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thought to be because the items that had "the third prophet of Amun" were prepared prior to him reaching the position of "the second prophet of Amun". Djedptahiuefankh was believed to be royal because on the Amduat papyrus his "priestly title" is immediately followed by "the king's son" and that is followed by "of
Ramesses". Similar text is found on the Book of the Dead papyrus with one exception, "the king's son" is followed by "of the lord of the two lands". This title is what gave the impression that he was royal but that title does not mean that he was royal. In fact it is believed that he was not royal at all. Cynthia Sheikholeslami says that "It is clear that the actual title should be understood as 'king's son of Ramesses' rather than as an indication of membership in the royal family". There are eight other individuals known to hold this same title. It is argued that this title was given to someone from a certain region, more specifically a
428:, was sent with one of the first Egyptian Egyptologists, Ahmed Kamal, to explore and examine TT320. Rather than just exploring, Brugsch had all of the contents, including the mummies, of this tomb removed within 48 hours of them entering this tomb. Neither Brugsch nor Kamal documented the tomb before having the contents removed, which made future study of this tomb difficult. Locations of the coffins were not documented and items were not catalogued. Brugsch went back later to document the tomb but the problem with this is that when he went back, he was not able to remember every detail of the tomb. His recollection of the tomb is questionable since he did not document the details immediately upon entering the tomb. The removal of the items from TT320 so quickly presented problems that the removal team at the time did not take into account.
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retrieve the goat, he stumbled across this tomb. As he looked around, he discovered that this was no ordinary tomb. He saw that the mummies entombed in TT 320 were royal. This was indicated by the royal cobra head dress on some of the coffins. Local authorities were expecting to find several tombs belonging to the family of
Herihor. When items started appearing on the antiquities market with their names on them, local authorities started to investigate the items and were able to trace them back to the Abd el-Rassul family. Authorities interrogated and tortured the two brothers until one of the brothers eventually gave up the location of the tomb where the items were plundered from. Authorities were sent out to TT320 immediately to secure it.
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removal from TT320. Brugsch documented the height of the different parts of the tomb and the measurement of the opening was just big enough to drag out the coffins. In addition to this, there were fragments of royal coffins and other items found in the bottom meter of debris in TT320. However, there were approximately ten coffins that were found with their foot ends missing. It is believed that this happened before they were placed in TT320 because there was no mention, by
Brugsch, of foot ends whether they were whole, in pieces or fragments being found. A research team entered TT320 in 1998 for research and that team did not find any evidence of foot ends either.
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Research teams have entered TT320 a number of times since its discovery, but the most successful research team entered TT320 in 1998. They cleared the passageways of fallen debris such as stones and fallen walls. They were able to find fragments of coffins and other small items. They were able to see
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and the
Eighteenth Dynasty queen was found at or near the entrance of the tomb, suggesting that she was placed in it last, which would indicate that this was not her tomb. If this was her tomb she would have been placed at the far, or back, end of the tomb. When the last of the mummies were placed in
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Once the coffins/mummies and items made it back to Cairo they were examined. It became clear that some of the mummies were found in the wrong coffins and that they were in different stages of preservation. For instance, the bandages around some of the bodies had been ripped apart in earlier times in
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was read incorrectly. The person who read it thought that one of
Djedptahiuefankh A's titles was part of his name. On the second papyrus, The Amduat papyrus, Djedptahiuefankh A's first title was "the third prophet of Amun". However, he is called "the second prophet of Amun" on his coffin. This is
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in 2003 shows that the Abd el-Rassul family may have actually discovered TT320 as early as 1860). For example, the Book of the Dead of
Pinedjem II was purchased in 1876 for £400. The story that Ahmed Abd el-Rassul told was that one of his goats fell down a shaft and when he went down the shaft to
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The hasty removal of the items in TT320 was not done carefully. When the items were received in Cairo, it was discovered that some coffins had damage that would have happened if they were banged around during removal or transport. Evidence suggests that the damage to the coffins happened during
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The chamber is reached by a nearly vertical chimney, which was left open in 1881, and has since filled with rocks and other debris (in fact every object that was left in the tomb has now been damaged in some way). It was reinvestigated in 1938. Since 1998 a
Russian-German team led by
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required "renewing" after pillaging, and this led to the royal mummies being moved to this tomb to protect them, with each coffin given dockets stating when they were moved and where they were reburied; some of the mummies had been moved multiple times before they were placed here.
