:
1217:
1011:
522:
503:
19188:
13608:
Europe 1850–1914 : progress, participation and apprehension
12729:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 293–294.
11964:
Stepanov, Valerii L. (2009). "Revisiting Russian Conservatism".
9669:Петр I в Отечественной Историографии: Конца XVIII – Начала XX ВВ
9030:"Population of the Major European Countries in the 19th Century"
8263:, for example, ridiculed the St. Petersburg newspapers, such as
6519:
4011:, in charge in the capital. She fell under the spell of a monk,
21189:
Countries and territories where Russian is an official language
19220:
19095:
18426:
18339:
17602:
17502:
17145:
17001:
15491:
15418:
13425:
12240:
Sarah Searight, "Russian railway penetration of Central Asia",
10700:
10493:
Akinsha, Konstantin; Kozlov, Georgi; Hochfleid, Sylvya (2008).
9433:"Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г."
8751:
8196:
7780:
7482:, even if some happened spontaneously. According to Radzinsky,
6552:
6488:
6379:
6340:
6148:
6140:
6132:
6116:
4692:
4619:
4607:
4364:
4360:
4315:
4196:
3804:
3737:
3323:; and there were temporary downturns in 1891–93 and 1905–1908.
3228:
strongly opposed Russian expansion, and defeated Russia in the
3067:
2913:
2799:
2770:
2754:
2340:
2155:, and her own political aspirations, Catherine waged a new war
2076:
1765:
1406:
1137:
1089:
1007:
438:
380:
14269:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 556.
14136:
Russia in the Age of Modernisation and Revolution 1881 – 1917
12871:. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 357.
9897:
The Three Empresses: Catherine I, Anne and Elizabeth of Russia
8047:
1856 painting imagining the announcement of the coronation of
4687:. However this attempt angered the French, who dispatched two
3931:
On 29 October 1914, a prelude to the Russo-Turkish front, the
3748:, the Russian commander-in-chief, now had the order to invade
2950:
in the onset of the industrial revolution, and that the urban
19854:
16883:
13975:
13973:
10528:
Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present
10496:
The Holy Place: Architecture, Ideology, and History in Russia
9530:
Osipov, Yuriy, ed. (2015). "The Great Northern War 1700–21".
8679:
7569:
7062:
6690:
6612:
6387:
6346:
6328:
Residence of the governor of Moscow (1778–82) as seen in 2015
6127:
peculiar franchise enjoyed by the seven largest towns —
5330:
4816:
4645:
4584:
and the Russian settlement of St. Paul's Harbor (present-day
4219:
4037:
3960:
3956:
3940:
3914:
3169:; and decades of diplomatic maneuvering resulted, called the
2877:
2515:
2123:
2084:
1608:
1525:
1066:
497:
15247:
The Russian Peasantry 1600–1930: The World the Peasants Made
14863:
The Crisis of the Old Order in Russia: Gentry and Government
13890:
The Russian Peasantry 1600–1930: The World the Peasants Made
11786:
8646:
was also used to refer to other monarchs below the rank of "
6441:
and the election of judges. This system was disliked by the
4536:
During World War I, Russia briefly occupied a small part of
3369:, in London, the party split into two wings: the gradualist
2531:
The liberal Alexander I was replaced by his younger brother
2098:
She furthered these efforts by ordering the public trial of
1690:. Several of Peter I's associates are well-known, including
1405:, Russia became the most populous state in Europe, ahead of
18309:
17150:
17140:
17130:
17113:
13914:
13816:
The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Russia, 1700-1917
12799:. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Rutgers University Press.
12331:
Jews and Muslims in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union
11945:
11762:
9783:Внешняя торговля и финансово-экономическая политика Петра I
9728:] (Dissertation abstract thesis) (in Russian). Moscow.
8632:
7471:
7399:
were particularly tolerated with the invited settlement of
7268:, there were restrictions placed against Jews known as the
7070:
6711:
Russia had a long-standing economic bargain on fundamental
6367:
6144:
6136:
6102:
5969:
5961:
was the last emperor of Russia, reigning from 1894 to 1917.
4267:
4223:
3813:
3649:
The Russian entry into the First World War was followed by
3075:
1828:
1666:
This concept of the triune Russian people, composed of the
1603:
was enshrined. The Military Regulations made a note of the
1279:
When Russia entered the First World War on the side of the
1103:), became in 1547 the first Russian monarch to be crowned "
1070:
19064:
15051:
Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Foreign Policy
14930:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
13970:
12544:"This Day in Jewish History May Laws Punish Russia's Jews"
12376:"1791: Catherine the Great Tells Jews Where They Can Live"
11045:
9788:
Foreign trade and financial and economic policy of Peter I
3517:. The relations with Britain were in disquietude from the
3367:
2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
3239:, looking for allies against Germany after 1871, formed a
2916:, and to a lesser extent in the Baltic during the related
2312: in) (thickness), and weighs 1,041 g (2 lb
1327:. After emerging victorious in 1923, they established the
1212:
From 1721 until 1762, the Russian Empire was ruled by the
15210:, vol. 2: Patterns of State Building, archived from
13708:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 69, 77, 79.
13033:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 96–98.
12334:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 47–52.
12209:
11592:
Russian Revolution of 1917: The Essential Reference Guide
10972:
10654:
10652:
10418:
A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present
10199:
Baykov, Alexander. "The economic development of Russia."
9542:. 2004–2017 (in Russian). Vol. 29. pp. 617–20.
4522:
in 1865 and continuing to add territory as late as 1885.
4480:
with Russia. However, this autonomy was eroded after the
3129:, to contain the growing power of Germany; completed the
3023:
in July 1878, Russia agreed to the creation of a smaller
2912:, which Russia lost. The war was fought primarily in the
1780:
Peter's first military efforts were directed against the
15175:
The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780–1870
13499:
Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers
12649:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 1–25.
12148:
12146:
11830:
To kill Rasputin: the life and death of Grigori Rasputin
11798:
11499:
Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla M., eds. (2005).
10954:
Nicholas II: the life and reign of Russia's last monarch
10749:
8558:
First and only census carried out in the Russian Empire.
7419:, a perception which especially increased following the
7210:
All non-Orthodox religions were formally forbidden from
6001:, a freely elected national assembly established by the
20588:
15238:(Jan 2010) 69#1 pp. 47–72, with 13 tables and 3 charts
15064:
15032:
Neumann, Iver B. "Russia as a great power, 1815–2007."
13918:
Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914–1921
12131:
12119:
12107:
11859:
11835:
11480:
11451:
Tannenberg 1914: Destruction of the Russian Second Army
11261:
11186:
10676:
10664:
9757:(Abstract dissertion thesis) (in Russian). Pyatigorsk.
8630:
Originally there was no distinction between the titles
2480:(1815), which ultimately made Alexander the monarch of
1276:, although he still retained absolute political power.
15102:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 288.
12158:
12095:
11810:
11774:
11750:
11738:
11531:
11373:
Power in Uncertain Times: Strategy in the Fog of Peace
11312:
11237:
10688:
10649:
10637:
10492:
10265:
10253:
10148:
9631:
had been glossed over and the title had been devalued.
6750:, eliciting the greatest decline in grain production.
6320:
Map showing subdivisions of the Russian Empire in 1914
3161:, until Britain became alarmed when Russia threatened
3058:
Russian troops fighting against Ottoman troops at the
2377:
in a coup. Paul was succeeded by his 23-year-old son,
1599:
Following the reforms, the governance of Russia by an
1540:
The foundations of the Russian Empire was laid during
1272:
authorized the creation of a national parliament, the
15334:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
14336:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 640.
13895:
13074:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 98.
12143:
12083:
12071:
11135:
10960:
10136:
10009:
Nikitin, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (29 October 2021).
8617:
8581:
8488:
7991:(non-Slavic, literally: "people of another origin").
7535:
According to returns published in 1905, based on the
6332:
As of 1914, Russia was divided into 81 governorates (
4491:
in the course of the 19th century, at the expense of
4348:
justified the Russian expansion in consonance of the
2989:. Meanwhile, Russia decided to sell the indefensible
2385:
with the French Republic under the leadership of the
1937:, an Ottoman vassal and long-term Russian adversary.
1898:
As part of Peter's reorganisation, he also enacted a
12010:. University of North Carolina Press Books. p.
11847:
11249:
10453:
10187:
Alexander I of Russia: the man who defeated Napoleon
9299:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 48.
9208:
8357:
7953:
Subjects of the Russian Empire were segregated into
7864:
The military of the Russian Empire consisted of the
7332:
during the 1860s. Summing up the imperial policy of
6570:
The formerly Swedish-controlled Baltic provinces of
4143:
steppes, from both of which it was separated by the
2977:
ceded much of the Manchu Homeland, and in 1860, the
2888:
Capturing of the Ottoman Turkish redoubt during the
2214:) and his wife Maria Fyodorovna (formerly Dagmar of
15118:
Internal Colonization: Russia's Imperial Experience
14782:. 7th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
14748:. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 2001.
14730:. New York: Longman Publishing Group. p. 496.
14728:
The Longman Companion to Imperial Russia, 1689–1917
13884:
13882:
12646:
The Muslim question and Russian imperial governance
12327:
11280:Hamilton, Richard F.; Herwig, Holger, eds. (2003).
10220:
Nicholas I, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias
9694:
Theological Reflection in Eighteenth-Century Russia
9393:
9077:
8440:to reflect anti-German sentiments of Russia during
8326:(refounded as the Imperial University in 1803) and
7486:(appointed Prime Minister in 1905) remarked in his
7427:policies intensified and Orthodox churches such as
7379:
Policy towards non-Eastern Orthodox Christian sects
7290:resumed an atmosphere of oppression, including the
7127:Contemporary painting of the procession of Emperor
3890:by joint Austro-German forces, retreating from the
3728:ending with a hundred thousand casualties; and the
3497:; these three powers were formed up in response to
2710:, including the formal acquisition of what are now
2111:
introduced a number of increasingly erratic decrees
1944:in Russian politics resulted in Peter I's daughter
1073:. The groundwork of the Russian Empire was laid by
15077:Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire
15034:Journal of International Relations and Development
14928:Endurance and Endeavour: Russian History 1812–2001
14841:(Oxford University Press, 1993), new topical maps.
13808:(July/Aug 2009) 50#4 pp 36–48.; Boris N. Mironov,
10289:The last years of the Georgian monarchy, 1658–1832
9877:
9819:, Chapter 1: The Environment and its Consequences.
9335:. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 687.
4602:Between 1744 and 1867, the empire also controlled
3812:the front until they were halted in the line from
2812:
2131:against the Ottoman Empire for territory near the
1959:
1933:. This resulted in a significant weakening of the
1297:mass demonstrations against the government in July
14958:
14746:A History of Russia, the Soviet Union, and Beyond
10241:
9580:Russian educational portal | Historical documents
9060:"Population of Russia and the USSR, 1913 to 1928"
7264:After Catherine II annexed eastern Poland in the
4675:, tried to establish a Russian colony in Africa,
4131:were considered part of European Russia, but the
3744:had retreated from the frontier in East Prussia.
3432:In October 1905, Nicholas reluctantly issued the
3303:In 1894, Alexander III was succeeded by his son,
2452:; it also gained some territory in the Caucasus.
2346:
1659:, which was built in 1703 on territory along the
1014:from its proclamation in November 1721 until the
21165:
15296:Major Problems in the History of Imperial Russia
15207:The Social History of Imperial Russia, 1700–1917
15187:The Social History of Imperial Russia, 1700–1917
14834:(Yale University Press, 1970), new topical maps.
14778:Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. and Mark D. Steinberg.
13879:
13705:The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Nicholas II
13495:"Religion and Migration: The Molokan Experience"
11915:. Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. p. 142.
9608:Politics and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russi
9253:
9156:
9154:
8955:
7457:In 1905, Emperor Nicholas II issued a religious
6312:History of the administrative division of Russia
6100:of the Russian parliament, consisted (since the
5736:
5429:
4698:
3602:The Russian Emperor Nicholas II declared war on
3447:
1069:, above whom was an absolute monarch titled the
15399:Kennard, Howard Percy, and Netta Peacock, eds.
15266:Review: A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center
11337:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 255.
10892:. Stanford University Press. pp. 187–210.
6272:, and a number of bishops sitting in rotation.
3661:, which first eliminated France via nonaligned
3010:. Within one year, Russian troops were nearing
2738:, received extensive support from the region's
2416:led to the Franco-Russian alliance against the
1186:(1853–1856), leading to a period of reform and
15123:Franklin, Simon, and Bowers, Katherine (eds).
15073:A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia
13850:
13848:
11670:Patriotic Culture in Russia During World War I
11279:
4633:, both conceded by Qing China, as well as the
4476:, which on paper was an autonomous kingdom in
4367:. The company also established settlements in
4238:. The east coast of the Black Sea belonged to
3110:In 1881, Alexander II was assassinated by the
3035:were left with a legacy of bitterness against
1940:The discontent over the dominant positions of
1929:. She slowed the reforms and led a successful
1732:
1170:) helped defeat the militaristic ambitions of
870:22,800,000 km (8,800,000 sq mi)
21264:States and territories disestablished in 1917
20574:
19080:
18507:
16899:
15476:
15289:Imperial Russia: new histories for the Empire
15011:Russia and the Origins of the First World War
14818:Restless Empire: A Historical Atlas of Russia
14141:
12905:"Circassian Genocide: Overview & History"
12819:
11498:
11412:Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History
10921:Harcave, Sidney (1964). "The "Two Russias"".
10787:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 13–15, 37, 67, 96.
10105:Catherine II. Novodel Sestroretsk Rouble 1771
9642:
9254:Planert, Ute; Retallack, James, eds. (2017).
9151:
8958:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"
8720:
8697:
8511:
8476:
6420:of the Russian Empire was established by the
5863:
4375:(1817), and as far south in North America as
4072:Topographic map of the Russian Empire in 1912
3716:, owing to a message sent without wiring and
3708:with unexpected speed the German province of
3196:; and Russian interests focused on Mongolia,
3152:
2608:
276:
269:
244:
237:
212:
205:
159:
152:
136:
58:
52:
46:
20537:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
15280:
15180:
14524:
10990:
10768:
10706:
10442:The abolition of serfdom in Russia 1762–1907
9649:World of History: Russian Electronic Journal
8204:, the situation was better. Finally, in the
7340:' land, but had absolutely no need of them."
7308:Persecution of Muslims § Russian Empire
6753:
4484:in 1831, and was finally abolished in 1867.
3436:, which conceded the creation of a national
3388:Russian soldiers in combat against Japanese
2825:Government reforms of Alexander II of Russia
2734:and, posing as protector and saviour of the
2726:and occupied the strategic Ottoman towns of
2653:Brig "Mercury" Attacked by Two Turkish Ships
2523:, which occurred contemporaneously with the
1910:and replaced it with a collective body, the
1633:was built by Peter the Great, along with an
1611:were lost. He transformed them into the new
1309:Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
14684:Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)
14462:A Concise History of the Russian Revolution
13845:
12985:"7: The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?"
12822:"7: The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?"
11556:. Cambridge University Press. p. 114.
11286:. Cambridge University Press. p. 180.
10923:First blood: the Russian Revolution of 1905
10830:
10415:
10184:
9779:
9292:
9260:. Cambridge University Press. p. 331.
9214:
8783:St. Petersburg International Economic Forum
7375:, but were designated with a lower status.
7194:(Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev), fourteen
6305:
4578:1814 artwork depicting the Russian warship
2355:An 1843 painting imagining Russian general
2225:Tsar Nicholas II depicted in a royal cloak.
2067:played key role in this victory. After the
21259:States and territories established in 1721
20581:
20567:
19087:
19073:
18514:
18500:
16906:
16892:
15483:
15469:
15442:Film «Moscow clad in snow», 00:07:22, 1908
15355:Comparative Studies in Society and History
15150:The Russian Empire: A Multi-Ethnic History
14809:
14720:The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias
14410:The Russian Origins of the First World War
14302:(2nd ed.). Harvard University Press.
12902:
11588:
10570:. University of Alaska Press. p. 21.
10420:. Cambridge University Press. p. 81.
7530:
7514:Ethnographic Map of the Russian Empire by
7506:Demographics of pre-WW1 European countries
6165:Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire
5870:
5856:
4253:
3975:. In December, Russia obtained success at
3544:were deteriorating, and tensions over the
2969:, which was occupied fighting against the
2633:by the Russian forces under leadership of
2059:During the reign of Catherine there was a
1994:1764, Rouble Catherine II ММД, Krasny Mint
353:
343:
307:
30:For other places with a similar name, see
15320:Empire: The Russian empire and its rivals
15287:Burbank, Jane, and David L. Ransel, eds.
14744:McKenzie, David & Michael W. Curran.
14713:Empire; The Russian Empire and Its Rivals
14569:
14187:
13915:Vladimir IUrevich Cherniaev, ed. (1997).
13701:
13611:. Oxon, England: Routledge. p. 325.
13394:
13290:
13124:
12982:
11907:
11376:. Stanford University Press. p. 40.
11330:
11153:
11032:
10993:The Decline of Imperial Russia, 1855–1914
10608:
10390:
10327:
10325:
10022:
9750:
9604:
9427:
9411:
8906:
7301:
7298:led to significant sustained emigration.
6092:The Duma of the Empire or Imperial Duma (
4503:and the respectively ensuing treaties of
4417:. The emperor eventually ended up ruling
4163:, being separated from the latter by the
4093:lived in the Russian Empire, with ethnic
3990:
3181:. The maneuvering largely ended with the
2954:had effectively replaced the landowners.
2182:in 1798. Russian commander Field Marshal
2009:, by Russian troops under the command of
1387:first Russian colonization of the Pacific
27:1721–1917 empire spanning Europe and Asia
15147:
15092:Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great
14925:
14406:
14295:
13492:
13214:
13106:
12948:
12884:
12794:
12769:
12642:
12277:
12061:"Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire"
11963:
11804:
11792:
11589:Kalic, Sean N.; Brown, Gates M. (2017).
11549:
11267:
11204:
11070:. Oxford University Press. p. 764.
10852:
10682:
10670:
10338:. Oxford: University Press. p. 23.
10047:
9986:Catherine the Great: Portrait of a Woman
9910:Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great
9828:
9697:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. x.
9665:
9461:
8856:
8296:
8280:
8170:Peasants in Russia (photograph taken by
8165:
8150:
8054:
8042:
7845:
7834:
7521:
7509:
7501:
7407:. During the reign of Catherine II, the
7382:
7323:
7296:anti-Jewish policy of the Russian Empire
7142:
7122:
7032:
6771:
6763:
6628:
6518:
6323:
6315:
6251:
6220:Ministry of Agriculture and State Assets
6042:
6019:
5953:
4573:
4435:
4075:
4067:
3994:
3720:, causing the destruction of the entire
3691:
3597:
3383:
3283:
3268:
3053:
2883:
2871:
2859:
2840:
2832:
2643:
2618:
2514:
2490:
2350:
2279:
2220:
1997:
1989:
1969:
1736:
1580:
1524:
1216:; its matrilineal branch of patrilineal
338:
20361:
16136:Collective Security Treaty Organization
15225:
14972:
14860:
14725:
14647:"The End of Imperial Russia, 1855–1917"
14644:
14615:World War I: A Country-by-Country Guide
14491:
14229:
14196:
14110:Russian Identities: A Historical Survey
14051:
14008:
13901:
13813:
13604:
13273:
12215:
12176:
12164:
12152:
12137:
12125:
12113:
12101:
12089:
12077:
11951:
11882:
11768:
11756:
11744:
11673:. Cornell University Press. p. 9.
11627:
11447:
11408:
11369:
11192:
11109:. Henry Holt and Company. p. 208.
11102:
10920:
10890:The Revolution of 1905: A Short History
10780:
10694:
10658:
10643:
10524:
10271:
10259:
10214:
10154:
10142:
10090:
10008:
9780:Novosyolova, Nataliya Ivanovna (1999).
9717:
9690:
8859:Parliaments, Estates and Representation
8833:. Indiana University Press. p. 4.
8828:
8162:), photograph taken by Prokudin-Gorskii
7766:
6760:Industrialization in the Russian Empire
6471:
6158:
4559:
4552:in German) was the site of the initial
4472:(1815), Russia gained sovereignty over
4097:composing about 45% of the population.
4018:
3772:and concentrated between the cities of
3149:was carried out throughout the empire.
1883:(council of nobles) with a nine-member
1188:intensified expansion into Central Asia
1088:, and secured independence against the
14:
21166:
16941:List of current non-sovereign monarchs
15391:Documents Of Russian History 1914–1917
15100:The Modernisation of Russia, 1676–1825
15016:
14997:Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914
14825:The Penguin historical atlas of Russia
14769:
14611:
14578:
14370:
14358:
14328:
14262:
13697:
13695:
12903:Cataliotti, Joseph (22 October 2023).
12718:
12716:
12690:
12688:
12686:
12638:
12636:
12572:
12448:
12446:
12444:
12442:
12411:
12409:
12407:
12405:
12403:
12401:
12323:
12321:
12273:
12271:
12269:
12267:
12265:
12263:
12034:
11990:
11885:The Routledge Atlas of Russian History
11816:
11780:
11712:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 449.
11537:
11505:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 380.
11486:
11318:
11255:
11243:
11141:
11063:
11051:
11005:
10978:
10966:
10883:
10757:
10734:
10591:Grinev, Andrei V. (18 February 2010).
10590:
10370:
10335:Tsarist and Communist Russia 1855–1964
10331:
10322:
10301:
10232:
10166:
10048:Semyonov, Alexander (1 January 2010),
9983:
9883:
9726:Industrial and trade policy of Peter I
9627:. The etymological origin of the word
9529:
9523:
9328:
9235:from the original on 10 September 2015
9193:from the original on 19 September 2015
8980:from the original on 17 September 2016
8619:Imperator i Samoderzhets Vserossiyskiy
8226:not encouraging of individual effort.
7959:, or social estates (classes) such as
7805:Military history of the Russian Empire
7466:that resulted from reactionary riots.
7045:from St. Petersburg on 30 October 1837
5936:, who warned of a Russia governed by "
4318:, and the former Ottoman provinces of
3712:, ending with a humiliating defeat at
2440:; from Northern Europe, it had gained
20562:
19068:
18521:
18495:
17171:
16887:
15694:Judicial system of the Russian Empire
15464:
15097:
14887:
14632:from the original on 26 December 2022
14599:from the original on 26 December 2022
14551:
14458:
14439:
14394:from the original on 27 February 2024
14217:from the original on 27 February 2024
13935:from the original on 27 February 2024
13722:from the original on 27 February 2024
13543:
13376:
13332:The Slavonic and East European Review
13325:
13255:from the original on 27 February 2024
13196:from the original on 27 February 2024
13163:
13088:from the original on 27 February 2024
13047:from the original on 27 February 2024
13013:from the original on 27 February 2024
12969:"Forgotten genocides of the Caucasus"
12966:
12866:
12852:from the original on 16 December 2023
12820:Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (1999).
12722:
12694:
12356:from the original on 27 February 2024
12306:from the original on 27 February 2024
12063:. chapter1, article 7. Archived from
12005:
11865:
11853:
11841:
11726:from the original on 27 December 2022
11705:
11687:from the original on 27 December 2022
11648:from the original on 28 December 2022
11609:from the original on 28 December 2022
11570:from the original on 27 December 2022
11519:from the original on 26 December 2022
11468:from the original on 26 December 2022
11390:from the original on 27 December 2022
11351:from the original on 27 December 2022
11300:from the original on 27 December 2022
11225:from the original on 29 December 2022
11211:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 40.
11174:from the original on 29 December 2022
11123:from the original on 29 December 2022
11084:from the original on 28 December 2022
10951:
10750:Schimmelpenninck Van Der Oye, David.
10563:
10499:. Yale University Press. p. 74.
10377:God's Playground: A History of Poland
10352:from the original on 27 February 2024
10247:
9865:from the original on 5 September 2021
9812:
9721:Промышленно-торговая политика Петра 1
9718:Dubakov, Maxim Valentinovich (2004).
9511:from the original on 13 November 2020
9495:
9493:
9491:
9373:A History of Russia Volume 1: To 1917
9274:from the original on 11 February 2023
9160:
9139:from the original on 25 December 2022
9083:
9040:from the original on 28 February 2024
8944:from the original on 19 November 2018
8729:
8706:
8590:
8497:
7771:Russian Central Asia was also called
6776:Russian and US equities, 1865 to 1917
6428:. This system – based partly on
6412:Judicial system of the Russian Empire
5894:for 1910, Russia was described as "a
4566:Russian colonization of North America
4444:of the western Russian Empire in 1910
3626:, including the name of the capital,
3587:
3258:
2985:, also founded the outpost of future
2557:Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality
1565:invested the tsar with the titles of
1299:. The republic was overthrown in the
16833:Unified Sports Classification System
15401:The Russian Year-book: Volume 2 1912
15370:
15244:
15094:(2002), comprehensive topical survey
15065:Economic, social, and ethnic history
14788:
14512:from the original on 10 January 2023
14479:from the original on 12 January 2023
14465:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
14334:Russia in the Age of Peter the Great
14316:from the original on 20 January 2023
14250:from the original on 12 January 2023
13656:from the original on 2 February 2022
13586:from the original on 29 October 2021
13556:from the original on 17 October 2021
13546:"Canada's little-known Russian sect"
13525:from the original on 17 October 2021
13474:from the original on 27 October 2021
13358:from the original on 17 October 2021
13307:from the original on 17 October 2021
13065:
13024:
12885:Richmond, Walter (2013). "4: 1864".
12770:Richmond, Walter (2013). "4: 1864".
12621:from the original on 29 October 2021
12554:from the original on 28 October 2021
12524:from the original on 2 February 2022
12494:from the original on 2 February 2022
12454:"Russia Virtual Jewish History Tour"
12427:from the original on 15 October 2019
12386:from the original on 17 October 2021
12197:from the original on 16 January 2023
11666:
10809:from the original on 24 January 2023
10625:from the original on 2 February 2022
10597:European Journal of American Studies
10545:from the original on 20 January 2023
10513:from the original on 17 January 2023
10474:from the original on 21 January 2023
10283:
9895:Philip Longworth and John Charlton,
9443:from the original on 4 February 2012
9399:
9370:
9349:from the original on 26 October 2023
8608:Император и Самодержец Всероссийский
8285:Saint Petersburg Imperial University
8208:nearly all the land belonged to the
8069:, depicting a Russian city in winter
7949:Social estates in the Russian Empire
7454:came to settle primarily in Canada.
6292:Government reform of Peter the Great
5882:From its initial creation until the
4595:According to the 1st article of the
4406:of 1808–1809 and the signing of the
4402:Following the Swedish defeat in the
3470:
2615:Foreign policy of the Russian Empire
1769:, whose status was close to that of
1639:Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
1521:Government reform of Peter the Great
1291:, and the proclamation of the first
1182:were later checked by defeat in the
1038:between 1799 and 1867. The empire's
1016:proclamation of the Russian Republic
21244:Historical transcontinental empires
20590:International relations (1814–1919)
19029:History of the Mediterranean region
15490:
14427:from the original on 7 January 2023
14192:. Heinemann Educational Publishers.
