421:
1837:
42:
325:. While she believed the reason she had certain opportunities in physics was because of the war, she thought that the reason that the number of women in this field decreased after the war was due to a lack of interest. Yalow saw the feminist movement as a challenge to her traditional beliefs and thought that it encouraged women not to fulfill their duties to become mothers and wives.
341:. Gaining acceptance to the physics graduate program in the college of engineering at the University of Illinois was one of the many hurdles she had to overcome as a woman in her field. Powerful male figures controlled opportunities for training, recognition, promotion, and many aspects of development in the field of science, and especially physics.
392:, a radioisotope tracing technique that allows the measurement of tiny quantities of various biological substances in human blood as well as a multitude of other aqueous fluids. Originally used to study insulin levels in diabetes mellitus, the technique has since been applied to hundreds of other substances – including
353:
me that there are now organizations for women in science, which means they think they have to be treated differently from the men. I don't approve." Although girls and young women found a role model in her after she won her Nobel, Yalow was not a champion for improving women's treatment or representation in science.
461:
Award for
Excellence in Research, which is the highest honor awarded annually by the Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development Service to senior biomedical research scientists in recognition of their outstanding scientific contributions and achievements, pertaining to the healthcare of veterans.
320:
home. Yalow did not believe in "balancing her career with her home life" and instead incorporated her home life wherever she could in her work life. However, she viewed the traditional roles of a homemaker as a priority, and devoted herself to traditional duties associated with motherhood and being a
352:
For years Yalow faced criticism from women at work but she never quit nor turned her back on other young women, if she believed they had the potential to become real scientists. She never became an advocate for women's organizations in the field of science. She was even quoted as saying, "It bothers
348:
Yalow felt that other women in her field did not like her because of her ambition. Other women saw her curiosity as abandoning the only acceptable path for a woman in science at the time, becoming a high school science teacher, but Yalow wanted to be a physicist. During her time at the
University of
344:
When Yalow entered the university in
September 1941, she was the only woman in the faculty, which comprised 400 professors and teaching assistants. She was the first woman since 1917 to attend or teach at this engineering college. Yalow credited her position at the prestigious graduate school to the
507:
for their research in another field. By measuring substances in the human body, the screening of the blood of donors for such diseases as hepatitis was made possible. Radioimmunoassay can be used to measure a multitude of substances found in tiny quantities in fluids within and outside of organisms
443:
In 1961, Yalow won the Eli Lilly Award of the
American Diabetes Association, which provides scholarships for up to 100 scholars to attend Scientific Sessions, the world's largest scientific and medical conference focused on diabetes and its complications. Additionally, it provides the education and
407:
Despite its huge commercial potential, Yalow and Berson refused to patent the method. In 1968, Yalow was appointed as a research professor in the department of medicine at Mount Sinai
Hospital, where she later became the Solomon Berson Distinguished Professor at Large. Yalow also had a passion for
404:– all which had been present in quantities or concentrations that were previously too small to detect. Without the contributions of Yalow to the work of accurate hormone measurement, it was impossible to diagnose various hormone-related conditions and endocrine diseases like type 1 diabetes.
356:
Yalow's first job after teaching and taking classes at the
University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana graduate school was as an assistant electrical engineer at Federal Telecommunications Laboratory. She again found herself to be the only woman employee. In 1946, she returned to
512:. The technique can also be used to identify hormone-related health problems. Further, it can be used to detect in the blood many foreign substances including some cancers. Finally, the technique can be used to measure the effectiveness of dose levels of antibiotics and drugs.
412:, went on to become a leading endocrinology researcher in India, studying thyroid hormones and iodine deficiency. In this way, Yalow's legacy in endocrinology was carried on. A fitting title for Rosalyn Yalow may well be "the Mother of Endocrinology."
345:
shortage of male candidates during World War II. Being surrounded by gifted men made her aware of a wider world in science. They recognized her talent, they encouraged her, and they supported her. They were in a position to help her succeed.
10226:
440:, which is an American scholarship program of competitive, merit-based grants that sponsor participants for exchanges in all areas of endeavor, including the sciences, business, academe, public service, government, and the arts.
408:
the next generation of researchers. She acted as a mentor figure to scientists from around the world, many of whom came to share her passion for investigative endocrinology research. One of these mentees, Dr.
465:
Also in 1972, she was given the Koch Award of the
Endocrine Society, which awards individuals for their dedication to excellence in research, education and clinical practice in the field of endocrinology.
10171:
533:, which is offered by Mr. Abraham Cressy Morrison to individuals with superlative papers on a scientific subject within the field of The New York Academy of Sciences and its Affiliated Societies.