208:. The eleven pharaohs found there include 1 of the 9 pharaohs from the 17th dynasty, 5 of the 15 pharaohs from the 18th dynasty, 3 of the 8 pharaohs from the 19th dynasty, and 2 of the 10 pharaohs from the 20th dynasty. The tomb was originally used as last resting place of
256:'s reign, he had teams that went out and inspected the tombs of pharaohs. If it were discovered that repairs to the tomb or the mummy were needed, arrangements would be made to make the necessary repairs. The tombs that were inspected were found untouched at that time.
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some paintings after clearing debris away from the walls. These paintings, coupled with the archaeological fragments and the coffins, led this research team to conclude that this tomb was originally owned by a family from the Twenty-first
Dynasty as a family tomb.
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Considering the inconsistencies of some of the mummies mentioned previously, one mummy in particular raises many questions due to inconsistencies in two of his papyri. The first papyrus, Book of the Dead of
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On July 6, 1881, authorities arrived at TT320 without the head of the
Egyptian Service of Antiquities, because he was on vacation. Instead, the only other European member of the team,
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The tomb is thought to have initially been the last resting place of High Priest of Amun
Pinedjem II, his wife Nesikhons, and other close family members. Pinedjem II died around
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1806:
Sheikholeslami, Cynthia May (2008). "A lost papyrus and the royal cache in TT 320 before 1881". In Hawass, Zahi A.; Daoud, Khaled A.; El-Fattah, Sawsan Abd (eds.).
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It contains an extraordinary collection of mummified remains and funeral equipment of more than 50 kings, queens, and other royal family members of the
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and funeral papyri from this tomb showed up on the antiquities market in Luxor as early as 1874 (the reidentification and repatriation of the mummy of
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Its discovery by locals between 1860 and 1871, and by Egyptologists in 1881, caused a sensation. The mummies quickly became a highlight of the new
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TT320, it seemed that the opening was naturally covered with sand and possibly other debris such as rocks, rendering it difficult to find.
1350:, one of the progeny of Ramses III. In 2012 DNA analysis confirmed a father-son relationship with Pentawer's known father, Ramesses III.
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252:, in a time of decline of the Egyptian kingdom, during which mummies from former dynasties were vulnerable to grave robbery. During
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Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, Cairo, 2000
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Belova, Galina A. (2003). "TT 320 and the History of the Royal Cache during the Twenty-first Dynasty". In Hawass, Zahi (ed.).
232:, which became one of Egypt's most widely respected films. In 2021 the mummies were moved to a modern display area in the new
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1763:]. Moscow: The Russian Academy of Sciences Centre for Egyptological Studies: 112–139 – via Academia.edu.
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Photograph of some of the coffins and mummies found in DB320. Taken before the mummies were unwrapped by Maspero.
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Graefe, Erhart (2003). "The Royal Cache and the Tomb Robberies". In Strudwick, Nigel; Taylor, John H. (eds.).
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order to remove any precious ornaments, such as amulets that were placed on the bodies for protection.
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1780:"Theban Tomb 320 (TT320) also known as Deir el-Bahari 320 (DB320) "The Cachette of the Royal Mummies""
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393:(middle), and Mohammed Abd-er-Rasoul (holding the rope) photographed at the entrance to the tomb by
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Graefe, E.; Belova, G. (2006). "The Royal Cache TT320: New Investigations 1998, 2003, and 2004".
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Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire N° 61051–61100 The Royal Mummies
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La Tente funéraire de la princesse Isimkheb, provenant de la trouvaille de Deir-el-Bahari
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In 1881, the location of TT320 became publicly known. Later research, conducted by
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The Complete Valley of the Kings, Tombs and Treasures of Egypt's Greatest Pharaohs
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1810:. Cairo: General Organisation for Government Printing Offices. pp. 377–400.
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Mémoires publiés par les membres de la mission archéologique française du Caire
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Maspero, Gaston (1886). "Les momies royales d'Égypte récemment mises au jour".
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1739:(in French). Le Caire Impr. de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale.