13814:Mironov, Boris Nikolaevich (2012).
13702:Radzinsky, Edvard (30 March 2011).
13692:
13157:
12713:
12683:
12633:
12439:
12398:
12318:
12260:
11429:from the original on 4 January 2023
10774:
10737:Pobedonostsev: His Life and Thought
10531:. Infobase Publishing. p. 54.
10017:. Publishing house Sreda: 176–178.
9089:
8809:18th Century in the Russian History
8301:Russian primary school in the 1900s
8254:History of journalism § Russia
7205:
6611:, the name of which was altered to
6559:
6358:of the Russian Empire included the
6225:Ministry of Ways of Communications;
6009:
3971:the frontier but failed to capture
3839:
3732:suffering 200,000. By October, the
2666:After Russian armies liberated the
2512:, no major changes were attempted.
2069:liquidation of the Zaporozhian Sich
24:
21229:Former monarchies of North America
16936:List of current sovereign monarchs
16131:Commonwealth of Independent States
15382:
15152:. New York: Longman. p. 480.
14861:Manning, Roberta Thompson (1982).
14823:Channon, John, and Robert Hudson.
14677:
14552:Stein, Howard F. (December 1976).
14299:Russia and the Russians: A History
14283:from the original on 26 March 2023
13913:Orlando Figes, "The Peasantry" in
13680:from the original on 27 April 2022
13633:from the original on 26 March 2023
13274:Binzley, Ronald A. (1 June 2017).
12915:from the original on 20 March 2023
12751:from the original on 26 March 2023
12671:from the original on 26 March 2023
12464:from the original on 23 April 2020
12244:(June 1992) 23#2 pp. 171–180.
11879:Routledge Atlas of Russian History
10112:from the original on 22 April 2016
9732:from the original on 14 April 2018
9488:
9414:, pp. 8–31; Gilbert, Martin.
9313:from the original on 23 April 2023
9164:Trotsky and the Russian Revolution
9107:from the original on 10 April 2022
8789:from the original on 6 August 2022
7872:. Its poor performance during the
7429:Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Warsaw
7319:Orenburg Muslim Spiritual Assembly
7260:Antisemitism in the Russian Empire
7187:powers in ecclesiastical matters.
6514:
6405:
6300:Supreme Court of the United States
6241:
5743:
4644:, a Russian entrepreneur, went to
4246:, was in foreign hands, while the
4048:, but he bequeathed the throne to
3920:
3866:on 20 August, and annihilated the
3795:Exhausted Russian troops began to
3768:, retreated from the frontline in
3548:had reached a breaking point with
2678:'s occupation of 1802, during the
2298: in) (diameter), 26 mm (
2024:was a German princess who married
2015:Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble!
1868:as a deal to oppose the Ottomans.
1497:, excludes Grand Duchy of Finland
1393:which led to the incorporation of
221:Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble!
25:
21275:
21234:Former monarchies of Central Asia
21214:Former countries in North America
15411:
15273:Russia's age of serfdom 1649–1861
15173:Milward, Alan S. and S. B. Saul.
15166:Milward, Alan S. and S. B. Saul.
14846:An historical geography of Russia
14827:(Viking, 1995), new topical maps.
14789:Suny, Ronald Grigor, ed. (2006).
13840:Russia's age of serfdom 1649–1861
13667:
12231:(2006) Issue 2, pp. 101–134.
11628:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2014a).
10752:Russian foreign policy, 1815–1917
10393:Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar
10185:Strakhovsky, Leonid Ivan (1970).
10062:10.1163/ej.9789004175716.i-280.35
9831:The Revolution of Peter the Great
9794:from the original on 29 June 2018
9761:from the original on 29 June 2018
9680:from the original on 7 July 2018.
9010:from the original on 8 March 2023
8962:Journal of World-Systems Research
8779:"St. Petersburg through the Ages"
8499:[rɐˈsʲijskəjəɪmˈpʲerʲɪjə]
8397:- Russian conquest of Afghanistan
7791:(54,900). By 1911, 17 percent of
7023:
6707:Agriculture in the Russian Empire
6501:in the 34 governorates of Russia;
6208:Ministry of Commerce and Industry
6169:In 1905, a Council of Ministers (
5757:
4650:negotiated a treaty of protection
4111:The administrative boundaries of
4080:Map of the Russian Empire in 1745
3673:
3454:Dissolution of the Russian Empire
3141:, with thousands being exiled to
2957:Seeking more territories, Russia
1682:(1621), the Archimandrite of the
1222:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
1174:and subsequently constituted the
239:Коль славенъ нашъ Господь в Сіонҍ
21219:Former countries in Central Asia
21179:1917 disestablishments in Russia
19014:Bibliography of European history
18609:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
17454:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
15429:
15417:
15291:(Indiana University Press, 1998)
15190:, Westview Press, archived from
14893:The Fall of the Russian Monarchy
14612:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2019).
14579:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2014).
14128:
14115:
14102:
14089:
14045:
14002:
13989:
13947:
13907:
13866:
13832:
13795:
13782:
13766:
13757:
13737:
13598:
13568:
13537:
13486:
13419:
13370:
13319:
13267:
13217:"Lutherans in Russia since 1990"
13208:
13164:Paert, Irina (1 February 2017).
13100:
13059:
12967:Peach, Gary (10 November 2010).
12942:
12813:
12788:
12763:
12566:
12536:
12506:
12476:
12368:
12278:Kollmann, Nancy Shields (2017).
12247:
12234:
12221:
12170:
12053:
12028:
11999:
11984:
11957:
11901:
11871:
11822:
11699:
11660:
11621:
11582:
11543:
11492:
11441:
11402:
11363:
11324:
11273:
11198:
11147:
11096:
11057:
10233:Mazour, Anatole Gregory (1961).
9651:(in Russian) (5). Archived from
8736:
8713:
8690:
8671:
8664:, Peter claimed equality to the
8660:("king"). By adopting the title
8374:
8360:
7921:Technology in the Russian Empire
7348:during the 1860s. Following its
7253:
6635:State Bank of the Russian Empire
5839:
4733:
4618:, and after 1991 in the smaller
3935:, with German support, began to
3680:Russian invasion of East Prussia
3105:
2782:
1418:Population of Russia (millions)
984:
970:
941:
289:
257:
253:How Glorious Is Our Lord in Zion
246:Kol' slaven nash Gospod' v Sione
225:
172:
111:
83:
76:
19039:History of Western civilization
18642:Christianity in the Middle Ages
16931:Imperial, royal and noble ranks
15271:Wirtschafter, Elise Kimerling.
14820:(2015), copies of historic maps
14791:The Cambridge History of Russia
14772:The Cambridge History of Russia
14651:European History in Perspective
14364:The Cambridge History of Russia
13921:. Indiana UP. pp. 543–53.
11026:
10999:
10984:
10945:
10877:
10846:
10824:
10743:
10712:
10584:
10557:
10486:
10447:
10434:
10409:
10384:
10364:
10295:
10277:
10226:
10208:
10193:
10178:
10160:
10123:
10096:
10041:
10002:
9977:
9968:
9959:
9950:
9939:
9928:
9915:
9902:
9889:
9847:
9822:
9773:
9744:
9711:
9684:
9659:
9636:
9598:
9568:
9455:
9421:
9405:
9364:
9332:Encyclopedia of Russian History
9286:
9247:
9215:Rabinowitch, Alexander (2008).
9119:
9052:
9022:
8992:
8917:International Studies Quarterly
8900:
8624:
8597:
8592:[ɐˈtʲet͡sɐˈtʲet͡ɕɪstvə]
8561:
8552:
8523:
8469:
8390:Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)
7359:Many groups of Muslims such as
7085:on the Caspian Sea and reached
5751:Not internationally recognized.
4671:In 1889, a Russian adventurer,
4334:, and the northeastern part of
4195:, and then to the mouth of the
3874:, leading to the occupation of
3542:Russia's relations with Germany
3521:in Central Asia until the 1907
3340:Constitutional Democratic Party
3192:, 1890 to 1904. This opened up
2829:Russia–United Kingdom relations
2813:Second half of the 19th century
2806:in 1819 (hand-drawn lithograph)
2694:, eastern Georgia, and most of
2495:An 1813 painting depicting the
2275:
2159:in 1796 after they had invaded
2036:instituted by Peter the Great.
1982:, she played a key role in the
1960:Catherine the Great (1762–1796)
1844:at the expense of the weakened
1758:
1721:
1557:22 October] 1721, the
1508:includes new Asian territories
1323:, the Bolsheviks conducted the
1196:
1165:
1150:
1125:
1098:
1079:
1020:third-largest empire in history
18883:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
18826:Christianity in the modern era
18597:Christianity in late antiquity
16913:
15226:——— (2012),
15017:——— (2011),
14959:Military and foreign relations
14865:. Princeton University Press.
14180:
14097:History of Education Quarterly
14054:History of Education Quarterly
13838:Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter,
13215:Stricker, Gerd (1 June 2001).
12983:Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999).
8877:
8850:
8822:
8801:
8771:
8746:was the dominant faith of the
8460:
8447:
8436:In 1914, the city was renamed
8430:
8413:
7665:Other non-Christian religions
6719:, which was worked by Russian
6700:
6584:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
6480:the peasant assemblies in the
6235:Ministry of National Education
6182:Ministry of the Imperial Court
6016:State Council (Russian Empire)
5928:under an autocratic emperor".
5745:
5209:General Secretariat of Ukraine
4570:First Russian circumnavigation
4306:, the Central Asian states of
3642:; and was thus renamed to the
3594:Russian entry into World War I
3567:of the Austro-Hungarian heir,
3212:. In 1900, the Russian Empire
3165:, with the implicit threat to
2722:, Russia invaded northeastern
2704:Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828
2563:hundreds of thousands sent to
2467:reached Moscow, the Russians'
2400:, Napoleon defeated Russia at
2347:First half of the 19th century
2178:against the new-revolutionary
2041:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1931:war against the Ottoman Empire
1925:, the crown passed to Empress
1802:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1289:Russian Provisional Government
1238:Alaska, Hawaii, and California
1051:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1010:that spanned most of northern
13:
1:
21174:1721 establishments in Russia
20960:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits
20914:1917 Franco-Russian agreement
20904:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty
19034:History of the European Union
16041:Political abuse of psychiatry
15127:(Open Book Publishers, 2017)
14770:Perrie, Maureen, ed. (2006).
14715:(Yale University Press, 2001)
14571:10.1525/eth.1976.4.4.02a00010
13806:Russian Social Science Review
13377:Weeks, Ted (1 January 2011).
13170:The English Historical Review
13107:Williams, Brian Glyn (2000).
12934:. 21 May 2023. Archived from
11991:Martin, Alexander M. (1997).
10015:Law, Economics and Management
9912:(Yale University Press, 1981)
9611:. Routledge. pp. 40–42.
9605:Madariaga, Isabel De (2014).
8871:10.1080/02606755.1994.9525857
8764:
8529:Historiographically known as
8215:
8156:
7891:The army performed poorly in
7497:
7330:Russian conquest of Circassia
7119:History of the Jews in Russia
6731:". Another system was called
6661:, many reforms occurred. The
6625:Economy of the Russian Empire
6609:Imperial University of Dorpat
6527:
6081:
6025:
5990:of succession established by
5914:fundamental laws were changed
5759:
4977:Great Stand on the Ugra River
4699:Government and administration
4635:Russian concession of Tianjin
4529:from the early 18th century;
4450:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
3700:, a major disaster for Russia
3448:War, revolution, and collapse
3412:led an enormous crowd to the
3265:History of Russia (1892–1917)
2819:History of Russia (1855–1892)
2680:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
2657:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
2639:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
2521:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
2369:History of Russia (1796–1855)
2061:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
1728:History of Russia (1721–1796)
1514:
1380:
20820:Second Industrial Revolution
20694:League of the Three Emperors
16946:List of monarchy referendums
16686:Traditions and superstitions
15437:travel guide from Wikivoyage
15357:31#1 (1989) pp. 168–79
14895:. Phoenix. pp. 94–143.
14853:
14527:The Russian empire 1801–1917
14413:. Harvard University Press.
14230:Dowling, Timothy C. (2014).
13650:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
12699:. Brill. pp. 1–3, 100.
12518:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
12488:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
12458:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
12421:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
12281:The Russian Empire 1450–1801
12177:Ziegler, Charles E. (2009).
11331:Ruthchild, Rochelle (2010).
10771:, pp. 441–444, 679–682.
9855:"BOUNDARIES ii. With Russia"
9833:. Harvard University Press.
9751:Yarysheva, Svetlana (2001).
9533:Romania to Saint-Jean-de-Luz
9472:(in Russian). Archived from
9462:Anisimov, Yevgeniya (2017).
9375:. Anthem Press. p. 88.
8829:Coleman, Heather J. (2014).
8330:—while the relatively young
8276:
7925:Cinema of the Russian Empire
7840:Battle of the Trebbia (1799)
6214:Ministry of Internal Affairs
4100:
4063:
3979:, where the Russian General
3538:League of the Three Emperors
3466:Eastern Orthodoxy by country
3442:Russian Constitution of 1906
3220:'s intervention against the
2896:In 1854–1855, Russia fought
2188:Italian and Swiss expedition
1391:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
553:semi-constitutional monarchy
7:
21224:Former monarchies of Europe
20850:Treaty of Versailles (1871)
19094:
18993:Russian invasion of Ukraine
18604:Crisis of the Third Century
16352:Water supply and sanitation
14525:Seton-Watson, Hugh (1967).
14498:. Oxford University Press.
14492:Sanborn, Joshua A. (2014).
14442:Russia under the Old Regime
13493:Hardwick, Susan W. (1993).
13396:10.1016/j.euras.2010.10.008
13383:Journal of Eurasian Studies
13221:Religion, State and Society
12643:Campbell, Elena I. (2015).
11550:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2020).
11154:Fortescue, William (2017).
10991:Seton-Watson, Hugh (1952).
10739:. Indiana University Press.
10056:, BRILL, pp. 191–228,
9296:A Concise History of Russia
8618:
8582:
8489:
8353:
8136:
8039:Emancipation reform of 1861
7798:
7759:
7756:
7748:
7745:
7735:
7732:
7722:
7719:
7709:
7706:
7696:
7693:
7683:
7680:
7670:
7667:
7659:
7656:
7641:
7638:
7628:
7625:
7615:
7612:
7602:
7599:
7589:
7586:
7576:
7573:
7563:
7560:
7100:
7028:
6682:Russian famine of 1891–1892
6422:statute of 20 November 1864
6187:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
6147:, and the Polish cities of
6088:State Duma (Russian Empire)
5273:Provisional Priamurye Govt.
4652:with the island's governor
4501:Russo-Persian War (1826–28)
4497:Russo-Persian War (1804–13)
4456:, the eastern parts of the
4427:Governor-General of Finland
4423:semi-constitutional monarch
4355:Between 1742 and 1867, the
4218:were surrounded by what is
4054:Romanov family was executed
3937:raid Russian coastal cities
3704:By August 1914, Russia had
3668:
3460:Eastern Front (World War I)
3392:(inside China), during the
3008:Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)
2940:Emancipation Reform of 1861
2849:of a Russian naval base at
2720:1828–1829 Russo-Turkish War
2359:, giving orders during the
2174:. He brought Russia into a
2151:, signed with the Georgian
2100:Darya Nikolayevna Saltykova
1879:state. He replaced the old
1733:Peter the Great (1682–1725)
1420:
1417:
1399:Russian conquest of Siberia
1232:in the south, and from the
846:• Proclamation of the
277:
245:
213:
160:
137:
59:
10:
21280:
21209:Former countries in Europe
20899:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
19049:Military history of Europe
19044:Maritime history of Europe
15452:The Empire that was Russia
15249:. Boston: Addison-Wesley.
15148:Kappeler, Andreas (2001).
14980:. New York: I. B. Tauris.
14688:
14681:
14296:Geoffrey, Hosking (2011).
14200:Imperial Russia, 1801-1905
13790:Russian Studies in History
13605:Sperber, Jonathan (2013).
13444:10.3378/1534-6617-80.3.203
12006:Wolfe, Bertram D. (2018).
11978:10.2753/RSH1061-1983480200
11966:Russian Studies in History
11709:A Companion to World War I
11631:500 Great Military Leaders
11454:. Bloomsbury. p. 61.
11409:Zabecki, David T. (2014).
11283:The Origins of World War I
11160:. Routledge. p. 109.
10853:Jelavich, Barbara (1974).
10735:Byrnes, Robert F. (1968).
10525:Borrero, Mauricio (2009).
10460:. Routledge. p. 164.
10391:Radzinsky, Edvard (2006).
10316:10.1177/026569148501500201
10304:European History Quarterly
9984:Massie, Robert K. (2011).
9666:Solovyov, Yevgeny (2006).
9539:Great Russian Encyclopedia
9469:Great Russian Encyclopedia
9293:Bushkovitch, Paul (2012).
8332:Imperial Moscow University
8251:
8140:
8032:
8028:
7946:
7942:
7906:
7902:
7808:
7802:
7754:Other Christian religions
7305:
7257:
7104:
6757:
6739:, which was introduced by
6704:
6622:
6618:
6563:
6409:
6309:
6279:
6245:
6162:
6085:
6013:
5947:
5943:
4702:
4673:Nikolay Ivanovitch Achinov
4563:
4454:Treaty of Bucharest (1812)
4167:depression, which in post-
4104:
4022:
4000:Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow
3924:
3843:
3677:
3657:had therefore devised the
3591:
3474:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3321:central black earth region
3262:
3153:Foreign policy (1864–1907)
2822:
2816:
2612:
2609:Foreign policy (1800–1864)
2366:
1963:
1873:reorganized his government
1725:
1518:
1354:
1350:
329: Spheres of influence
154:За Веру, Царя и Отечество!
29:
21058:
20922:
20835:
20720:European balance of power
20712:
20647:
20596:
20530:
20482:
19999:
19403:
19102:
19019:Genetic history of Europe
19001:
18806:
18622:
18562:
18529:
18358:
18267:
17981:
17744:
17678:
17490:
17481:
17377:
17359:
17291:
17206:
17164:
17096:
17010:
16954:
16921:
16852:
16609:
16373:
16364:
16197:
16188:
15941:
15932:
15740:
15731:
15666:
15508:
15499:
15454:: color photographs from
15281:Historiography and memory
15004:Journal of Modern History
14999:(1998); military strategy
14722:(1983), narrative history
14659:10.1007/978-1-349-25483-5
14188:Catchpole, Brian (1974).
14108:Nicholas V. Riasanovsky,
13292:10.1163/22141332-00403007
13279:Journal of Jesuit Studies
13233:10.1080/09637490120074792
13072:A History of the Caucasus
13031:A History of the Caucasus
12991:; Roberts, Penny (eds.).
12949:Richmond, Walter (2013).
12869:The Thistle and the Drone
12795:Richmond, Walter (2013).
12723:Crews, Robert D. (2006).
11634:. ABC-CLIO. p. 556.
11595:. ABC-CLIO. p. 180.
11502:World War I: Encyclopedia
11448:McNally, Michael (2022).
11415:. ABC-CLIO. p. 371.
11008:Journal of Modern History
10952:Warth, Robert D. (1997).
10332:Haynes, Margaret (2017).
9329:Millar, James R. (2004).
9257:Decades of Reconstruction
9221:. Indiana UP. p. 1.
8721:
8698:
8607:
8571:
8512:
8477:
8190:The average allotment in
7852:Suvorov Crossing the Alps
7842:by Alexander von Kotzebue
7242:), banning and declaring
7173:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
7115:Catholic Church in Russia
6768:100 ruble banknote (1910)
6754:Mining and heavy industry
6288:Pravitelstvuyushchi Senat
6275:
5715:
5694:
5676:Luhansk People's Republic
5673:
5655:Donetsk People's Republic
5652:
5631:
5614:
5597:
5418:
5407:
5271:
5250:
5239:
5228:
5207:
5096:
5085:
5074:
5063:
5052:
4857:Principality of Chernigov
4662:Orthodox Church in Hawaii
4627:Kwantung Leased Territory
4511:, as well as through the
4387:. Both Fort Ross and the
4381:Sonoma County, California
4379:(established in 1812) in
4031:International Women's Day
3764:. The Ninth Army, led by
3351:Socialist Revolutionaries
2736:Greek Orthodox population
2525:French invasion of Russia
2153:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
2065:Fortress of St. Elizabeth
1529:A painting depicting the
1209:of all 23 million serfs.
1140:to the new model city of
920:
910:
906:
896:
883:
879:
874:
866:
861:
857:
844:
831:
815:
802:
789:
772:
759:
744:
731:
721:
708:
704:
696:
679:
662:
652:
648:
636:
624:• 1810–1812 (first)
622:
618:
602:
598:
586:
576:• 1721–1725 (first)
574:
570:
560:
533:
521:
445:
410:Recognised languages
408:
398:
388:
368:
304:
270:
238:
214:Grom pobedy, razdavaysia!
207:Громъ побҍды, раздавайся!
206:
153:
147:
131:
95:Civil ensign (1696–1917);
72:
67:
53:
47:
41:
21249:Modern history of Russia
21011:Venezuela Naval Blockade
20682:Anglo-Russian Convention
17083:Self-proclaimed monarchy
16126:Prime Minister of Russia
14926:Westwood, J. N. (2002).
14839:Atlas of Russian history
14801:(Greenwood Press, 1999)
14702:Kamenskii, Aleksandr B.
14169:26 December 2022 at the
13745:
13326:Zatko, James J. (1960).
13068:"2: Rule and Resistance"
13027:"2: Rule and Resistance"
12932:Human Rights Association
12417:"The Pale of Settlement"
12183:. ABC-CLIO. p. 58.
11883:Gilbert, Martin (2007).
11064:Garver, John W. (2015).
10884:Ascher, Abraham (2004).
9946:Фортеця Святої Єлисавети
9935:Фортеця Святої Єлисавети
9829:Cracraft, James (2003).
9416:Atlas of Russian history
9371:Moss, Walter G. (2003).
9161:Swain, Geoffrey (2014).
8406:
8247:
6697:was introduced in 1916.
6456:, each having their own
6306:Administrative divisions
5282:
4952:
4876:
4794:
4784:
4774:
4458:Principality of Moldavia
4448:In the aftermath of the
4357:Russian-American Company
4314:, a significant part of
3905:On 4 June 1916, General
3850:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
3606:, on the balcony of the
3569:Archduke Franz Ferdinand
3523:Anglo-Russian Convention
3275:First Russian Revolution
3245:Anglo-Russian Convention
3183:Anglo-Russian Convention
3135:Konstantin Pobedonostsev
3131:conquest of Central Asia
2876:Russian troops entering
2668:Eastern Georgian Kingdom
2648:1892 painting depicting
2626:'s 1893 painting of the
2579:of the medieval Russian
1451:includes part of Poland
1414:
588:• 1894–1917 (last)
333:
327:
320:
314:
21016:Alaska boundary dispute
20689:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
20672:Franco-Russian Alliance
19024:History of Christianity
17351:Vatican City (Holy See)
16564:Social entrepreneurship
16453:Forced public apologies
16388:Anti-American sentiment
15350:(1994) 46#4 pp. 563–78.
15134:5 December 2017 at the
15043:18 January 2017 at the
14844:Parker, William Henry.
14810:Geography, topical maps
14726:Longley, David (2000).
14697:Russia: A Short History
14645:Waldron, Peter (1997).
14459:Pipes, Richard (2011).
14440:Pipes, Richard (1974).
14407:McMeekin, Sean (2011).
14263:Freeze, George (2002).
14190:A Map History of Russia
12993:The Massacre in History
12951:The Circassian Genocide
12887:The Circassian Genocide
12831:The Massacre in History
12797:The Circassian Genocide
12772:The Circassian Genocide
12573:Brower, Daniel (1996).
12253:Article 62 of the 1906
12035:Plokhy, Serhii (2010).
11667:Jahn, Hubertus (1998).
11370:Goldman, Emily (2011).
11334:Equality and Revolution
11205:Yorulmaz, Naci (2014).
11103:Fromkin, David (2010).
10836:"Port Arthur Revisited"
10781:Andreev, A. I. (2003).
10729:18 January 2017 at the
10720:Alexander III of Russia
10564:Jones, Preston (2017).
10202:Economic History Review
9132:Encyclopædia Britannica
8930:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
8518:modern Russian spelling
7884:, and particularly the
7531:Imperial census of 1897
6673:was abolished in 1886.
6173:) was created, under a
5986:, and he must obey the
5984:Russian Orthodox Church
5968:changed his title from
5896:constitutional monarchy
5534:Eurasian Economic Union
5383:Parade of sovereignties
4847:Principality of Polotsk
4631:Chinese Eastern Railway
4254:Territorial development
3740:, and the newly-formed
3624:Germanophobic sentiment
3408:" occurred when Father
3127:Franco-Russian Alliance
3121:. The throne passed to
2967:Manchu-ruled Qing China
2670:(allied since the 1783
2264:in Russia (1613–1917).
2248:, anti-Jewish pogroms,
2237:between Russia and the
2212:Alexander III of Russia
2129:successfully waging war
2073:Novorossiya Governorate
2045:Targowica Confederation
1986:(painted in the 1780s).
1904:Russian Orthodox Church
1889:provinces and districts
1854:against them in 1722–23
1319:. During the resulting
1313:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
399:Official languages
322: Lost in 1856–1914
32:Russia (disambiguation)
21239:Former empires in Asia
20935:Unification of Germany
20882:Taft–Katsura agreement
18848:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
17633:Islands of Refreshment
17063:Legitimacy (political)
16312:Social security system
16295:Science and technology
15961:Classified information
15787:Central Russian Upland
15389:Golder, Frank Alfred.
15329:(2001) 3#2 pp. 109–32.
15177:(2nd ed. 1979), 552 pp
15090:De Madariaga, Isabel.
14444:. New York: Scribner.
13113:Cahiers du Monde russe
13066:King, Charles (2008).
13025:King, Charles (2008).
12008:Revolution and Reality
10395:. Simon and Schuster.
10129:Nicholas Riasanovsky,
9691:Drozdek, Adam (2021).
9643:Ageyeva, Olga (1999).
