Regia Marina - Knowledge

4003: 4008: 4087: 4111: 4027: 4327: 803: 4116: 4015: 3991: 4340: 4314: 4032: 4075: 4051: 4063: 4099: 4020: 3996: 4080: 4056: 3979: 4104: 4092: 4068: 4039: 3984: 4123: 4044: 4128: 4333: 4135: 4378: 4346: 4320: 3004: 3105: 4355: 4371: 4362: 4754: 1645: 5565: 528: 445: 4305: 3970: 284: 433: 1397: 1174: 4630: 4729: 1264: 262: 1412: 4710: 637: 1846: 1053:. The 1922 treaty required a parity in naval forces between the Italian and French navies, with equality in total displacement in battleships and carriers. The treaty influenced the development of the Italian fleet over the years between the two world wars. Between the late twenties and early thirties a construction program began, focusing first on cruisers up to 10,000 tons, followed by the building of destroyers and submarines, and lastly the construction of the new 5760: 1875:(the "Battle of Mid-August"). All of these engagements ended favourably for the Axis. Despite this activity, the only real success of the Italian fleet was the surface attack on the Harpoon convoy, supported by Axis aerial forces. These attacks sank several Allied warships and damaged others. Only two transports of the original six in the convoy reached Malta. This was the only undisputed squadron-sized victory for Italian surface forces in World War II. 86: 45: 1574:. Allied commanders at sea had a fair degree of autonomy and discretion to fight their vessels as circumstance allowed, but Italian commanders were required to confer with their headquarters before committing their forces in an engagement that might result in their loss. That led to delays in arriving at decisions and actions being avoided even when the Italians had a clear advantage. An example occurred during " 188: 1114: 948:(2 August 1916) due to a magazine explosion (although there were rumours of Austrian sabotage). The Austrians also sank the Italian armed merchant cruiser SS Principe Umberto on 8 June 1916. While transporting troops in the Adriatic, the ship was sunk by Austro-Hungarian U-boat U-5 with the loss of 1,926 men. It was the worst naval disaster of World War I in terms of human lives lost. 1883:, in November 1942, the fortunes of war turned against the Italians. Their sea convoys were harassed day after day by the aerial and naval supremacy of the Allies. The maritime lane between Sicily and Tunisia became known as the "route of death". After years of back and forth, the Axis forces were forced to surrender in Tunisia, bringing the campaign for North Africa to a close. 2141: 4857:"Clearly this was an Axis victory and a tactical victory for the Italian Navy. Part of the convoy did get through to Malta, but the British suffered far heavier losses than did the Italians and Mussolini would later personally present medals to Da Zara and some of his men for their efforts. It would be the only squadron-sized surface naval victory of the war for Italy." 1158:, whom Mussolini appointed as Chief of Staff of the Navy in 1933, and whom he later promoted to Secretary of the Navy. Likewise technological advancement in radio range finders and gunnery control devices for night combat were not incorporated. Regarding such devices, Cavagnari emphasized "not wanting traps in your way". Writing to Admiral Iachino, he wrote " 4666: 4646: 4690: 2525:, Italian light cruisers participated in the naval war in the Atlantic Ocean with patrols against German raiders. Smaller naval units (mainly submarines and torpedo boats) served in the Mediterranean Sea. In the last days of war, the issue of whether Italian battleships and cruisers should participate in the 1566:

had a number of fast new cruisers with good range in their gunnery, the older classes were lightly built and had inadequate defensive armor. Numerically the Italian fleet was formidable, but there were a large number of older vessels, and the service suffered in general from insufficient time at sea

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The Italian Navy lacked a fleet air arm. The High Command had reasoned that since the Italian navy would be operating solely in the Mediterranean, their vessels would never be far from an airfield and so the time and the resources needed to develop a naval air arm could be directed elsewhere. This

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chose to build fast ships armed with longer ranged guns to give the Italian vessels the ability to minimize close contact with vessels of the Royal Navy, whose crews were more experienced. In theory this would allow them to engage or break off at their own choosing, and would allow them to hit the

1124:

The modernization work on the four Great War era battleships turned into a significant reconstruction project, with only 40% of the original structures being left. The ship's guns were upgraded in main armament, going from 13 guns of 305 mm diameter, to 10 guns of 320 mm diameter. The

897:

consisted mainly of Austro-Hungarian coastal bombardments of Italy's Adriatic coast, and wider-ranging German/Austro-Hungarian submarine warfare into the Mediterranean. Allied forces mainly limited themselves to blockading the Austro-Hungarian navy inside the Adriatic, which was successful with

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was the fourth largest navy in the world with a mix of modernised and new battleships. The important combat contributions of the Italian naval forces after the signing of the armistice with the Allies on 8 September 1943 and the subsequent cooperation agreement on 23 September 1943 left the

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had six battleships with which to contend for control of the Mediterranean, the four most modern of which were being re-fitted at the outbreak of the war. In addition to the six capital ships, the Italians had 19 cruisers, 59 destroyers, 67 torpedo boats, and 116 submarines. Though the

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There were also Italian naval units in the Far East in 1943 when the new Italian government agreed to an armistice with the Allies. The reactions of their crews varied greatly. In general, surface units, mainly supply ships and auxiliary cruisers, either surrendered at Allied ports

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and cutting off supplies to Malta. The Royal Navy's major effort was to maintain supply to the military forces and people of Malta, and secondarily to interdict convoy shipments to North Africa. The first major action occurred on 11 November 1940 when the British aircraft carrier

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in a poor condition. Much of its infrastructure and bases were unusable and its ports mined and blocked by sunken ships. However, a large number of its naval units had survived the war, albeit in a low efficiency state. This was due to the conflict and the age of many vessels.

1162:", which can be translated to "proceed with extreme caution regarding brilliant technical innovations that have not yet been tested or with which there is no practical experience". Thus, the Italian navy entered the Second World War with a marked technical inferiority to the 2623:

and their crews were temporarily interned by the Japanese. The boats passed to German U-boat command and, with mixed German and Italian crews, they continued to fight against the Allies. The German navy assigned new officers to the three submarines. The three were renamed

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In December 1915, and January 1916, when the Serbian army was driven by the German foces under General von Mackensen toward the Albanian coast, 138,000 Serbian infantry and 11,000 refugees were ferried across the Adriatic and landed in Italy in 87 trips by the

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to achieve naval supremacy in the central Mediterranean. Coupled with an intensive bombing campaign against Malta, the Axis supply routes from southern Europe to North Africa were almost untouched by the Royal Navy or its allies for the next several months.

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transport submarines were specifically designed for trade with the Far East, but only two of these vessels were completed before Italy quit the war. Both of these submarines were destroyed by Allied action almost as soon as they were launched.

1892:

performed well and bravely in its North African convoy duties, but remained at a technical disadvantage. The Italian ships relied on speed but could easily be damaged by shell or torpedo, due to their relatively thin armour, as happened in the

2007:

Much of the Red Sea Flotilla was destroyed by hostile action during the first months of war or when the port of Massawa fell in April 1941. However, there were a few survivors. In February 1941, prior to the fall of Massawa, the colonial ship

1550:. This meant that in night engagements or foul weather, the Italian ships were unable to detect the approach of their British adversaries. When engaged, they could only range their guns if they were able to visually locate their targets. 1541:

was operating under a number of limitations. Though significant assets were available to challenge the Royal Navy for control of the Mediterranean, there had been a lack of emphasis on the incorporation of technological advances such as

1878:

Despite the heavy losses suffered by the merchantmen and escorting forces of convoy Pedestal, the oil and supplies brought through allowed the near starving island of Malta to continue to hold out. With Allied landings in North Africa,

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enemy when he could not yet hit back. New guns were developed with longer ranges than their British counterparts of similar caliber. Speed was emphasized in their new construction. Italian cruisers built in the 1920s, such as

567:. The new Navy inherited a substantial number of ships, both sail- and steam-powered, and the long naval traditions of its constituents, especially those of Sardinia and Naples, but also suffered from some major handicaps. 576:

was a heterogeneous mix of equipment, standards and practice, and even saw hostility between the officers from the various former navies. These problems were compounded by the continuation of separate officer schools at

2310:. During World War II, Italian supply ships, auxiliary cruisers and submarines operated throughout the waters of the Far East, often in disguise. The Italians also utilized Japanese-controlled port facilities such as 1835:. In addition, another destroyer was seriously damaged. All told 800 seamen were lost, and Force K, which had been effectively interdicting Axis convoys, was put out of action. This series of successes allowed the 912:

and other shps of the Italian Navy under the command of Admiral Conz. These ships also carried 13,000 cavalrymen and 10,000 horses of the Serbian army to Corfu in 13 crossings from the Albanian port of Vallons.

