728:
299:
20:
371:
383:
744:
668:
713:
698:
683:
490:
251:
44:
32:
1608:
427:(1127–1163), but the Ru kiln was now in enemy territory, and production of Ru ware ceased, if it had not already done so. The kilns were abandoned, and the workers dispersed. A gift of 16 itemized pieces to Gaozong in 1151 is recorded; a rather tiny quantity by imperial standards, suggestive of their rarity. The same source records that when in 1179 the aged retired emperor visited a garden, a Ru vase was placed there for him to admire. In the south a form of official
239:
593:
2095:
276:, fired upturned and so with a rough unglazed rim, often covered with a band of metal. Instead Ru ware was kept off the kiln stack surface by being supported on three or five small spurs or prongs, presumably of metal, which left little unglazed oval spots called "sesame seeds" on the underside. The colours vary, and have been classified by Chinese authorities as "sky-blue", "pale-blue" and "egg-blue", in each case using the Chinese word
171:, produced for the imperial court for a brief period around 1100. Fewer than 100 complete pieces survive, though there are later imitations which do not entirely match the originals. Most have a distinctive pale "duck-egg" blue glaze, "like the blue of the sky in a clearing amongst the clouds after rain" according to a medieval connoisseur, and are otherwise undecorated, though their colours vary and reach into a
604:
China in his second edition of 1980; even among the museums the cast and numbers are somewhat different to the list
Sotheby's gives in 2012. This is based on a list by Degawa Tetsuro in an exhibition catalogue in 2009, with a few additions. Agreement on pieces can remain incomplete; one piece that seems to appear on neither list was identified as "Ru ware" by the
223:
redistributed the remainder as part of their lavish gifts to officials, temples, and foreign rulers, and perhaps also selling some. Production ended when, or shortly before, the kilns were occupied by the invaders who overthrew the
Northern Song dynasty in the 1120s, but the wares remained famous and highly sought after.
438:. This is a flat circular ring with an inscription claiming that it was the "first test piece", produced under the supervision of a "Vice-Minister of the Imperial Household" on 9 April 1107. Always regarded with great suspicion by many scholars, it is now generally agreed to be a fake, probably 20th-century.
394:
In 2012 a
Sotheby's catalogue note said "Although the exact time of the production of Ru ware is still under debate, all scholars agree that it was made for an extremely short period only. Generally a space of some twenty years is proposed, from 1086 to 1106, although some scholars have argued for a
222:
Ru ware is perhaps the first "official ware" specifically commissioned by the imperial court. Their normal practice seems to have been to review the large quantities of "tributary ware" given to them by the provinces making ceramics, effectively as a form of tax. The court kept what they wanted and
603:
The number of pieces recognised has expanded considerably since the early 20th century, more as pieces in collections are identified than as unknown examples emerge. Gompertz gave a list totalling 31 pieces outside China in his first edition of 1958, but revised this to 61 pieces including those in
332:
The 87 pieces listed by Regina Krahl in 2017 are set out by 20 different shapes. The most numerous of these is round brush-washer bowls (33), with all brush-washers totalling 38. There are 25 dishes and 5 bottles (or vases) of various shapes, 6 narcissus basins, with stands and other pieces making
357:
Altogether the site covers 250,000 square metres, "with kilns densely distributed throughout". As they were excavated it became clear that they had also produced large amounts of other, lesser wares, including black and three-colour wares, and also "a significant quantity of carved and incised Ru
361:
The excavations also found sherds of "official" quality, but in more elaborate shapes than found among the surviving whole pieces. These may have been test pieces that were not put into production. There are also pieces decorated in conventional celadon techniques, also not found in the complete
450:(r. 1736–95), a keen collector who must have owned at least half of the surviving examples, describes it in a poem "as rare as stars at dawn". As they receded in time, their reputation became almost legendary, although many of the writers praising them may never have glimpsed examples.
353:
found a sherd on the site which when analysed proved identical to a Ru ware sample in
Beijing. This was confirmed as the site was excavated, beginning in 1987, with the main "official ware" kiln and workshop area being uncovered in 2000 in the sixth phase of excavation.