9004:Slavic Research Center
8756:Grand Duchy of Finland
8455:Committee of Ministers
8302:
8286:
8241:various strips of land
8175:
8172:Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky
8163:
8070:
8052:
7969:), clergy, merchants,
7861:
7843:
7527:
7519:
7507:
7405:Baltic German nobility
7392:
7341:
7302:Persecution of Muslims
7148:
7140:
7107:Christianity in Russia
7069:and the oil center of
7061:connected the city of
7046:
7039:Tsarskoye Selo Railway
6777:
6769:
6638:
6534:
6533:(colorized photograph)
6329:
6321:
6261:
6060:
6040:
6033:General Staff Building
5962:
5124:Provisional Government
5065:Grand Duchy of Finland
4943:Principality of Moscow
4666:Russian Fort Elizabeth
4592:
4445:
4408:Treaty of Fredrikshamn
4292:Grand Duchy of Finland
4270:. In 1905 Russia lost
4081:
4073:
4003:
3991:Problems in the empire
3967:, opened the front by
3701:
3634:for the sake of words
3611:
3489:, was a member of the
3397:
3353:(SRs) and the Marxist
3300:
3299:from the Kremlin, 1908
3281:
3190:Trans-Siberian Railway
3139:imperial secret police
3119:terrorist organization
3063:
2893:
2881:
2869:
2864:Russian troops taking
2857:
2838:
2663:
2641:
2528:
2500:
2463:. Although Napoleon's
2396:. After he became the
2375:Saint Michael's Castle
2364:
2327:
2226:
2018:
1995:
1987:
1980:enlightened absolutist
1753:
1596:
1593:Alexander von Kotzebue
1537:
1531:Battle of Narva (1700)
1464:Grand Duchy of Finland
966:Provisional Government
377:(1721–1728; 1730–1917)
285:The Prayer of Russians
105:State flag (1858–1896)
97:State flag (1896–1917)
21021:First Moroccan Crisis
20735:Spread of nationalism
20699:Eight-Nation Alliance
20507:Medieval great powers
18928:Industrial Revolution
17444:Saint Kitts and Nevis
17033:Criticism of monarchy
17023:Abolition of monarchy
16773:Russian tsars regalia
16106:Intelligence agencies
15829:Great Russian Regions
15573:Expansion (1500-1800)
15339:Sanders, Thomas, ed.
15318:Lieven, Dominic C.B.
15294:Cracraft, James. ed.
15184:; Eklof, Ben (2000),
15098:Dixon, Simon (1999).
15079:. (Blackwell, 1998).
15036:11#2 (2008): 128–51.
15009:Lieven, Dominic C.B.
15006:87#3 (2015): 668–700.
14799:The History of Russia
14710:Lieven, Dominic C. B.
14372:Lieven, Dominic C. B.
14360:Lieven, Dominic C. B.
14197:Chapman, Tim (2002).
14099:32.3 (1992): 343–360.
13964:29 April 2014 at the
13792:56.3 (2017): 172–187.
13674:www.timesofisrael.com
13126:10.4000/monderusse.39
12867:Ahmed, Akbar (2013).
12826:Shenfield, Stephen D.
12695:Allen, Frank (2021).
12180:The History of Russia
10174:. Simon and Schuster.
10133:(4th ed. 1984), p 284
10108:, Heritage Auctions,
9908:Isabel De Madariaga,
9167:. Routledge. p.
9101:reviews.history.ac.uk
8815:19 March 2022 at the
8307:Ministry of Education
8300:
8284:
8169:
8154:
8141:Further information:
8058:
8046:
7870:Imperial Russian Navy
7866:Imperial Russian Army
7849:
7838:
7537:Russian Empire census
7525:
7513:
7505:
7386:
7350:conquest of Circassia
7327:
7306:Further information:
7157:Orthodox Christianity
7151:The Russian Empire's
7146:
7135:in Moscow during his
7126:
7079:Trans-Caspian Railway
7059:Transcaucasus Railway
7036:
6775:
6767:
6632:
6522:
6466:justices of the peace
6327:
6319:
6310:Further information:
6255:
6198:Ministry of the Navy;
6094:Gosudarstvennaya Duma
6046:
6023:
5957:
5916:by removing the word
5765:Not fully controlled.
5599:Republic of Tatarstan
5492:Constitutional crisis
4577:
4439:
4187:. It then ran to the
4079:
4071:
4056:by the Bolsheviks in
3998:
3880:fortress of Premissel
3868:Austro-Hungarian Army
3695:
3688:Vistula–Bug offensive
3601:
3505:, comprising itself,
3477:Causes of World War I
3458:Further information:
3387:
3373:and the more radical
3313:Industrial Revolution
3294:
3272:
3218:Eight-Nation Alliance
3060:Battle of Shipka Pass
3057:
3016:Treaty of San Stefano
2887:
2875:
2863:
2844:
2836:
2823:Further information:
2708:Treaty of Turkmenchay
2698:to Russia, under the
2650:Imperial Russian Navy
2647:
2622:
2547:. The result was the
2518:
2510:a few were introduced
2506:Industrial Revolution
2494:
2354:
2283:
2224:
2192:Battle of the Trebbia
2001:
1993:
1984:Russian Enlightenment
1973:
1914:, which was led by a
1812:; they conducted the
1740:
1680:Zacharias Kopystensky
1584:
1528:
1495:Russian Empire census
1307:, who proclaimed the
21026:Algeciras Conference
21006:Annexation of Hawaii
20945:Great Eastern Crisis
20940:Unification of Italy
20930:Formation of Romania
20747:French–German enmity
20517:European colonialism
20502:Ancient great powers
18983:European debt crisis
18978:European integration
18918:Age of Enlightenment
18758:Republic of Florence
17276:United Arab Emirates
16840:World Heritage sites
16217:Droughts and famines
15770:Environmental issues
15518:Proto-Indo-Europeans
15426:at Wikimedia Commons
15405:full text in English
15364:28 July 2019 at the
15336:(2004) 5#1 pp. 7–26.
15245:Moon, David (1999).
15214:on 29 September 2008
15194:on 29 September 2008
14797:Ziegler; Charles E.
13980:Christine D. Worobec
13544:Sainsbury, Brendan.
12999:. pp. 149–162.
12995:. New York, NY, US:
12838:. pp. 149–162.
11706:Horne, John (2012).
10857:. pp. 161–279.
10832:Connaughton, Richard
10416:Baten, Jörg (2016).
10285:Lang, David Marshall
10205:7.2 (1954): 137–149.
8685:justice of the peace
8490:Rossiyskaya Imperiya
8271:Peterburgskii Listok
8200:increased after the
8123:Free agriculturalist
7831:Russo-Circassian War
7767:Russian Central Asia
7444:Spiritual Christians
7403:and the presence of
7369:Official Nationality
7354:diaspora communities
7283:Emperor Alexander II
7179:, the civilian Over
6737:Sobornoye Ulozheniye
6472:Local administration
6159:Council of Ministers
6096:), which formed the
5538:Annexation of Crimea
5146:Constituent Assembly
5023:Second Patriotic War
4642:Georg Anton Schäffer
4560:Imperial territories
4527:New Siberian Islands
4171:times connected the
4019:End of imperial rule
3698:Battle of Tannenberg
3655:German General Staff
3630:, which sounded too
2965:) from the weakened
2672:Treaty of Georgievsk
2655:in a scene from the
2363:(1812) while wounded
2250:Bloody Sunday (1905)
2149:Treaty of Georgievsk
2137:Partitions of Poland
2007:on December 22, 1790
1688:Theophan Prokopovich
1403:Partitions of Poland
1228:in the north to the
316: Russia in 1914
161:Bozhe Tsarya khrani!
60:Rossiyskaya Imperiya
21091:Philippine–American
21076:First Sino-Japanese
20909:Racconigi agreement
20855:Treaty of Frankfurt
20815:Great Rapprochement
20769:Scramble for Africa
20512:Modern great powers
18948:Revolutions of 1848
18878:Early modern France
18659:Anglo-Saxon England
18564:Classical antiquity
18472:Trinidad and Tobago
18359:Commonwealth realms
18244:United Baltic Duchy
17387:Antigua and Barbuda
17379:Commonwealth realms
17073:Order of succession
16691:Forms of addressing
16300:Academy of Sciences
16257:Financial districts
16121:President of Russia
16046:Political divisions
16006:Freedom of assembly
15888:West Siberian Plain
15634:Great Patriotic War
15595:February Revolution
15456:Library of Congress
15348:Europe‐Asia Studies
15327:National Identities
15312:5 July 2019 at the
15140:Freeze, Gregory L.
15116:Etkind, Alexander.
14995:Fuller, William C.
14967:Napoleon and Russia
14780:A History of Russia
14763:(1947) pp 221–537,
14761:A history of Russia
14718:Lincoln, W. Bruce.
14529:. Clarendon Press.
13995:Louise McReynolds,
13753:on 24 October 2012.
12979:on 25 October 2020.
11054:, pp. 160–186.
10995:. pp. 277–280.
10981:, pp. 234–268.
10754:. pp. 554–574.
10709:, pp. 445–460.
10131:A History of Russia
9921:John T. Alexander,
9034:Wesleyan University
8894:8 June 2019 at the
8708:[ˈbarɕːɪnə]
8453:As Chairman of the
8401:Russian imperialism
8202:Polish insurrection
8160: 1909 to 1915
7897:February Revolution
7635:Armenian Apostolics
7548:Count of believers
7346:Circassian genocide
7334:Circassian genocide
7216:confessionalization
7133:Dormition Cathedral
6782:
6663:Peasants' Land Bank
6566:Baltic governorates
6402:acted as governor.
6366:, and, after 1914,
6260:in Saint Petersburg
6229:Ministry of Justice
6202:Ministry of Finance
6024:This painting from
5979:February Revolution
5940:with a telegraph".
5718:Zaporizhzhia Oblast
5550:Invasion of Ukraine
5339:Great Patriotic War
5311:Cultural revolution
5252:Transcaucasian SFSR
5120:February Revolution
5007:Emancipation reform
4905:Council of Uvetichi
4755: •
4751: •
4346:Alexander Gorchakov
4312:Baltic governorates
4107:Geography of Russia
4025:February Revolution
3862:, held by Austrian
3801:Russian-held Poland
3746:Grand Duke Nicholas
3610:, on 2 August 1914.
3481:Russia, along with
3331:Peasants' Land Bank
2448:against a weakened
2176:major coalition war
2022:Catherine the Great
1976:Catherine the Great
1916:government official
1858:temporarily annexed
1700:Alexander Menshikov
1684:Kiev Pechersk Lavra
1553:November [
1285:February Revolution
1254:famine in 1891–1892
1205:, most notably the
1146:Catherine the Great
1119:, and the reign of
1117:conquest of Siberia
835:February Revolution
798:Jan 1905 – Jul 1907
763:Emancipation reform
638:• 1917 (last)
359:Show all controlled
335: Protectorates
198:Other used anthems:
20950:Congress of Berlin
20867:Reinsurance Treaty
20845:Congress of Vienna
20825:Industrial warfare
20791:Scramble for China
19054:Crusading movement
18958:Russian Revolution
18793:Hundred Years' War
18689:Maritime republics
18592:Early Christianity
18582:Hellenistic period
18539:Paleolithic Europe
16741:Russian given name
16327:Telecommunications
16277:Petroleum industry
16141:State of emergency
15986:Far-right politics
15951:Capital punishment
15797:Meshchera Lowlands
15651:Russian Federation
15607:October Revolution
15305:4.1 (1977): 1–22.
15170:(1977) pp. 365–425
15071:Christian, David.
13182:10.1093/ehr/cew383
12938:on 22 August 2023.
11954:, p. 728–730.
11795:, p. 111–112.
11771:, p. 125–126.
10172:Napoleon in Russia
8910:(September 1997).
8666:Holy Roman Emperor
8513:Российская Империя
8478:Россійская Имперія
8466:As Prime Minister.
8419:Principalities of
8303:
8287:
8261:Fyodor Dostoyevsky
8176:
8164:
8114:Exceptional status
8071:
8059:The 1916 painting
8053:
7936:standard of living
7913:Russian literature
7862:
7844:
7827:Russo-Japanese War
7819:Russo-Persian Wars
7815:Russo-Turkish Wars
7811:Russo-Swedish Wars
7703:Armenian Catholics
7528:
7520:
7508:
7417:Polish nationalism
7409:Jesuit suppression
7393:
7342:
7314:forced conversions
7274:Emperor Nicholas I
7270:Pale of Settlement
7220:confessional state
7149:
7141:
7047:
6800:Kingdom of Poland
6780:
6778:
6770:
6678:Ivan Vyshnegradsky
6639:
6588:Great Northern War
6535:
6360:Emirate of Bukhara
6330:
6322:
6296:court of cassation
6262:
6210:(created in 1905);
6175:minister president
6061:
6041:
5963:
5634:Republic of Crimea
5585:Russian Federation
5528:Presidential terms
5420:Karelo-Finnish SSR
5373:Chernobyl disaster
5113:Russian Revolution
5011:Russo-Japanese War
4999:1812 Patriotic War
4913:Battle of Kulikovo
4901:Council of Liubech
4679:, situated on the
4620:Russian Federation
4593:
4542:Kaliningrad Oblast
4470:Congress of Vienna
4452:, and the ensuing
4446:
4260:Kaliningrad Oblast
4220:ethnically Finnish
4082:
4074:
4050:Grand Duke Michael
4004:
3854:Brusilov offensive
3702:
3612:
3588:Declaration of War
3577:Austrian ultimatum
3423:Revolution of 1905
3402:Russo-Japanese War
3398:
3394:Russo-Japanese War
3301:
3282:
3259:Early 20th century
3230:Russo-Japanese War
3064:
3021:Congress of Berlin
2894:
2882:
2870:
2858:
2839:
2714:, Azerbaijan, and
2700:Treaty of Gulistan
2664:
2642:
2529:
2501:
2478:Congress of Vienna
2457:invasion of Russia
2422:Continental System
2414:Treaties of Tilsit
2394:Napoleon Bonaparte
2381:. Russia was in a
2365:
2361:Battle of Borodino
2328:
2258:Battle of Tsushima
2254:Russo-Japanese War
2227:
2019:
2005:Storming of Izmail
1996:
1988:
1856:. Peter the Great
1814:Great Northern War
1754:
1597:
1550:Great Northern War
1538:
1535:Great Northern War
1369:, the khanates of
1301:October Revolution
1180:Russo-Turkish Wars
1105:tsar of all Russia
1022:, behind only the
723:• Proclaimed
630:Nikolai Rumyantsev
361:territories (1866)
349:Show map of Europe
168:God Save the Tsar!
54:Российская Империя
48:Россійская Имперія
21199:Former monarchies
21161:
21160:
21130:Albanian Revolts
20987:German Naval Laws
20971:Naval arms races
20955:Berlin Conference
20887:Hague Conventions
20556:
20555:
20478:
20477:
20443:Polish–Lithuanian
19618:Gurjara-Pratihara
19062:
19061:
18988:COVID-19 pandemic
18933:French Revolution
18908:Habsburg monarchy
18888:Cossack Hetmanate
18868:Portuguese Empire
18858:Absolute monarchy
18853:Thirty Years' War
18748:Holy Roman Empire
18673:Bulgarian Empire
18632:Early Middle Ages
18549:Bronze Age Europe
18523:History of Europe
18489:
18488:
18485:
18484:
18174:Piedmont-Sardinia
17926:Sip Song Chau Tai
17736:Thirteen Colonies
17477:
17476:
16881:
16880:
16848:
16847:
16428:Domestic violence
16360:
16359:
16282:Russian oligarchs
16207:Aircraft industry
16184:
16183:
16161:Mass surveillance
16151:Search and rescue
16116:Political parties
15996:Foreign relations
15928:
15927:
15727:
15726:
15719:Historical cities
15578:Tsardom of Russia
15422:Media related to
15343:(ME Sharpe, 1999)
15256:978-0-5820-9508-3
15182:Mironov, Boris N.
15159:978-0-5822-3415-4
15109:978-0-5213-7100-1
15025:LeDonne, John P.
14987:978-1-8606-4847-2
14941:978-0-1992-4617-5
14837:Gilbert, Martin.
14737:978-0-5823-1990-5
14695:Ascher, Abraham.
14668:978-0-333-60168-6
14625:978-1-4408-6369-1
14592:978-1-8510-9965-8
14505:978-0-1996-4205-2
14472:978-0-3077-8858-0
14451:978-0-6841-4041-4
14420:978-0-6740-6210-8
14387:978-0-1431-0955-6
14343:978-0-3000-8266-1
14309:978-0-6740-6195-8
14276:978-0-1986-0511-9
14266:Russia: A History
14243:978-1-5988-4948-6
14210:978-1-1345-7970-9
14159:, 9781317118442.
14112:(2005) pp 112–18.
13715:978-0-3077-5462-2
13618:978-1-3158-3501-3
13582:. 30 April 2019.
13081:978-0-1951-7775-6
13040:978-0-1951-7775-6
12960:978-0-8135-6068-7
12896:978-0-8135-6068-7
12878:978-0-8157-2378-3
12806:978-0-8135-6068-7
12781:978-0-8135-6068-7
12706:978-9-0044-9232-5
12656:978-0-2530-1454-2
12341:978-3-6473-1028-2
12291:978-0-1992-8051-3
12190:978-0-3133-6307-8
12067:on 31 March 2017.
12046:978-0-5211-5511-3
12021:978-1-4696-5020-3
11922:978-0-6716-5991-2
11719:978-1-1199-6870-2
11680:978-0-8014-8571-8
11641:978-1-5988-4758-1
11602:978-1-4408-5093-6
11563:978-1-1084-9619-3
11512:978-1-8510-9420-2
11461:978-1-4728-5020-1
11422:978-1-5988-4981-3
11383:978-0-8047-7433-8
11344:978-0-8229-7375-1
11293:978-0-5218-1735-6
11218:978-0-8577-2518-9
11167:978-1-3515-4000-1
11116:978-1-4299-8852-0
11077:978-0-1908-8435-2
10899:978-0-8047-5028-8
10769:Seton-Watson 1967
10707:Seton-Watson 1967
10610:10.4000/ejas.7805
10577:978-1-6022-3206-8
10538:978-0-8160-7475-4
10506:978-0-3001-4497-0
10467:978-1-3174-6049-7
10427:978-1-1075-0718-0
10402:978-0-7432-8426-4
10345:978-0-1984-2144-3
10216:Lincoln, W. Bruce
10071:978-9-0474-2915-9
10054:Empire Speaks Out
10034:978-5-907411-75-3
9995:978-1-5883-6044-1
9859:iranicaonline.org
9840:978-0-6740-1196-0
9704:978-1-7936-4184-7
9655:on 16 March 2022.
9618:978-1-317-88190-2
9586:on 29 August 2018
9549:978-5-8527-0366-8
9476:on 4 January 2022
9382:978-0-8572-8752-6
9342:978-0-0286-5693-9
9306:978-0-5215-4323-1
9267:978-1-1071-6574-8
9228:978-0-2532-2042-4
9178:978-1-3178-1278-4
8840:978-0-2530-1318-7
8616:
8580:
8487:
8232:Peasant Land Bank
8075:abolished in 1861
8035:Serfdom in Russia
7909:Culture of Russia
7823:Russo-Polish Wars
7764:
7763:
7516:Heinrich Berghaus
7413:Roman Catholicism
7373:Orenburg Assembly
7266:Polish Partitions
7248:Roman Catholicism
7021:
7020:
6667:Nobles' Land Bank
6580:Duchy of Courland
5950:Emperor of Russia
5892:Almanach de Gotha
5880:
5879:
5846:Russia portal
5774:
5773:
5468:Belavezha Accords
5450:
5449:
5361:Era of Stagnation
5327:Industrialization
5293:
5292:
5170:Soviet-Polish War
5106:
5105:
5087:Russian Manchuria
5033:Tsardom of Russia
5019:October Manifesto
5003:Decembrist Revolt
4995:Petrovian reforms
4963:
4962:
4923:Novgorod Republic
4887:
4886:
4803:
4802:
4705:Tsarist autocracy
4656:, vassal of King
4520:Russian Turkestan
4482:November Uprising
4308:Russian Turkestan
4272:southern Sakhalin
4029:On 3 March 1917,
3927:Caucasus campaign
3846:Battle of Galicia
3734:German Ninth Army
3493:in antecedent to
3471:Origins of causes
3434:October Manifesto
3349:On the left, the
3292:
3273:A scene from the
3241:military alliance
3214:invaded Manchuria
3145:—and a policy of
2981:ceded the modern
2971:Taiping Rebellion
2963:Russian Manchuria
2914:Crimean peninsula
2845:The eleven-month
2747:November Uprising
2688:Caucasian Imamate
2549:Decembrist revolt
2545:autocratic Russia
2262:Romanov (dynasty)
2168:Enlightenment era
2147:. As part of the
2053:Yemelyan Pugachev
2043:, supporting the
2011:Alexander Suvorov
1950:Moscow University
1750:Jean-Marc Nattier
1605:autocratic nature
1512:
1511:
1395:left-bank Ukraine
1357:History of Russia
1333:after World War I
1321:Russian Civil War
1258:absolute monarchy
1207:1861 emancipation
1030:empires. It also
1000:
999:
996:
995:
992:
991:
958:
957:
853:14 September 1917
806:October Manifesto
748:Decembrist revolt
717:10 September 1721
541:absolute monarchy
294:
262:
230:
190:
143:(God is with us!)
16:(Redirected from
21271:
21204:Former countries
21184:Christian states
21081:Spanish–American
21001:Fashoda Incident
20877:Treaty of Björkö
20862:Treaty of Berlin
20796:Open Door Policy
20730:Eastern question
20677:Entente Cordiale
20583:
20576:
20569:
20560:
20559:
20359:
20358:
20024:Austro-Hungarian
19724:Chagatai Khanate
19089:
19082:
19075:
19066:
19065:
18923:Great Divergence
18838:Age of Discovery
18783:Late Middle Ages
18753:High Middle Ages
18664:Byzantine Empire
18647:Christianization
18637:Migration Period
18572:Classical Greece
18544:Neolithic Europe
18516:
18509:
18502:
18493:
18492:
18413:Irish Free State
18179:Poland–Lithuania
17488:
17487:
17439:Papua New Guinea
17169:
17168:
16908:
16901:
16894:
16885:
16884:
16861:
16808:Russian language
16751:National symbols
16371:
16370:
16290:
16247:Fishing industry
16237:Economic regions
16232:Defence industry
16195:
16194:
15939:
15938:
15893:Russian Far East
15792:Northwest Russia
15750:Cities and towns
15738:
15737:
15600:Russian Republic
15506:
15505:
15485:
15478:
15471:
15462:
15461:
15443:
15433:
15421:
15376:
15375:, pp. 23–66
15260:
15230:
15222:
15221:
15219:
15202:
15201:
15199:
15163:
15113:
15049:Saul, Norman E.
15021:
14991:
14965:Adams, Michael.
14953:
14922:
14884:
14794:
14775:
14759:Pares, Bernard.
14741:
14672:
14641:
14639:
14637:
14608:
14606:
14604:
14575:
14573:
14548:
14521:
14519:
14517:
14488:
14486:
14484:
14455:
14436:
14434:
14432:
14403:
14401:
14399:
14367:
14355:
14325:
14323:
14321:
14292:
14290:
14288:
14259:
14257:
14255:
14226:
14224:
14222:
14193:
14174:
14145:
14139:
14132:
14126:
14119:
14113:
14106:
14100:
14093:
14087:
14085:
14049:
14043:
14042:
14006:
14000:
13993:
13987:
13977:
13968:
13951:
13945:
13944:
13942:
13940:
13911:
13905:
13899:
13893:
13886:
13877:
13872:Steven L. Hoch,
13870:
13864:
13852:
13843:
13836:
13830:
13829:
13802:Boris N. Mironov
13799:
13793:
13786:
13780:
13770:
13764:
13761:
13755:
13754:
13741:
13735:
13734:
13729:
13727:
13699:
13690:
13689:
13687:
13685:
13665:
13663:
13661:
13642:
13640:
13638:
13602:
13596:
13595:
13593:
13591:
13580:The Moscow Times
13572:
13566:
13565:
13563:
13561:
13541:
13535:
13534:
13532:
13530:
13490:
13484:
13483:
13481:
13479:
13423:
13417:
13416:
13398:
13374:
13368:
13367:
13365:
13363:
13323:
13317:
13316:
13314:
13312:
13294:
13271:
13265:
13264:
13262:
13260:
13212:
13206:
13205:
13203:
13201:
13176:(554): 175–177.
13161:
13155:
13154:
13128:
13104:
13098:
13097:
13095:
13093:
13063:
13057:
13056:
13054:
13052:
13022:
13020:
13018:
12980:
12975:. Archived from
12964:
12946:
12940:
12939:
12924:
12922:
12920:
12900:
12882:
12864:
12859:
12857:
12817:
12811:
12810:
12792:
12786:
12785:
12767:
12761:
12760:
12758:
12756:
12720:
12711:
12710:
12692:
12681:
12680:
12678:
12676:
12640:
12631:
12630:
12628:
12626:
12570:
12564:
12563:
12561:
12559:
12540:
12534:
12533:
12531:
12529:
12510:
12504:
12503:
12501:
12499:
12480:
12474:
12473:
12471:
12469:
12450:
12437:
12436:
12434:
12432:
12413:
12396:
12395:
12393:
12391:
12372:
12366:
12365:
12363:
12361:
12325:
12316:
12315:
12313:
12311:
12275:
12258:
12255:Fundamental Laws
12251:
12245:
12238:
12232:
12225:
12219:
12218:, p. 55–56.
12213:
12207:
12206:
12204:
12202:
12174:
12168:
12162:
12156:
12150:
12141:
12135:
12129:
12123:
12117:
12111:
12105:
12099:
12093:
12087:
12081:
12075:
12069:
12068:
12057:
12051:
12050:
12032:
12026:
12025:
12003:
11997:
11996:
11988:
11982:
11981:
11961:
11955:
11949:
11943:
11942:
11909:Kissinger, Henry
11905:
11899:
11898:
11877:Martin Gilbert,
11875:
11869:
11868:, p. 90–91.
11863:
11857:
11851:
11845:
11844:, p. 77–78.
11839:
11833:
11826:
11820:
11814:
11808:
11802:
11796:
11790:
11784:
11778:
11772:
11766:
11760:
11754:
11748:
11742:
11736:
11735:
11733:
11731:
11703:
11697:
11696:
11694:
11692:
11664:
11658:
11657:
11655:
11653:
11625:
11619:
11618:
11616:
11614:
11586:
11580:
11579:
11577:
11575:
11547:
11541:
11535:
11529:
11528:
11526:
11524:
11496:
11490:
11484:
11478:
11477:
11475:
11473:
11445:
11439:
11438:
11436:
11434:
11406:
11400:
11399:
11397:
11395:
11367:
11361:
11360:
11358:
11356:
11328:
11322:
11316:
11310:
11309:
11307:
11305:
11277:
11271:
11265:
11259:
11253:
11247:
11241:
11235:
11234:
11232:
11230:
11202:
11196:
11190:
11184:
11183:
11181:
11179:
11151:
11145:
11139:
11133:
11132:
11130:
11128:
11100:
11094:
11093:
11091:
11089:
11061:
11055:
11049:
11043:
11042:
11030:
11024:
11023:
11003:
10997:
10996:
10988:
10982:
10976:
10970:
10964:
10958:
10957:
10949:
10943:
10942:
10918:
10916:
10914:
10881:
10875:
10874:
10850:
10844:
10843:
10840:HistoryToday.com
10834:(January 2002).