790:. In the Red Sea the Italian forces were vastly superior to those of the Ottomans who possessed only a squadron of gunboats there. These were destroyed while attempting to withdraw into the Mediterranean at the 1125:

middle turret and the vessel's central tower were eliminated. To increase speed the coal-fired boilers were replaced with modern oil-fired boilers and ten meters were added to the ship's length to improve the

1154:, the conservative Italian leadership had little interest in these new technologies, and did not use them to improve the effectiveness of the Italian vessels. This was mainly due to the influence of Admiral 1607:

had a general reputation as being well-designed. Italian small attack craft lived up to expectations and were responsible for many successful actions in the Mediterranean. Though Italian warships lacked

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between the Italian Republic and the victorious powers of World War II. The treaty was onerous for the Italian Navy. Apart from territorial and material losses, the following restrictions were imposed:

2470:

There was little use for the surrendered Italian battleships and there was doubt about the loyalties of the crews, so these ships were interned in Egypt. In June 1944, the less powerful battleships (

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in 1862. These innovations quickly made older warships obsolete. Italy did not possess the shipyards or infrastructure to build the modern ships required, but the then Minister for the Navy, Admiral

4844:"Consequently, the Alexandria Fleet remained for many months without any battleships, and it was forced to abandon any further open activity. In fact, Admiral Cunningham wrote that his Fleet now 898:

regards to surface units, but failed for the submarines, which found safe harbours and easy passage into and out of the area for the whole of the war. Considered a relatively minor part of the

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under construction at the start of the war, but neither was ever completed. Lastly, the lack of natural oil reserves and subsequent shortage of oil precluded extensive fleet operations.

993:, with considerable loss of life, on 1 November 1918, shortly after the entire navy had been turned over to the newly founded neutral State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. The battleship 1897:. The fatal and final blow to the Italian Navy was a shortage of fuel, which forced its main units to remain at anchor for most of the last year of the Italian alliance with Germany. 714:

passed through some difficult years as the naval budget was substantially reduced, thus impairing the fleet's efficiency and the pace of new construction; only in the 1870s, under

1570:

Italy's lack of raw materials meant that it would have great difficulty building new ships over the course of the war. Thus, the assets that it had were handled with caution by

5815: 2582: 1190:

Two training ships were built during this period, in addition to the effort to modernize and re-equip the combat vessels of the navy. These were square rigged school ships the

5810: 4835:

states "All the major operations of the Royal Navy in the Mediterranean in 1942 prior to the Anglo-American landing in November were concerned with taking convoys into Malta."

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in the South China Sea, significantly weakened the surface strength of the Royal Navy, making it difficult for them to challenge Italian control of the eastern Mediterranean.

5800: 1170:, overall commander of Axis forces in the Mediterranean, observed that the Italian navy was "a good weather" force, unable to operate effectively at night or in heavy seas. 3160:

aviation and transport cruiser (as regular heavy cruiser, extensively damaged by submarine torpedoes and proposed for reconstruction to a hybrid carrier/transport design)

2467:) hardly reached a twentieth the size attained by the co-belligerent Italian fleet. In the Far East, the Japanese occupied the Italian concession territory of Tiensin. 5805: 4728: 1859:

The Italian fleet went on the offensive, blocking or mauling three large Allied convoys bound for Malta. This led to a number of naval engagements, including the

209: 5708: 1528:, had put little effort into bolstering the islands' defences. Thus, at the outset of the war there were only 42 anti-aircraft guns on the island and twelve 1146:

Though scientific research on tracking devices such as radar and sonar was being conducted in Italian universities and military laboratories by men such as

4912: 2811:

The total displacement, battleships excluded, of the future navy was not allowed to be greater than 67,500 tons, while the staff was capped at 25,000 men.

1197: 2853: 1160:

procedere con estrema cautela nell'accettare brillanti novità tecniche che non siano ancora collaudate da una esperienza pratica sufficientemente lunga

5531: 4709: 406: 1759:, which enabled them to locate the ships and range their weapons at distance and at night. The better air reconnaissance skills of the Royal Navy's 1014:

in a way that could enable it to reach dominance over the Mediterranean Sea. Italian naval planners also wanted a force capable of taking on the

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should have to leave it to the Royal Air Force to try if they could dispute the control of the Central Mediterranean with the enemy's fleet.

1478:

Before the declaration of war, Italian ground and air forces had prepared to strike at the beaten French forces across the border in the

1094:

were built with a newly designed and relatively thin armour. This would have a decisive role in a number of naval battles, including the

5585: 730:; at the time these were the most powerful warships in the world, and signalled the Italian fleet's renewed power. In 1896 the corvette 4629: 3086: 748:, was the first in 1903 to envision in a published article the all-big gun battleship design, which would be later come to be known as 196: 2071: 1089: 556: 5795: 4689: 2948: 386: 5244: 2859: 4946: 2631: 2576: 2360: 2342: 1598:

and, through this, the key information on Italian convoy routes, times of departure, time of arrival, and make up of the convoy.

500: 4002: 2449:

was formed to fight on the side of the Allies. Other ships were captured in port by the Germans or scuttled by their crews. Few

5820: 5688: 5616: 5553: 3928: 3386: 1989: 1227: 1177: 916:

For most of the war the Italian navy avoided wherever possible the Austro-Hungarian navy. The Italian fleet lost the destroyer

782:, the Italians dominated the Mediterranean during the conflict winning victories against Ottoman light units at the battles of 4007: 2122:, the last Italian-held harbour on the Red Sea. By 11 June, Assab had fallen. Two days later, on 13 June, the Indian trawler 1512:, which proved a crucial mistake. British High Command, thinking that Malta could not be defended because of the proximity of 5790: 5444: 5002: 4807: 2569:. Four Italian submarines were in the Far East at the time of the armistice, transporting rare goods to Japan and Singapore: 2065: 1240:). She was launched on 22 February 1931, and was put into service in July of that year. She is still being used to this day. 5611: 3007: 2944: 2241: 2093: 939: 841: 150: 4086: 5744: 5626: 4110: 1105: 802: 122: 4645: 4026: 5636: 5621: 4979: 4326: 4115: 3598: 3067: 2982: 2976: 2928: 2844: 2491: 2083: 1631: 907: 835: 823: 371: 17: 5561: 4031: 4014: 3990: 5631: 5498: 5477: 5462: 5429: 5398: 5384: 5369: 5355: 5342: 5312: 5168: 4956: 4922: 4888: 4339: 4313: 4074: 4050: 3912: 2871: 2865: 2295: 2135: 2024: 1941:, the thirty-two Italian submarines that operated in the Atlantic sank 109 Allied ships for a total of 593,864 tons. 929: 656: 234: 169: 72: 4098: 4062: 4019: 3995: 129: 5673: 4079: 4055: 3905: 3443: 2896: 2890: 2832: 2778: 2348: 2305: 2018: 1130: 1061: 894: 847: 829: 542: 4103: 4091: 4067: 3978: 2625: 2588: 2354: 5652: 3434: 3129: 3055: 2637: 2594: 2366: 1625: 854: 744:

in the use of radio communications. 1909 saw the first use of aircraft with the fleet. An Italian naval officer,

725: 696:

design. Despite a marked disadvantage in numbers and equipment, superior handling by the Austrians under Admiral

4038: 3983: 2790:

A ban on owning, building or experimenting with atomic weapons, self-propulsion projectiles or related launchers

2661:

remained active until 30 August 1945, when, in Japanese waters, this last Fascist Italian submarine shot down a

2330: 1954:

with midget submarines for December 1942, but this plan was delayed for many reasons and was never carried out.