9519:
480:. Established by Albert and Mary Lasker in 1945, the award is intended to celebrate scientists who have made fundamental biological discoveries and clinical advances that improve human health.
277:'s College of Physicians and Surgeons. She did not believe that any respectable graduate school would admit and financially support a woman, so she took another job as a secretary to Dr.
447:
A year later, she was awarded the
Gairdner Foundation International Award, which recognizes the world's most creative and accomplished biomedical scientists who are advancing humanity.
10161:
1047:
Virginia
Alexandria, "Lilly Announce New Scholars Program for 74th Annual Scientific Sessions," American Diabetes Association, last modified January 24, 2014, accessed May 16, 2018,
1879:
152:
10156:
349:
Illinois, she took extra undergraduate courses to increase her knowledge because she wanted to do original experimental research in addition to her regular teaching duties.
292:
A few years later, she received an offer to be a teaching assistant in physics at the
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She received this offer partially because
9512:
254:
I was excited about achieving a career in physics. My family, being more practical, thought the most desirable position for me would be as an elementary school teacher.
7439:
526:, which provides an opportunity for an early-career professional with training in science or engineering to learn about a career in public policy and administration.
10216:
9505:
555:
Yalow died May 30, 2011, in the Bronx, New York. She was predeceased by her husband, and survived by two children, Benjamin and Elanna, and two grandchildren.
237:
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow was born in the Bronx, New York, the daughter of Clara (née Zipper) and Simon Sussman, and was raised in a Jewish household. She went to
1412:
508:(such as viruses, drugs and hormones). The list of substances is endless, but specifically, it allowed blood donations to be screened for various types of
3682:
1872:
10126:
3422:
1051:
365:: Yalow was responsible for steering the future "Queen of Carbon Science" away from primary school teaching and into a research career. She remained a
1888:
869:
384:
laboratory at the Bronx VA Hospital and decided to leave teaching to finally devote her attention to full-time research. There she collaborated with
864:
473:, which is a gold medallion award presented to individuals on special occasions in recognition of their outstanding work in scientific achievement.
380:
The Veteran's Administration wanted to establish research programs to explore medical uses of radioactive substances. By 1950, Yalow had equipped a
1646:
Raju, T N (1999), "The Nobel chronicles. 1977: Roger Charles Louis Guillemin (b 1924); Andrew Victor Schally (b 1926); Rosalyn S Yalow (b 1921)",
10211:
10191:
7432:
1865:
477:
143:
104:
10166:
1272:
296:
had just begun and many men went off to fight, and the University opted to offer women education and jobs to avoid being shut down. At the
316:
She married fellow student Aaron Yalow, the son of a rabbi, in June 1943. They had two children, Benjamin and Elanna Yalow, and kept a
3380:
3369:
3354:
3335:
338:
297:
10206:
7425:
3564:
1744:
Yalow, R S (1992), "The Nobel lectures in immunology. The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, 1977 awarded to Rosalyn S. Yalow",
1319:
1209:
3675:
1184:
1545:
Goldsmith, S J (1987), "Georg de Hevesy Nuclear Medicine Pioneer Award Citation--1986. Rosalyn S. Yalow and Solomon A. Berson",
3415:
491:
in a scientific field. She was also the second woman in the world to win in the physiology or medicine category (the first was
3533:
1892:
1396:
1250:
817:
523:
205:
148:
10146:
3940:
845:
444:
training for these scholars to serve as faculty for professional education programs and to clinically manage the disease.
10196:
10186:
1315:
American Academy of Arts & Sciences, "Fellowships," American Academy of Arts & Sciences, accessed May 14, 2018,
10221:
10176:
10151:
6260:
3668:
1604:
733:
337:
in January 1941, Rosalyn Sussman Yalow was offered a position as a teaching assistant in the physics department of the
10131:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3408:
1815:
865:"Meet Rosalyn Sussman Yalow, the first American-born woman to win a Nobel Prize, who let doctors see into your blood"
374:
185:
10201:
7449:
3252:
544:
470:
138:
17:
1222:
Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation, "The Lasker Awards," Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation, accessed May 14, 2018,
10141:
9643:
9206:
8669:
6292:
3268:
2533:
1302:
1133:"A historical look at the establishment of the Department of Veterans Affairs Research & Development Program"
9588:
2445:
681:
10181:
10136:
3464:
1960:
1847:
1294:
569:
564:
451:
321:
wife. Throughout her career, she tended to shun feminist organizations, but still advocated for including more
2984:
10011:
9988:
3905:
3343:
3195:
3171:
409:
1048:
9341:
8695:
8573:
6622:
2892:
652:
574:
530:
7417:
1842:
1081:
9799:
8282:
6374:
5160:
4662:
4080:
2095:
1857:
633:
458:
300:, she was the only woman among the department's 400 members, and the first since 1917. Yalow earned her
7890:
7330:
6594:
4320:
2872:
2653:
1680:"Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977 awarded to Veterans Administration senoior investigators",
1362:
238:
249:, where her mother hoped she would learn to become a teacher. Instead, Yalow decided to study physics.