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Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
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1755:[The "Royal Cache" and the Circumstances of an enigmatic burial].
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queen who was found buried here. However, mummies were cached here in the
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It was initially believed that this tomb originally belonged to an
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The realm of the pharaohs: essays in honor of Tohfa Handoussa 1
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1395:– A 1969 Egyptian film based on the story of the Abd el-Rasuls
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8 other unidentified mummies; funerary remains of Hatshepsut
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has been working on reinvestigating and preserving the tomb.
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1642:(in French). M. E. Brugsch (photographer). Le Caire: MOURĖS.
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Russian Academy of Sciences Centre for Egyptological Studies
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1534:"XVIII'th Dynasty Gallery I: Prince Sipair (c. 1570 B.C.)"
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Buildings and structures completed in the 10th century BC
226:(then in Giza). In 1969, the discovery was dramatized in
204:, as it was used as a cache for royal mummies during the
40:
1560:"Proposed Identification for "Unknown Man C" of DB320"
1826:
1511:"The Royal Cache TT 320 (Luxor): Fourth season, 2005"
1753:""Царский тайник" и история загадочного захоронения"
1862:
1480:Wilkinson, Richard H.; Reeves, Nicholas (1996).
1450:. Vol. I. Cairo: AUC Press. pp. 73–80.
1822:William Max Miller's Theban Royal Mummy Project
1773:. London: British Museum Press. pp. 75–82.
1771:The Theban Necropolis: Past, Present and Future
1479:
1805:
1649:"Rapport sur la trouvaille de Deir-el-Bahari"
1463:Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte
1346:Bob Brier suggested the mummy in question is
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1275:First Chantress of Amun; King's Son of Kush
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1494:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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358:Learn how and when to remove this message
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321:This section includes a list of general
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234:National Museum of Egyptian Civilization
1931:10th-century BC establishments in Egypt
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1711:"Les momies royales de Deir El-Bahari"
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1564:KMT: A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt
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1666:Guide du visiteur au Musée de Boulaq
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374:The location of the tomb above the
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1778:Loring, Edward R. (1 March 2012).
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1558:Kreszthelyi, Katalin (Fall 1995).
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327:it lacks sufficient corresponding
219:, and other close family members.
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447:town in the Delta called Ramesses
287:Entrance shaft of the royal cache
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1587:"Unidentified Mummies Gallery I"
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1936:1881 archaeological discoveries
1653:Bulletin de l'Institut Égyptien
1639:La trouvaille de Deir el-Bahari
1392:The Night of Counting the Years
229:The Night of Counting the Years
1733:Smith, Grafton Elliot (1912).
1688:(4). PERSEE Program: 581–594.
1591:The Theban Royal Mummy Project
1578:
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1538:The Theban Royal Mummy Project
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1250:Chief of the Harem of Amun-Re
193:, opposite the modern city of
1:
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376:Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut
236:, following the high-profile
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1585:Miller, William Max (n.d.).
1532:Miller, William Max (n.d.).
1413:Bickerstaffe, Dylan (2006).
265:"renewing the burial places"
7:
1788:Russian Academy of Sciences
1484:. London. pp. 194–197.
1415:"The Royal Cache Revisited"
1370:
1204:Possible wife of Masaharta
174:(previously referred to as
10:
1952:
759:Nurse of Ahmose-Nefertari
1765:(in Russian and English).
1662:"Salle des momies royale"
1384:– Mummy cache in tomb of
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105:25.7368000°N 32.6050361°E
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1709:Maspero, Gaston (1889).
1660:Maspero, Gaston (1883).
1647:Maspero, Gaston (1881).
1326:Wife of Djedptahiufankh
395:Edward Livingston Wilson
243:
1694:10.3406/crai.1886.69260
1509:Graefe, Erhart (2005).
1300:Fourth Prophet of Amun
1154:Daughter of Pinedjem I
342:more precise citations.
304:Discovery and clearance
238:Pharaohs' Golden Parade
170:, technically known as
1428:: 9–25. Archived from
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110:25.7368000; 32.6050361
1668:(in French). Au Musée
1655:(in French): 129–169.