5288: 4734: 3108: 2425: 2287: 2268:, German, Italian, and Finnish vessels operated against Soviet gunboats, escorts and supply vessels during the 107: 5518: 4377: 4332: 4122: 4043: 1033:

and his military advisors convinced that Italy was "imprisoned in the Mediterranean" through British bases in

136: 5335: 4802: 3416: 2666: 1575: 1509: 1391: 1068: 866: 103: 58: 31: 4345: 4319: 4127: 5606: 4782: 3742: 3118: 3017: 2988: 2934: 2662: 1432: 899: 687: 4134: 3003: 1712:. The raid came in undetected, and three battleships were sunk. Another major defeat was inflicted on the 5683: 5259: 4797: 4241: 4232: 4223: 3881: 3735: 3461: 3170: 3039: 2838: 2501: 2446: 2336: 1588: 1375: 1050: 600:

occurred during a period of rapid advances in naval technology and tactics, as typified by the launch of

586: 348: 118: 5724: 5546: 3728: 3721: 3714: 3707: 3700: 3693: 3686: 3679: 3672: 3665: 3658: 3651: 3644: 3637: 3628: 3330: 2918: 1767: 1648: 1479: 1282: 1209: 1137: 338: 4848:(...) In fact, it opened a period of clear Italian naval supremacy in the east-central Mediterranean". 1855:

sinking after being disabled by Italian cruisers and hit by an aerial torpedo during Operation Harpoon

3865: 3858: 3851: 3844: 3837: 3830: 3816: 3809: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3781: 3767: 3760: 3751: 3580: 3573: 3566: 3559: 3550: 3425: 3344: 3140: 3028: 2439: 2391: 2300: 2170: 2126:

became the last naval casualty of the East African Campaign when it struck a moored mine near Assab.

1789: 1054: 860: 4354: 3104: 2815:

The treaty also ordered Italy to put the following ships at the disposals of the victorious nations

2114:

On 10 June 1941, the British launched Operation Chronometer, landing a battalion of troops from the

675:. That was one of the few fleet actions of the 19th century and as a major sea battle that involved 644: 4764: 4275: 4196: 3823: 3774: 3541: 3534: 3527: 3520: 3513: 3506: 3500: 3491: 3484: 3477: 3470: 3407: 3393: 3379: 3372: 3365: 3358: 3351: 3337: 3323: 3316: 3309: 3302: 3295: 3288: 3281: 3274: 3267: 3260: 3253: 3239: 3232: 3225: 3218: 3211: 3204: 3197: 3190: 3181: 2406:

In 1943, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was deposed and the new Italian government agreed to an

1864: 1678:

and the Royal Navy engaged in a two-and-a-half-year struggle for control of the Mediterranean. The

1345: 783: 715: 2747:

On 2 June 1946, the Italian monarchy was abolished by a popular referendum. The Kingdom of Italy (

1471:. Italian naval building accelerated during his tenure. Mussolini described the Mediterranean as " 1289:

was landlocked, the navy was instrumental in delivering and supplying the invasion forces through

4370: 3619: 3612: 3605: 3589: 3452: 3155: 2908: 2886: 2456: 2272:

between 21 June and 21 October 1942. The Italian vessels were ultimately turned over to Finland.

2077: 1997: 1763:

and their close collaboration with surface units were other major causes of the Italian debacle.

1337: 1322: 1317: 1233: 980:

and planted two magnetic mines during the early hours of the morning which exploded sinking the

787: 719: 679:, it is often considered to have had a profound effect on subsequent warship design and tactics. 201: 96: 4361: 1074:

battleships. Much of these new naval units were responses to French naval constructions, as the

5678: 4777: 4546: 2654: 2042: 1912: 1860: 1745: 1719: 1685: 1613: 1214:, was put into service in 1928 and was used by the Italian Navy for training until 1943. After 1022: 697: 652: 601: 1962:

Initially, Italian forces enjoyed considerable success in East Africa. From 10 June 1940, the

1644: 5785: 5763: 5698: 5657: 5539: 2951: 2877: 2657:

when Germany surrendered. About twenty Italian sailors continued to fight with the Japanese.

2570: 2522: 2009: 1739: 1723: 1587:

A further key disadvantage in the convoy support and interception battles that dominated the

1436: 1042: 994: 890: 791: 5437:

Struggle for the Middle Sea: the great navies at war in the Mediterranean theater, 1940–1945

5739: 5729: 3944: 2407: 2211:

After Italy quit the war, most of the Italian vessels on the Black Sea were transferred to

1894: 1752: 1733: 1727: 1694: 1592: 1095: 607: 391: 1396: 143: 8: 4250: 2253: 2222: 2115: 1617: 1493: 1423:, on 27 May 1941, was one of the few amphibious operations carried out by Italian forces. 597: 560: 323: 2793:

A ban on owning battleships, aircraft carriers, submarines and amphibious assault units.

1173: 956: 806: 4787: 4609: 4591: 4573: 4178: 3899: 3400: 2326: 2269: 2265: 1872: 1868: 1774: 1155: 1099: 987: 745: 411: 527: 444: 5703: 5494: 5473: 5458: 5440: 5425: 5413: 5394: 5380: 5365: 5351: 5338: 5308: 5284: 5164: 5008: 4998: 4952: 4918: 4884: 4792: 4522: 4464: 2144: 2089: 2015: 1705: 1529: 1517: 1513: 1448: 1306: 1167: 1151: 767: 741: 564: 546: 343: 328: 64: 2329:" in order to exchange rare or irreplaceable trade goods with Japan. The submarines 2325:

Seven Italian submarines operating from France were converted by the Italians into "

1624:

proved problematic on a number of occasions. The Italians had the aircraft carriers

1584:

had superior forces but failed to commit them to take advantage of the opportunity.

541:

was established on 17 March 1861 following the proclamation of the formation of the

432: 5564: 4454: 4214: 4169: 2752: 2416:

had to sail its ships to an Allied port. Most sailed to Malta, but a flotilla from

2261: 2173: 1969: 1819: 1701: 1452: 1444: 1428: 1349: 1333: 1286: 1248: 1201: 1075: 1030: 625: 490: 473: 465: 289: 2232:

The five surviving midget submarines were transferred to the Royal Romanian Navy.

1263: 1078:

was seen until the mid-1930s as the most likely enemy in a hypothetical conflict.

700:

resulted in a severe defeat for Italy, which lost two armoured ships and 640 men.

555:

was formed from the navies of those states, though the main constituents were the

5734: 5486: 4980:"Admiral Conz in New York--Italian Officer Arrives on Battleship Conte di Cavour" 4878: 4205: 4187: 2954: 2805: 2678: 2483: 2394: 2319: 1951: 1880: 1751:

destroyers in a night ambush, with the loss of over 2,300 seamen. The Allies had

1498: 1357: 928:, sunk by Austrian submarine U-4 on 18 July 1915, the pre-dreadnought battleship 664: 660: 515: 2689:

started a long and complex rebuilding process. At the beginning of the war, the

1411: 1325:. These submarines were organized in a Submarine Legion and complemented German 4741: 4656: 4555: 4481: 2455:

crews chose to fight for Mussolini's new fascist regime in northern Italy, the

1938: 1812: 1440: 1223: 1205: 1126: 1046: 1026: 1015: 981: 771: 401: 396: 5779: 5417: 4600: 4474: 4279: 4153: 4144: 2816: 2545:) or, if in Japanese controlled ports, they were scuttled by their own crew ( 2373: 2046: 2001: 1845: 1760: 1525: 1489: 1226:

and was shortly afterwards decommissioned. The second ship of the design was

1183: 1129:. Though the ships were improved, they still were not an equal match for the 977: 967: 300: 261: 5012: 3095:

for the seaplane carrier role, commissioned as a seaplane transport by 1940)

2653:

in February 1944. In May 1945, the other two vessels were taken over by the

1000:(sister of the former two) was handed over to Italy as a war prize in 1919. 636: 628:, launched a substantial programme to purchase warships from foreign yards. 5470:

Chronology of the war at sea, 1939–1945: the naval history of World War Two

5300: 4564: 2647: 2608: 2217: 2212: 2104: 1985: 1921: 1916: 1829: 1659: 1472: 1379: 1341: 1326: 1321:). Approximately 58 Italian submarines took part in operations against the 1219: 1215: 1196:

ordered in 1925. The sailing ships followed a design by Lieutenant Colonel

1008:

During the interwar years the Italian government set about modernizing the

963: 886: 775: 672: 668: 618: 353: 2424:. This was intercepted and attacked by German aircraft and the battleship 2226: 2193: 1382:

from mainland Italy and the crossings were accomplished without incident.