262:. Many pieces have a subtle crazed or crackled glaze, though there is some evidence that the most admired are those without this, and the effect was not deliberate. Those shapes that are not simple pottery forms show derivation from other media such as metalwork or
465:
to copy. These are known as "Ru-type" ware. The
Qianlong Emperor wrote poems on several pieces – in both senses, as he had them engraved on the bases. One of these pieces was actually a recent imitation made for his father. A special favourite was a planter for
317:, absorbing water at a "fairly high" rate. Nor is the body free from flaws when examined under magnification. Since it was almost entirely covered by glaze, these issues did not detract from the wares. Some authorities note that the body might really be considered
727:
743:
399:
thought the period was "c.1107 to 1125". Shelagh
Vainker says the period was "about 40 years". The British Museum says "twenty or perhaps forty years between 1086 and 1106 or 1125". It was only produced during the reigns of the
198:
identified by later
Chinese writers. The wares were reserved for the Imperial court, with according to one contemporary source only those they rejected reaching a wider market. The source, Zhou Hui, also says the glaze contained
358:
wares of inferior quality," which is not represented among surviving pieces. Apart from the last, these other styles would not normally be called "Ru ware", and fall within the range of other contemporary northern ceramics.
266:, for example the bottomless cup-stand, which is a common shape in both. Most shapes have a "clearly defined, slightly splayed foot-rim". A very few pieces have decoration, with a "lightly impressed floral design".
1221:
501:
issued a list in 2015 totalling 90 pieces in various collections around the world, including some damaged in a fire in 1923; Krahl added and subtracted some pieces from this. There are now also many
774:
Sun (translation quoted); Sotheby's (2012). This description was also applied to the still rarer, and possibly mythical Chai ware of the 10th century, see
Gompertz, 79–80 (and note 5); Rawson, 245
1178:
1356:
298:
258:
The pieces are mostly fairly small, for drinking, use at a scholar's desk, incense burning, or as small containers. There are a few oval "narcissus vases", which is to say planters for
2126:
1488:
1484:
667:
497:
In 2012, Sotheby's identified 79 individual complete survivals, and a revised list by Regina Krahl for
Sotheby's next Ru sale in 2017 increased this to 87; The
19:
653:
included 29 complete pieces, plus four reconstructed ones from a tomb, and many fragments from excavation. 30 later "Ru-type" pieces were also exhibited. The
313:
by
Western criteria (not a category recognised in traditional Chinese thinking), the wares are fired at a relatively low temperature, and are far from fully
631:($ US 26.7 million), then an auction record for Song ceramics. It had been in a Japanese collection, after belonging to the collection of Mr & Mrs
1065:
382:
1112:
370:
1494:
1315:
712:
697:
682:
309:
Examination of excavated fragments shows the fired clay body is a light grey colour, sometimes compared to the colour of incense ash. Although
203:, and when the kiln site was located in recent decades it was indeed very close to a site for mining agate, which is very largely composed of
1914:
2340:
2944:
2668:
2607:
2499:
2114:
453:
However, after Guan ware there do not seem to have been serious attempts to imitate them in China until the 18th century, when under the
2796:
1564:
2334:
226:
On 3 October 2017, a Ru ware brush-washer dish, 13 cm (5 in) across, set a new record auction price for Chinese ceramics at
446:
The wares seem to have been very rare even during the time they were produced, and remained so, as various Chinese writers say. The
211:. However, experts now discount any influence of agate in achieving the Ru glaze colour. The bluish colour may be due to dissolved
349:
have been identified as the site manufacturing Ru ware. They were first identified in 1950, and in 1977 the ceramic art historian
1975:
1332:
2908:
1536:
2809:
1509:
283:
This "all-over" glazing technique seems to have been invented at the Ru kilns, and increased the resemblance of the wares to
2236:
2221:
2208:
2173:
2138:
2109:
612:
has a vase with decoration that it says was excavated in 1987 at the kiln site at Qingliangsi. A research project at the
269:
The glaze, applied in several layers, continues over the rims at top and bottom of the pieces, in contrast to the rival
2241:
820:
613:
561:
2005:
1907:
1800:
1518:
1471:
2883:
2231:
2121:
416:
848:
481:
began shortly after Ru ware was produced, and Korean pieces were for long often confused with Chinese originals.