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16:Ancient Egyptian tomb
1757:Возвращение в Египет
1717:(in French): 511–790
1377:List of Theban tombs
1278:Wife of Pinedjem II
1253:Wife of Pinedjem II
1226:High Priest of Amun
1176:High Priest of Amun
1121:Duathathor-Henuttawy
1101:High Priest of Amun
297:Twenty-first Dynasty
206:Twenty-first Dynasty
1751:Belova, G. (2009).
1745:Recent publications
1570:(3). Archived from
1125:Wife of Pinedjem I
210:High Priest of Amun
101: /
1726:Also available at
1613:Early publications
1179:Son of Pinedjem I
1150:God's Wife of Amun
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604:Ahmose-Henuttamehu
580:Ahmose-Henutemipet
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683:Great Royal Wife
634:Great Royal Wife
608:Great Royal Wife
442:Djedptahiufankh A
378:at Deir el-Bahari
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191:Theban Necropolis
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138:1881 (Officially)
129:Theban Necropolis
34:and a Royal Cache
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769:
767:
761:
760:
757:
754:
749:
742:
736:
735:
734:Now disputed.
732:
729:
724:
717:
711:
710:
708:
705:
700:
693:
687:
686:
684:
681:
676:
669:
663:
662:
661:Now disputed.
659:
656:
651:
644:
638:
637:
635:
632:
627:
618:
612:
611:
609:
606:
601:
594:
588:
587:
585:
582:
577:
570:
564:
563:
561:
558:
553:
546:
540:
539:
537:
532:
527:
520:
514:
513:
512:Now disputed.
510:
505:
499:
492:
486:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
466:
463:
410:Gaston Maspero
387:Gaston Maspero
366:
365:
320:
318:
311:
305:
302:
245:
242:
187:Deir el-Bahari
162:
161:
153:
143:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
125:Deir el-Bahari
122:
118:
117:
85:
79:
78:
69:
68:
61:
60:
54:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
44:
36:
35:
27:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1948:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1843:Ancient Egypt
1834:
1833:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1804:
1794:on 2017-08-18
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1684:(in French).
1683:
1678:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1497:
1491:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1442:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1405:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
996:
993:
992:
989:
986:
984:
981:
978:
974:
972:
969:
968:
965:
962:
960:
957:
954:
950:
948:
945:
944:
941:
937:
935:
932:
929:
925:
923:
920:
919:
916:
913:
911:
908:
905:
901:
899:
896:
895:
892:
889:
887:
884:
881:
877:
875:
872:
871:
867:
863:
860:
857:
855:
853:
850:
849:
846:Now disputed
845:
842:
840:
837:
834:
830:
828:
825:
824:
821:
818:
816:
813:
810:
806:
804:
801:
800:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
785:
782:
781:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
766:
763:
762:
758:
755:
753:
750:
747:
743:
741:
738:
737:
733:
730:
728:
725:
722:
718:
716:
713:
712:
709:
706:
704:
701:
698:
694:
692:
689:
688:
685:
682:
680:
677:
674:
670:
668:
665:
664:
660:
657:
655:
654:Ahmose-Sipair
652:
649:
645:
643:
640:
639:
636:
633:
631:
628:
623:
619:
617:
614:
613:
610:
607:
605:
602:
599:
595:
593:
590:
589:
586:
583:
581:
578:
575:
571:
569:
566:
565:
562:
559:
557:
556:Ahmose-Inhapi
554:
551:
547:
545:
542:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
530:Seqenenre Tao
528:
525:
521:
519:
516:
515:
511:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
493:
491:
488:
487:
470:
462:
458:
456:
455:Erhart Graefe
450:
448:
443:
437:
433:
429:
427:
426:Émile Brugsch
422:
419:
415:
411:
402:
396:
392:
391:Émile Brugsch
388:
384:
377:
372:
362:
359:
351:
341:
337:
331:
330:
324:
319:
310:
309:
301:
298:
294:
285:
281:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
241:
239:
235:
231:
230:
225:
220:
218:
214:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
173:
169:
156:
151:
147:
141:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
119:
114:
96:32°36′18.13″E
93:25°44′12.48″N
86:
84:
80:
58:
49:
45:Plan of TT320
42:
37:
33:
28:
24:
20:
1916:Ramesses III
1901:Thutmose III
1876:Theban tombs
1807:
1796:. Retrieved
1792:the original
1783:
1770:
1760:
1756:
1735:
1719:. Retrieved
1714:
1685:
1681:
1670:. Retrieved
1665:
1652:
1638:
1628:(in French).