10828:
10822:
10821:
10816:
10814:
10778:
10772:
10766:
10760:
10755:
10747:
10741:
10740:
10716:
10710:
10704:
10698:
10692:
10686:
10680:
10674:
10668:
10662:
10656:
10647:
10641:
10635:
10634:
10632:
10630:
10612:
10588:
10582:
10581:
10561:
10555:
10554:
10552:
10550:
10522:
10520:
10518:
10490:
10484:
10483:
10481:
10479:
10451:
10445:
10438:
10432:
10431:
10413:
10407:
10406:
10388:
10382:
10381:
10368:
10362:
10361:
10359:
10357:
10329:
10320:
10319:
10299:
10293:
10292:
10281:
10275:
10269:
10263:
10257:
10251:
10245:
10239:
10238:
10230:
10224:
10223:
10212:
10206:
10197:
10191:
10190:
10182:
10176:
10175:
10164:
10158:
10152:
10146:
10140:
10134:
10127:
10121:
10120:
10119:
10117:
10100:
10094:
10088:
10082:
10081:
10080:
10078:
10045:
10039:
10038:
10026:
10024:10.31483/r-99727
10006:
10000:
9999:
9988:. Random House.
9981:
9975:
9972:
9966:
9963:
9957:
9954:
9948:
9943:
9937:
9932:
9926:
9919:
9913:
9906:
9900:
9893:
9887:
9881:
9875:
9874:
9872:
9870:
9851:
9845:
9844:
9826:
9820:
9810:
9804:
9803:
9801:
9799:
9777:
9771:
9770:
9768:
9766:
9748:
9742:
9741:
9739:
9737:
9715:
9709:
9708:
9688:
9682:
9681:
9663:
9657:
9656:
9640:
9634:
9633:
9602:
9596:
9595:
9593:
9591:
9582:. Archived from
9572:
9566:
9565:
9563:
9561:
9556:on 17 April 2021
9552:. Archived from
9527:
9521:
9520:
9518:
9516:
9497:
9486:
9485:
9483:
9481:
9459:
9453:
9452:
9450:
9448:
9437:Demoscope Weekly
9425:
9419:
9418:(1993) pp 33–74.
9409:
9403:
9397:
9391:
9390:
9368:
9362:
9361:
9356:
9354:
9326:
9320:
9318:
9290:
9284:
9283:
9281:
9279:
9251:
9245:
9244:
9242:
9240:
9212:
9206:
9205:
9200:
9198:
9158:
9149:
9148:
9146:
9144:
9127:"Russian Empire"
9123:
9117:
9116:
9114:
9112:
9093:
9087:
9081:
9075:
9074:
9072:
9070:
9056:
9050:
9049:
9047:
9045:
9026:
9020:
9019:
9017:
9015:
8996:
8990:
8989:
8987:
8985:
8953:
8951:
8949:
8904:
8898:
8885:Fundamental Laws
8881:
8875:
8874:
8854:
8848:
8847:
8826:
8820:
8805:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8794:
8775:
8758:
8748:Baltic Provinces
8740:
8734:
8733:
8731:[ɐˈbrok]
8728:
8724:
8723:
8717:
8711:
8710:
8705:
8701:
8700:
8694:
8688:
8675:
8669:
8628:
8622:
8621:
8611:
8609:
8601:
8595:
8594:
8589:
8585:
8583:Otets otechestva
8575:
8573:
8565:
8559:
8556:
8550:
8527:
8521:
8515:
8514:
8509:
8508:
8507:
8501:
8496:
8492:
8482:
8480:
8479:
8473:
8467:
8464:
8458:
8451:
8445:
8434:
8428:
8417:
8395:Panjdeh incident
8384:
8379:
8378:
8377:
8370:
8365:
8364:
8363:
8344:Nersisian School
8210:German landlords
8206:Baltic provinces
8185:Black Earth Area
8161:
8158:
7557:Russian Orthodox
7542:
7541:
7468:Edward Radzinsky
7459:toleration edict
7438:and sectarians.
7421:January Uprising
7389:Białystok pogrom
7246:(in the case of
7206:Religious policy
7161:Fundamental Laws
6791:Southern Region
6783:
6779:
6592:Treaty of Nystad
6560:Baltic provinces
6532:
6529:
6525:Moscow City Duma
6458:courts of appeal
6364:Khanate of Khiva
6282:Governing Senate
6171:Sovyet Ministrov
6129:Saint Petersburg
6049:Catherine Palace
6030:
6027:
6010:Imperial Council
5934:Alexander Herzen
5926:limited monarchy
5872:
5865:
5858:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5830:
5768:
5767:
5754:
5753:
5730:
5709:
5688:
5667:
5646:
5626:
5616:Chechen Republic
5609:
5592:
5581:
5580:
5478:USSR dissolution
5394:
5393:
5323:Collectivization
5241:Byelorussian SSR
5198:Russian Republic
5194:
5193:
5029:
5028:
4991:Treaty of Nystad
4919:
4918:
4833:
4832:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4737:
4727:
4709:
4708:
4681:Gulf of Tadjoura
4531:Severnaya Zemlya
4377:Fort Ross Colony
4350:Manifest destiny
4336:Erzurum Province
4212:Gulfs of Bothnia
4205:Austrian Galicia
4191:in the southern
4013:Grigori Rasputin
3981:Nikolai Yudenich
3907:Aleksei Brusilov
3898:line and losing
3840:Austrian theatre
3828:, and partly of
3792:on 17 November.
3628:Saint Petersburg
3546:Eastern question
3418:Saint Petersburg
3365:In 1903, at the
3355:Social Democrats
3293:
3251:alliance in the
2979:Treaty of Peking
2786:
2751:January Uprising
2749:in 1830 and the
2595:Alexander Herzen
2325:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2246:Khodynka Tragedy
2208:Alexander Palace
2115:their revolution
2030:Russian nobility
1954:Seven Years' War
1846:Safavid Persians
1825:Saint Petersburg
1762:
1761: 1682–1725
1760:
1746:sweeping reforms
1708:Mikhail Golitsyn
1696:Boris Sheremetev
1692:François Le Fort
1657:Saint Petersburg
1619:and equated the
1601:absolute monarch
1559:Governing Senate
1412:
1411:
1293:Russian Republic
1214:House of Romanov
1203:numerous reforms
1200:
1199: 1855–1881
1198:
1169:
1168: 1801–1825
1167:
1154:
1153: 1762–1796
1152:
1142:Saint Petersburg
1129:
1128: 1682–1725
1127:
1102:
1101: 1533–1584
1100:
1092:. His grandson,
1083:
1082: 1462–1505
1081:
988:
987:
980:Russian Republic
974:
973:
962:
961:
951:
945:
944:
938:
937:
922:
921:
823:
755:
754:26 December 1825
712:Treaty of Nystad
657:Governing Senate
643:Nikolai Golitsyn
632:
470:Eastern Orthodox
423:Baltic provinces
411:
393:Saint Petersburg
378:
373:Saint Petersburg
362:
357:
350:
347:
340:
336:
334:
330:
328:
323:
321:
317:
315:
311:
296:
295:
280:
278:Molitva russkikh
273:
272:
271:Молитва русскихъ
264:
263:
248:
241:
240:
232:
231:
223:") (unofficial)
216:
209:
208:
199:
192:
191:
163:
156:
155:
140:
122:
115:
87:
80:
62:
56:
55:
50:
49:
39:
38:
21:
18:Russian Imperial
21279:
21278:
21274:
21273:
21272:
21270:
21269:
21268:
21164:
21163:
21162:
21157:
21096:Boxer Rebellion
21054:
20918:
20872:Treaty of Paris
20837:
20831:
20764:New Imperialism
20725:Ottoman decline
20708:
20655:Triple Alliance
20643:
20604:Austria-Hungary
20592:
20587:
20557:
20552:
20541:American Empire
20526:
20522:African empires
20474:
20357:
20049:Central African
19995:
19813:Romano-Germanic
19399:
19133:Middle Assyrian
19106:
19098:
19093:
19063:
19058:
18997:
18963:Interwar period
18938:Napoleonic Wars
18802:
18773:Mongol invasion
18726:Crown of Aragon
18618:
18558:
18554:Iron Age Europe
18525:
18520:
18490:
18481:
18406:princely states
18354:
18290:Kingdom of Fiji
18263:
18009:Austria-Hungary
17977:
17740:
17674:
17473:
17459:Solomon Islands
17373:
17355:
17287:
17202:
17160:
17092:
17038:Democratization
17006:
16950:
16917:
16912:
16882:
16877:
16864:
16857:
16844:
16803:Public holidays
16798:Political jokes
16783:Personification
16736:Names of Russia
16605:
16524:Life expectancy
16356:
16288:
16180:
16031:Law enforcement
15924:
15910:Protected areas
15807:Smolensk Upland
15802:Oka–Don Lowland
15782:European Russia
15723:
15662:
15548:Mongol invasion
15495:
15489:
15441:
15414:
15409:
15403:(London, 1912)
15385:
15383:Primary sources
15380:
15366:Wayback Machine
15314:Wayback Machine
15303:Russian History
15283:
15278:
15268:27#3 pp. 243–67
15257:
15217:
15215:
15204:
15197:
15195:
15160:
15136:Wayback Machine
15110:
15067:
15062:
15045:Wayback Machine
14988:
14961:
14956:
14942:
14903:
14873:
14856:
14851:
14848:(Aldine, 1968).
14830:Chew, Allen F.
14812:
14807:
14738:
14691:
14686:
14680:
14678:Further reading
14675:
14669:
14635:
14633:
14626:
14602:
14600:
14593:
14537:
14515:
14513:
14506:
14482:
14480:
14473:
14452:
14430:
14428:
14421:
14397:
14395:
14388:
14344:
14330:Hughes, Lindsey
14319:
14317:
14310:
14286:
14284:
14277:
14253:
14251:
14244:
14220:
14218:
14211:
14183:
14178:
14177:
14171:Wayback Machine
14146:
14142:
14133:
14129:
14120:
14116:
14107:
14103:
14094:
14090:
14050:
14046:
14023:10.2307/3185576
14007:
14003:
13994:
13990:
13978:
13971:
13966:Wayback Machine
13952:
13948:
13938:
13936:
13929:
13912:
13908:
13900:
13896:
13887:
13880:
13871:
13867:
13853:
13846:
13837:
13833:
13826:
13800:
13796:
13787:
13783:
13771:
13767:
13762:
13758:
13747:
13743:
13742:
13738:
13725:
13723:
13716:
13700:
13693:
13683:
13681:
13659:
13657:
13644:
13636:
13634:
13619:
13603:
13599:
13589:
13587:
13574:
13573:
13569:
13559:
13557:
13542:
13538:
13528:
13526:
13491:
13487:
13477:
13475:
13424:
13420:
13375:
13371:
13361:
13359:
13338:(91): 476–492.
13324:
13320:
13310:
13308:
13272:
13268:
13258:
13256:
13213:
13209:
13199:
13197:
13162:
13158:
13105:
13101:
13091:
13089:
13082:
13064:
13060:
13050:
13048:
13041:
13016:
13014:
13007:
12961:
12947:
12943:
12926:
12918:
12916:
12897:
12879:
12855:
12853:
12846:
12818:
12814:
12807:
12793:
12789:
12782:
12768:
12764:
12754:
12752:
12737:
12721:
12714:
12707:
12693:
12684:
12674:
12672:
12657:
12641:
12634:
12624:
12622:
12591:10.2307/2502001
12571:
12567:
12557:
12555:
12542:
12541:
12537:
12527:
12525:
12512:
12511:
12507:
12497:
12495:
12482:
12481:
12477:
12467:
12465:
12452:
12451:
12440:
12430:
12428:
12415:
12414:
12399:
12389:
12387:
12374:
12373:
12369:
12359:
12357:
12342:
12326:
12319:
12309:
12307:
12292:
12276:
12261:
12252:
12248:
12239:
12235:
12226:
12222:
12214:
12210:
12200:
12198:
12191:
12175:
12171:
12163:
12159:
12151:
12144:
12136:
12132:
12124:
12120:
12112:
12108:
12100:
12096:
12088:
12084:
12076:
12072:
12059:
12058:
12054:
12047:
12033:
12029:
12022:
12004:
12000:
11989:
11985:
11962:
11958:
11950:
11946:
11923:
11906:
11902:
11895:
11881:(4th ed. 2007)
11876:
11872:
11864:
11860:
11852:
11848:
11840:
11836:
11827:
11823:
11815:
11811:
11803:
11799:
11791:
11787:
11779:
11775:
11767:
11763:
11755:
11751:
11743:
11739:
11729:
11727:
11720:
11704:
11700:
11690:
11688:
11681:
11665:
11661:
11651:
11649:
11642:
11626:
11622:
11612:
11610:
11603:
11587:
11583:
11573:
11571:
11564:
11548:
11544:
11536:
11532:
11522:
11520:
11513:
11497:
11493:
11489:, p. 1048.
11485:
11481:
11471:
11469:
11462:
11446:
11442:
11432:
11430:
11423:
11407:
11403:
11393:
11391:
11384:
11368:
11364:
11354:
11352:
11345:
11329:
11325:
11317:
11313:
11303:
11301:
11294:
11278:
11274:
11266:
11262:
11254:
11250:
11242:
11238:
11228:
11226:
11219:
11203:
11199:
11191:
11187:
11177:
11175:
11168:
11152:
11148:
11140:
11136:
11126:
11124:
11117:
11101:
11097:
11087:
11085:
11078:
11062:
11058:
11050:
11046:
11031:
11027:
11004:
11000:
10989:
10985:
10977:
10973:
10965:
10961:
10950:
10946:
10912:
10910:
10900:
10882:
10878:
10851:
10847:
10829:
10825:
10812:
10810:
10795:
10779:
10775:
10767:
10763:
10748:
10744:
10731:Wayback Machine
10717:
10713:
10705:
10701:
10693:
10689:
10681:
10677:
10669:
10665:
10657:
10650:
10642:
10638:
10628:
10626:
10589:
10585:
10578:
10562:
10558:
10548:
10546:
10539:
10516:
10514:
10507:
10491:
10487:
10477:
10475:
10468:
10452:
10448:
10444:(Longman, 2001)
10439:
10435:
10428:
10414:
10410:
10403:
10389:
10385:
10369:
10365:
10355:
10353:
10346:
10330:
10323:
10300:
10296:
10282:
10278:
10270:
10266:
10258:
10254:
10246:
10242:
10231:
10227:
10213:
10209:
10198:
10194:
10183:
10179:
10165:
10161:
10153:
10149:
10141:
10137:
10128:
10124:
10115:
10113:
10102:
10101:
10097:
10089:
10085:
10076:
10074:
10072:
10046:
10042:
10035:
10007:
10003:
9996:
9982:
9978:
9973:
9969:
9964:
9960:
9955:
9951:
9944:
9940:
9933:
9929:
9920:
9916:
9907:
9903:
9894:
9890:
9882:
9878:
9868:
9866:
9853:
9852:
9848:
9841:
9827:
9823:
9811:
9807:
9797:
9795:
9778:
9774:
9764:
9762:
9749:
9745:
9735:
9733:
9716:
9712:
9705:
9689:
9685:
9664:
9660:
9641:
9637:
9619:
9603:
9599:
9589:
9587:
9574:
9573:
9569:
9559:
9557:
9550:
9528:
9524:
9514:
9512:
9507:. 26 May 2017.
9505:Washington Post
9499:
9498:
9489:
9479:
9477:
9460:
9456:
9446:
9444:
9431:
9426:
9422:
9410:
9406:
9398:
9394:
9383:
9369:
9365:
9352:
9350:
9343:
9316:
9314:
9307:
9291:
9287:
9277:
9275:
9268:
9252:
9248:
9238:
9236:
9229:
9213:
9209:
9196:
9194:
9179:
9159:
9152:
9142:
9140:
9125:
9124:
9120:
9110:
9108:
9095:
9094:
9090:
9082:
9078:
9068:
9066:
9058:
9057:
9053:
9043:
9041:
9028:
9027:
9023:
9013:
9011:
8998:
8997:
8993:
8983:
8981:
8947:
8945:
8908:Taagepera, Rein
8905:
8901:
8896:Wayback Machine
8882:
8878:
8855:
8851:
8841:
8827:
8823:
8817:Wayback Machine
8806:
8802:
8792:
8790:
8777:
8776:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8761:
8744:Lutheran Church
8741:
8737:
8726:
8718:
8714:
8703:
8695:
8691:
8676:
8672:
8629:
8625:
8602:
8598:
8587:
8566:
8562:
8557:
8553:
8531:Imperial Russia
8528:
8524:
8503:
8502:
8494:
8474:
8470:
8465:
8461:
8452:
8448:
8435:
8431:
8418:
8414:
8409:
8380:
8375:
8373:
8366:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8279:
8256:
8250:
8218:
8159:
8149:
8139:
8067:Boris Kustodiev
8041:
8033:Main articles:
8031:
7951:
7945:
7927:
7905:
7833:
7807:
7801:
7769:
7583:Roman Catholics
7533:
7500:
7381:
7310:
7304:
7262:
7256:
7208:
7177:Most Holy Synod
7121:
7111:Islam in Russia
7105:Main articles:
7103:
7031:
7026:
6942:Iron and Steel
6762:
6756:
6723:(also known as
6709:
6703:
6627:
6621:
6568:
6562:
6530:
6517:
6515:Municipal dumas
6507:municipal dumas
6474:
6447:1905 Revolution
6418:judicial system
6414:
6408:
6406:Judicial system
6400:chief of police
6314:
6308:
6284:
6278:
6250:
6248:Most Holy Synod
6244:
6242:Most Holy Synod
6193:Ministry of War
6167:
6161:
6090:
6084:
6028:
6018:
6012:
5966:Peter the Great
5952:
5946:
5900:autocratic Tsar
5884:1905 Revolution
5876:
5840:
5838:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5821:
5809:
5797:
5784:
5776:
5775:
5756:
5755:
5742:
5728:
5707:
5686:
5665:
5644:
5624:
5607:
5590:
5579:
5574:2022 annexation
5558:Mass emigration
5546:2020 amendments
5529:
5487:
5473:
5460:
5459:
5451:
5392:
5378:
5356:
5303:
5302:
5294:
5192:
5175:
5138:Kornilov affair
5116:
5115:
5107:
5076:Congress Poland
5054:Russian America
5027:
5015:1905 Revolution
4982:
4973:
4972:
4964:
4933:Vladimir-Suzdal
4917:
4909:Mongol conquest
4897:
4896:
4888:
4831:
4826:Russkaya Pravda
4821:Baptism of Rus'
4813:
4812:
4804:
4769:pre-9th century
4747:
4745:
4725:
4718:
4707:
4701:
4683:in present-day
4604:Russian America
4572:
4562:
4554:Russian victory
4474:Congress Poland
4342:Henry Kissinger
4280:Dnieper Ukraine
4256:
4207:, and Romania.
4189:Curonian Lagoon
4185:Gulf of Bothnia
4129:Vaygach Islands
4113:European Russia
4109:
4103:
4066:
4036:In the city of
4027:
4021:
3993:
3965:Georgy Bergmann
3929:
3923:
3921:Turkish theatre
3909:carried out an
3856:
3844:Main articles:
3842:
3690:
3678:Main articles:
3676:
3671:
3659:Schlieffen Plan
3614:As a result of
3596:
3590:
3550:Austria-Hungary
3507:Austria-Hungary
3503:Triple Alliance
3479:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3284:
3267:
3261:
3253:First World War
3222:Boxer Rebellion
3216:as part of the
3155:
3112:Narodnaya Volya
3108:
3096:Caucasus Greeks
3037:Austria-Hungary
3029:Eastern Rumelia
2991:Russian America
2975:Treaty of Aigun
2973:. In 1858, the
2890:Siege of Plevna
2831:
2821:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:Spasskaya Tower
2792:
2787:
2661:Ivan Aivazovsky
2628:Erivan Fortress
2617:
2611:
2603:Peter Kropotkin
2599:Mikhail Bakunin
2537:Napoleonic Wars
2482:Congress Poland
2426:Eastern Galicia
2420:and joined the
2371:
2357:Pyotr Bagration
2349:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2278:
2180:French Republic
2161:eastern Georgia
1968:
1962:
1935:Crimean Khanate
1912:Most Holy Synod
1866:Treaty of Ganja
1862:Treaty of Resht
1821:Gulf of Finland
1757:
1742:Peter the Great
1735:
1730:
1724:
1672:Little Russians
1523:
1517:
1478:Congress Poland
1383:
1359:
1353:
1341:Austria–Hungary
1266:1905 revolution
1236:in the west to
1195:
1164:
1149:
1124:
1121:Peter the Great
1115:dynasties, the
1097:
1078:
985:
971:
952:
949:
942:
899:
889:
850:
840:8–16 March 1917
837:
824:
818:
811:30 October 1905
808:
795:
793:1905 Revolution
785:18 October 1867
782:
765:
753:
750:
740:4 February 1722
737:
727:2 November 1721
724:
714:
691:
685:
674:
668:
639:
628:
625:
611:
589:
581:Peter the Great
577:
555:
545:
543:
517:
493:
453:
409:
383:
379:
376:
375:
364:
363:
360:
358:
351:
348:
341:
337:
332:
331:
326:
325:
324:
319:
318:
313:
312:
300:
297:
290:
282:
275:
265:
258:
255:") (unofficial)
250:
243:
233:
226:
218:
211:
201:
200:
197:
193:
173:
165:
158:
142:
127:
126:
125:
123:
118:
116:
108:
107:
104:
99:
96:
94:
88:
81:
63:
57:
51:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
21277:
21267:
21266:
21261:
21256:
21254:Russian Empire
21251:
21246:
21241:
21236:
21231:
21226:
21221:
21216:
21211:
21206:
21201:
21196:
21194:Former empires
21191:
21186:
21181:
21176:
21159:
21158:
21156:
21155:
21150:
21149:
21148:
21147:
21146:
21141:
21136:
21128:
21123:
21113:
21108:
21106:Russo-Japanese
21103:
21098:
21093:
21088:
21083:
21078:
21073:
21071:Anglo-Egyptian
21068:
21062:
21060:
21056:
21055:
21053:
21052:
21047:
21045:Bosnian Crisis
21042:
21041:
21040:
21030:
21029:
21028:
21018:
21013:
21008:
21003:
20998:
20997:
20996:
20994:Austro-Italian
20991:
20990:
20989:
20984:
20969:
20962:
20957:
20952:
20947:
20942:
20937:
20932:
20926:
20924:
20920:
20919:
20917:
20916:
20911:
20906:
20901:
20896:
20895:
20894:
20892:Martens Clause
20884:
20879:
20874:
20869:
20864:
20859:
20858:
20857:
20847:
20841:
20839:
20833:
20832:
20830:
20829:
20828:
20827:
20817:
20812:
20807:
20806:
20805:
20804:
20803:
20798:
20793:
20788:
20778:
20777:
20776:
20774:Egyptian Lever
20761:
20759:Pax Britannica
20756:
20755:
20754:
20744:
20743:
20742:
20740:Sovereign debt
20737:
20732:
20722:
20716:
20714:
20710:
20709:
20707:
20706:
20701:
20696:
20691:
20686:
20685:
20684:
20679:
20674:
20667:Triple Entente
20664:
20663:
20662:
20651:
20649:
20645:
20644:
20642:
20641:
20636:
20634:United Kingdom
20631:
20626:
20621:
20616:
20611:
20606:
20600:
20598:
20594:
20593:
20586:
20585:
20578:
20571:
20563:
20554:
20553:
20551:
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20524:
20519:
20514:
20509:
20504:
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20480:
20479:
20476:
20475:
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20467:
20462:
20457:
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20450:
20440:
20435:
20430:
20425:
20420:
20415:
20410:
20405:
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20393:
20388:
20378:
20373:
20367:
20365:
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20353:
20348:
20343:
20338:
20333:
20323:
20318:
20317:
20316:
20306:
20301:
20300:
20299:
20294:
20289:
20279:
20274:
20273:
20272:
20267:
20257:
20256:
20255:
20250:
20245:
20240:
20235:
20225:
20224:
20223:
20218:
20208:
20203:
20198:
20193:
20192:
20191:
20186:
20181:
20176:
20171:
20161:
20160:
20159:
20154:
20144:
20139:
20138:
20137:
20132:
20122:
20121:
20120:
20115:
20105:
20104:
20103:
20098:
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20061:
20051:
20046:
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20026:
20021:
20016:
20011:
20005:
20003:
19997:
19996:
19994:
19993:
19988:
19983:
19978:
19977:
19976:
19971:
19966:
19961:
19956:
19951:
19946:
19936:
19931:
19930:
19929:
19924:
19919:
19914:
19909:
19904:
19894:
19893:
19892:
19887:
19882:
19877:
19867:
19862:
19857:
19852:
19847:
19842:
19837:
19832:
19827:
19826:
19825:
19820:
19810:
19809:
19808:
19803:
19798:
19793:
19788:
19783:
19770:
19765:
19760:
19755:
19754:
19753:
19748:
19743:
19733:
19732:
19731:
19726:
19721:
19716:
19706:
19701:
19696:
19691:
19686:
19681:
19680:
19679:
19674:
19669:
19664:
19654:
19653:
19652:
19647:
19642:
19637:
19627:
19626:
19625:
19620:
19615:
19605:
19600:
19595:
19590:
19585:
19584:
19583:
19578:
19573:
19563:
19558:
19557:
19556:
19551:
19546:
19541:
19536:
19531:
19521:
19520:
19519:
19514:
19504:
19503:
19502:
19497:
19492:
19487:
19477:
19472:
19471:
19470:
19460:
19459:
19458:
19453:
19445:
19440:
19435:
19430:
19425:
19420:
19415:
19409:
19407:
19405:Post-classical
19401:
19400:
19398:
19397:
19396:
19395:
19385:
19380:
19379:
19378:
19373:
19363:
19362:
19361:
19351:
19350:
19349:
19344:
19339:
19334:
19329:
19324:
19314:
19309:
19304:
19303:
19302:
19297:
19292:
19287:
19277:
19276:
19275:
19270:
19260:
19255:
19254:
19253:
19248:
19243:
19238:
19233:
19223:
19218:
19213:
19212:
19211:
19206:
19204:Middle Kingdom
19201:
19191:
19186:
19185:
19184:
19179:
19174:
19164:
19163:
19162:
19160:Neo-Babylonian
19157:
19152:
19150:Old Babylonian
19142:
19141:
19140:
19135:
19125:
19120:
19114:
19112:
19100:
19099:
19092:
19091:
19084:
19077:
19069:
19060:
19059:
19057:
19056:
19051:
19046:
19041:
19036:
19031:
19026:
19021:
19016:
19011:
19005:
19003:
18999:
18998:
18996:
18995:
18990:
18985:
18980:
18975:
18970:
18965:
18960:
18955:
18950:
18945:
18940:
18935:
18930:
18925:
18920:
18915:
18913:Russian Empire
18910:
18905:
18903:British Empire
18900:
18898:Dutch Republic
18895:
18893:Swedish Empire
18890:
18885:
18880:
18875:
18873:Spanish Empire
18870:
18865:
18863:Ottoman Empire
18860:
18855:
18850:
18845:
18840:
18835:
18834:
18833:
18823:
18818:
18812:
18810:
18804:
18803:
18801:
18800:
18795:
18790:
18785:
18780:
18778:Serbian Empire
18775:
18770:
18765:
18760:
18755:
18750:
18745:
18723:
18718:
18713:
18712:
18711:
18706:
18701:
18696:
18686:
18685:
18684:
18679:
18671:
18666:
18661:
18656:
18651:
18650:
18649:
18639:
18634:
18628:
18626:
18620:
18619:
18617:
18616:
18614:Late antiquity
18611:
18606:
18601:
18600:
18599:
18589:
18584:
18579:
18577:Roman Republic
18574:
18568:
18566:
18560:
18559:
18557:
18556:
18551:
18546:
18541:
18535:
18533:
18527:
18526:
18519:
18518:
18511:
18504:
18496:
18487:
18486:
18483:
18482:
18480:
18479:
18474:
18469:
18464:
18459:
18454:
18449:
18444:
18439:
18434:
18429:
18424:
18419:
18410:
18394:
18389:
18384:
18379:
18374:
18368:
18362:
18360:
18356:
18355:
18353:
18352:
18347:
18342:
18337:
18332:
18327:
18322:
18317:
18312:
18307:
18302:
18297:
18292:
18287:
18282:
18277:
18271:
18269:
18265:
18264:
18262:
18261:
18256:
18251:
18246:
18241:
18236:
18231:
18226:
18221:
18216:
18211:
18206:
18201:
18196:
18191:
18186:
18181:
18176:
18171:
18166:
18164:Ottoman Empire
18161:
18156:
18151:
18146:
18141:
18136:
18131:
18126:
18124:Kartli-Kakheti
18121:
18116:
18111:
18106:
18101:
18096:
18091:
18086:
18081:
18076:
18071:
18066:
18061:
18056:
18051:
18046:
18041:
18036:
18031:
18026:
18021:
18016:
18011:
18006:
18001:
17996:
17991:
17985:
17983:
17979:
17978:
17976:
17975:
17963:
17958:
17953:
17948:
17943:
17938:
17933:
17928:
17923:
17918:
17913:
17906:
17901:
17896:
17891:
17886:
17881:
17876:
17871:
17866:
17861:
17856:
17851:
17846:
17841:
17836:
17831:
17826:
17821:
17816:
17806:
17799:
17794:
17789:
17784:
17779:
17774:
17769:
17764:
17759:
17754:
17748:
17746:
17742:
17741:
17739:
17738:
17733:
17728:
17723:
17718:
17713:
17708:
17703:
17698:
17693:
17688:
17682:
17680:
17676:
17675:
17673:
17672:
17665:
17660:
17655:
17650:
17645:
17640:
17635:
17630:
17625:
17620:
17615:
17610:
17605:
17600:
17595:
17590:
17585:
17580:
17575:
17570:
17565:
17560:
17555:
17550:
17545:
17540:
17535:
17533:Central Africa
17530:
17525:
17520:
17515:
17510:
17505:
17500:
17494:
17492:
17485:
17479:
17478:
17475:
17474:
17472:
17471:
17469:United Kingdom
17466:
17461:
17456:
17451:
17446:
17441:
17436:
17435:
17434:
17429:
17419:
17414:
17409:
17404:
17399:
17394:
17389:
17383:
17381:
17375:
17374:
17372:
17371:
17365:
17363:
17357:
17356:
17354:
17353:
17348:
17343:
17338:
17333:
17328:
17323:
17318:
17313:
17308:
17303:
17297:
17295:
17289:
17288:
17286:
17285:
17278:
17273:
17268:
17263:
17258:
17253:
17248:
17243:
17238:
17233:
17228:
17223:
17218:
17212:
17210:
17204:
17203:
17201:
17200:
17193:
17188:
17183:
17177:
17175:
17166:
17162:
17161:
17159:
17158:
17153:
17148:
17143:
17138:
17133:
17128:
17126:Prince regnant
17123:
17122:
17121:
17111:
17106:
17100:
17098:
17094:
17093:
17091:
17090:
17085:
17080:
17075:
17070:
17065:
17060:
17055:
17050:
17045:
17043:Decolonization
17040:
17035:
17030:
17025:
17020:
17014:
17012:
17008:
17007:
17005:
17004:
16999:
16997:Personal union
16994:
16989:
16984:
16979:
16974:
16969:
16967:Constitutional
16964:
16958:
16956:
16952:
16951:
16949:
16948:
16943:
16938:
16933:
16928:
16922:
16919:
16918:
16911:
16910:
16903:
16896:
16888:
16879:
16878:
16876:
16875:
16870:
16863:
16862:
16854:
16853:
16850:
16849:
16846:
16845:
16843:
16842:
16837:
16836:
16835:
16825:
16820:
16815:
16810:
16805:
16800:
16795:
16790:
16785:
16780:
16775:
16770:
16769:
16768:
16763:
16758:
16748:
16743:
16738:
16733:
16728:
16723:
16718:
16713:
16708:
16703:
16698:
16693:
16688:
16683:
16678:
16673:
16668:
16663:
16658:
16657:
16656:
16646:
16641:
16636:
16631:
16626:
16621:
16615:
16613:
16607:
16606:
16604:
16603:
16602:
16601:
16591:
16586:
16581:
16576:
16571:
16566:
16561:
16556:
16551:
16546:
16541:
16536:
16531:
16526:
16521:
16516:
16515:
16514:
16509:
16499:
16498:
16497:
16487:
16486:
16485:
16480:
16475:
16465:
16460:
16455:
16450:
16445:
16440:
16435:
16430:
16425:
16420:
16415:
16410:
16405:
16400:
16395:
16390:
16385:
16380:
16374:
16368:
16362:
16361:
16358:
16357:
16355:
16354:
16349:
16344:
16339:
16334:
16329:
16324:
16319:
16317:Space industry
16314:
16309:
16304:
16303:
16302:
16292:
16284:
16279:
16274:
16269:
16264:
16259:
16254:
16249:
16244:
16239:
16234:
16229:
16224:
16219:
16214:
16209:
16204:
16198:
16192:
16186:
16185:
16182:
16181:
16179:
16178:
16173:
16168:
16163:
16158:
16156:Urban planning
16153:
16148:
16143:
16138:
16133:
16128:
16123:
16118:
16113:
16108:
16103:
16098:
16093:
16088:
16083:
16078:
16073:
16068:
16063:
16058:
16053:
16048:
16043:
16038:
16028:
16023:
16018:
16008:
16003:
15993:
15991:Federal budget
15988:
15983:
15978:
15973:
15968:
15963:
15958:
15953:
15948:
15942:
15936:
15930:
15929:
15926:
15925:
15923:
15922:
15917:
15912:
15907:
15902:
15900:North Caucasus
15897:
15896:
15895:
15890:
15885:
15875:
15874:
15873:
15868:
15863:
15853:
15852:
15851:
15841:
15836:
15834:Highest points
15831:
15826:
15821:
15816:
15811:
15810:
15809:
15804:
15799:
15794:
15789:
15779:
15777:Extreme points
15774:
15773:
15772:
15762:
15757:
15752:
15747:
15741:
15735:
15729:
15728:
15725:
15724:
15722:
15721:
15716:
15711:
15706:
15701:
15696:
15691:
15686:
15681:
15676:
15670:
15668:
15664:
15663:
15661:
15660:
15659:
15658:
15648:
15647:
15646:
15641:
15636:
15626:
15625:
15624:
15619:
15609:
15604:
15603:
15602:
15592:
15590:Russian Empire
15587:
15586:
15585:
15575:
15570:
15569:
15568:
15563:
15558:
15550:
15545:
15540:
15535:
15530:
15525:
15520:
15514:
15512:
15503:
15497:
15496:
15494: articles
15488:
15487:
15480:
15473:
15465:
15459:
15458:
15449:
15438:
15435:Russian Empire
15427:
15424:Russian Empire
15413:
15412:External links
15410:
15408:
15407:
15397:
15393:(1927), 680pp
15386:
15384:
15381:
15379:
15378:
15368:
15351:
15344:
15337:
15330:
15323:
15316:
15299:
15292:
15284:
15282:
15279:
15277:
15276:
15269:
15262:
15255:
15242:
15236:Russian Review
15232:
15223:
15178:
15171:
15164:
15158:
15145:
15138:
15121:
15114:
15108:
15095:
15088:
15068:
15066:
15063:
15061:
15060:
15056:Stone, David.