291:. Another element in this resemblance was the "thick unctuous glaze texture", which has been described as "like
1963:
1557:
1454:
1440:
156:
67:
2769:
2067:
1958:
81:
1296:
2267:
1936:
1900:
639:
415:
period was ended by invaders from the north, and Huizong and his successor were captured in the disastrous
390:. This type is normally described as a brush-washer. Note the 5 "sesame-seed" marks on the upturned base.
2728:
2259:
2255:
2181:
2153:
1932:
627:
sold a brush-washer bowl, 13.6 cm across and the pair of one in the British Museum, for 207,860,000
2094:
2143:
1953:
1209:
581:
573:
243:
3030:
3025:
3020:
2015:
1692:
1550:
1333:"'Rarest' royal Chinese porcelain bowl—at least 900 years old—discovered in Dresden state collection"
1312:
718:
703:
688:
524:
435:
48:
3015:
2591:
2346:
2000:
1968:
1781:
1738:
1487:, "Song – Important Chinese Ceramics from the Le Cong Tang Collection", 3 October 2017, Hong Kong,
543:
2853:
2622:
2197:
2030:
965:
Sun calls them "porcelains"; Sotheby's (2012), the British Museum and others call them stoneware.
661:
and other museums, but to date the Taipei and Beijing collections have not shared an exhibition.
632:
597:
569:
565:
424:
864:
855:"chicken cup" was slightly higher, but the sale was also in Hong Kong, and the HK$ price lower.
2447:
1995:
1733:
1407:
674:
654:
531:
513:
498:
375:
303:
24:
489:
250:
43:
31:
2977:
2216:
1300:
734:
650:
605:
431:, more green than blue, seems to have acted as a rather inadequate substitute for the court.
2863:
2352:
2072:
1597:
577:
1477:
474:, where the undispersed holdings of the Imperial collection are today, illustrated above.
8:
2902:
2742:
2131:
2077:
1530:
2878:
2838:
2045:
2040:
321:, though it is always classified by Western writers as stoneware, because of the other
2917:
2757:
2752:
2689:
2226:
2050:
2035:
2025:
2020:
1980:
1514:
1467:
1450:
1436:
1021:
816:
754:
454:
550:
408:(r. 1085–1100). Huizong seems to have taken a close personal interest in the ware.
2828:
2762:
2309:
2277:
2060:
2055:
1839:
1758:
1753:
1637:
1607:
1573:
638:
In 2014 it was claimed that a Ru bowl had been identified in the collection of the
628:
585:
447:
322:
295:
dissolving not flowing", The most admired type of jade was known as "mutton fat".
216:
195:
104:
2495:
2082:
1985:
1945:
1728:
1723:
1592:
1319:
844:
750:
537:
478:
458:
405:
401:
387:
204:
164:
1269:
Sotheby's (2012); Medley, 272 (note 11) – she says "a new list might be smaller"
2815:
2465:
2186:
2148:
1859:
1459:
658:
520:
396:
342:
125:
36:
3009:
2894:
2888:
2873:
2695:
2683:
2163:
2158:
1852:
1845:
1587:
420:
412:
314:
208:
616:
led to the identification a Ru bowl among the porcelain collection in 2021.
325:
it relates to, and in Chinese terms as "high-fired", usually translated as
2989:
2868:
2843:
2677:
2628:
2477:
2369:
2324:
2319:
2191:
1923:
1718:
1632:
620:
609:
227:
168:
111:
2983:
2940:
2833:
2823:
2785:
2774:
2664:
2640:
2514:
2483:
2387:
2314:
2272:
1833:
1828:
1748:
1687:
1682:
1667:
1642:
635:
in London. This price was exceeded by the sale in 2017 described above.
318:
288:
1386:
1260:
Sotheby's (2017). Sun says there are "approximately 74 surviving" pieces
646:, The Netherlands. This piece is included in Regina Krahl's 2017 list.