1624:
1594:. Retrieved
1590:
1580:
1572:the original
1567:
1563:
1553:
1543:December 15,
1541:. Retrieved
1537:
1527:
1519:the original
1514:
1504:
1481:
1475:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1447:
1441:
1430:the original
1425:
1421:
1408:
1390:
1386:Amenhotep II
1246:Isetemkheb D
1031:Ramesses III
910:Thutmose III
756:Royal nurse
459:
451:
438:
434:
430:
423:
414:canopic jars
407:
354:
348:October 2023
345:
326:
290:
258:
247:
227:
221:
199:
175:
171:
167:
165:
154:
145:
1921:Ramesses IX
1911:Ramesses II
1896:Thutmose II
1886:Amenhotep I
1222:Pinedjem II
1050:Ramesses IX
1007:Ramesses II
886:Thutmose II
815:Amenhotep I
389:(sitting),
340:introducing
277:Ramesses II
254:Ramesses IX
215:, his wife
213:Pinedjem II
202:New Kingdom
168:Royal Cache
108: /
83:Coordinates
32:Pinedjem II
25: TT320
23:Theban tomb
1906:Ramesses I
1891:Thutmose I
1865:Categories
1798:2019-07-14
1721:2018-07-23
1672:2022-02-24
1596:2023-10-17
1469:: 207–220.
1400:References
1097:Pinedjem I
959:Ramesses I
858:Baket (?)
839:Thutmose I
418:Ramesses I
323:references
269:Ramesses I
135:Discovered
1702:0065-0536
1490:cite book
1197:Tayuheret
1172:Masaharta
938:Possibly
866:Baketamun
864:Possibly
861:Princess
795:Princess
584:Princess
502:Tetisheri
484:Comments
189:, in the
178:), is an
1881:Ahmose I
1636:(1881).
1622:(1889).
1371:See also
1348:Pentawer
1271:Neskhons
1145:Maatkare
1081:Wife of
1054:Pharaoh
1035:Pharaoh
1011:Pharaoh
987:Pharaoh
963:Pharaoh
940:Senenmut
914:Pharaoh
890:Pharaoh
843:Pharaoh
819:Pharaoh
707:Pharaoh
703:Ahmose I
472:Dynasty
217:Neskhons
146:Previous
121:Location
1829:Portals
1083:Herihor
1074:Nodjmet
776:Prince
658:Prince
535:Pharaoh
336:improve
261:Herihor
259:During
250:969 BCE
157: →
144:←
1926:Seti I
1700:
1078:Queen
983:Seti I
772:Siamun
560:Queen
481:Title
475:Image
325:, but
275:, and
273:Seti I
1855:Egypt
1759:[
1433:(PDF)
1418:(PDF)
478:Name
244:Usage
195:Luxor
176:DB320
172:TT320
159:TT321
150:TT319
70:TT320
1698:ISSN
1545:2017
1496:link
1422:JACF
1382:KV35
1308:21st
1284:21st
1259:21st
1234:21st
1210:21st
1185:21st
1160:21st
1133:21st
1109:21st
1090:21st
1062:21st
1043:20th
1019:20th
995:19th
971:19th
947:19th
922:18th
898:18th
874:18th
868:(?)
852:18th
827:18th
803:18th
784:18th
765:18th
740:18th
715:18th
691:18th
667:17th
642:17th
616:17th
592:17th
568:17th
544:17th
518:17th
504:(?)
490:17th
183:tomb
166:The
155:Next
1690:doi
752:Rai
1867::
1786:.
1782:.
1713:.
1696:.
1686:30
1664:.
1651:.
1589:.
1566:.
1562:.
1536:.
1513:.
1492:}}
1488:{{
1467:80
1465:.
1426:10
1424:.
1420:.
1355:?
1331:?
449:.
271:,
240:.
197:.
127:,
1831::
1801:.
1729:.
1724:.
1704:.
1692::
1675:.
1599:.
1568:6
1547:.
1498:)
361:)
355:(
350:)
346:(
332:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