5590: 5404:

Meyer, Günther (2012). "Italian Warships on the Northern Italian Lakes".

4672: 3246: 2797: 2526: 2257: 2166: 2103:. One or two Italian merchant ships from the Red Sea Flotilla made it to 2004:

in East Africa and the threat posed by the Red Sea Flotilla disappeared.

1988:

and the Mediterranean Sea. This threat increased in August 1940 with the

1849: 1781: 1504: 1502:) did not approve of the plan devised by the Italian Naval Headquarters ( 1348:

were either sunk or forced to run aground by Italian destroyers near the

1147: 924:

was sunk by Austrian submarine U-26 on 7 July 1915; the armoured cruiser

873: 779: 749: 718:'s ministry, did the situation begin to improve. In 1881, the battleship 693: 611: 333: 2507: 27:

1861–1946 branch of Italian military; predecessor of the Marina Militare

5305:

The Armed Forces of World War II: Uniforms, Insignia & Organisation

4720: 4531: 2824: 2511: 2148: 2108: 1689: 1655: 1232:. The ship was built in 1930 at the (formerly Royal) Naval Shipyard of 1163: 1038: 1018: 952: 819: 812: 676: 2225:. By August 1944, they were ultimately captured by Soviet forces when 1591:

was the intelligence advantage granted to the British in intercepting

1315:

sent naval units in support of the Italian Corps of Volunteer Troops (

1143:

battlecruisers, both of which carried larger guns and heavier armour.

5472:(2nd, rev. expanded ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 4745: 4700: 2417: 2205: 2177: 2064:

made it to Kobe. As the port of Massawa was falling, four submarines—

1826: 1353: 1034: 5334:, translated into English by James Cleugh, with introduction by the 5281:

The Last Century of Sea Power: From Port Arthur to Chanak, 1894–1922

85: 4512: 4259: 2558: 2421: 2311: 2096: 2053: 1926: 984: 972: 955:, that, by chance, managed to sink the Austro-Hungarian battleship 935: 683: 5506:

The Fall of Fascism: Badoglio & C Strategists of Defeat – 1943

1110:

classes, were built to a more balanced design with thicker armor.

920:

in 1915 to an Austro-Hungarian fleet sortie; the armoured cruiser

734:

completed a circumnavigation of the world. The following year the

5693: 5247:

Mussolini's Navy: A Reference Guide to the Regia Marina 1930–1945

4995:

The lights that failed: European international history, 1919–1933

4582: 2801: 2538: 2431: 2298:. The primary Italian vessels based in China were the mine-layer 2291: 2197: 2189: 1993: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1934: 1816: 1804: 1785: 1709: 1468: 1460: 1294: 1290: 945: 590: 570:

Firstly, it suffered from a lack of uniformity and cohesion; the

545:. Just as the Kingdom was a unification of various states in the 4455:

Enlisted ratings, non-commissioned officers and warrant officers

2176:, five torpedo motorboats, and five explosive motorboats to the 187: 4477:(historical equivalent in the British Nave, able bodied seaman) 2957:

on his numerous foreign trips and to entertain heads of state.

2820: 2604: 2542: 2487: 2445:

As vessels became available to the new Italian government, the

2200:. The flotilla had an active and successful campaign, based at 2185: 2181: 2100: 1930: 1788:, knocking both out of the conflict for almost two years. This 1521: 1329: 1237: 582: 5526: 1488:

prepared to secure the lines of communications between Italy,

1378:. All ground forces involved in the invasion had to cross the 1113: 872:), but they did not participate in any major naval actions in 585:, and were not fully addressed until the opening of a unified 4951:. United States: University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 89. 4680: 4304: 3969: 2782: 2603:

heard of the armistice and surrendered to the Royal Navy off

2201: 2119: 2034: 1808: 1756: 1609: 1547: 1543: 1464: 1420: 1416: 976:, or "leech") carrying two men, which entered the harbour of 682:

The Italian fleet, commanded by Admiral Persano, mustered 12

610:

in 1858, and later by the appearance of, and battle between,

578: 4467:(historical equivalent in the British Navy, ordinary seaman) 2796:

A ban on operating military installations on the islands of

1360:

in 1937, resulting in the deaths of more than 30 civilians.

951:

In the last part of the war, the Regia Marina developed the

2434:

guided glide-bombs. Among the 1600 sailors killed on board

2315: 2030: 1980:, posed a potential threat to Allied shipping crossing the 1937:

base. While more suited for the Mediterranean Sea than the

1456: 1060:

battleships; plans were also put in place to modernize the

651:

The new navy's baptism of fire came on 20 July 1866 at the

486: 310: 4880:

Navies and Shipbuilding Industries: The Strained Symbiosis

2140: 1255:), one based at La Spezia and the other based at Taranto. 2463:, RSI). Mussolini's pro-German National Republican Navy ( 1807:, comprising three cruisers and four destroyers based at 1612:, that was partly offset in fair weather by good optical 4495:

Capo di seconda classe – Chief petty officer 1st class

2642:

and took part in German war operations in the Pacific.

2221:. In early 1944, six MAS boats were transferred to the 1755:

intercepts, which uncovered the Italian movements, and

5816:

Military units and formations of Italy in World War II

5207:

Submarine Insignia and Submarine Services of the World

5054: 5052: 4515:(roughly equivalent to midshipman in the British Navy) 1708:

against the Italian Fleet moored at the naval base of

1200:

of the Italian Navy Engineering Corps, reminiscent of

5811:

Military units and formations of Italy in World War I

5709:

Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I

724:

was commissioned, followed in 1882 by the battleship

5801:

Military units and formations disestablished in 1946

5061: 4492:

Capo di terza classe – Chief petty officer 2nd class

1992:, which allowed the Italians the use of the port of 5424:Mollo, Andrew. "The Armed Forces of World War II". 5049: 2565:was taken over by the Japanese in Kobe and renamed 811:low in the water, after being torpedoed by Italian 110:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5389:Greene, Jack & Massignani, Alessandro (1998). 5260:Carlo Bergamini, Biography by Pier Paolo Bergamini 3145: 2438:was the Italian Naval Commander-in-Chief, Admiral 1684:'s primary goal was to support the Axis forces in 1352:. Two light cruisers took part in the shelling of 1247:" was abolished, and the fleet was divided in two 5806:Military units and formations established in 1861 5348:Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905 5194:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946 5097: 5095: 5777: 5467: 5457:. Blandford Press, London & New York, 1987, 5196:, Naval Institute Press, 1980, pp. 311 & 361 3922: 1726:intercepted and destroyed three heavy cruisers ( 1451:as an essential prerequisite for expanding his " 1049:. Italian naval construction was limited by the 5379:. Friedman/Fairfax Publishers. New York, 2001. 2180:. The vessels were transported overland to the 1668:divers heavily damaged her on 19 December 1941. 1305:At the time of the Italian intervention in the 902:, it nonetheless tied down significant forces. 5092: 4914:Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century 5547: 5468:Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (1992) . 5391:The Naval War in the Mediterranean, 1940–1943 5042: 5040: 4719:, one of the major Italian navy units in the 4439: 4432: 4425: 4418: 4411: 4404: 4397: 4390: 4257: 4248: 4239: 4230: 4221: 4212: 4203: 4194: 4185: 4176: 4167: 4160: 4151: 4142: 3938: 2760: 2697: 2690: 2684: 2450: 2411: 2281: 2247: 2156: 1963: 1945: 1906: 1887: 1836: 1713: 1679: 1673: 1663: 1602: 1579: 1561: 1554: 1536: 1483: 1369: 1310: 1276: 1191: 1082: 1009: 880: 761: 735: 709: 686:and 17 wooden-hulled ships, though only one, 571: 550: 536: 508: 494: 457: 267: 250: 5519:Official historical site of the Italian Navy 4876: 818:Before 1914, the Kingdom of Italy built six 5364:. New York, Doubleday & Company (1980) 5350:, London, Conway is Maritime Press (1979), 5307:. Leicester: Silverdale books. p. 93. 1443:and entered World War II. Italian dictator 73:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5554: 5540: 5434: 5037: 2933:ultimately became the Yugoslav Navy yacht 2710:2 incomplete and damaged aircraft carriers 1871:, (known as the "Battle of Mid-June") and 1182:, launched in 1931; here in the harbor of 5220:Midget Submarines of the Second World War 4982:. The New York Times. September 15, 1919. 4948:The Atlantic Alliance and the Middle East 2765:became the Navy of the Italian Republic ( 2410:. Under the terms of this armistice, the 2161:deployed four 24-ton torpedo motorboats ( 1792:, coming on the heels of the loss of the 778:stayed behind the relative safety of the 703: 235:Learn how and when to remove this message 170:Learn how and when to remove this message 5684:Battle of the mediterranean World War II 5439:. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press. 5209:, Pen and Sword Publishing, 1996, p. 100 4877:Todd, Daniel; Lindberg, Michael (1996). 4763:, Admiral Da Zara's flagship during the 3103: 3002: 2949:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 2139: 2088:—sailed south from Massawa, rounded the 1996:; in January 1941, however, British and 1844: 1815:. Three cruisers struck mines, with the 1643: 1410: 1395: 1262: 1172: 1112: 938:(27 September 1915) and the dreadnought 801: 635: 526: 212:of all important aspects of the article. 4992: 4917:. London: Routledge. pp. 113–120. 2819:, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, 1925:. The Italian submarines were based in 1532:, half sitting in crates at the wharf. 499:) from 1861 to 1946. In 1946, with the 280: 14: 5778: 5689:Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1917) 5508:. Milan, Italy: Fabbri Brothers, 1973. 4944: 4498:Capo di prima classe – Warrant officer 4489:Secondo capo – Petty officer 1st class 3929:Military ranks of the Kingdom of Italy 1990:Italian conquest of British Somaliland 1688:while obstructing the supply route to 1258: 1025:takeover. The British response to the 966:on 10 June 1918; and an early type of 208:Please consider expanding the lead to 5535: 5403: 5299: 5163:. PN Book Club Publication, pp. 3–6. 5150:Rohwer & Hümmelchen (1992), p. 78 4938: 4808:List of ships of the Second World War 4449: 4366: 4350: 3886: 3091:(extensively converted merchant ship 2907:8 submarines, including three of the 2672: 2521:In the Co-belligerency period, until 1905:From 10 June 1940, submarines of the 1766:On 19 December 1941, the battleships 1243:In 1928, the unified command of the " 663:). The battle was fought against the 472: 5283:. Indiana University Press, p. 276. 5233:Encyclopedia of the Second World War 5183:, Conway Maritime Press, 2001, p. 81 4910: 3080: 3049: 2401: 2371:were converted for service with the 2155:In May 1942, at German request, the 1811:, ran into an Italian minefield off 1496:colonies. The Italian High Command ( 1300: 755: 181: 108:adding citations to reliable sources 79: 38: 5745:Technical Naval Museum at La Spezia 4997:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2827:, and Albania as war compensation: 2529:was debated by the Allied leaders. 2192:, and then transported by water to 1271:during a visit to Australia in 1938 1218:, this ship was handed over to the 24: 5637:Italian submarines of World War II 4486:Sergente – Petty officer 2nd class 2983:List of ironclad warships of Italy 2977:List of ships of the line of Italy 2965: 2740:1 support ship and plane transport 2683:After the end of hostilities, the 2646:was sunk by the British submarine 1427:On 10 June 1940, after the German 631: 531:Regia Marina naval jack until 1900 25: 5832: 5512: 4740:, outfitted as a secret base for 3898:: 4 vessels (only 2 converted to 3134: 3123: 3044: 1744:; all of the same class) and two 1003: 657:Third Italian War of Independence 54:This article has multiple issues. 5759: 5758: 5674:Adriatic Campaign of World War I 5563: 5527:The Italian Navy in World War II 5330:Borghese, Junio Valerio (1952). 4752: 4727: 4708: 4688: 4664: 4644: 4628: 4376: 4369: 4360: 4353: 4344: 4338: 4331: 4325: 4318: 4312: 4303: 4133: 4126: 4121: 4114: 4109: 4102: 4097: 4090: 4085: 4078: 4073: 4066: 4061: 4054: 4049: 4042: 4037: 4030: 4025: 4018: 4013: 4006: 4001: 3994: 3989: 3982: 3977: 3968: 3175: 3099: 2998: 2993: 2751:) ended and was replaced by the 2734:16 amphibious operations vessels 2706:The vessels that remained were: 2518:was passed to the Soviet Union. 2242:Baltic Sea Campaigns (1939–1945) 1639: 1208:. The first of these two ships, 895:Adriatic Campaign of World War I 667:and occurred near the island of 443: 431: 282: 260: 186: 84: 43: 5796:1946 disestablishments in Italy 5653:Francesco Morosini Naval School 5493:. London: Octopus Books, 1974. 5324: 5293: 5273: 5264: 5253: 5238: 5225: 5212: 5199: 5186: 5173: 5153: 5144: 5135: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5079: 5070: 5025:Greene and Masignani, pp. 22–23 4851: 4838: 4825: 3933: 3164: 3146:Aviation and transport cruisers 3130:List of heavy cruisers of Italy 2855:Emanuele Filiberto Duca d'Aosta 2772: 2377:("Monsoon Group"). The name of 1722:, where the Royal Navy and the 1385: 885:spent its minor efforts in the 200:may be too short to adequately 95:needs additional citations for 62:or discuss these issues on the 5393:, Chatham Publishing, London. 5161:Anecdotes of the Pakistan Navy 5119:Greene & Massignani p. 238 5028: 5019: 4986: 4972: 4904: 4883:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 4870: 4699:, sunk in September 1941 near 4269: 2970: 2235: 1508:) to occupy a weakly defended 797: 210:provide an accessible overview 13: 1: 5821:Naval history of World War II 5362:The Campaign for North Africa 5336:United States Naval Institute 4813: 4803:Naval history of World War II 4162:Ammiraglio designato d'armata 3923:Ranks and ratings of the Navy 3875: 3033: 2667:United States Army Air Forces 2465:Marina Nazionale Repubblicana 2136:Black Sea Campaigns (1941–44) 2000:forces launched a successful 1803:On the night of 19 December, 1392:Naval history of World War II 1281:played a limited role in the 1098:. Later classes, such as the 501:birth of the Italian Republic 5791:1861 establishments in Italy 5231:Bryan Perrett, Ian V. Hogg, 5034:Greene and Massignani, p. 22 4864: 4783:List of battleships of Italy 3536:Generale Marcello Prestinari 3119:List of battleships of Italy 3018:List of battleships of Italy 2989:List of battleships of Italy 2728:44 fast coastal patrol units 2663:North American B-25 Mitchell 2523:"VE" (Victory in Europe) Day 2482:) were allowed to return to 2129: 900:naval warfare of World War I 7: 5435:O'Hara, Vincent P. (2009). 