2779:
2736:
2634:
2597:
2567:
2561:
2538:
2520:
2429:
2417:
2393:
1743:
643:
592:
462:
212:
1892:
1485:
Lot 5, "A HIGHLY IMPORTANT AND EXTREMELY RARE RU GUANYAO BRUSH WASHER"
657:
in Taipei had an exhibition in 2006–07. Both included loans from the
434:
The dates of production were long confused by a fake test disk in the
2804:
2713:
2658:
2652:
2573:
2441:
2435:
2423:
2411:
2405:
2329:
2292:
2282:
1805:
1713:
1708:
1662:
1657:
1647:
624:
428:
374:
Warming bowl in the shape of a flower with light bluish-green glaze,
350:
326:
310:
273:
270:
187:
and incense-burners. They can be considered as a particular form of
176:
238:
2965:
2953:
2934:
2858:
2747:
2707:
2579:
2555:
2532:
2489:
2471:
2297:
1672:
1622:
1542:
467:
259:
508:
The largest collections, per Krahl and Sotheby's 2017 list, were:
419:. A younger son of Huizong fled to the south and established the
2971:
2959:
2848:
2603:
2381:
2375:
2287:
2010:
1990:
1873:
1866:
1652:
1627:
1313:"Sky blue glaze Ru Kiln vase with incised and applied decoration"
813:
Chinese Ceramics: Highlights of the Sir Percival David Collection
557:
263:
188:
172:
1480:, Sale "Ru – From a Japanese Collection", only lot, 4 April 2012
2585:
2526:
2508:
2459:
2453:
2399:
1880:
1811:
1794:
1775:
852:
471:
184:
180:
230:
Hong Kong, fetching HK$ 294.3 million, nearly US$ 38 million.
2646:
2616:
1787:
851:, 1.11 mins; Sotheby's (2017); in US$ the 2014 price for a
845:"Chinese Ru-ware bowl sets $ 38m auction record in Hong Kong"
502:
346:
200:
2701:
1447:
The Chinese Potter: A Practical History of Chinese Ceramics
461:, with examples from the imperial collection being sent to
292:
284:
341:
A group of over 15 kilns at the village of Qingliangsi,
16:
Chinese pottery made by the Song dynasty around 1100 AD
130:
116:
1410:
of the Oriental Ceramics Society, London, pp. 12–13
175:green. The shapes include dishes, probably used as
1359:, this is also illustrated at Vainker, 101, fig 74
810:
3007:
792:Gompertz, 84; Vainker, 99; Sotheby's (2012); Sun
23:Narcissus basin with light bluish-green glaze,
811:Krahl, Regina; Harrison-Hall, Jessica (2009).
1908:
1558:
1222:The Emperor's poem inscribed on the underside
920:Sotheby's (2012); Valenstein, 89; Medley, 122
86:
72:
2341:Along the River During the Qingming Festival
1103:Vainker, 99; Valenstein, 89 favours 20 years
404:(r. 1100–1125) and perhaps his predecessor,
1504:, 1991, British Museum Press, 9780714114705
1303:, acquired in 1950, not on display in 2016.
1190:Gompertz, 92; Vainker, 99; Sotheby's (2012)
1019:
493:Two bowls in the Percival David Collection.
441:
1915:
1901:
1565:
1551:
457:(r. 1723–35) they were copied in imperial
287:, always the most prestigious material in
1537:British Museum collection database search
163:) is a famous and extremely rare type of
2927:
1533:of pieces in the National Palace Museum.
1513:, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
1466:, 2007 (2nd edn), British Museum Press,
815:. The British Museum Press. p. 27.
591:
488:
381:
369:
297:
249:
237:
42:
30:
18:
1922:
733:Tripod vessel, Northern Song Dynasty,
280:, which can cover both blue and green.
3008:
2909:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified
2834:Endless power transmitting chain drive
1464:The British Museum Book of Chinese Art
1435:, 1980 (2nd edn.), Faber & Faber,
1896:
1546:
1113:British Museum, "bottle", 1978,0522.1
1572:
411:Shortly after Huizong abdicated the
1616:Earthenwares, stonewares and others
183:in modern terms), small vases, and
13:
1013:
562:Museum of Oriental Ceramics, Osaka
395:slightly longer period." Earlier
233:
14:
3042:
1801:Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte
1524:
1489:Lot notice by Regina Krahl et al.