15054:
15047:
15030:
15023:
15014:
15007:
15000:
14993:
14986:
14974:Englund, Peter
14970:
14962:
14960:
14957:
14955:
14954:
14940:
14923:
14901:
14889:Pares, Bernard
14885:
14871:
14857:
14855:
14852:
14850:
14849:
14842:
14835:
14828:
14821:
14813:
14811:
14808:
14806:
14805:
14803:online edition
14795:
14786:
14776:
14767:
14757:
14742:
14736:
14723:
14716:
14707:
14700:
14692:
14690:
14687:
14682:Main article:
14679:
14676:
14674:
14673:
14667:
14642:
14624:
14609:
14591:
14576:
14564:(4): 403–438.
14549:
14535:
14522:
14504:
14489:
14471:
14456:
14450:
14437:
14419:
14404:
14386:
14368:
14362:, ed. (2006).
14356:
14342:
14326:
14308:
14293:
14275:
14260:
14242:
14227:
14209:
14194:
14184:
14182:
14179:
14176:
14175:
14140:
14127:
14114:
14101:
14088:
14066:10.2307/368437
14060:(2): 229–252.
14044:
14017:(2): 237–257.
14001:
13988:
13969:
13946:
13927:
13906:
13894:
13878:
13865:
13844:
13831:
13825:978-0415608541
13824:
13794:
13781:
13773:David R. Stone
13765:
13756:
13736:
13714:
13691:
13668:Masis, Julie.
13617:
13597:
13567:
13536:
13485:
13438:(3): 203–237.
13418:
13369:
13318:
13285:(3): 489–491.
13266:
13227:(2): 101–113.
13207:
13156:
13099:
13080:
13058:
13039:
13005:
12997:Berghahn Books
12959:
12941:
12895:
12877:
12844:
12836:Berghahn Books
12812:
12805:
12787:
12780:
12762:
12735:
12712:
12705:
12682:
12655:
12632:
12585:(3): 567–584.
12565:
12535:
12505:
12475:
12438:
12397:
12367:
12340:
12317:
12290:
12259:
12246:
12233:
12220:
12208:
12189:
12169:
12157:
12142:
12140:, p. 131.
12130:
12128:, p. 130.
12118:
12116:, p. 129.
12106:
12094:
12082:
12070:
12052:
12045:
12027:
12020:
11998:
11983:
11956:
11944:
11921:
11900:
11894:978-0415394840
11893:
11870:
11858:
11846:
11834:
11821:
11819:, p. 524.
11809:
11807:, p. 114.
11797:
11785:
11783:, p. 514.
11773:
11761:
11749:
11737:
11718:
11698:
11679:
11659:
11640:
11620:
11601:
11581:
11562:
11542:
11540:, p. 468.
11530:
11511:
11491:
11479:
11460:
11440:
11421:
11401:
11382:
11362:
11343:
11323:
11321:, p. 338.
11311:
11292:
11272:
11260:
11248:
11246:, p. 241.
11236:
11217:
11197:
11195:, p. 132.
11185:
11166:
11146:
11134:
11115:
11095:
11076:
11056:
11044:
11025:
11020:10.1086/237562
10998:
10983:
10971:
10969:, p. 391.
10959:
10944:
10898:
10876:
10845:
10823:
10793:
10773:
10761:
10742:
10718:Charles Lowe,
10711:
10699:
10697:, p. 121.
10687:
10685:, p. 316.
10675:
10673:, p. 315.
10663:
10661:, p. 114.
10648:
10646:, p. 113.
10636:
10583:
10576:
10556:
10537:
10505:
10485:
10466:
10446:
10433:
10426:
10408:
10401:
10383:
10372:Davies, Norman
10363:
10344:
10321:
10310:(2): 131–156.
10294:
10276:
10274:, p. 729.
10264:
10262:, p. 728.
10252:
10240:
10225:
10207:
10192:
10177:
10159:
10157:, p. 801.
10147:
10135:
10122:
10095:
10083:
10070:
10040:
10033:
10001:
9994:
9976:
9967:
9958:
9949:
9938:
9927:
9914:
9901:
9888:
9876:
9846:
9839:
9821:
9805:
9772:
9743:
9710:
9703:
9683:
9658:
9635:
9617:
9597:
9567:
9548:
9522:
9487:
9454:
9439:(in Russian).
9430:, p. 25;
9428:Catchpole 1974
9420:
9412:Catchpole 1974
9404:
9402:, p. 131.
9392:
9381:
9363:
9341:
9305:
9285:
9266:
9246:
9227:
9207:
9177:
9150:
9118:
9088:
9076:
9051:
9021:
8991:
8924:(3): 475–504.
8899:
8876:
8865:(2): 149–158.
8849:
8839:
8821:
8800:
8769:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8760:
8759:
8735:
8712:
8689:
8670:
8623:
8596:
8572:Отец отечества
8560:
8551:
8535:Tsarist Russia
8522:
8468:
8459:
8446:
8429:
8411:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8404:
8403:
8398:
8392:
8386:
8385:
8371:
8368:History portal
8355:
8352:
8320:St. Petersburg
8278:
8275:
8252:Main article:
8249:
8246:
8217:
8214:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8133:
8126:
8118:
8117:
8115:
8030:
8027:
8026:
8025:
8018:
8011:
8008:Intelligentsia
8003:
8002:
8000:
7947:Main article:
7944:
7941:
7904:
7901:
7858:Vasily Surikov
7803:Main article:
7800:
7797:
7787:(61,900), and
7768:
7765:
7762:
7761:
7758:
7755:
7751:
7750:
7747:
7744:
7738:
7737:
7734:
7731:
7725:
7724:
7721:
7718:
7712:
7711:
7708:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7695:
7692:
7686:
7685:
7682:
7679:
7673:
7672:
7669:
7666:
7662:
7661:
7658:
7655:
7644:
7643:
7640:
7637:
7631:
7630:
7627:
7624:
7618:
7617:
7614:
7611:
7605:
7604:
7601:
7598:
7592:
7591:
7588:
7585:
7579:
7578:
7575:
7572:
7566:
7565:
7562:
7559:
7553:
7552:
7549:
7546:
7532:
7529:
7499:
7496:
7380:
7377:
7361:Crimean Tatars
7303:
7300:
7258:Main article:
7255:
7252:
7207:
7204:
7169:Russian Church
7153:state religion
7102:
7099:
7043:Tsarskoye Selo
7030:
7027:
7025:
7024:Infrastructure
7022:
7019:
7018:
7015:
7012:
7009:
7006:
7003:
6999:
6998:
6995:
6992:
6989:
6986:
6983:
6979:
6978:
6975:
6972:
6969:
6966:
6963:
6959:
6958:
6955:
6952:
6949:
6946:
6943:
6939:
6938:
6935:
6932:
6929:
6926:
6923:
6919:
6918:
6915:
6912:
6909:
6906:
6903:
6899:
6898:
6895:
6892:
6889:
6886:
6883:
6879:
6878:
6875:
6872:
6869:
6866:
6863:
6859:
6858:
6855:
6852:
6849:
6846:
6843:
6839:
6838:
6835:
6832:
6829:
6826:
6823:
6819:
6818:
6815:
6812:
6809:
6806:
6802:
6801:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6758:Main article:
6755:
6752:
6705:Main article:
6702:
6699:
6623:Main article:
6620:
6617:
6582:, a vassal of
6564:Main article:
6561:
6558:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6502:
6493:
6473:
6470:
6410:Main article:
6407:
6404:
6307:
6304:
6280:Main article:
6277:
6274:
6246:Main article:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6232:
6226:
6223:
6217:
6211:
6205:
6199:
6196:
6190:
6184:
6163:Main article:
6160:
6157:
6086:Main article:
6083:
6080:
6014:Main article:
6011:
6008:
5948:Main article:
5945:
5942:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5874:
5867:
5860:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5835:
5834:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5733:
5732:
5721:
5712:
5711:
5700:
5697:Kherson Oblast
5691:
5690:
5679:
5670:
5669:
5658:
5649:
5648:
5637:
5628:
5627:
5618:
5611:
5610:
5601:
5594:
5593:
5587:
5578:
5577:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5391:
5390:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5191:
5190:
5154:Bolshevik Coup
5110:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5098:Uryankhay Krai
5093:
5092:
5089:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5043:Russian Empire
5039:
5038:
5035:
5026:
5025:
4970:Tsarist Russia
4967:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4916:
4915:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4830:
4829:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:Rus' Khaganate
4771:
4770:
4767:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4730:
4729:
4720:
4719:
4712:
4700:
4697:
4561:
4558:
4478:personal union
4383:just north of
4373:Fort Elizabeth
4310:, most of the
4255:
4252:
4232:Finnic peoples
4177:Kola Peninsula
4145:Ural Mountains
4105:Main article:
4102:
4099:
4087:British Empire
4065:
4062:
4023:Main article:
4020:
4017:
3992:
3989:
3925:Main article:
3922:
3919:
3888:broken through
3841:
3838:
3780:. The advance
3675:
3674:German theatre
3672:
3670:
3667:
3592:Main article:
3589:
3586:
3554:Bosnian Crisis
3475:Main article:
3472:
3469:
3452:Main article:
3449:
3446:
3400:Defeat in the
3379:Vladimir Lenin
3263:Main article:
3260:
3257:
3249:Triple Entente
3175:Outer Mongolia
3154:
3151:
3107:
3104:
3012:Constantinople
2983:Primorsky Krai
2906:Ottoman Empire
2817:Main article:
2814:
2811:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2716:Iğdır Province
2635:Ivan Paskevich
2613:Main article:
2610:
2607:
2497:Fire of Moscow
2469:scorched earth
2461:Russian winter
2438:Ottoman Empire
2367:Main article:
2348:
2345:
2277:
2274:
2239:British Empire
2231:Pyotr Stolypin
2157:against Persia
1961:
1958:
1942:Baltic Germans
1893:Table of Ranks
1806:Denmark-Norway
1782:Ottoman Empire
1756:Peter I (
1734:
1731:
1726:Main article:
1723:
1720:
1712:Anikita Repnin
1676:White Russians
1668:Great Russians
1617:Table of Ranks
1519:Main article:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1382:
1379:
1355:Main article:
1352:
1349:
1345:Ottoman Empire
1250:Northeast Asia
1086:national state
1059:Ottoman Empire
1047:Swedish Empire
1004:Russian Empire
998:
997:
994:
993:
990:
989:
982:
976:
975:
968:
959:
956:
955:
946:
934:
933:
928:
918:
917:
912:
908:
907:
904:
903:
900:
897:
894:
893:
890:
884:
881:
880:
877:
876:
872:
871:
868:
864:
863:
859:
858:
855:
854:
851:
845:
842:
841:
838:
832:
829:
828:
825:
816:
813:
812:
809:
803:
800:
799:
796:
790:
787:
786:
783:
773:
770:
769:
766:
760:
757:
756:
751:
745:
742:
741:
738:
735:Table of Ranks
732:
729:
728:
725:
722:
719:
718:
715:
709:
706:
705:
702:
701:
698:
694:
693:
686:
680:
677:
676:
669:
663:
660:
659:
654:
650:
649:
646:
645:
640:
637:
634:
633:
626:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
612:
609:Prime Minister
603:
600:
599:
596:
595:
590:
587:
584:
583:
578:
575:
572:
571:
568:
567:
564:
558:
557:
535:
531:
530:
525:
519:
518:
516:
515:
512:
506:
500:
494:
492:
491:
490:
489:
483:
477:
459:
456:
454:
447:
443:
442:
412:
406:
405:
400:
396:
395:
390:
386:
385:
370:
366:
365:
352:
342:
306:
305:
302:
301:
299:
298:
288:
266:
256:
234:
224:
196:
195:
194:
171:
145:
144:
129:
128:
117:
110:
109:
89:
82:
75:
74:
73:
70:
69:
65:
64:
45:
43:Russian Empire
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
21276:
21265:
21262:
21260:
21257:
21255:
21252:
21250:
21247:
21245:
21242:
21240:
21237:
21235:
21232:
21230:
21227:
21225:
21222:
21220:
21217:
21215:
21212:
21210:
21207:
21205:
21202:
21200:
21197:
21195:
21192:
21190:
21187:
21185:
21182:
21180:
21177:
21175:
21172:
21171:
21169:
21154:
21151:
21145:
21142:
21140:
21137:
21135:
21132:
21131:
21129:
21127:
21124:
21122:
21119:
21118:
21117:
21114:
21112:
21111:Italo-Turkish
21109:
21107:
21104:
21102:
21099:
21097:
21094:
21092:
21089:
21087:
21084:
21082:
21079:
21077:
21074:
21072:
21069:
21067:
21066:Russo-Turkish
21064:
21063:
21061:
21057:
21051:
21048:
21046:
21043:
21039:
21038:Treaty of Fes
21036:
21035:
21034:
21033:Agadir Crisis
21031:
21027:
21024:
21023:
21022:
21019:
21017:
21014:
21012:
21009:
21007:
21004:
21002:
20999:
20995:
20992:
20988:
20985:
20983:
20982:
20978:
20977:
20976:
20973:
20972:
20970:
20968:
20967:
20963:
20961:
20958:
20956:
20953:
20951:
20948:
20946:
20943:
20941:
20938:
20936:
20933:
20931:
20928:
20927:
20925:
20921:
20915:
20912:
20910:
20907:
20905:
20902:
20900:
20897:
20893:
20890:
20889:
20888:
20885:
20883:
20880:
20878:
20875:
20873:
20870:
20868:
20865:
20863:
20860:
20856:
20853:
20852:
20851:
20848:
20846:
20843:
20842:
20840:
20834:
20826:
20823:
20822:
20821:
20818:
20816:
20813:
20811:
20808:
20802:
20799:
20797:
20794:
20792:
20789:
20787:
20784:
20783:
20782:
20779:
20775:
20772:
20771:
20770:
20767:
20766:
20765:
20762:
20760:
20757:
20753:
20750:
20749:
20748:
20745:
20741:
20738:
20736:
20733:
20731:
20728:
20727:
20726:
20723:
20721:
20718:
20717:
20715:
20711:
20705:
20704:Balkan League
20702:
20700:
20697:
20695:
20692:
20690:
20687:
20683:
20680:
20678:
20675:
20673:
20670:
20669:
20668:
20665:
20661:
20660:Dual Alliance
20658:
20657:
20656:
20653:
20652:
20650:
20646:
20640:
20639:United States
20637:
20635:
20632:
20630:
20627:
20625:
20622:
20620:
20617:
20615:
20612:
20610:
20607:
20605:
20602:
20601:
20599:
20595:
20591:
20584:
20579:
20577:
20572:
20570:
20565:
20564:
20561:
20547:
20546:Soviet empire
20544:
20542:
20539:
20538:
20536:
20535:
20533:
20531:Miscellaneous
20529:
20523:
20520:
20518:
20515:
20513:
20510:
20508:
20505:
20503:
20500:
20496:
20493:
20492:
20491:
20488:
20487:
20485:
20481:
20471:
20468:
20466:
20463:
20461:
20458:
20456:
20453:
20449:
20446:
20445:
20444:
20441:
20439:
20436:
20434:
20431:
20429:
20426:
20424:
20421:
20419:
20416:
20414:
20411:
20409:
20406:
20404:
20401:
20399:
20396:
20392:
20389:
20387:
20384:
20383:
20382:
20379:
20377:
20374:
20372:
20369:
20368:
20366:
20364:
20360:
20352:
20349:
20347:
20344:
20342:
20339:
20337:
20334:
20332:
20329:
20328:
20327:
20324:
20322:
20319:
20315:
20312:
20311:
20310:
20307:
20305:
20302:
20298:
20295:
20293:
20290:
20288:
20285:
20284:
20283:
20280:
20278:
20275:
20271:
20268:
20266:
20263:
20262:
20261:
20258:
20254:
20251:
20249:
20246:
20244:
20241:
20239:
20236:
20234:
20231:
20230:
20229:
20226:
20222:
20219:
20217:
20214:
20213:
20212:
20209:
20207:
20204:
20202:
20199:
20197:
20194:
20190:
20187:
20185:
20182:
20180:
20177:
20175:
20172:
20170:
20167:
20166:
20165:
20162:
20158:
20155:
20153:
20150:
20149:
20148:
20145:
20143:
20140:
20136:
20133:
20131:
20130:German Empire
20128:
20127:
20126:
20123:
20119:
20116:
20114:
20111:
20110:
20109:
20106:
20102:
20099:
20097:
20094:
20093:
20092:
20089:
20087:
20084:
20080:
20077:
20075:
20072:
20070:
20067:
20065:
20062:
20060:
20057:
20056:
20055:
20052:
20050:
20047:
20043:
20040:
20038:
20035:
20034:
20032:
20030:
20027:
20025:
20022:
20020:
20017:
20015:
20012:
20010:
20007:
20006:
20004:
20002:
19998:
19992:
19989:
19987:
19984:
19982:
19979:
19975:
19972:
19970:
19967:
19965:
19962:
19960:
19957:
19955:
19952:
19950:
19947:
19945:
19942:
19941:
19940:
19937:
19935:
19932:
19928:
19925:
19923:
19920:
19918:
19915:
19913:
19910:
19908:
19905:
19903:
19900:
19899:
19898:
19895:
19891:
19888:
19886:
19883:
19881:
19878:
19876:
19873:
19872:
19871:
19870:Turco-Persian
19868:
19866:
19863:
19861:
19858:
19856:
19853:
19851:
19848:
19846:
19843:
19841:
19838:
19836:
19833:
19831:
19828:
19824:
19821:
19819:
19816:
19815:
19814:
19811:
19807:
19804:
19802:
19799:
19797:
19794:
19792:
19789:
19787:
19784:
19782:
19779:
19778:
19777:
19774:
19771:
19769:
19766:
19764:
19761:
19759:
19756:
19752:
19749:
19747:
19744:
19742:
19739:
19738:
19737:
19734:
19730:
19727:
19725:
19722:
19720:
19717:
19715:
19712:
19711:
19710:
19707:
19705:
19702:
19700:
19697:
19695:
19692:
19690:
19687:
19685:
19682:
19678:
19675:
19673:
19670:
19668:
19665:
19663:
19660:
19659:
19658:
19655:
19651:
19648:
19646:
19643:
19641:
19638:
19636:
19633:
19632:
19631:
19628:
19624:
19621:
19619:
19616:
19614:
19611:
19610:
19609:
19606:
19604:
19601:
19599:
19596:
19594:
19591:
19589:
19586:
19582:
19579:
19577:
19574:
19572:
19569:
19568:
19567:
19564:
19562:
19559:
19555:
19552:
19550:
19547:
19545:
19542:
19540:
19537:
19535:
19532:
19530:
19527:
19526:
19525:
19522:
19518:
19515:
19513:
19510:
19509:
19508:
19505:
19501:
19498:
19496:
19493:
19491:
19488:
19486:
19483:
19482:
19481:
19478:
19476:
19473:
19469:
19466:
19465:
19464:
19461:
19457:
19454:
19452:
19449:
19448:
19446:
19444:
19441:
19439:
19436:
19434:
19431:
19429:
19426:
19424:
19421:
19419:
19416:
19414:
19411:
19410:
19408:
19406:
19402:
19394:
19391:
19390:
19389:
19386:
19384:
19381:
19377:
19374:
19372:
19369:
19368:
19367:
19364:
19360:
19357:
19356:
19355:
19352:
19348:
19345:
19343:
19340:
19338:
19335:
19333:
19330:
19328:
19325:
19323:
19320:
19319:
19318:
19315:
19313:
19310:
19308:
19305:
19301:
19298:
19296:
19293:
19291:
19288:
19286:
19283:
19282:
19281:
19278:
19274:
19271:
19269:
19266:
19265:
19264:
19261:
19259:
19256:
19252:
19249:
19247:
19244:
19242:
19239:
19237:
19234:
19232:
19229:
19228:
19227:
19224:
19222:
19219:
19217:
19214:
19210:
19207:
19205:
19202:
19200:
19197:
19196:
19195:
19192:
19190:
19187:
19183:
19180:
19178:
19175:
19173:
19170:
19169:
19168:
19165:
19161:
19158:
19156:
19153:
19151:
19148:
19147:
19146:
19143:
19139:
19136:
19134:
19131:
19130:
19129:
19126:
19124:
19121:
19119:
19116:
19115:
19113:
19110:
19105:
19101:
19097:
19090:
19085:
19083:
19078:
19076:
19071:
19070:
19067:
19055:
19052:
19050:
19047:
19045:
19042:
19040:
19037:
19035:
19032:
19030:
19027:
19025:
19022:
19020:
19017:
19015:
19012:
19010:
19009:Art of Europe
19007:
19006:
19004:
19000:
18994:
18991:
18989:
18986:
18984:
18981:
18979:
18976:
18974:
18971:
18969:
18966:
18964:
18961:
18959:
18956:
18954:
18951:
18949:
18946:
18944:
18941:
18939:
18936:
18934:
18931:
18929:
18926:
18924:
18921:
18919:
18916:
18914:
18911:
18909:
18906:
18904:
18901:
18899:
18896:
18894:
18891:
18889:
18886:
18884:
18881:
18879:
18876:
18874:
18871:
18869:
18866:
18864:
18861:
18859:
18856:
18854:
18851:
18849:
18846:
18844:
18841:
18839:
18836:
18832:
18829:
18828:
18827:
18824:
18822:
18819:
18817:
18814:
18813:
18811:
18809:
18808:Modern period
18805:
18799:
18796:
18794:
18791:
18789:
18786:
18784:
18781:
18779:
18776:
18774:
18771:
18769:
18766:
18764:
18761:
18759:
18756:
18754:
18751:
18749:
18746:
18743:
18739:
18735:
18731:
18727:
18724:
18722:
18719:
18717:
18714:
18710:
18707:
18705:
18702:
18700:
18697:
18695:
18692:
18691:
18690:
18687:
18683:
18680:
18678:
18675:
18674:
18672:
18670:
18667:
18665:
18662:
18660:
18657:
18655:
18652:
18648:
18645:
18644:
18643:
18640:
18638:
18635:
18633:
18630:
18629:
18627:
18625:
18621:
18615:
18612:
18610:
18607:
18605:
18602:
18598:
18595:
18594:
18593:
18590:
18588:
18585:
18583:
18580:
18578:
18575:
18573:
18570:
18569:
18567:
18565:
18561:
18555:
18552:
18550:
18547:
18545:
18542:
18540:
18537:
18536:
18534:
18532:
18528:
18524:
18517:
18512:
18510:
18505:
18503:
18498:
18497:
18494:
18478:
18475:
18473:
18470:
18468:
18465:
18463:
18460:
18458:
18455:
18453:
18450:
18448:
18445:
18443:
18440:
18438:
18435:
18433:
18430:
18428:
18425:
18423:
18420:
18418:
18414:
18411:
18408:
18407:
18402:
18398:
18395:
18393:
18390:
18388:
18385:
18383:
18380:
18378:
18375:
18372:
18369:
18367:
18364:
18363:
18361:
18357:
18351:
18348:
18346:
18343:
18341:
18338:
18336:
18333:
18331:
18328:
18326:
18323:
18321:
18318:
18316:
18313:
18311:
18308:
18306:
18303:
18301:
18298:
18296:
18293:
18291:
18288:
18286:
18285:Easter Island
18283:
18281:
18278:
18276:
18273:
18272:
18270:
18266:
18260:
18257:
18255:
18252:
18250:
18247:
18245:
18242:
18240:
18237:
18235:
18232:
18230:
18227:
18225:
18222:
18220:
18217:
18215:
18212:
18210:
18207:
18205:
18202:
18200:
18197:
18195:
18192:
18190:
18187:
18185:
18182:
18180:
18177:
18175:
18172:
18170:
18167:
18165:
18162:
18160:
18157:
18155:
18152:
18150:
18147:
18145:
18142:
18140:
18137:
18135:
18132:
18130:
18127:
18125:
18122:
18120:
18117:
18115:
18112:
18110:
18107:
18105:
18102:
18100:
18097:
18095:
18092:
18090:
18087:
18085:
18082:
18080:
18077:
18075:
18072:
18070:
18067:
18065:
18062:
18060:
18057:
18055:
18052:
18050:
18047:
18045:
18042:
18040:
18037:
18035:
18032:
18030:
18027:
18025:
18022:
18020:
18017:
18015:
18012:
18010:
18007:
18005:
18002:
18000:
17997:
17995:
17992:
17990:
17987:
17986:
17984:
17980:
17973:
17972:
17967:
17964:
17962:
17959:
17957:
17954:
17952:
17949:
17947:
17944:
17942:
17939:
17937:
17934:
17932:
17929:
17927:
17924:
17922:
17919:
17917:
17914:
17912:
17911:
17907:
17905:
17902:
17900:
17897:
17895:
17892:
17890:
17887:
17885:
17882:
17880:
17877:
17875:
17872:
17870:
17867:
17865:
17862:
17860:
17857:
17855:
17852:
17850:
17847:
17845:
17842:
17840:
17837:
17835:
17832:
17830:
17827:
17825:
17824:Jabal Shammar
17822:
17820:
17817:
17814:
17810:
17807:
17805:
17804:
17800:
17798:
17795:
17793:
17790:
17788:
17785:
17783:
17780:
17778:
17775:
17773:
17770:
17768:
17765:
17763:
17760:
17758:
17755:
17753:
17750:
17749:
17747:
17743:
17737:
17734:
17732:
17729:
17727:
17724:
17722:
17719:
17717:
17714:
17712:
17709:
17707:
17704:
17702:
17699:
17697:
17694:
17692:
17689:
17687:
17684:
17683:
17681:
17677:
17671:
17670:
17666:
17664:
17661:
17659:
17656:
17654:
17651:
17649:
17646:
17644:
17641:
17639:
17636:
17634:
17631:
17629:
17626:
17624:
17621:
17619:
17616:
17614:
17611:
17609:
17606:
17604:
17601:
17599:
17596:
17594:
17591:
17589:
17586:
17584:
17581:
17579:
17576:
17574:
17571:
17569:
17566:
17564:
17561:
17559:
17556:
17554:
17551:
17549:
17546:
17544:
17541:
17539:
17536:
17534:
17531:
17529:
17526:
17524:
17521:
17519:
17516:
17514:
17511:
17509:
17506:
17504:
17501:
17499:
17496:
17495:
17493:
17489:
17486:
17484:
17480:
17470:
17467:
17465:
17462:
17460:
17457:
17455:
17452:
17450:
17447:
17445:
17442:
17440:
17437:
17433:
17430:
17428:
17425:
17424:
17423:
17420:
17418:
17415:
17413:
17410:
17408:
17405:
17403:
17400:
17398:
17395:
17393:
17390:
17388:
17385:
17384:
17382:
17380:
17376:
17370:
17367:
17366:
17364:
17362:
17358:
17352:
17349:
17347:
17344:
17342:
17339:
17337:
17334:
17332:
17329:
17327:
17324:
17322:
17319:
17317:
17316:Liechtenstein
17314:
17312:
17309:
17307:
17304:
17302:
17299:
17298:
17296:
17294:
17290:
17284:
17283:
17279:
17277:
17274:
17272:
17269:
17267:
17264:
17262:
17259:
17257:
17254:
17252:
17249:
17247:
17244:
17242:
17239:
17237:
17234:
17232:
17229:
17227:
17224:
17222:
17219:
17217:
17214:
17213:
17211:
17209:
17205:
17199:
17198:
17194:
17192:
17189:
17187:
17184:
17182:
17179:
17178:
17176:
17174:
17170:
17167:
17163:
17157:
17154:
17152:
17149:
17147:
17144:
17142:
17139:
17137:
17134:
17132:
17129:
17127:
17124:
17120:
17119:Queen regnant
17117:
17116:
17115:
17112:
17110:
17107:
17105:
17102:
17101:
17099:
17095:
17089:
17086:
17084:
17081:
17079:
17078:Republicanism
17076:
17074:
17071:
17069:
17066:
17064:
17061:
17059:
17058:Head of state
17056:
17054:
17051:
17049:
17046:
17044:
17041:
17039:
17036:
17034:
17031:
17029:
17026:
17024:
17021:
17019:
17016:
17015:
17013:
17009:
17003:
17000:
16998:
16995:
16993:
16992:Non-sovereign
16990:
16988:
16985:
16983:
16980:
16978:
16975:
16973:
16970:
16968:
16965:
16963:
16960:
16959:
16957:
16953:
16947:
16944:
16942:
16939:
16937:
16934:
16932:
16929:
16927:
16924:
16923:
16920:
16916:
16909:
16904:
16902:
16897:
16895:
16890:
16889:
16886:
16874:
16871:
16869:
16866:
16865:
16860:
16856:
16855:
16851:
16841:
16838:
16834:
16831:
16830:
16829:
16826:
16824:
16823:Seven Wonders
16821:
16819:
16816:
16814:
16811:
16809:
16806:
16804:
16801:
16799:
16796:
16794:
16791:
16789:
16788:Playing cards
16786:
16784:
16781:
16779:
16776:
16774:
16771:
16767:
16764:
16762:
16759:
16757:
16754:
16753:
16752:
16749:
16747:
16744:
16742:
16739:
16737:
16734:
16732:
16729:
16727:
16724:
16722:
16719:
16717:
16714:
16712:
16709:
16707:
16704:
16702:
16699:
16697:
16694:
16692:
16689:
16687:
16684:
16682:
16679:
16677:
16674:
16672:
16669:
16667:
16664:
16662:
16659:
16655:
16652:
16651:
16650:
16647:
16645:
16642:
16640:
16637:
16635:
16632:
16630:
16627:
16625:
16622:
16620:
16617:
16616:
16614:
16612:
16608:
16600:
16597:
16596:
16595:
16592:
16590:
16587:
16585:
16582:
16580:
16577:
16575:
16572:
16570:
16567:
16565:
16562:
16560:
16557:
16555:
16552:
16550:
16547:
16545:
16542:
16540:
16537:
16535:
16532:
16530:
16527:
16525:
16522:
16520:
16517:
16513:
16510:
16508:
16505:
16504:
16503:
16500:
16496:
16493:
16492:
16491:
16488:
16484:
16483:Mental health
16481:
16479:
16476:
16474:
16471:
16470:
16469:
16466:
16464:
16461:
16459:
16456:
16454:
16451:
16449:
16446:
16444:
16443:Ethnic groups
16441:
16439:
16436:
16434:
16431:
16429:
16426:
16424:
16421:
16419:
16416:
16414:
16411:
16409:
16406:
16404:
16401:
16399:
16396:
16394:
16391:
16389:
16386:
16384:
16381:
16379:
16376:
16375:
16372:
16369:
16367:
16363:
16353:
16350:
16348:
16345:
16343:
16340:
16338:
16335:
16333:
16330:
16328:
16325:
16323:
16320:
16318:
16315:
16313:
16310:
16308:
16305:
16301:
16298:
16297:
16296:
16293:
16291:
16285:
16283:
16280:
16278:
16275:
16273:
16270:
16268:
16265:
16263:
16260:
16258:
16255:
16253:
16250:
16248:
16245:
16243:
16240:
16238:
16235:
16233:
16230:
16228:
16225:
16223:
16220:
16218:
16215:
16213:
16210:
16208:
16205:
16203:
16200:
16199:
16196:
16193:
16191:
16187:
16177:
16174:
16172:
16169:
16167:
16164:
16162:
16159:
16157:
16154:
16152:
16149:
16147:
16146:Civil defense
16144:
16142:
16139:
16137:
16134:
16132:
16129:
16127:
16124:
16122:
16119:
16117:
16114:
16112:
16109:
16107:
16104:
16102:
16099:
16097:
16094:
16092:
16091:Media freedom
16089:
16087:
16084:
16082:
16079:
16077:
16074:
16072:
16069:
16067:
16064:
16062:
16059:
16057:
16054:
16052:
16049:
16047:
16044:
16042:
16039:
16036:
16032:
16029:
16027:
16024:
16022:
16019:
16016:
16012:
16009:
16007:
16004:
16001:
15997:
15994:
15992:
15989:
15987:
15984:
15982:
15979:
15977:
15976:Criminal code
15974:
15972:
15969:
15967:
15964:
15962:
15959:
15957:
15956:Civil Service
15954:
15952:
15949:
15947:
15944:
15943:
15940:
15937:
15935:
15931:
15921:
15918:
15916:
15913:
15911:
15908:
15906:
15903:
15901:
15898:
15894:
15891:
15889:
15886:
15884:
15881:
15880:
15879:
15876:
15872:
15869:
15867:
15864:
15862:
15859:
15858:
15857:
15854:
15850:
15847:
15846:
15845:
15842:
15840:
15837:
15835:
15832:
15830:
15827:
15825:
15822:
15820:
15817:
15815:
15812:
15808:
15805:
15803:
15800:
15798:
15795:
15793:
15790:
15788:
15785:
15784:
15783:
15780:
15778:
15775:
15771:
15768:
15767:
15766:
15763:
15761:
15758:
15756:
15753:
15751:
15748:
15746:
15743:
15742:
15739:
15736:
15734:
15730:
15720:
15717:
15715:
15712:
15710:
15707:
15705:
15702:
15700:
15697:
15695:
15692:
15690:
15687:
15685:
15682:
15680:
15677:
15675:
15672:
15671:
15669:
15665:
15657:
15654:
15653:
15652:
15649:
15645:
15642:
15640:
15637:
15635:
15632:
15631:
15630:
15627:
15623:
15620:
15618:
15617:Russian state
15615:
15614:
15613:
15610:
15608:
15605:
15601:
15598:
15597:
15596:
15593:
15591:
15588:
15584:
15581:
15580:
15579:
15576:
15574:
15571:
15567:
15564:
15562:
15559:
15557:
15554:
15553:
15551:
15549:
15546:
15544:
15541:
15539:
15536:
15534:
15531:
15529:
15526:
15524:
15521:
15519:
15516:
15515:
15513:
15511:
15507:
15504:
15502:
15498:
15493:
15486:
15481:
15479:
15474:
15472:
15467:
15466:
15463:
15457:
15453:
15450:
15448:
15444:
15439:
15436:
15432:
15428:
15425:
15420:
15416:
15415:
15406:
15402:
15398:
15396:
15392:
15388:
15387:
15374:
15369:
15367:
15363:
15360:
15356:
15352:
15349:
15345:
15342:
15338:
15335:
15331:
15328:
15324:
15321:
15317:
15315:
15311:
15308:
15304:
15300:
15297:
15293:
15290:
15286:
15285:
15274:
15270:
15267:
15263:
15258:
15252:
15248:
15243:
15241:
15237:
15233:
15229:
15224:
15213:
15209:
15208:
15193:
15189:
15188:
15183:
15179:
15176:
15172:
15169:
15165:
15161:
15155:
15151:
15146:
15143:
15139:
15137:
15133:
15130:
15126:
15122:
15119:
15115:
15111:
15105:
15101:
15096:
15093:
15089:
15086:
15085:0-6312-0814-3
15082:
15078:
15074:
15070:
15069:
15059:
15055:
15052:
15048:
15046:
15042:
15039:
15035:
15031:
15028:
15024:
15020:
15015:
15012:
15008:
15005:
15001:
14998:
14994:
14989:
14983:
14979:
14975:
14971:
14968:
14964:
14963:
14951:
14947:
14943:
14937:
14933:
14929:
14924:
14920:
14916:
14912:
14908:
14904:
14902:1-8421-2114-6
14898:
14894:
14890:
14886:
14882:
14878:
14874:
14872:0-6910-5349-9
14868:
14864:
14859:
14858:
14847:
14843:
14840:
14836:
14833:
14829:
14826:
14822:
14819:
14816:Barnes, Ian.
14815:
14814:
14804:
14800:
14796:
14792:
14787:
14785:
14781:
14777:
14773:
14768:
14766:
14762:
14758:
14755:
14754:0-5345-8698-8
14751:
14747:
14743:
14739:
14733:
14729:
14724:
14721:
14717:
14714:
14711:
14708:
14705:
14701:
14698:
14694:
14693:
14685:
14670:
14664:
14660:
14656:
14652:
14648:
14643:
14631:
14627:
14621:
14617:
14616:
14610:
14598:
14594:
14588:
14584:
14583:
14577:
14572:
14567:
14563:
14559:
14555:
14550:
14546:
14542:
14538:
14536:0-1982-2103-7
14532:
14528:
14523:
14511:
14507:
14501:
14497:
14496:
14490:
14478:
14474:
14468:
14464:
14463:
14457:
14453:
14447:
14443:
14438:
14426:
14422:
14416:
14412:
14411:
14405:
14393:
14389:
14383:
14379:
14378:
14373:
14369:
14365:
14361:
14357:
14353:
14349:
14345:
14339:
14335:
14331:
14327:
14315:
14311:
14305:
14301:
14300:
14294:
14282:
14278:
14272:
14268:
14267:
14261:
14249:
14245:
14239:
14235:
14234:
14228:
14216:
14212:
14206:
14203:. Routledge.
14202:
14201:
14195:
14191:
14186:
14185:
14172:
14168:
14165:
14162:
14158:
14157:1-3171-1844-8
14154:
14150:
14144:
14138:(1983) p 126.
14137:
14134:Hans Rogger,
14131:
14124:
14118:
14111:
14105:
14098:
14092:
14083:
14079:
14075:
14071:
14067:
14063:
14059:
14055:
14048:
14040:
14036:
14032:
14028:
14024:
14020:
14016:
14012:
14011:Slavic Review
14005:
13998:
13992:
13985:
13981:
13976:
13974:
13967:
13963:
13960:
13956:
13955:Slavic Review
13950:
13934:
13930:
13928:0-2533-3333-4
13924:
13920:
13919:
13910:
13903:
13898:
13891:
13885:
13883:
13875:
13869:
13862:
13861:
13856:
13851:
13849:
13841:
13835:
13827:
13821:
13818:. Routledge.
13817:
13811:
13807:
13803:
13798:
13791:
13785:
13778:
13774:
13769:
13760:
13752:
13748:
13740:
13733:
13721:
13717:
13711:
13707:
13706:
13698:
13696:
13679:
13675:
13671:
13655:
13651:
13647:
13632:
13628:
13624:
13620:
13614:
13610:
13609:
13601:
13585:
13581:
13577:
13571:
13555:
13551:
13547:
13540:
13524:
13520:
13516:
13512:
13508:
13504:
13500:
13496:
13489:
13473:
13469:
13465:
13461:
13457:
13453:
13449:
13445:
13441:
13437:
13433:
13432:Human Biology
13429:
13422:
13414:
13410:
13406:
13402:
13397:
13392:
13388:
13384:
13380:
13373:
13357:
13353:
13349:
13345:
13341:
13337:
13333:
13329:
13322:
13306:
13302:
13298:
13293:
13288:
13284:
13280:
13277:
13270:
13254:
13250:
13246:
13242:
13238:
13234:
13230:
13226:
13222:
13218:
13211:
13195:
13191:
13187:
13183:
13179:
13175:
13171:
13167:
13160:
13152:
13148:
13144:
13140:
13136:
13132:
13127:
13122:
13119:(1): 79–108.
13118:
13114:
13110:
13103:
13087:
13083:
13077:
13073:
13069:
13062:
13046:
13042:
13036:
13032:
13028:
13012:
13008:
13006:1-5718-1935-5
13002:
12998:
12994:
12990:
12986:
12978:
12974:
12970:
12962:
12956:
12952:
12945:
12937:
12933:
12929:
12914:
12910:
12906:
12898:
12892:
12888:
12880:
12874:
12870:
12863:
12851:
12847:
12845:1-5718-1935-5
12841:
12837:
12833:
12832:
12827:
12823:
12816:
12808:
12802:
12798:
12791:
12783:
12777:
12773:
12766:
12750:
12746:
12742:
12738:
12736:0-6740-2164-9
12732:
12728:
12727:
12719:
12717:
12708:
12702:
12698:
12691:
12689:
12687:
12670:
12666:
12662:
12658:
12652:
12648:
12647:
12639:
12637:
12620:
12616:
12612:
12608:
12604:
12600:
12596:
12592:
12588:
12584:
12580:
12579:Slavic Review
12576:
12569:
12553:
12549:
12545:
12539:
12523:
12519:
12515:
12509:
12493:
12489:
12485:
12479:
12463:
12459:
12455:
12449:
12447:
12445:
12443:
12426:
12422:
12418:
12412:
12410:
12408:
12406:
12404:
12402:
12385:
12381:
12377:
12371:
12355:
12351:
12347:
12343:
12337:
12333:
12332:
12324:
12322:
12305:
12301:
12297:
12293:
12287:
12283:
12282:
12274:
12272:
12270:
12268:
12266:
12264:
12256:
12250:
12243:
12242:Asian Affairs
12237:
12230:
12224:
12217:
12212:
12196:
12192:
12186:
12182:
12181:
12173:
12167:, p. 27.
12166:
12161:
12154:
12149:
12147:
12139:
12134:
12127:
12122:
12115:
12110:
12104:, p. 49.
12103:
12098:
12091:
12086:
12079:
12074:
12066:
12062:
12056:
12048:
12042:
12038:
12031:
12023:
12017:
12013:
12009:
12002:
11994:
11987:
11979:
11975:
11971:
11967:
11960:
11953:
11948:
11940:
11936:
11932:
11928:
11924:
11918:
11914:
11910:
11904:
11896:
11890:
11887:. Routledge.
11886:
11880:
11874:
11867:
11862:
11856:, p. 79.
11855:
11850:
11843:
11838:
11831:
11828:Andrew Cook,
11825:
11818:
11813:
11806:
11805:McMeekin 2011
11801:
11794:
11793:McMeekin 2011
11789:
11782:
11777:
11770:
11765:
11759:, p. 66.
11758:
11753:
11747:, p. 30.
11746:
11741:
11725:
11721:
11715:
11711:
11710:
11702:
11686:
11682:
11676:
11672:
11671:
11663:
11647:
11643:
11637:
11633:
11632:
11624:
11608:
11604:
11598:
11594:
11593:
11585:
11569:
11565:
11559:
11555:
11554:
11553:World War One
11546:
11539:
11534:
11518:
11514:
11508:
11504:
11503:
11495:
11488:
11483:
11467:
11463:
11457:
11453:
11452:
11444:
11428:
11424:
11418:
11414:
11413:
11405:
11389:
11385:
11379:
11375:
11374:
11366:
11350:
11346:
11340:
11336:
11335:
11327:
11320:
11315:
11299:
11295:
11289:
11285:
11284:
11276:
11270:, p. 88.
11269:
11268:McMeekin 2011
11264:
11257:
11252:
11245:
11240:
11224:
11220:
11214:
11210:
11209:
11201:
11194:
11189:
11173:
11169:
11163:
11159:
11158:
11150:
11144:, p. 82.
11143:
11138:
11122:
11118:
11112:
11108:
11107:
11099:
11083:
11079:
11073:
11069:
11068:
11060:
11053:
11048:
11040:
11036:
11035:History Today
11029:
11021:
11017:
11013:
11009:
11002:
10994:
10987:
10980:
10975:
10968:
10963:
10955:
10948:
10940:
10936:
10932:
10928:
10925:. Macmillan.
10924:
10909:
10905:
10901:
10895:
10891:
10887:
10886:"Coup d'État"
10880:
10872:
10868:
10864:
10860:
10856:
10849:
10841:
10837:
10833:
10827:
10820:
10808:
10804:
10800:
10796:
10794:9-0041-2952-9
10790:
10786:
10785:
10777:
10770:
10765:
10759:
10753:
10746:
10738:
10732:
10728:
10725:
10721:
10715:
10708:
10703:
10696:
10691:
10684:
10683:Geoffrey 2011
10679:
10672:
10671:Geoffrey 2011
10667:
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10204:
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10196:
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10173:
10169:
10163:
10156:
10151:
10145:, p. 24.
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9408:
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9384:
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9374:
9367:
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9348:
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9338:
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9325:
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9134:
9133:
9128:
9122:
9106:
9102:
9098:
9092:
9086:, p. 83.
9085:
9080:
9065:
9064:Research Gate
9061:
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9039:
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9025:
9009:
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8868:
8864:
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8846:
8842:
8836:
8832:
8825:
8818:
8814:
8811:", Rusmania.
8810:
8804:
8788:
8784:
8780:
8774:
8770:
8757:
8754:, and of the
8753:
8749:
8745:
8739:
8732:
8719:Russian:
8716:
8709:
8696:Russian:
8693:
8686:
8682:
8681:
8674:
8667:
8663:
8659:
8658:
8653:
8649:
8645:
8641:
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8635:
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8627:
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8614:
8605:
8600:
8593:
8584:
8578:
8569:
8564:
8555:
8548:
8544:
8542:
8541:revolutionary
8536:
8532:
8526:
8519:
8506:
8500:
8491:
8485:
8475:Russian:
8472:
8463:
8456:
8450:
8443:
8439:
8433:
8427:in 1829–1856.
8426:
8422:
8416:
8412:
8402:
8399:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8387:
8383:
8382:Russia portal
8372:
8369:
8358:
8351:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8340:Sergey Uvarov
8336:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8308:
8299:
8295:
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8283:
8274:
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8268:
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8227:
8224:
8213:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8186:
8180:
8179:connections.