5249:, Seaforth Publishing, 2012 4798:Italian Co-Belligerent Navy 4771: 4502: 3882:List of submarines of Italy 3171:List of destroyers of Italy 3072:(modification of the liner 3060:(modification of the liner 3040:List of destroyers of Italy 3022: 2514:until 1947. After the war, 2461:Repubblica Sociale Italiana 2447:Italian Co-Belligerent Navy 2275: 1900: 1589:Battle of the Mediterranean 1051:Washington Naval Conference 740:conducted experiments with 716:Simone Pacoret de Saint Bon 349:Italian invasion of Albania 10: 5837: 5725:Corps of Naval Engineering 5627:List of protected cruisers 5491:A History Of World War Two 4945:Coffey, Joseph I. (1989). 4621: 4290: 4256: 4132: 3955: 3939:Commissioned officer ranks 3926: 3879: 3168: 3138: 3127: 3116: 3037: 3026: 3015: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2676: 2490:for training. The others, 2430:was sunk by two hits from 2239: 2163:Motoscafo Armato Silurante 2133: 1957: 1950:even planned an attack on 1480:Italian invasion of France 1389: 1363: 559:of the former kingdoms of 522: 468:for 'Royal Navy'; 372:Chief of Staff of the Navy 339:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 29: 5753: 5717: 5666: 5645: 5622:List of ironclad warships 5599: 5578: 5159:Shah, Mian Zahir (2001). 4900:– via Google Books. 4765:battle of Mid-June (1942) 4438: 4431: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4359: 4352: 4337: 4324: 4311: 4301: 4296: 4293: 4276:non-commissioned officers 4247: 4238: 4229: 4224:Primo tenente di vascello 4220: 4211: 4202: 4193: 4184: 4175: 4166: 4159: 4150: 4141: 4120: 4108: 4096: 4084: 4072: 4060: 4048: 4036: 4024: 4012: 4000: 3988: 3976: 3966: 3961: 3958: 3522:Generale Antonio Chinotto 3141:List of cruisers of Italy 3029:List of cruisers of Italy 2408:armistice with the Allies 2092:and ultimately sailed to 1915:alongside the U-boats of 1091:Giovanni delle Bande Nere 774:. As the majority of the 692:, was of the most modern 474:[ˈrɛːdʒamaˈriːna] 439: 427: 422: 377: 367: 362: 316: 306: 296: 276: 259: 249: 5632:List of torpedo cruisers 4833:British Official History 4818: 4242:Sottotenente di vascello 3956:General / flag officers 3529:Generale Carlo Montanari 3515:Generale Antonio Cascino 3508:Generale Antonio Cantore 2960: 2286:had a naval base in the 2264:(1941–1944). As part of 2029:broke out and sailed to 30:Not to be confused with 5453:Piekalkiewicz, Janusz. 5235:, Longman, 1989, p. 279 4911:Till, Geoffrey (2004). 4679:, ready to ride one in 4260:Aspirante guardiamarina 4179:Ammiraglio di divisione 3064:, built but never used) 2917:1 sailing school ship: 2885:7 destroyers; 5 of the 2777:On 10 February 1947, a 2743:various submarine units 2457:Italian Social Republic 1447:saw the control of the 1415:The Italian landing at 1323:Spanish Republican Navy 1318:Corpo Truppe Volontarie 1234:Castellammare di Stabia 1127:coefficient of fineness 1021:, especially after the 641:The Sea Battle of Lissa 387:The Duke of the Abruzzi 5667:History and traditions 5279:Willmott, H P (2009). 5222:, Chatham, 1999, p. 65 4993:Steiner, Zara (2005). 4778:Concessions in Tianjin 4440: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4399:Capo di Seconda Classe 4398: 4391: 4258: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4222: 4213: 4204: 4195: 4186: 4177: 4168: 4161: 4152: 4143: 3114: 3013: 2761: 2698: 2691: 2685: 2655:Japanese Imperial Navy 2451: 2412: 2282: 2248: 2157: 2152: 2043:Royal New Zealand Navy 1964: 1946: 1913:Battle of the Atlantic 1907: 1888: 1861:Second Battle of Sirte 1856: 1837: 1714: 1700:launched two waves of 1680: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1658:harbour surrounded by 1603: 1580: 1562: 1555: 1537: 1535:Entering the war, the 1530:Gloster Sea Gladiators 1484: 1424: 1408: 1370: 1332:operations as part of 1311: 1277: 1272: 1192: 1187: 1121: 1083: 1010: 881: 815: 770:against forces of the 762: 760:In 1911 and 1912, the 736: 710: 704:Decline and resurgence 698:Wilhelm von Tegetthoff 648: 645:Carl Frederik Sørensen 572: 551: 537: 532: 509: 495: 458: 268: 251: 5699:Decima Flottiglia MAS 5489:and S.L. Mayer, eds. 5406:Warship International 4637:Raimondo Montecuccoli 4274:The rank insignia of 4170:Ammiraglio di squadra 3945:commissioned officers 3943:The rank insignia of 3543:Generale Achille Papa 3107: 3012:battleship during WWI 3006: 2987:Further information: 2981:Further information: 2975:Further information: 2943:was used by the late 2613:Comandante Cappellini 2578:Comandante Cappellini 2379:Comandante Cappellini 2344:Comandante Cappellini 2256:of four MAS boats on 2147:Italian World War II 2143: 1848: 1825:lost, along with the 1724:Royal Australian Navy 1704:torpedo-bombers in a 1647: 1414: 1399: 1269:Raimondo Montecuccoli 1266: 1176: 1116: 1107:Raimondo Montecuccoli 891:Austro-Hungarian Navy 805: 792:Battle of Kunfuda Bay 639: 530: 5730:La Spezia Naval Base 5375:Garibaldi, Luciano. 5067:Taylor 1974, p. 181. 5058:Piekalkiewicz, p. 82 4588:Colonello Comandante 4406:Capo di Terza Classe 4392:Capo di Prima Classe 4215:Capitano di corvetta 4197:Capitano di vascello 2327:transport submarines 2288:concession territory 1895:battle of Cape Spada 1601:The warships of the 1283:invasion of Ethiopia 1136:battleships and the 1096:Battle of Cape Spada 879:During the war, the 766:was involved in the 513:changed its name to 392:Paolo Thaon di Revel 104:improve this article 5607:List of battleships 5085:Luciano Garibaldi, 4471:Comune di 1ª classe 4461:Comune di 2ª classe 4441:Comune di 2ª classe 4434:Comune di 1ª classe 4309:Royal Italian Navy 4233:Tenente di vascello 4206:Capitano di fregata 4154:Ammiraglio d'armata 3974:Royal Italian Navy 2757:Repubblica Italiana 2223:Royal Romanian Navy 2116:British Indian Army 1784:planted by Italian 1567:for crew training. 1482:. By contrast, the 1376:invasion of Albania 1259:Italo-Ethiopian War 708:After the war, the 519:("Military Navy"). 505:Repubblica Italiana 324:Austro-Prussian War 5617:List of destroyers 5455:Sea War: 1939–1945 5245:Maurizio Brescia, 4788:Royal Italian Army 4695:Italian submarine 4675:, inventor of the 4615:Generale ispettore 4610:Lieutenant general 4592:Colonel commandant 4574:Lieutenant Colonel 4539:– First Lieutenant 4521:(Sublieutenant) – 4450:Technical services 4280:enlisted personnel 3900:auxiliary cruisers 3887:Auxiliary cruisers 3115: 3076:, never completed) 3014: 2927:The convoy escort 2920:Cristoforo Colombo 2673:After World War II 2644:Reginaldo Giuliani 2617:Reginaldo Giuliani 2590:Reginaldo Giuliani 2390:Twelve additional 2356:Reginaldo Giuliani 2270:Siege of Leningrad 2266:Naval Detachment K 2153: 2016:auxiliary cruisers 1873:Operation Pedestal 1869:Operation Vigorous 1857: 1670: 1429:invasion of France 1425: 1409: 1273: 1211:Cristoforo Colombo 1188: 1164:British Royal Navy 1156:Domenico Cavagnari 1122: 926:Giuseppe Garibaldi 816: 746:Vittorio Cuniberti 649: 533: 483:Royal Italian Navy 18:Royal Italian Navy 5773: 5772: 5704:Italo-Turkish War 5446:978-1-59114-648-3 5192:Robert Gardiner, 5181:Warship 2001–2002 5004:978-0-19-151881-2 4793:Regia Aeronautica 4761:Eugenio di Savoia 4639:in Venice in 1941 4597:Maggiore Generale 4570:Tenente Colonello 4523:Second Lieutenant 4465:Seaman apprentice 4447: 4446: 4267: 4266: 4145:Grande ammiraglio 3088:Giuseppe Miraglia 3081:Seaplane carriers 3050:Aircraft carriers 3009:Vittorio Emanuele 2873:Eugenio di Savoia 2867:Scipione Africano 2402:Armistice of 1943 2174:midget submarines 2090:Cape of Good Hope 1911:took part in the 1865:Operation Harpoon 1660:anti-torpedo nets 1514:Regia Aeronautica 1449:Mediterranean Sea 1307:Spanish Civil War 1301:Spanish Civil War 1202:ships of the line 1198:Francesco Rotundi 1168:Albert Kesselring 1152:Guglielmo Marconi 941:Leonardo da Vinci 843:Leonardo da Vinci 768:Italo-Turkish War 756:Italo-Turkish War 742:Guglielmo Marconi 659:(parallel to the 547:Italian peninsula 451: 450: 344:Spanish Civil War 329:Italo-Turkish War 245: 244: 237: 227: 226: 180: 179: 172: 154: 77: 16:(Redirected from 5828: 5762: 5761: 5612:List of cruisers 5568: 5567: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5533: 5532: 5523: 5504:Tobagi, Walter, 5483: 5450: 5421: 5319: 5318: 5297: 5291: 5277: 5271: 5268: 5262: 5257: 5251: 5242: 5236: 5229: 5223: 5216: 5210: 5203: 5197: 5190: 5184: 5179:Antony Preston, 5177: 5171: 5157: 5151: 