947:Vainker, 99, quoted, then quoting
893:Gompertz, 95, quoted; Medley, 122
254:Close-up of crackle in the glaze.
2093:
1606:
1497:, National Palace Museum, Taipei
835:Rawson, 242; but see Vainker, 93
753:, from several centuries later,
749:"Ru-type" vase, an imitation in
742:
726:
711:
696:
681:
666:
1413:
1400:
1391:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1350:
1325:
1306:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1215:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1115:in expanded Curator's comments.
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1004:
995:
986:
977:
968:
959:
950:
941:
932:
923:
914:
905:
896:
887:
878:
2335:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding
1510:A handbook of Chinese ceramics
1449:, 3rd edition, 1989, Phaidon,
1419:Not listed by Sotheby's (2012)
1357:the pair in the British Museum
1022:"指明汝窑窑址第一人叶喆民辞世，曾在医院走道接受治疗引关注"
1020:Zhong He 钟禾 (2 January 2018).
875:Sotheby's (2012); Gompertz, 95
869:
858:
838:
829:
804:
801:Vainker, 100; Sotheby's (2012)
795:
786:
777:
768:
484:
194:Ru ware represents one of the
160:
131:
117:
87:
73:
35:Ru ware bowl, with metal rim,
1:
2770:Southern Song dynasty coinage
1502:Chinese Pottery and Porcelain
1425:
1133:Vainker, 99; Sotheby's (2012)
649:In 2016 an exhibition at the
614:Dresden State Art Collections
849:Sotheby's video of the piece
640:Princessehof Ceramics Museum
386:Three greenish bowls in the
336:
7:
2182:Department of State Affairs
10:
3047:
2144:Bureau of Military Affairs
582:Victoria and Albert Museum
574:Philadelphia Museum of Art
417:Jin-Song wars of the 1120s
244:Victoria and Albert Museum
215:with a very low amount of
2795:
2727:
2548:
2362:
2254:
2207:
2172:
2102:
2091:
2016:Alliance Conducted at Sea
2006:Song–Viet war (1075–1077)
1931:
1821:
1767:
1724:Jingdezhen/Imperial wares
1701:
1615:
1604:
1580:
983:Medley, 122; Gompertz, 94
719:Percival David Collection
704:Percival David Collection
689:Percival David Collection
525:Percival David Collection
505:found at the kiln site.
436:Percival David Collection
365:
155:, or "Ru official ware" (
142:
124:
110:
103:
98:
94:
80:
66:
62:
57:
49:Percival David Collection
2347:Four Great Books of Song
1408:November 2015 Newsletter
1124:Rawson, 366; Vainker, 99
762:
544:National Museum of China
523:, London (including the
470:without crackle, now in
442:Collecting and imitation
68:Traditional Chinese
2198:Secretariat-Chancellery
1507:Valenstein, S. (1998).