8173:
8168:
8153:
8148:
8144:
8132:
8131:
8127:
8125:
8124:
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8119:
8116:
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8078:
8076:
8068:
8064:
8063:
8057:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8036:
8024:
8023:
8022:Zemlyachestvo
8019:
8017:
8016:
8012:
8010:
8009:
8005:
8004:
8001:
7998:
7997:
7996:
7992:
7990:
7989:
7984:
7983:Bashkortostan
7980:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7967:
7962:
7958:
7957:
7950:
7940:
7937:
7933:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7917:Russian opera
7914:
7910:
7900:
7898:
7894:
7889:
7887:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7859:
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7691:
7688:
7687:
7678:
7675:
7674:
7664:
7663:
7653:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7636:
7633:
7632:
7623:
7622:Old Believers
7620:
7619:
7610:
7607:
7606:
7597:
7596:Rabbinic Jews
7594:
7593:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7571:
7568:
7567:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7550:
7547:
7544:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7524:
7517:
7512:
7504:
7495:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7476:secret police
7473:
7469:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7440:Old Believers
7437:
7432:
7430:
7426:
7425:Russification
7423:. After this
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7401:Volga Germans
7398:
7390:
7385:
7376:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7357:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7326:
7322:
7320:
7315:
7309:
7299:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7288:Alexander III
7284:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7261:
7254:Anti-semitism
7251:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7212:proselytizing
7203:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7192:metropolitans
7188:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7154:
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6683:
6679:
6674:
6672:
6668:
6664:
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6659:Alexander III
6656:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6605:Russification
6602:
6597:
6596:Baltic German
6594:of 1721, the
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6567:
6557:
6554:
6550:
6549:Alexander III
6546:
6545:
6540:
6526:
6521:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6491:
6490:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6469:
6467:
6463:
6462:supreme court
6459:
6455:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6413:
6403:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6356:protectorates
6353:
6349:
6348:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6336:
6326:
6318:
6313:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6283:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6259:
6258:Senate Square
6254:
6249:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6200:
6197:
6194:
6191:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
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6178:
6176:
6172:
6166:
6156:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6095:
6089:
6079:
6077:
6072:
6071:
6066:
6058:
6054:
6053:Tsarskoe Selo
6051:, located at
6050:
6045:
6038:
6037:Winter Palace
6035:opposite the
6034:
6022:
6017:
6007:
6004:
6000:
5999:Imperial Duma
5995:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5960:
5956:
5951:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5929:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5873:
5868:
5866:
5861:
5859:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5837:
5836:
5831:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5780:
5779:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5752:
5748:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5734:
5731:
5726:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5705:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5692:
5689:
5684:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5671:
5668:
5663:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5642:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5629:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5612:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5542:War in Donbas
5539:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5524:Five-Days War
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5496:Privatization
5493:
5489:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5457:Modern Russia
5445:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5263:
5262:Russian State
5260:
5259:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5231:
5230:Ukrainian SSR
5227:
5226:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5180:War Communism
5177:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5129:Dvoyevlastiye
5125:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4868:
4867:Rostov-Suzdal
4865:
4864:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4838:
4837:Novgorod Land
4835:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4600:
4598:
4591:
4590:Kodiak Island
4587:
4583:
4582:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4521:
4516:
4515:(1817–1864).
4514:
4513:Caucasian War
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4460:, an Ottoman
4459:
4455:
4451:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4429:and a native
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4389:Russian River
4386:
4385:San Francisco
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4359:administered
4358:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4264:Kuril Islands
4261:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4240:Transcaucasia
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4181:Varangerfjord
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4121:Novaya Zemlya
4118:
4114:
4108:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4091:ethnic groups
4088:
4078:
4070:
4061:
4059:
4058:Yekaterinburg
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4032:
4026:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4001:
3997:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3933:Turkish fleet
3928:
3918:
3916:
3913:by targeting
3912:
3908:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3822:Baltic states
3819:
3815:
3811:
3806:
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3689:
3685:
3684:Great Retreat
3681:
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3652:
3647:
3645:
3641:
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3608:Winter Palace
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3565:assassination
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3414:Winter Palace
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3406:Bloody Sunday
3403:
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3147:Russification
3144:
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3132:
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3123:Alexander III
3120:
3117:
3113:
3106:Alexander III
3103:
3101:
3097:
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3080:Transcaucasia
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2995:United States
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2923:When Emperor
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2879:
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2868:(8 June 1868)
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2775:Russification
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2740:Pontic Greeks
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
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2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
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2684:Caucasian War
2681:
2677:
2676:Qajar dynasty
2673:
2669:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2631:siege in 1827
2629:
2625:
2624:Franz Roubaud
2621:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2591:individualism
2588:
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2578:
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2486:Holy Alliance
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2169:
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2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2104:Enlightenment
2101:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:Yelisavetgrad
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1992:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:church reform
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
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1628:
1624:
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1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1591:, painted by
1590:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1568:Pater Patriae
1564:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
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1527:
1522:
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1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:includes new
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:Ivan III
1358:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1335:, along with
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1248:and parts of
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:descent, the
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:Holy Alliance
1173:
1162:
1158:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1036:North America
1033:
1032:held colonies
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
983:
981:
978:
977:
969:
967:
964:
963:
960:
954:
947:
940:
939:
936:
935:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
919:
916:
915:Russian ruble
913:
909:
905:
901:
895:
891:
888:
882:
878:
873:
869:
865:
860:
856:
852:
849:
843:
839:
836:
830:
826:
821:
814:
810:
807:
801:
797:
794:
788:
784:
781:
777:
771:
767:
764:
758:
752:
749:
743:
739:
736:
730:
726:
720:
716:
713:
707:
703:
699:
695:
690:
687:
684:
678:
673:
672:State Council
670:
667:
661:
658:
655:
651:
647:
644:
641:
635:
631:
627:
621:
617:
613:
610:
606:
601:
597:
594:
591:
585:
582:
579:
573:
569:
565:
563:
559:
554:
551:
550:parliamentary
548:
542:
539:
536:
532:
529:
526:
524:
520:
513:
511:
507:
505:
501:
499:
495:
488:
484:
482:
478:
475:
471:
467:
466:
465:
461:
460:
458:
457:
455:
451:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:
407:
404:
401:
397:
394:
391:
387:
382:
374:
371:
367:
356:
346:
310:
303:
286:
279:
267:
254:
247:
235:
222:
215:
203:
202:
169:
162:
150:
146:
139:
134:
130:
121:
114:
106:
103:
98:
93:
86:
79:
71:
66:
61:
40:
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20975:Anglo-German
20964:
20836:Treaties and
20628:
20597:Great powers
20459:
20297:Contemporary
20291:
20147:Indo-Persian
20135:Nazi Germany
20079:Contemporary
19981:Vijayanagara
19880:Great Seljuk
19791:Thessalonica
19719:Golden Horde
19359:Carthaginian
19138:Neo-Assyrian
19123:Neo-Sumerian
18968:World War II
18912:
18821:Early modern
18798:Kalmar Union
18669:Papal States
18587:Roman Empire
18462:South Africa
18457:Sierra Leone
18404:
18234:Two Sicilies
18198:
18169:Papal States
17969:
17908:
17801:
17667:
17427:Cook Islands
17280:
17266:Saudi Arabia
17195:
16761:Coat of arms
16721:Martial arts
16629:Army culture
16619:Architecture
16589:Witch trials
16544:Prostitution
16490:Human rights
16423:Demographics
16337:Trade unions
16307:Shipbuilding
16267:Homelessness
16227:Central Bank
16222:Car industry
16061:Conservatism
15971:Constitution
15966:Conscription
15639:Eastern Bloc
15629:Soviet Union
15622:Russian SFSR
15589:
15552:Feudal Rus'
15400:
15390:
15372:
15354:
15347:
15340:
15333:
15326:
15319:
15302:
15295:
15288:
15272:
15265:
15246:
15235:
15227:
15216:, retrieved
15212:the original
15206:
15196:, retrieved
15192:the original
15186:
15174:
15167:
15149:
15141:
15124:
15117:
15099:
15091:
15076:
15072:
15057:
15050:
15033:
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14927:
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14790:
14779:
14771:
14760:
14745:
14727:
14719:
14712:
14703:
14696:
14650:
14634:. Retrieved
14618:. ABC-CLIO.
14614:
14601:. Retrieved
14585:. ABC-CLIO.
14581:
14561:
14557:
14526:
14514:. Retrieved
14494:
14481:. Retrieved
14461:
14441:
14429:. Retrieved
14409:
14396:. Retrieved
14376:
14363:
14333:
14318:. Retrieved
14298:
14287:11 September
14285:. Retrieved
14265:
14252:. Retrieved
14236:. ABC-CLIO.
14232:
14219:. Retrieved
14199:
14189:
14161:Google Books
14148:
14143:
14135:
14130:
14122:
14117:
14109:
14104:
14096:
14091:
14057:
14053:
14047:
14014:
14010:
14004:
13996:
13991:
13983:
13954:
13949:
13937:. Retrieved
13917:
13909:
13904:, p. 9.
13902:Chapman 2002
13897:
13889:
13888:David Moon,
13873:
13868:
13858:
13839:
13834:
13815:
13809:
13805:
13797:
13789:
13784:
13776:
13768:
13759:
13751:the original
13739:
13731:
13724:. Retrieved
13704:
13682:. Retrieved
13673:
13658:. Retrieved
13649:
13635:. Retrieved
13607:
13600:
13588:. Retrieved
13579:
13570:
13558:. Retrieved
13549:
13539:
13527:. Retrieved
13502:
13498:
13488:
13476:. Retrieved
13435:
13431:
13421:
13389:(1): 52–59.
13386:
13382:
13372:
13360:. Retrieved
13335:
13331:
13321:
13309:. Retrieved
13282:
13278:
13269:
13257:. Retrieved
13224:
13220:
13210:
13198:. Retrieved
13173:
13169:
13159:
13116:
13112:
13102:
13090:. Retrieved
13071:
13061:
13049:. Retrieved
13030:
13015:. Retrieved
12992:
12989:Levene, Mark
12977:the original
12972:
12950:
12944:
12936:the original
12931:
12917:. Retrieved
12908:
12886:
12868:
12861:
12854:. Retrieved
12834:. New York:
12830:
12815:
12796:
12790:
12771:
12765:
12753:. Retrieved
12725:
12696:
12673:. Retrieved
12645:
12623:. Retrieved
12582:
12578:
12568:
12556:. Retrieved
12547:
12538:
12526:. Retrieved
12517:
12508:
12496:. Retrieved
12487:
12484:"Cantonists"
12478:
12466:. Retrieved
12457:
12429:. Retrieved
12420:
12388:. Retrieved
12379:
12370:
12358:. Retrieved
12330:
12308:. Retrieved
12280:
12249:
12241:
12236:
12228:
12223:
12216:Waldron 1997
12211:
12199:. Retrieved
12179:
12172:
12165:Waldron 1997
12160:
12155:, p. 4.
12153:Chapman 2002
12138:Chapman 2002
12133:
12126:Chapman 2002
12121:
12114:Chapman 2002
12109:
12102:Chapman 2002
12097:
12092:, p. 5.
12090:Chapman 2002
12085:
12080:, p. 3.
12078:Chapman 2002
12073:
12065:the original
12055:
12036:
12030:
12007:
12001:
11992:
11986:
11969:
11965:
11959:
11952:Dowling 2014
11947:
11912:
11903:
11884:
11878:
11873:
11861:
11849:
11837:
11829:
11824:
11812:
11800:
11788:
11776:
11769:Sanborn 2014
11764:
11757:Sanborn 2014
11752:
11745:Sanborn 2014
11740:
11728:. Retrieved
11708:
11701:
11689:. Retrieved
11669:
11662:
11650:. Retrieved
11630:
11623:
11611:. Retrieved
11591:
11584:
11572:. Retrieved
11552:
11545:
11533:
11521:. Retrieved
11501:
11494:
11482:
11470:. Retrieved
11450:
11443:
11431:. Retrieved
11411:
11404:
11392:. Retrieved
11372:
11365:
11353:. Retrieved
11333:
11326:
11314:
11302:. Retrieved
11282:
11275:
11263:
11258:, p. 2.
11251:
11239:
11227:. Retrieved
11207:
11200:
11193:Waldron 1997
11188:
11176:. Retrieved
11156:
11149:
11137:
11125:. Retrieved
11105:
11098:
11086:. Retrieved
11066:
11059:
11047:
11038:
11034:
11028:
11014:(1): 25–39.
11011:
11007:
11001:
10992:
10986:
10974:
10962:
10953:
10947:
10922:
10911:. Retrieved
10889:
10879:
10854:
10848:
10839:
10826:
10818:
10811:. Retrieved
10783:
10776:
10764:
10751:
10745:
10736:
10719:
10714:
10702:
10695:Waldron 1997
10690:
10678:
10666:
10659:Chapman 2002
10644:Chapman 2002
10639:
10627:. Retrieved
10600:
10596:
10586:
10566:
10559:
10547:. Retrieved
10527:
10515:. Retrieved
10495:
10488:
10476:. Retrieved
10456:
10449:
10441:
10440:David Moon,
10436:
10417:
10411:
10392:
10386:
10375:
10366:
10354:. Retrieved
10334:
10307:
10303:
10297:
10288:
10279:
10272:Dowling 2014
10267:
10260:Dowling 2014
10255:
10243:
10234:
10228:
10219:
10210:
10200:
10195:
10186:
10180:
10171:
10168:Palmer, Alan
10162:
10155:Dowling 2014
10150:
10143:Dowling 2014
10138:
10130:
10125:
10114:, retrieved
10104:
10098:
10091:Waldron 1997
10086:
10075:, retrieved
10053:
10043:
10014:
10004:
9985:
9979:
9970:
9961:
9952:
9941:
9930:
9922:
9917:
9909:
9904:
9896:
9891:
9879:
9867:. Retrieved
9858:
9849:
9830:
9824:
9808:
9796:. Retrieved
9787:
9782:
9775:
9763:. Retrieved
9753:
9746:
9734:. Retrieved
9725:
9720:
9713:
9693:
9686:
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9668:
9661:
9653:the original
9648:
9638:
9628:
9624:
9622:
9607:
9600:
9588:. Retrieved
9584:the original
9579:
9570:
9558:. Retrieved
9554:the original
9537:
9532:
9525:
9513:. Retrieved
9504:
9478:. Retrieved
9474:the original
9467:
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9445:. Retrieved
9436:
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9351:. Retrieved
9331:
9324:apparatus...
9322:
9315:. Retrieved
9295:
9288:
9276:. Retrieved
9256:
9249:
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9217:
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9195:. Retrieved
9163:
9141:. Retrieved
9130:
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9109:. Retrieved
9100:
9091:
9079:
9067:. Retrieved
9063:
9054:
9042:. Retrieved
9033:
9024:
9012:. Retrieved
9003:
8994:
8984:11 September
8982:. Retrieved
8965:
8961:
8946:. Retrieved
8921:
8915:
8902:
8879:
8862:
8858:
8852:
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8824:
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8791:. Retrieved
8782:
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8219:
8189:
8181:
8177:
8128:
8121:
8100:Alexander II
8089:
8082:
8079:
8072:
8060:
8049:Alexander II
8020:
8015:Raznochintsy
8013:
8006:
7999:Other status
7993:
7986:
7964:
7954:
7952:
7928:
7890:
7888:militaries.
7863:
7850:
7770:
7729:Karaite Jews
7650:(Minor) and
7534:
7487:
7484:Sergei Witte
7456:
7433:
7394:
7358:
7343:
7311:
7263:
7209:
7189:
7184:
7164:
7150:
7129:Alexander II
7055:Central Asia
7052:
7048:
6788:Ural Region
6748:Volga region
6745:
6732:
6710:
6686:Sergei Witte
6675:
6640:
6590:. Under the
6569:
6542:
6536:
6505:
6496:
6487:
6481:
6475:
6451:
6426:Alexander II
6415:
6345:
6339:
6333:
6331:
6287:
6286:The Senate (
6285:
6263:
6174:
6170:
6168:
6121:
6109:governorates
6101:
6093:
6091:
6068:
6062:
6031:depicts the
5996:
5988:Pauline Laws
5964:
5938:Genghis Khan
5930:
5917:
5903:
5887:
5881:
5764:
5758:
5750:
5744:
5739:full list...
5737:
5723:
5716:
5702:
5695:
5681:
5674:
5660:
5653:
5639:
5632:
5570:Mobilization
5562:Debt default
5504:Chechen wars
5455:since 1991:
5432:full list...
5430:
5409:Russian SFSR
5398:Soviet Union
5315:Korenization
5285:full list...
5283:
5219:Russian SFSR
5128:
5042:
4987:Zemsky Sobor
4955:full list...
4953:
4879:full list...
4877:
4824:
4810:Ancient Rus'
4670:
4658:Kamehameha I
4639:
4624:
4616:Soviet Union
4601:
4594:
4579:
4549:
4538:East Prussia
4535:
4524:
4517:
4495:through the
4486:
4462:vassal state
4447:
4442:governorates
4425:through the
4401:
4371:, including
4354:
4340:
4257:
4228:Gulf of Riga
4209:
4165:Manych River
4135:was part of
4117:Arctic Ocean
4110:
4083:
4035:
4028:
4005:
3949:Novorossiysk
3930:
3904:
3878:. While the
3864:Cisleithania
3857:
3794:
3762:Ninth armies
3710:East Prussia
3703:
3648:
3613:
3575:rejected an
3562:
3535:
3480:
3431:
3410:Georgy Gapon
3399:
3364:
3348:
3343:
3328:
3325:
3317:
3302:
3297:Moscow River
3234:
3187:
3156:
3109:
3084:Batum Oblast
3065:
3033:Pan-Slavists
3000:
2956:
2948:wage slavery
2943:
2937:
2925:Alexander II
2922:
2895:
2744:
2686:against the
2665:
2586:
2580:
2577:collectivism
2569:
2561:
2530:
2502:
2465:Grande Armée
2454:
2391:First Consul
2383:state of war
2372:
2329:
2276:State budget
2266:
2243:
2228:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2165:
2139:, alongside
2122:
2119:
2097:
2077:Katerynoslav
2058:
2038:
2020:
2002:
1939:
1920:
1908:patriarchate
1897:
1870:
1818:
1779:
1764:
1755:
1722:18th century
1718:domination.
1665:
1661:Baltic coast
1642:
1631:modern fleet
1620:
1598:
1586:The Victory
1585:
1576:of all Rusia
1573:
1566:
1542:Peter I
1539:
1440:territories
1384:
1367:Ivan IV
1360:
1329:Soviet Union
1278:
1264:. After the
1246:Central Asia
1242:the Caucasus
1226:Arctic Ocean
1211:
1201:) initiated
1192:Alexander II
1157:colonization
1132:
1044:
1003:
1001:
931:Succeeded by
930:
925:
898:• 1910
820:Constitution
768:3 March 1861
464:Christianity
389:Largest city
148:
138:S' nami Bog!
133:Motto:
132:
120:Coat of arms
101:
91:
36:
21153:World War I
21116:Balkan Wars
21101:Second Boer
21086:Banana Wars
21050:July Crisis
20981:Dreadnought
20966:Weltpolitik
20810:Pan-Slavism
19885:Khwarezmian
19818:Carolingian
19623:Rashtrakuta
19327:Shaishunaga
19226:Hellenistic
19209:New Kingdom
19199:Old Kingdom
18953:World War I
18943:Nationalism
18831:Reformation
18816:Renaissance
18788:Black Death
18721:Kievan Rus'
18624:Middle Ages
18401:British Raj
18373:(Sri Lanka)
18259:Württemberg
17971:South Yemen
17859:Maguindanao
17752:Afghanistan
17513:Barotseland
17449:Saint Lucia
17422:New Zealand
17331:Netherlands
17104:Chhatrapati
17088:Sovereignty
17028:Aristocracy
16813:tea culture
16666:Fairy tales
16529:Open access
16502:Immigration
16463:Gun control
16202:Agriculture
16171:Term limits
16081:Martial law
16076:Nationalism
16071:Irredentism
16066:Imperialism
15849:Caspian Sea
15765:Environment
15760:Earthquakes
15656:Union State
15644:Dissolution
15543:Kievan Rus'
15533:Early Slavs
14636:30 December
14603:30 December
14380:. Penguin.
14181:Works cited
14086:esp p. 234.
13855:Jerome Blum
13550:www.bbc.com
13505:: 127–141.
11817:Tucker 2019
11781:Tucker 2014
11730:30 December
11691:30 December
11652:30 December
11613:30 December
11574:30 December
11538:Tucker 2019
11523:30 December
11487:Tucker 2014
11472:30 December
11394:30 December
11355:30 December
11319:Lieven 2015
11304:30 December
11256:Lieven 2015
11244:Lieven 2015
11142:Lieven 2015
11052:Ascher 2004
11041:(11): 64ff.
10979:Freeze 2002
10967:Lieven 2006
10758:Lieven 2006
10116:1 September
10093:, p. .
9884:Hughes 1998
9815:, pp.
9765:20 November
9560:20 November
9480:20 November
9353:30 December
9317:30 December
8642:. However,
8442:World War I
8147:Repartition
7966:dvoryanstvo
7893:World War I
7874:Crimean War
7779:(156,400),
7587:11,467,994
7574:13,906,972
7561:87,123,604
7365:Crimean War
7338:Circassians
7240:Lutheranism
7196:archbishops
7083:Krasnovodsk
7075:Caspian Sea
6713:agriculture
6701:Agriculture
6641:Before the
6599:police and
6551:, however,
6531: 1900
6443:bureaucracy
6439:jury system
6098:lower house
6065:Upper House
6057:Catherine I
6029: 1847
6003:Organic Law
5959:Nicholas II
5922:controversy
5905:sui generis
5464:August Coup
5387:War of Laws
5369:Perestroika
5347:Warsaw Pact
5335:Great Purge
5298:1923–1991:
5162:White Guard
5142:Directorate
5111:1917–1923:
4968:1480–1917:
4894:Feudal Rus'
4892:1240–1480:
4765:Rus' people
4757:Early Slavs
4724:History of
4597:Organic Law
4586:Kodiak town
4509:Turkmenchay
4415:grand duchy
4404:Finnish War
4248:Caspian Sea
4226:river. The
4173:Sea of Azov
4153:Caspian Sea
4044:; Nicholas
3985:Enver Pasha
3722:second army
3646:Petrograd.
3644:Russianised
3582:Nicholas II
3558:Balkan Wars
3552:. The 1908
3515:Crimean War
3495:World War I
3396:(1904–1905)
3305:Nicholas II
3235:Meanwhile,
3210:Port Arthur
3163:Afghanistan
3088:Kars Oblast
2987:Vladivostok
2961:Priamurye (
2952:bourgeoisie
2910:Crimean War
2855:Crimean War
2853:during the
2674:) from the
2637:during the
2573:Slavophiles
2553:Constantine
2198:Nicholas II
1923:Catherine I
1842:Caspian Sea
1786:Arkhangelsk
1704:Jacob Bruce
1629:. Russia's
1270:Nicholas II
1184:Crimean War
1161:Alexander I
1006:was a vast
926:Preceded by
902:161,000,000
892:125,640,021
692:(1905–1917)
683:Lower house
675:(1810–1917)
666:Upper house
653:Legislature
593:Nicholas II
556:(1906–1917)
544:(1721–1906)
514:0.2% Others
485:5.7% Other
384:(1728–1730)
281:(1816–1833)
249:(1794–1816)
217:(1791–1816)
164:(1833–1917)
124:(1882–1917)
21168:Categories
20838:agreements
20786:Great Game
20752:Revanchism
20455:Portuguese
20336:Revival Le
20326:Vietnamese
19969:Later Tran
19939:Vietnamese
19835:Singhasari
19823:Holy Roman
19447:Bulgarian
19383:Satavahana
19354:Phoenician
19290:Achaemenid
19251:Indo-Greek
19231:Macedonian
19145:Babylonian
18716:Viking Age
18531:Prehistory
18467:Tanganyika
18382:The Gambia
18310:Niuē-Fekai
18249:Yugoslavia
18149:Montenegro
17956:Upper Yafa
17951:Upper Asir
17588:Madagascar
17321:Luxembourg
17053:Government
17018:Abdication
16987:Hereditary
16915:Monarchies
16818:Television
16793:Philosophy
16726:Mass media
16716:Literature
16711:Inventions
16473:Healthcare
16408:Corruption
16398:Censorship
16289:(currency)
16166:Separatism
16111:Opposition
16096:Neo-Nazism
16086:Monarchism
16056:Liberalism
16051:Propaganda
16011:Government
15878:North Asia
15679:Journalism
15538:East Slavs
15528:Sarmatians
15218:8 February
15198:8 February
15075:. Vol. 1:
14516:11 January
14483:13 January
14431:10 January
14398:10 January
14221:13 January
14125:pp 423–31.
13660:2 February
13646:"Nicholas"
13590:15 October
13560:17 October
13529:17 October
13478:15 October
13362:17 October
13311:17 October
13259:15 October
13200:15 October
13092:25 January
13051:25 January
13017:25 January
12625:15 October
12558:15 October
12528:2 February
12514:"Nicholas"
12498:2 February
12468:2 February
12431:15 October
12390:17 October
12360:17 October
12310:17 October
12229:Ab Imperio
12201:16 January
11972:(2): 3–7.
11866:Pipes 2011
11854:Pipes 2011
11842:Pipes 2011
11229:10 January
11178:10 January
11127:10 January
11088:10 January
10629:2 February
10549:21 January
10517:21 January
10478:21 January
10248:Stein 1976
9869:15 October
9813:Pipes 1974
9515:15 October
9084:Pipes 1974
8968:(2): 223.
8765:References
8223:rack-rents
8216:Landowners
8130:State serf
8062:Maslenitsa
7956:sosloviyes
7907:See also:
7809:See also:
7783:(82,100),
7690:Mennonites
7639:1,179,241
7626:2,204,596
7613:3,572,653
7600:5,215,805
7498:Demography
7452:Doukhobors
7278:Cantonists
7244:bishoprics
7232:Protestant
7230:, and the
7181:Procurator
7137:coronation
7002:Petroleum
6962:Manganese
6729:barshchina
6695:income tax
6655:Nicholas I
6643:liberation
6578:and later
6384:Sevastopol
6335:guberniyas
6266:Procurator
6124:landowners
6082:State Duma
6070:ex officio
5530:amendments
5442:Tannu Tuva
5365:Afghan War
5300:Soviet Era
4808:879–1240:
4749:Prehistory
4703:See also:
4564:See also:
4466:Bessarabia
4412:autonomous
4393:California
4300:Azerbaijan
4288:Bessarabia
4193:Baltic Sea
4151:, and the
4149:Ural River
3977:Sarikamish
3945:Sevastopol
3782:took place
3742:Tenth Army
3714:Tannenberg
3519:Great Game
3464:See also:
3375:Bolsheviks
3371:Mensheviks
3309:revolution
3279:Ilya Repin
3171:Great Game
3049:Montenegro
2851:Sevastopol
2767:propaganda
2696:Azerbaijan
2541:liberalism
2533:Nicholas I
2434:Bessarabia
2402:Austerlitz
2337:Versailles
2326: oz).
2235:Great Game
2204:Grand duke
1964:See also:
1881:Boyar Duma
1877:absolutist
1848:. He made
1834:Italianate
1794:Baltic Sea
1674:, and the
1588:at Poltava
1515:Background
1482:Bessarabia
1397:, and the
1381:Population
1343:, and the
1325:Red Terror
1311:and whose
1305:Bolsheviks
1274:State Duma
1244:, most of
1234:Baltic Sea
1063:Qing China
1055:Qajar Iran
950:Tsardom of
875:Population
827:6 May 1906
689:State Duma
605:Chancellor
534:Government
523:Demonym(s)
339:Show globe
20801:Meiji era
20648:Alliances
20448:Couronian
20086:Ethiopian
20074:Manchukuo
20029:Brazilian
19875:Ghaznavid
19845:Srivijaya
19796:Trebizond
19781:Byzantine
19763:North Sea
19758:Norwegian
19746:Almoravid
19729:Ilkhanate
19699:Majapahit
19672:Muromachi
19581:Solomonic
19566:Ethiopian
19480:Caliphate
19413:Aragonese
19241:Ptolemaic
18763:Feudalism
18734:Catalonia
18437:Mauritius
18330:Rarotonga
18315:Nuku Hiva
18305:Mangareva
18280:Bora Bora
18159:Neuchâtel
18129:Lithuania
18034:Catalonia
17921:Sri Lanka
17874:Manchukuo
17849:Kurdistan
17803:Indonesia
17726:Talamanca
17686:Araucanía
17669:and other
17648:Wassoulou
17392:Australia
17068:Oligarchy
16676:Festivals
16569:Sociology
16519:Languages
16438:Education
16342:Transport
16176:Terrorism
16021:Judiciary
16015:Apparatus
15981:Elections
15946:Anarchism
15920:Far North
15871:Volcanoes
15856:Mountains
15733:Geography
15612:Civil war
15523:Scythians
14992:, 288 pp.