5148: 5142: 5141:Borghese, p. 262 5139: 5133: 5126: 5120: 5117: 5111: 5110:Bragadin, p. 152 5108: 5102: 5099: 5090: 5083: 5077: 5076:Tobagi pp. 30–31 5074: 5068: 5065: 5059: 5056: 5047: 5044: 5035: 5032: 5026: 5023: 5017: 5016: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4874: 4858: 4855: 4849: 4842: 4836: 4829: 4756: 4742:manned torpedoes 4731: 4712: 4692: 4668: 4648: 4632: 4606:Tenente Generale 4443: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4380: 4373: 4364: 4357: 4348: 4342: 4335: 4329: 4322: 4316: 4308: 4307: 4285: 4284: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4209: 4200: 4191: 4182: 4173: 4164: 4157: 4148: 4137: 4130: 4125: 4118: 4113: 4106: 4101: 4094: 4089: 4082: 4077: 4070: 4065: 4058: 4053: 4046: 4041: 4034: 4029: 4022: 4017: 4010: 4005: 3998: 3993: 3986: 3981: 3973: 3972: 3962:Junior officers 3959:Senior officers 3950: 3949: 3445:Giuseppe Sirtori 3093:Città di Messina 2764: 2753:Italian Republic 2701: 2694: 2688: 2601:Ammiraglio Cagni 2572:Ammiraglio Cagni 2454: 2415: 2395:blockade running 2332:Alpino Bagnolini 2304:and the gunboat 2285: 2262:Continuation War 2251: 2160: 2145:"Dazzle" painted 2073:Galileo Ferraris 2041:was sunk by the 1970:Red Sea Flotilla 1967: 1949: 1910: 1891: 1840: 1780:were damaged by 1717: 1702:Fairey Swordfish 1683: 1677: 1667: 1606: 1583: 1565: 1558: 1540: 1487: 1453:New Roman Empire 1445:Benito Mussolini 1435:declared war on 1433:Kingdom of Italy 1373: 1350:Strait of Sicily 1340:freighters, one 1334:Operation Ursula 1314: 1287:Ethiopian Empire 1280: 1229:Amerigo Vespucci 1195: 1179:Amerigo Vespucci 1086: 1076:Marine nationale 1031:Benito Mussolini 1013: 982:Austro-Hungarian 893:. The resulting 884: 828:as a prototype; 765: 739: 713: 626:Carlo di Persano 575: 554: 543:Kingdom of Italy 540: 512: 498: 491:Kingdom of Italy 476: 471: 463: 447: 435: 415: 292: 288: 286: 285: 271: 264: 254: 247: 246: 240: 233: 222: 219: 213: 190: 182: 175: 168: 164: 161: 155: 153: 112: 88: 80: 69: 47: 46: 39: 21: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5749: 5735:Marina Militare 5713: 5679:Battle of Lissa 5662: 5641: 5595: 5574: 5562: 5560: 5521: 5515: 5480: 5447: 5360:Coggins, Jack 5327: 5322: 5315: 5298: 5294: 5278: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5254: 5243: 5239: 5230: 5226: 5217: 5213: 5205:W.M. Thornton, 5204: 5200: 5191: 5187: 5178: 5174: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5093: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5057: 5050: 5045: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5005: 4991: 4987: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4943: 4939: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4843: 4839: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4774: 4767: 4757: 4748: 4735:Auxiliary ship 4732: 4723: 4713: 4704: 4693: 4684: 4669: 4660: 4649: 4640: 4633: 4624: 4505: 4457: 4452: 4343: 4330: 4317: 4302: 4272: 4188:Contrammiraglio 3967: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3925: 3889: 3884: 3878: 3178: 3173: 3167: 3148: 3143: 3137: 3132: 3126: 3121: 3102: 3083: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3036: 3031: 3025: 3020: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2968: 2966:Pre–World War I 2963: 2955:Josip Broz Tito 2904:6 minesweepers; 2846:Vittorio Veneto 2831:3 battleships: 2806:Pelagie Islands 2775: 2767:Marina Militare 2731:50 minesweepers 2681: 2679:Marina Militare 2675: 2506:), remained at 2493:Vittorio Veneto 2440:Carlo Bergamini 2420:headed towards 2404: 2381:was changed to 2312:Shanghai, China 2278: 2244: 2238: 2138: 2132: 2094:German occupied 1960: 1952:New York Harbor 1903: 1881:Operation Torch 1863:in March 1942, 1794:Prince of Wales 1770:Queen Elizabeth 1651:Queen Elizabeth 1642: 1578:" in which the 1499:Comando Supremo 1401:Vittorio Veneto 1394: 1388: 1366: 1336:. At least two 1303: 1261: 1224:war reparations 1132:Queen Elizabeth 1120:after refitting 1063:Conte di Cavour 1006: 909:Conte di Cavour 889:, opposing the 849:Conte di Cavour 837:Conte di Cavour 825:Dante Alighieri 800: 758: 706: 665:Austrian Empire 661:Seven Weeks War 653:Battle of Lissa 634: 632:Seven Weeks War 525: 516:Marina Militare 469: 454: 418: 409: 407:Angelo Ugo Conz 379: 358: 283: 281: 272: 241: 230: 229: 228: 223: 217: 214: 207: 195:This article's 191: 176: 165: 159: 156: 113: 111: 101: 89: 48: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5834: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5586:Chief of Staff 5582: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5559: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5514: 5513:External links 5511: 5510: 5509: 5502: 5487:Taylor, A.J.P. 5484: 5478: 5465: 5451: 5445: 5432: 5422: 5401: 5387: 5377:Century of War 5373: 5358: 5345: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5313: 5292: 5272: 5263: 5252: 5237: 5224: 5211: 5198: 5185: 5172: 5152: 5143: 5134: 5130:Century of War 5121: 5112: 5103: 5101:Coggins p. 179 5091: 5087:Century of War 5078: 5069: 5060: 5048: 5036: 5027: 5018: 5003: 4985: 4971: 4957: 4937: 4923: 4903: 4889: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4850: 4837: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4759:Light cruiser 4758: 4751: 4749: 4733: 4726: 4724: 4715:The destroyer 4714: 4707: 4705: 4694: 4687: 4685: 4670: 4663: 4661: 4657:manned torpedo 4650: 4643: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4612: 4603: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4567: 4558: 4552:Primo Capitano 4549: 4540: 4534: 4525: 4516: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4482:Leading seaman 4478: 4468: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4437: 4430: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4402: 4395: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4374: 4367: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4349: 4336: 4323: 4310: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4219: 4210: 4201: 4192: 4183: 4174: 4165: 4158: 4149: 4139: 4138: 4131: 4119: 4107: 4095: 4083: 4071: 4059: 4047: 4035: 4023: 4011: 3999: 3987: 3975: 3964: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3927:Main article: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3910: 3888: 3885: 3880:Main article: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3871: 3870: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3842: 3835: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3807: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3779: 3772: 3765: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3740: 3733: 3726: 3719: 3712: 3705: 3698: 3691: 3684: 3677: 3670: 3663: 3656: 3649: 3642: 3626: 3625: 3624: 3617: 3610: 3603: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3548: 3547: 3546: 3539: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3511: 3501:Generali class 3498: 3497: 3496: 3489: 3482: 3475: 3459: 3450: 3441: 3440: 3439: 3423: 3414: 3413: 3412: 3405: 3398: 3391: 3384: 3377: 3370: 3363: 3356: 3349: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3321: 3314: 3307: 3300: 3293: 3286: 3279: 3272: 3265: 3258: 3251: 3244: 3237: 3230: 3223: 3216: 3209: 3202: 3195: 3177: 3174: 3169:Main article: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3147: 3144: 3139:Main article: 3136: 3135:Light cruisers 3133: 3128:Main article: 3125: 3124:Heavy cruisers 3122: 3117:Main article: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3065: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3038:Main article: 3035: 3032: 3027:Main article: 3024: 3021: 3016:Main article: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2925: 2924: 2915: 2905: 2902: 2898:Alfredo Oriani 2892:Augusto Riboty 2883: 2861:Attilio Regolo 2850: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2794: 2791: 2781:was signed in 2774: 2771: 2749:Regno d'Italia 2745: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2737:2 school ships 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2677:Main article: 2674: 2671: 2665:bomber of the 2599:. The crew of 2403: 2400: 2362:Enrico Tazzoli 2350:Giuseppe Finzi 2277: 2274: 2240:Main article: 2237: 2234: 2229:was captured. 