1337:www.theartnewspaper.com
1179:British Museum, PDF A41
1064:Vainker, 101 (quoted);
598:Cleveland Museum of Art
570:Cleveland Museum of Art
566:Hong Kong Museum of Art
207:, a usual component of
82:Simplified Chinese
2829:Early Bessemer process
2797:Science and technology
1996:Nong Zhigao rebellions
1495:"Appreciating Ru ware"
1397:Sotheby's (2017), # 59
675:National Palace Museum
655:National Palace Museum
600:
560:Municipal Art Museum;
556:with single pieces in
532:Palace Museum, Beijing
514:National Palace Museum
499:National Palace Museum
494:
391:
379:
376:National Palace Museum
306:
304:National Palace Museum
255:
247:
179:, cups, wine bottles (
52:
40:
28:
25:National Palace Museum
2217:Ministry of Personnel
2122:Imperial examinations
1531:Three zoomable photos
1433:Chinese Celadon Wares
1431:Gompertz, G.St.G.M.,
1301:Cincinnati Art Museum
1076:Sun; Sotheby's (2012)
992:as by Sun for example
783:Sun; Sotheby's (2012)
735:Cincinnati Art Museum
651:Beijing Palace Museum
606:Cincinnati Art Museum
595:
492:
385:
373:
301:
253:
241:
46:
34:
22:
2353:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu
2127:Administrative units
2001:Song–Tibet relations
1976:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war
1598:Green-glazed pottery
1483:"Sotheby's (2017)":
1478:Sotheby's, Hong Kong
1476:"Sotheby's (2012)":
578:St. Louis Art Museum
553:, Gothenburg, Sweden
2903:Forensic entomology
2864:Watertight bulkhead
2743:Joint-stock company
2237:Ministry of Justice
2222:Ministry of Revenue
2132:Sixteen Prefectures
1233:Gompertz, 84, 93–94
2839:Astronomical clock
2046:Treaty of Shaoxing
1445:Medley, Margaret,
1387:Porcelainista blog
1339:. 11 February 2021
1318:2013-03-14 at the
1208:Sotheby's (2012);
601:
495:
392:
380:
307:
256:
248:
53:
41:
29:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2918:Dream Pool Essays
2810:Gunpowder weapons
2723:
2722:
2250:
2249:
2242:Ministry of Works
2227:Ministry of Rites
2174:Three Departments
2011:Fang La rebellion
1991:Wang Ze rebellion
1890:
1889:
1693:Tang tomb figures
1181:; Gompertz, 88–90
755:Yongzheng Emperor
629:Hong Kong Dollars
512:21 pieces in the
455:Yongzheng Emperor
323:Northern Celadons
146:
145:
138:
137:
105:Standard Mandarin
3038:
3031:Song dynasty art
3026:History of Henan
3021:Culture in Henan
2949:
2946:
2925:
2924:
2673:
2672: 1174–1189
2670:
2612:
2611: 1050–1080
2609:
2504:
2503: 1111–1117
2501:
2360:
2359:
2310:Longquan celadon
2278:Five Great Kilns
2170:
2169:
2097:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1840:Five Great Kilns
1638:Longquan celadon
1610:
1574:Chinese ceramics
1567:
1560:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1377:Sotheby's (2012)
1375:
1369:
1368:Sotheby's (2012)
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1329:
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1287:Sotheby's (2012)
1285:
1279:
1276:
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1249:
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1199:Sotheby's (2012)
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1169:Rawson, 242; Sun
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1151:Sun; Vainker, 99
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721:, British Museum
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619:On 4 April 2012
586:Ashmolean Museum
448:Qianlong Emperor
217:titanium dioxide
196:Five Great Kilns
162:
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76:
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3016:Chinese pottery
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2995:
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2879:Horner's method
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2623:Emperor Huizong
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2203:
2168:
2098:
2089:
2068:Mongol conquest
1986:Chanyuan Treaty
1946:Chenqiao mutiny
1927:
1921:
1891:
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1817:
1763:
1697:
1611:
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1593:Terracotta Army
1581:Ancient pottery
1576:
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1500:Vainker, S.J.,
1460:Rawson, Jessica