14854:1801–1917
14545:18540198M
14320:5 January
14082:144460404
14039:163868977
13627:874151263
13511:0066-9628
13452:0018-7143
13413:145315419
13405:1879-3665
13344:0037-6795
13301:2214-1324
13249:145405540
13241:0963-7494
13190:0013-8266
13135:1252-6576
12919:22 August
12909:Study.com
12856:22 August
12665:902954232
12615:163469315
12599:0037-6779
12350:930490047
12300:969962873
11913:Diplomacy
11433:5 January
10619:1991-9336
9625:Imperator
9464:"Peter I"
9400:Moss 2003
9278:5 January
9187:37192398M
9143:14 August
9111:8 October
8974:1076-156X
8662:imperator
8639:imperator
8613:romanized
8577:romanized
8484:romanized
8438:Petrograd
8425:Wallachia
8277:Education
8143:Obshchina
8104:liberated
8096:education
8051:that year
7988:inorodtsy
7979:Tatarstan
7793:Semireche
7789:Samarkand
7773:Turkestan
7742:Anglicans
7648:Buddhists
7609:Lutherans
7545:Religion
7397:Lutherans
7200:parochial
7175:—was the
7091:Samarkand
7081:began at
7067:Black Sea
7041:train at
6922:Pig Iron
6822:Platinum
6794:Caucasus
6743:in 1649.
6715:on large
6454:tribunals
6392:Nikolayev
5918:unlimited
5910:unlimited
5898:under an
5823:1982–1991
5819:1964–1982
5815:1953–1964
5811:1927–1953
5807:1917–1927
5803:1894–1917
5799:1855–1894
5795:1796–1855
5791:1721–1796
5566:Sanctions
5516:Oligarchy
5446:1921–1944
5424:1940–1956
5413:1922–1991
5402:1922–1991
5319:Stalinism
5277:1921–1923
5266:1918–1920
5256:1922–1922
5245:1920–1922
5234:1919–1922
5223:1917–1922
5213:1917–1918
5202:1917–1918
5188:Emigrants
5174:Priamurye
5158:Civil War
5134:July Days
5102:1914–1921
5091:1900–1905
5080:1867–1915
5069:1809–1917
5058:1799–1867
5047:1721–1917
5037:1547–1721
4947:1263–1547
4937:1157–1331
4927:1136–1478
4871:1093–1157
4796:Garðaríki
4753:Antiquity
4654:Kaumualii
4640:In 1815,
4550:Gumbinnen
4397:New Spain
4244:Bosphorus
4234:, and by
4179:from the
4157:Black Sea
4101:Geography
4064:Territory
4042:Tsarevich
4009:Alexandra
3911:offensive
3900:Premissel
3766:Mackensen
3752:with his
3736:was near
3501:'s rival
3390:at Mukden
3335:Octobrist
3198:Manchuria
3194:East Asia
3185:of 1907.
3159:Turkestan
3100:Armenians
3092:Georgians
2918:Åland War
2866:Samarkand
2802:from the
2796:panoramic
2732:Gümüşhane
2718:. In the
2589:over the
2582:obshchina
2473:guerrilla
2444:from the
2436:from the
2418:Coalition
2410:Friedland
2404:in 1805,
2379:Alexander
2333:Amsterdam
2270:Bolshevik
2194:in 1799.
2133:Black Sea
2034:Beard tax
2026:Peter III
1946:Elizabeth
1864:and 1735
1850:Astrakhan
1827:, on the
1790:White Sea
1649:geography
1644:Vedomosti
1574:Imperator
1476:includes
1462:includes
1375:Astrakhan
1262:communism
1230:Black Sea
487:Christian
446:Religion
68:1721–1917
20428:Japanese
20391:Scottish
20371:American
20363:Colonial
20292:Imperial
20260:Moroccan
20196:Japanese
20174:Afsharid
20033:Burmese
20019:Austrian
19974:Later Le
19949:Early Le
19934:Venetian
19860:Tiwanaku
19773:Hellenic
19736:Moroccan
19667:Kamakura
19657:Japanese
19640:Saffarid
19593:Georgian
19507:Chalukya
19485:Rashidun
19475:Calakmul
19443:Bruneian
19322:Haryanka
19300:Sasanian
19295:Parthian
19246:Bactrian
19236:Seleucid
19216:Goguryeo
19194:Egyptian
19128:Assyrian
19118:Akkadian
19109:Colonies
19002:See also
18973:Cold War
18768:Crusades
18738:Valencia
18452:Rhodesia
18447:Pakistan
18366:Barbados
18335:Rimatara
18325:Rapa Iti
18254:Valencia
18229:Tavolara
18219:Scotland
18184:Portugal
18144:Moldavia
18029:Bulgaria
18024:Brittany
17999:Asturias
17879:Mongolia
17869:Maldives
17731:Trinidad
17721:Suriname
17679:Americas
17663:Zimbabwe
17658:Zanzibar
17643:Wituland
17618:Ngazidja
17613:Ndzuwani
17548:Ethiopia
17271:Thailand
17251:Malaysia
17231:Cambodia
17181:Eswatini
16977:Elective
16962:Absolute
16868:Category
16746:Nobility
16706:Internet
16701:Heraldry
16696:Graffiti
16681:Folklore
16624:Armorial
16554:Religion
16539:Polygamy
16478:HIV/AIDS
16458:Funerals
16448:Feminism
16418:Deafness
16403:Citizens
16393:Cannabis
16378:Abortion
16322:Taxation
16262:Gambling
16252:Forestry
16101:Military
15934:Politics
15915:Wildlife
15861:Caucasus
15824:Glaciers
15704:Military
15689:Internet
15667:By topic
15561:Vladimir
15556:Novgorod
15510:Timeline
15362:Archived
15310:Archived
15132:Archived
15041:Archived
14976:(2002).
14950:3569059M
14919:3532000M
14911:45990840
14891:(1939).
14881:3785581M
14630:Archived
14597:Archived
14510:Archived
14477:Archived
14425:Archived
14392:Archived
14374:(2015).
14332:(1998).
14314:Archived
14281:Archived
14248:Archived
14215:Archived
14167:Archived
13962:Archived
13933:Archived
13726:27 April
13720:Archived
13684:27 April
13678:Archived
13654:Archived
13637:19 March
13631:Archived
13584:Archived
13554:Archived
13523:Archived
13519:24040086
13472:Archived
13460:19130794
13356:Archived
13305:Archived
13253:Archived
13194:Archived
13151:36114349
13143:20171169
13086:Archived
13045:Archived
13011:Archived
12973:Politico
12913:Archived
12850:Archived
12755:19 March
12749:Archived
12745:62282613
12675:19 March
12669:Archived
12619:Archived
12552:Archived
12522:Archived
12492:Archived
12462:Archived
12425:Archived
12384:Archived
12354:Archived
12304:Archived
12195:Archived
11939:1432465M
11931:29428792
11911:(1994).
11724:Archived
11685:Archived
11646:Archived
11607:Archived
11568:Archived
11517:Archived
11466:Archived
11427:Archived
11388:Archived
11349:Archived
11298:Archived
11223:Archived
11172:Archived
11121:Archived
11082:Archived
10939:5918954M
10913:19 March
10908:3681754M
10871:5911156M
10813:22 March
10807:Archived
10803:51330174
10727:Archived
10623:Archived
10543:Archived
10511:Archived
10472:Archived
10374:(1981).
10356:11 March
10350:Archived
10287:(1957).
10218:(1978).
10170:(1967).
10110:archived
9863:Archived
9792:Archived
9759:Archived
9730:Archived
9678:Archived
9509:Archived
9447:26 March
9441:Archived
9347:Archived
9311:Archived
9272:Archived
9233:Archived
9191:Archived
9137:Archived
9105:Archived
9038:Archived
9008:Archived
8978:Archived
8942:Archived
8892:Archived
8813:Archived
8793:6 August
8787:Archived
8421:Moldavia
8354:See also
8174:in 1909)
8137:Peasants
7975:peasants
7971:cossacks
7961:nobility
7868:and the
7799:Military
7785:Namangan
7777:Tashkent
7716:Baptists
7677:Reformed
7668:285,321
7657:433,863
7654:(Minor)
7652:Lamaists
7474:Russian
7292:May Laws
7228:Buddhism
7185:de facto
7165:ex supra
7101:Religion
7095:Tashkent
7029:Railways
6797:Siberia
6741:Alexis I
6721:peasants
6671:poll tax
6601:manorial
6539:zemstvos
6498:zemstvos
6486:and the
6372:Sakhalin
6344:, and 1
6113:peasants
6076:zemstvos
5787:860–1721
5783:Timeline
5520:Putinism
5474:Protocol
5472:Alma-Ata
5377:Karabakh
5357:transfer
5343:Cold War
5166:Red Army
5150:election
4983:Troubles
4861:988–1402
4851:987–1397
4841:882–1136
4786:Arthania
4715:a series
4713:Part of
4689:gunboats
4685:Djibouti
4629:and the
4505:Gulistan
4489:Caucasus
4169:Pliocene
4161:Caucasus
4159:and the
4133:Kara Sea
4125:Kolguyev
4123:and the
4095:Russians
4046:accepted
3973:Köprüköy
3969:crossing
3953:Feodosia
3884:besieged
3830:Volhynia
3818:Tarnopol
3797:withdraw
3669:Theatres
3531:railways
3359:Narodnik
3295:View of
3116:Nihilist
3025:Bulgaria
2959:obtained
2904:and the
2798:view of
2724:Anatolia
2692:Dagestan
2186:led the
2089:Mykolaiv
1974:Empress
1840:and the
1838:Caucasus
1808:against
1625:with an
1622:votchina
1613:nobility
1172:Napoleon
1075:Ivan III
911:Currency
848:Republic
510:Buddhism
481:Catholic
474:official
20781:In Asia
20614:Germany
20495:largest
20490:Empires
20470:Swedish
20465:Spanish
20460:Russian
20423:Italian
20398:Chinese
20386:English
20381:British
20376:Belgian
20351:Vietnam
20341:Tay son
20287:Tsarist
20282:Russian
20277:Ottoman
20243:Dzungar
20238:Khoshut
20211:Mexican
20206:Maratha
20189:Pahlavi
20169:Safavid
20164:Iranian
20091:Haitian
20054:Chinese
20014:Ashanti
19986:Wagadou
19912:Eastern
19907:Western
19890:Timurid
19850:Tibetan
19840:Songhai
19830:Serbian
19751:Almohad
19741:Idrisid
19645:Samanid
19635:Tahirid
19630:Iranian
19608:Kannauj
19588:Genoese
19524:Chinese
19517:Eastern
19512:Western
19500:Fatimid
19495:Abbasid
19490:Umayyad
19463:Burmese
19423:Ayyubid
19418:Angevin
19388:Xianbei
19376:Eastern
19371:Western
19317:Magadha
19280:Iranian
19273:Xiongnu
19258:Hittite
19167:Chinese
19155:Kassite
19104:Ancient
19096:Empires
18843:Baroque
18742:Majorca
18654:Francia
18442:Nigeria
18417:Ireland
18345:Tahuata
18320:Raiatea
18300:Huahine
18275:Abemama
18268:Oceania
18239:Tuscany
18194:Romania
18189:Prussia
18154:Navarre
18134:Majorca
18114:Ireland
18109:Imereti
18104:Iceland
18099:Hungary
18094:Hanover
18089:Granada
18079:Germany
18074:Georgia
18069:Galicia
18059:Finland
18049:Corsica
18044:Cilicia
18014:Bavaria
18004:Austria
17989:Albania
17961:Vietnam
17904:Sarawak
17894:Qu'aiti
17829:Kathiri
17792:Dapitan
17767:Bukhara
17716:Miskito
17638:Tunisia
17628:Shilluk
17538:Dahomey
17528:Burundi
17518:Bagirmi
17498:Adamawa
17417:Jamaica
17412:Grenada
17397:Bahamas
17361:Oceania
17311:Denmark
17306:Belgium
17301:Andorra
17216:Bahrain
17191:Morocco
17186:Lesotho
17165:Current
17156:Pharaoh
17109:Emperor
17048:Dynasty
17002:Regency
16982:Federal
16972:Diarchy
16926:Monarch
16859:Outline
16671:Fashion
16661:Fashion
16649:Cuisine
16611:Culture
16599:in army
16584:Wedding
16579:Suicide
16574:Smoking
16559:Slavery
16534:Orphans
16507:Illegal
16383:Alcohol
16366:Society
16332:Tourism
16212:Banking
16190:Economy
16035:Prisons
15883:Siberia
15839:Islands
15819:Geology
15755:Climate
15745:Borders
15709:Outline
15684:Judaism
15674:Economy
15501:History
15447:YouTube
15275:(2008).
15261:396 pp.
15029:(1997).
15013:(1983).
14969:(2006).
14689:Surveys
14352:358704M
14031:3185576
13999:(1991).
13986:(1991).
13812:(2012)
13779:(2006).
13468:9520618
13352:4205179
12828:(ed.).
12607:2502001
12548:Haaretz
12380:Haaretz
11832:(2011).
10722:(1895)
9925:(1969).
9899:(1972).
9798:5 April
9736:4 April
9388:lands'.
9239:20 June
9197:20 June
9069:20 July
9044:20 July
9014:20 July
8948:28 June
8938:2600793
8699:барщина
8648:emperor
8615::
8604:Russian
8579::
8568:Russian
8316:Kharkov
8192:Kherson
8108:zemstvo
8092:Siberia
8029:Serfdom
7943:Estates
7932:Mironov
7903:Society
7886:British
7854:in 1799
7733:12,894
7720:38,139
7707:38,840
7694:66,564
7681:85,400
7570:Muslims
7488:Memoirs
7480:Okhrana
7472:Tsarist
7464:pogroms
7448:Molokan
7436:uniates
7236:Judaism
7139:in 1856
7087:Bukhara
7073:on the
7065:on the
6902:Copper
6842:Silver
6717:estates
6645:of the
6619:Economy
6576:Estonia
6572:Livonia
6553:by-laws
6489:volosts
6430:English
6352:Vassals
6341:oblasts
6270:Georgia
6117:volosts
5974:emperor
5944:Emperor
5829:present
5729:present
5708:present
5687:present
5666:present
5645:present
5625:present
5608:present
5591:present
5554:Prelude
5351:Comecon
4981:Time of
4744:Periods
4677:Sagallo
4440:Map of
4419:Finland
4320:Ardahan
4304:Georgia
4296:Armenia
4284:Belarus
4236:Germans
4216:Finland
4201:Prussia
4183:to the
4137:Siberia
4002:in 1917
3983:routed
3892:Gorlice
3876:Galicia
3872:Lemberg
3860:Galicia
3834:Podolia
3810:pushing
3770:Galicia
3750:Silesia
3706:invaded
3663:Belgium
3620:Germany
3604:Germany
3499:Germany
3491:Entente
3487:Britain
3427:Soviets
3143:Siberia
3072:Ardahan
3045:Romania
3041:Germany
2993:to the
2933:serfdom
2929:serfdom
2908:in the
2898:Britain
2880:in 1873
2763:Britain
2728:Erzurum
2712:Armenia
2565:katorga
2484:. The "
2442:Finland
2430:Austria
2398:emperor
2387:Corsica
2321:⁄
2307:⁄
2293:⁄
2216:Denmark
2184:Suvorov
2145:Prussia
2141:Austria
2093:Kherson
2049:Cossack
1788:on the
1766:kholops
1752:, 1717.
1716:British
1653:geology
1595:in 1862
1546:reforms
1533:in the
1351:History
1337:Germany
1303:by the
1113:Romanov
1111:to the
1094:Ivan IV
1024:British
1012:Eurasia
885:•
833:•
822:adopted
817:•
804:•
791:•
776:Selling
774:•
761:•
746:•
733:•
710:•
697:History
681:•
664:•
562:Emperor
547:Unitary
538:Unitary
528:Russian
504:Judaism
435:Chinese
431:Swedish
427:Finnish
403:Russian
369:Capital
151: "
149:Anthem:
102:Bottom:
21139:Second
21126:Second
20923:Events
20713:Trends
20629:Russia
20609:France
20433:Mongol
20418:German
20413:French
20403:Danish
20346:Dainam
20321:Tongan
20309:Somali
20304:Sokoto
20270:'Alawi
20248:Kalmyk
20228:Mongol
20221:Second
20201:Korean
20152:Mughal
20142:Indian
20125:German
20118:Second
20108:French
20101:Second
20037:Second
20009:Afghan
20001:Modern
19927:Kyrgyz
19922:Uighur
19917:Second
19897:Turkic
19865:Toltec
19801:Epirus
19786:Nicaea
19709:Mongol
19662:Yamato
19598:Huetar
19456:Second
19393:Rouran
19342:Shunga
19337:Maurya
19312:Kushan
19285:Median
19263:Hunnic
19221:Harsha
18730:Aragon
18709:Amalfi
18694:Venice
18682:Second
18477:Uganda
18427:Malawi
18392:Guyana
18371:Ceylon
18350:Tahiti
18340:Rurutu
18295:Hawaii
18224:Serbia
18209:Saxony
18199:Russia
18084:Greece
18064:France
18054:Cyprus
18039:Crimea
18019:Bosnia
17994:Aragon
17982:Europe
17946:Taiwan
17916:Sikkim
17899:Ryukyu
17884:Najran
17782:Chehab
17762:Bengal
17711:Mexico
17696:Brazil
17623:Rwanda
17603:Maravi
17503:Ankole
17491:Africa
17483:Former
17464:Tuvalu
17407:Canada
17402:Belize
17346:Sweden
17336:Norway
17326:Monaco
17293:Europe
17246:Kuwait
17241:Jordan
17226:Brunei
17221:Bhutan
17173:Africa
17146:Sultan
17097:Titles
17011:Topics
16873:Portal
16828:Sports
16756:Anthem
16644:Cinema
16639:Ballet
16549:Racism
16512:Labour
16468:Health
16433:Doping
16287:Ruble
16272:Mining
16242:Energy
15905:Rivers
15814:Fjords
15714:Postal
15566:Moscow
15492:Russia
15395:online
15359:online
15307:Online
15298:(1993)
15253:
15240:online
15156:
15144:(1988)
15129:online
15106:
15083:
15053:(2014)
15038:online
14984:
14948:
14938:
14917:
14909:
14899:
14879:
14869:
14784:online
14765:online
14752:
14734:
14699:(2011)
14665:
14622:
14589:
14543:
14533:
14502:
14469:
14448:
14417:
14384:
14350:
14340:
14306:
14273:
14254:12 May
14240:
14207:
14155:
14080:
14074:368437
14072:
14037:
14029:
13959:online
13939:5 July
13925:
13892:(1999)
13876:(1989)
13863:(1961)
13842:(2008)
13822:
13712:
13625:
13615:
13517:
13509:
13466:
13458:
13450:
13411:
13403:
13350:
13342:
13299:
13247:
13239:
13188:
13149:
13141:
13133:
13078:
13037:
13003:
12957:
12893:
12875:
12842:
12803:
12778:
12743:
12733:
12703:
12663:
12653:
12613:
12605:
12597:
12348:
12338:
12298:
12288:
12187:
12043:
12018:
11937:
11929:
11919:
11891:
11716:
11677:
11638:
11599:
11560:
11509:
11458:
11419:
11380:
11341:
11290:
11215:
11164:
11113:
11074:
10937:
10931:405923
10929:
10906:
10896:
10869:
10863:299007
10861:
10801:
10791:
10724:online
10617:
10574:
10535:
10503:
10464:
10424:
10399:
10342:
10077:22 May
10068:
10031:
9992:
9837:
9701:
9615:
9590:9 July
9546:
9379:
9339:
9303:
9264:
9225:
9185:
9175:
8972:
8936:
8837:
8752:Ingria
8547:Russia
8543:Russia
8348:Tiflis
8328:Dorpat
8197:steppe
7973:, and
7923:, and
7882:French
7878:German
7829:, and
7781:Kokand
7757:3,952
7746:4,183
7577:11.1%
7564:69.3%
7492:Police
7478:, the
7391:(1906)
7238:, and
7117:, and
7093:, and
7077:. The
7057:. The
6997:22.3%
6988:67.3%
6971:70.3%
6968:29.2%
6957:10.8%
6948:36.2%
6945:17.3%
6928:67.7%
6925:19.4%
6914:14.9%
6911:30.2%
6905:54.9%
6897:74.8%
6891:25.2%
6854:29.3%
6851:24.3%
6817:88.2%
6651:census
6613:Yuriev
6544:uprava
6434:French
6396:Rostov
6394:, and
6380:Odessa
6362:, the
6338:), 20
6276:Senate
6149:Warsaw
6141:Odessa
6133:Moscow
6111:. The
5992:Paul I
5488:abroad
5355:Crimea
4726:Russia
4717:on the
4693:Odessa
4612:French
4608:Alaska
4493:Persia
4431:Senate
4369:Hawaii
4365:colony
4361:Alaska
4324:Artvin
4316:Poland
4290:, the
4197:Danube
4147:, the
4141:Kyrgyz
3959:, and
3941:Odessa
3896:Tarnów
3852:, and
3826:Grodno
3805:Warsaw
3760:, and
3758:Fourth
3738:Warsaw
3730:second
3718:coding
3686:, and
3651:France
3636:Sankt-
3632:German
3616:Vienna
3573:Serbia
3483:France
3344:Kadets
3333:. The
3311:. The
3237:France
3206:Dalian
3200:, and
3098:, and
3074:, and
3062:(1877)
3047:, and
3004:Serbia
2902:France
2892:(1877)
2800:Moscow
2771:polity
2759:France
2755:gentry
2601:, and
2450:Sweden
2389:-born
2341:London
2091:, and
2051:named
1902:. The
1885:Senate
1871:Peter
1810:Sweden
1804:, and
1800:, the
1798:Saxony
1771:slaves
1670:, the
1627:estate
1609:boyars
1505:164.0
1491:125.6
1438:Polish
1436:&
1434:Baltic
1421:Notes
1407:France
1389:, the
1317:Whites
1281:Allies
1218:German
1138:Moscow
1090:Tatars
1067:boyars
1061:, and
1057:, the
1049:, the
1028:Mongol
1008:empire
953:Russia
780:Alaska
700:
614:
566:
496:11.1%
468:69.3%
462:84.2%
439:Dalian
419:German
415:Polish
381:Moscow
21144:Third
21134:First
21121:First
20624:Japan
20619:Italy
20483:Lists
20438:Omani
20408:Dutch
20314:Isaaq
20265:Saadi
20233:Oirat
20216:First
20184:Qajar
20113:First
20096:First
20069:China
20042:Third
19902:First
19855:Tikal
19806:Morea
19776:Roman
19694:Latin
19689:Khmer
19684:Kanem
19650:Buyid
19576:Zagwe
19571:Aksum
19561:Chola
19468:First
19451:First
19438:Bornu
19433:Benin
19428:Aztec
19366:Roman
19347:Gupta
19332:Nanda
19268:White
18699:Genoa
18677:First
18432:Malta
18422:Kenya
18397:India
18387:Ghana
18214:Savoy
18204:Samos
18119:Italy
17966:Yemen
17941:Tibet
17936:Syria
17889:Nepal
17864:Mahra
17844:Kumul
17839:Korea
17834:Khiva
17813:Qajar
17797:Hejaz
17787:China
17772:Burma
17701:Haiti
17691:Aztec
17608:Mwali
17598:Maore
17578:Libya
17573:Kongo
17568:Kaffa
17563:Gumma
17558:Gomma
17553:Ghana
17543:Egypt
17523:Bornu
17508:Aussa
17369:Tonga
17341:Spain
17261:Qatar
17236:Japan
16778:Opera
16731:Music
16594:Women
16495:LGBTQ
16413:Crime
16347:Waste
15866:Urals
15844:Lakes
14558:Ethos
14164:PT196
14078:S2CID
14070:JSTOR
14035:S2CID
14027:JSTOR
13515:JSTOR
13464:S2CID
13409:S2CID
13348:JSTOR
13245:S2CID
13147:S2CID
13139:JSTOR
12987:. In
12824:. In
12611:S2CID
12603:JSTOR
10603:(2).
9786:[
9724:[
9672:[
8934:JSTOR
8750:, of
8722:оброк
8407:Notes
8324:Vilna
8312:Kazan
8266:Golos
8248:Media
7856:. By
7760:0.0%
7749:0.0%
7736:0.0%
7723:0.0%
7710:0.0%
7697:0.1%
7684:0.1%
7671:0.2%
7660:0.4%
7642:0.9%
7629:1.8%
7616:2.8%
7603:4.2%
7590:9.1%
7224:Islam
7131:into
7063:Batum
6994:5.8%
6985:3.4%
6982:Coal
6965:0.3%
6937:9.3%
6882:Zinc
6877:0.9%
6865:5.8%
6862:Lead
6825:100%
6805:Gold
6733:obrok
6725:serfs
6691:kulak
6676:When
6647:serfs
6388:Kerch
6376:Vilna
6347:okrug
5827:1991–
5763:
5749:
5589:1991–
5331:GULAG
5176:Govt.
4817:Rurik
4646:Kauai
4546:Gusev
4421:as a
4363:as a
4328:Iğdır
4276:Japan
4038:Pskov
3961:Yalta
3957:Kerch
3915:Kovel
3799:from
3786:First
3778:Thorn
3774:Posen
3754:Fifth
3726:first
3640:-burg
3511:Italy
3277:, by
3226:Japan
3202:Korea
3179:Tibet
3167:India
3068:Batum
2878:Khiva
2847:siege
2659:, by
2428:from
2406:Eylau
2124:Nakaz
2085:Odesa
1775:serfs
1563:Synod
1502:1914
1488:1897
1473:73.0
1470:1816
1459:42.8
1456:1812
1448:37.6
1445:1795
1429:15.5
1426:1720
1415:Year
1371:Kazan
1134:Peter
1109:Rurik
508:0.3%
502:4.2%
498:Islam
479:9.2%
21059:Wars
20253:Bogd
20179:Zand
20157:Sikh
20064:Qing
20059:Ming
19991:Wari
19959:Tran
19944:Dinh
19714:Yuan
19704:Mali
19613:Pala
19603:Inca
19554:Yuan
19544:Song
19539:Liao
19534:Tang
19307:Kush
19189:Dʿmt
18704:Pisa
18377:Fiji
17931:Sulu
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