2134:Main article: 2131: 2128: 1959: 1956: 1939:Atlantic Ocean 1902: 1899: 1641: 1638: 1576:Operation Hats 1441:United Kingdom 1387: 1384: 1374:supported the 1365: 1362: 1302: 1299: 1260: 1257: 1253:Squadre navali 1206:Napoleonic era 1027:Corfu incident 1005: 1004:Interwar years 1002: 990:Viribus Unitis 931:Benedetto Brin 822:battleships: ( 799: 796: 772:Ottoman Empire 757: 754: 727:Enrico Dandolo 705: 702: 633: 630: 524: 521: 496:Regno d'Italia 452: 449: 448: 441: 437: 436: 429: 425: 424: 420: 419: 417: 416: 404: 402:Angelo Iachino 399: 397:Inigo Campioni 394: 389: 383: 381: 375: 374: 369: 365: 364: 360: 359: 357: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 320: 318: 314: 313: 308: 304: 303: 298: 294: 293: 278: 274: 273: 266:Emblem of the 265: 257: 256: 243: 242: 225: 224: 204:the key points 194: 192: 185: 178: 177: 119:"Regia Marina" 92: 90: 83: 78: 52: 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5833: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5766: 5765: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5658:Naval Academy 5656: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5566: 5557: 5552: 5550: 5545: 5543: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5528: 5525: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5499:0-7064-0399-1 5496: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5479:1-55750-105-X 5475: 5471: 5466: 5464: 5463:0-7137-1665-7 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5438: 5433: 5431: 5430:0-517-54478-4 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5400: 5399:1-86176-057-4 5396: 5392: 5388: 5386: 5385:1-58663-342-2 5382: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5370:0-385-04351-1 5367: 5363: 5359: 5357: 5356:0-85177-133-5 5353: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5343:1-55750-072-X 5340: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5316: 5314:1-85605-603-1 5310: 5306: 5302: 5301:Mollo, Andrew 5296: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5270:Mollo, p. 100 5267: 5261: 5256: 5250: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5228: 5221: 5215: 5208: 5202: 5195: 5189: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5169:969-8318-03-8 5166: 5162: 5156: 5147: 5138: 5132:(2001) p. 151 5131: 5125: 5116: 5107: 5098: 5096: 5088: 5082: 5073: 5064: 5055: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5031: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4981: 4975: 4960: 4958:9780822911548 4954: 4950: 4949: 4941: 4926: 4924:9781135756789 4920: 4916: 4915: 4907: 4892: 4890:9780275953102 4886: 4882: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4854: 4847: 4841: 4834: 4828: 4824: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4730: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4626: 4625: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4601:Major General 4598: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4556:First Captain 4553: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4537:Primo Tenente 4535: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4442: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4414: 4407: 4400: 4393: 4388: 4385: 4379: 4372: 4363: 4356: 4347: 4341: 4334: 4328: 4321: 4315: 4306: 4300: 4287: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4262: 4261: 4253: 4252: 4251:Guardiamarina 4244: 4243: 4235: 4234: 4226: 4225: 4217: 4216: 4208: 4207: 4199: 4198: 4190: 4189: 4181: 4180: 4172: 4171: 4163: 4156: 4155: 4147: 4146: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4124: 4117: 4112: 4105: 4100: 4093: 4088: 4081: 4076: 4069: 4064: 4057: 4052: 4045: 4040: 4033: 4028: 4021: 4016: 4009: 4004: 3997: 3992: 3985: 3980: 3971: 3965: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3930: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3890: 3883: 3869: 3868: 3867:Stella Polare 3864: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3757:: 16 vessels 3756: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3634:: 16 vessels 3633: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3570: 3569: 3568:Castelfidardo 3565: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3418:Rosolino Pilo 3415: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3187:: 30 vessels 3186: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3176:Torpedo boats 3172: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3142: 3131: 3120: 3112: 3111: 3106: 3094: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3041: 3030: 3019: 3011: 3010: 3005: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2931: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2893: 2888: 2887:Soldati class 2884: 2881: 2880: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2868: 2863: 2862: 2857: 2856: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2835: 2834:Giulio Cesare 2830: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2817:United States 2810: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2719:11 destroyers 2718: 2715: 2713:5 battleships 2712: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2687: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2659:Luigi Torelli 2656: 2652: 2651: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2635: 2634: 2629: 2628: 2622: 2621:Luigi Torelli 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2596:Luigi Torelli 2592: 2591: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2516:Giulio Cesare 2513: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2480:Giulio Cesare 2477: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2375: 2374:Monsun Gruppe 2370: 2369: 2368:Luigi Torelli 2364: 2363: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2351: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2243: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2080: 2075: 2074: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2050: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2005: 2003: 2002:counterattack 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1955: 1953: 1948: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1898: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1882: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1854: 1853: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1764: 1762: 1761:Fleet Air Arm 1758: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1706:surprise raid 1703: 1699: 1698: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1676: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1646: 1640:Mediterranean 1637: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1628: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1605: 1599: 1597: 1596: 1590: 1585: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1557: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1516:air bases in 1515: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1475:" (Our Sea). 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1368:In 1939, the 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1313: 1308: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1270: 1265: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1245:Armata Navale 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1085: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1012: 1001: 999: 998: 992: 991: 986: 983: 979: 975: 974: 969: 968:human torpedo 965: 961: 960: 954: 949: 947: 943: 942: 937: 933: 932: 927: 923: 919: 914: 911: 910: 903: 901: 896: 892: 888: 883: 877: 875: 871: 869: 864: 863: 858: 857: 852: 850: 845: 844: 839: 838: 833: 832: 831:Giulio Cesare 827: 826: 821: 814: 810: 809: 804: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 764: 753: 751: 747: 743: 738: 733: 729: 728: 723: 722: 717: 712: 701: 699: 695: 691: 690: 685: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 646: 642: 638: 629: 627: 623: 622: 616: 615: 609: 605: 604: 599: 594: 592: 588: 587:Naval Academy 584: 580: 574: 568: 566: 562: 558: 553: 548: 544: 539: 529: 520: 518: 517: 511: 506: 502: 497: 492: 488: 484: 480: 475: 467: 462: 461: 453:Military unit 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 421: 413: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 384: 382: 376: 373: 370: 366: 361: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 321: 319: 315: 312: 309: 305: 302: 301:King of Italy 299: 295: 291: 279: 275: 270: 263: 258: 253: 248: 239: 236: 221: 211: 205: 203: 198: 193: 189: 184: 183: 174: 171: 163: 152: 149: 145: 142: 138: 135: 131: 128: 124: 121: – 120: 116: 115:Find sources: 109: 105: 99: 98: 93:This article 91: 87: 82: 81: 76: 74: 67: 66: 61: 60: 55: 50: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5786:Regia Marina 5757: 5740:Naval Museum 5571:Regia Marina 5570: 5569: 5522:(in Italian) 5505: 5490: 5469: 5454: 5436: 5409: 5405: 5390: 5376: 5361: 5347: 5331: 5325:Bibliography 5304: 5295: 5280: 5275: 5266: 5255: 5246: 5240: 5232: 5227: 5219: 5214: 5206: 5201: 5193: 5188: 5180: 5175: 5160: 5155: 5146: 5137: 5129: 5124: 5115: 5106: 5086: 5081: 5072: 5063: 5046:Mollo, p. 94 5030: 5021: 4994: 4988: 4974: 4962:. Retrieved 4947: 4940: 4928:. Retrieved 4913: 4906: 4894:. 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