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751:Jingdezhen ware
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538:Shanghai Museum
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479:Korean ceramics
459:Jingdezhen ware
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425:Gaozong Emperor
402:Huizong Emperor
388:Shanghai Museum
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236:
234:Characteristics
165:Chinese pottery
17:
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11:
5:
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2997:
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2209:Six Ministries
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2201:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2167:
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2156:
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2149:Qingli Reforms
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1983:
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1969:Gaoliang River
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79:
71:
69:
65:
61:
56:
50:
47:Group in the
45:
38:
33:
26:
21:
2990:Guo Shoujing
2916:
2907:
2893:
2884:Architecture
2869:Fishing reel
2844:Movable type
2814:
2784:
2678:Zhou Jichang
2629:Zhang Zeduan
2478:Zhou Bangyan
2370:Fan Zhongyan
2351:
2339:
2325:Yaozhou ware
2320:Qingbai ware
2302:
2154:New Policies
1959:Southern Han
1950:Unification
1924:Song dynasty
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1810:
1793:
1786:
1774:
1734:Transitional
1677:
1539:, 23 results
1508:
1501:
1463:
1446:
1432:
1415:
1406:Li Baoping,
1402:
1393:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1352:
1341:. Retrieved
1336:
1327:
1308:
1292:
1283:
1278:Gompertz, 94
1274:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1217:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1060:
1055:Vainker, 100
1051:
1042:
1030:. Retrieved
1028:(in Chinese)
1025:
1015:
1006:
997:
988:
979:
970:
961:
952:
943:
934:
929:Gompertz, 95
925:
916:
911:Vainker, 107
907:
902:Gompertz, 95
898:
889:
880:
871:
865:V&A page
860:
847:, BBC News;
840:
831:
812:
806:
797:
788:
779:
770:
648:
637:
633:Alfred Clark
618:
610:Henan Museum
602:
507:
496:
476:
452:
445:
433:
410:
393:
360:
356:
340:
331:
308:
282:
277:
268:
257:
225:
221:
193:
169:Song dynasty
152:
148:
147:
112:Hanyu Pinyin
2992:(1231–1316)
2986:(1202–1261)
2984:Qin Jiushao
2980:(1192-1279)
2974:(1186–1249)
2968:(1031–1095)
2962:(1020–1101)
2956:(1010–1070)
2941:Zhang Sixun
2786:Zhu Fan Zhi
2775:Champa rice
2739:(1021–1086)
2716:(1235–1305)
2710:(1222–1307)
2704:(1210–1269)
2698:(1199–1295)
2692:(1190–1230)
2686:(1178–1249)
2665:Lin Tinggui
2661:(1140–1210)
2655:(1120–1182)
2649:(1100–1197)
2643:(1096–1119)
2641:Wang Ximeng
2637:(1094-1172)
2631:(1085–1145)
2625:(1082–1135)
2619:(1051–1107)
2600:(1049–1106)
2594:(1036–1093)
2588:(1020–1090)
2582:(1019–1079)
2576:(1000–1064)
2541:(1170–1231)
2535:(1140–1207)
2529:(1130–1200)
2523:(1127–1206)
2517:(1126–1193)
2515:Fan Chengda
2511:(1125–1209)
2492:(1085–1144)
2486:(1084–1155)
2484:Li Qingzhao
2480:(1056–1121)
2474:(1047–1126)
2468:(1045–1105)
2462:(1039–1112)
2456:(1037–1101)
2450:(1033–1107)
2444:(1032–1085)
2438:(1022–1077)
2432:(1019–1086)
2426:(1019–1083)
2420:(1017–1073)
2414:(1012–1067)
2408:(1011–1077)
2402:(1009–1066)
2396:(1007–1072)
2390:(1002–1060)
2388:Mei Yaochen
2315:Cizhou ware
2192:Chancellery
2187:Secretariat
2115:Family tree
2073:Diaoyucheng
1834:Mantou kiln
1829:Dragon kiln
1094:Rawson, 366
1032:3 September
956:Vainker, 99
485:Collections
362:survivals.
319:earthenware
289:Chinese art
242:Cup stand,
3010:Categories
2937:(972–1051)
2854:Pound lock
2780:Nanhai One
2737:Wang Anshi
2635:Su Hanchen
2598:Li Gonglin
2568:Zhao Chang
2564:(970–1053)
2562:Xu Daoning
2558:(960–1030)
2539:Zhao Rukuo
2521:Yang Wanli
2430:Sima Guang
2418:Zhou Dunyi
2394:Ouyang Xiu
2384:(998–1061)
2378:(991–1055)
2372:(989–1052)
2103:Government
1768:Decoration
1455:071482593X
1441:0571180035
1426:References
1343:2021-02-12
1210:two photos
737:See text.
673:Vase from
644:Leeuwarden
584:, and the
530:17 in the
519:17 in the
463:Jingdezhen
213:iron oxide
126:Wade–Giles
2928:Inventors
2805:Gunpowder
2714:Qian Xuan
2680:(12th c.)
2659:Liang Kai
2653:Zhao Boju
2592:Wang Shen
2574:Yi Yuanji
2570:(10th c.)
2442:Cheng Hao
2436:Zhang Zai
2424:Zeng Gong
2412:Cai Xiang
2406:Shao Yong
2330:Jian ware
2293:Guan ware
2283:Ding ware
2078:Xiangyang
1954:Later Shu
1806:Ash glaze
1702:Porcelain
1026:The Paper
625:Hong Kong
621:Sotheby's
588:, Oxford.
549:2 in the
546:, Beijing
542:2 in the
536:9 in the
468:daffodils
429:Guan ware
351:Ye Zhemin
337:Kiln site
327:porcelain
315:vitrified
311:stoneware
274:Ding ware
271:porcelain
260:daffodils
228:Sotheby's
167:from the
2966:Shen Kuo
2954:Jia Xian
2935:Bi Sheng
2859:Dry dock
2748:Banknote
2708:Gong Kai
2580:Wen Tong
2556:Fan Kuan
2549:Painters
2533:Xin Qiji
2490:Zhu Bian
2472:Cai Jing
2448:Cheng Yi
2298:Jun ware
2268:Religion
2139:Military
2110:Emperors
2041:Yancheng
2026:Jingkang
1937:Timeline
1316:Archived
516:, Taipei
2972:Song Ci
2960:Su Song
2849:Compass
2729:Economy
2690:Li Song
2604:Cui Bai
2382:Song Qi
2376:Yan Shu
2363:Writers
2303:Ru ware
2288:Ge ware
2260:Society
2256:Culture
2061:Caizhou
2051:Tangdao
1933:History
1874:Meiping
1867:Hunping
1719:Qingbai
1633:Yaozhou
1628:Celadon
558:Tianjin
423:as the
406:Zhezong
264:lacquer
191:wares.
189:celadon
185:censers
181:carafes
173:celadon
157:Chinese
153:Ju ware
149:Ru ware
132:Ju-tzʻŭ
58:Ru ware
2758:Guanzi
2753:Jiaozi
2586:Guo Xi
2527:Zhu Xi
2509:Lu You
2496:Zhu Yu
2460:Su Zhe
2454:Su Shi
2400:Su Xun
2273:Poetry
2056:Caishi
1926:topics
1881:Gaiwan
1812:An hua
1795:Doucai
1776:Sancai
1759:Canton
1754:Tianqi
1749:Swatow
1739:export
1688:Shiwan
1683:Yixing
1668:Jizhou
1643:Cizhou
1517:
1470:
1462:(ed).
1453:
1439:
853:doucai
819:
596:Bowl,
503:sherds
472:Taipei
366:Dating
302:Bowl,
205:silica
159::
2978:Li Ye
2763:Huizi
2647:Li Di
2617:Mi Fu
2083:Yamen
2036:De'an
1860:Guang
1788:Wucai
1744:Kraak
1729:Dehua
763:Notes
347:Henan
201:agate
2824:Coke
2702:Muqi
2258:and
1853:Ding
1846:Cong
1838:The
1714:Ding
1709:Xing
1663:Jian
1658:Guan
1648:Ding
1515:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1451:ISBN
1437:ISBN
1034:2019
817:ISBN
293:lard
285:jade
278:qing
118:Rǔcí
2945:fl.
2669:fl.
2608:fl.
2500:fl.
1673:Jun
1623:Yue
1160:Sun
1142:Sun
1046:Sun
1010:Sun
974:Sun
642:in
623:in
3012::
1678:Ru
1653:Ge
1335:.
1299:,
1024:.
757:.
580:;
576:;
572:,
568:;
564:;
345:,
329:.
219:.
161:汝瓷
151:,
88:汝瓷
74:汝瓷
2950:)
2943:(
2674:)
2667:(
2613:)
2606:(
2505:)
2498:(
2200:)
2196:(
1939:)
1935:(
1916:e
1909:t
1902:v
1566:e
1559:t
1552:v
1346:.
1224:.
1212:.
1036:.
825:.
527:)
378:.
246:.
51:.
39:.
27:.
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