9844:
5569:
5118:
4003:
3691:
3460:
2613:
2429:
2181:
2157:
537:
158:
3660:
1952:
1024:
916:
420:
9859:
9779:
8619:
8523:
8222:
8106:
7018:
6464:
5587:
5420:
3522:
3441:
2736:
454:, which recognizes excellence and distinguished contributions by individuals to internal medicine.
8893:
540:, which is given to American individuals who deserve the highest honor in science and technology.
304:
in 1945. The next summer, she took two tuition-free physics courses under government auspices at
9497:
9013:
8903:
8756:
8262:
8131:
7599:
6329:
5043:
4168:
3593:
2581:
2409:
370:
9630:
5597:
2848:
2237:
1596:
1336:
1236:
10075:
10026:
9897:
9529:
8959:
8454:
8318:
8277:
8010:
7980:
7563:
7317:
6886:
6786:
6773:
6599:
5729:
5703:
5675:
5349:
5223:
5007:
4511:
4463:
4145:
4016:
3798:
3502:
2732:
2593:
2374:
2298:
1132:
516:
224:), and the first American-born woman, to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
2346:
10080:
9713:
9540:
9473:
9160:
8751:
8715:
8553:
8338:
8091:
8020:
7920:
7915:
7838:
7763:
7377:
6763:
6745:
6645:
6558:
5925:
5370:
4186:
3998:
3846:
3492:
2776:
2509:
2453:
2366:
2322:
2286:
2173:
2137:
948:
8414:
2565:
2358:
2020:
476:
The following year she became the first female recipient and first nuclear physicist of the
10121:
10116:
9978:
9939:
9934:
9739:
9468:
9170:
8878:
8852:
8771:
8343:
8096:
7558:
7348:
7312:
7221:
7166:
7065:
6947:
6939:
6909:
6753:
6730:
6609:
6361:
6284:
5551:
5506:
5433:
5331:
5186:
5105:
5012:
4560:
4491:
4381:
4368:
4204:
4062:
4052:
4039:
4034:
2876:
2860:
2804:
2665:
2425:
2421:
2413:
1712:
Straus, E W (1992), "Festschrift for Rosalyn S. Yalow: Hormones, metabolism, and society",
1696:
Schwartz, I L (1973), "Solomon A. Berson and Rosalyn S. Yalow: a scientific appreciation",
1459:
1374:
765:
278:
9448:
5241:
8:
10021:
9949:
9872:
9794:
9731:
9648:
9596:
9387:
9361:
8700:
8674:
8593:
8588:
8513:
8444:
8434:
8424:
8333:
8257:
7985:
7910:
7853:
7690:
7630:
7620:
7503:
7498:
7398:
7161:
7153:
7106:
6867:
6814:
6796:
6637:
6540:
6255:
5766:
5753:
5644:
5538:
5459:
5307:
5273:
5228:
5199:
5168:
5082:
5058:
4999:
4811:
4780:
4534:
4386:
4247:
4242:
4227:
4011:
3516:
3179:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2960:
2900:
2864:
2824:
2713:
2577:
2330:
2083:
1980:
1924:
1776:
Yalow, R S; Berson, S A (1996), "Immunoassay of endogenous plasma insulin in man. 1960",
362:
305:
274:
270:
6268:
3244:
1968:
1836:
1378:
1316:
769:
10095:
10065:
10044:
9970:
9882:
9849:
9839:
9814:
9804:
9763:
9563:
9346:
9297:
9272:
9201:
9145:
9099:
9038:
9023:
8939:
8439:
8389:
8374:
8267:
8237:
8166:
8136:
8121:
8116:
8040:
7970:
7955:
7905:
7885:
7753:
7711:
7270:
7088:
6995:
6842:
6768:
6124:
5960:
5893:
5842:
5610:
5533:
5378:
5257:
5236:
5173:
4971:
4806:
4682:
4657:
4639:
4589:
4363:
4348:
4335:
4330:
4307:
4127:
4029:
3838:
3510:
3473:
3328:
3324:
3067:
2956:
2836:
2796:
2780:
2697:
2681:
2609:
2370:
2354:
2225:
2193:
2153:
1786:
1765:
1753:
1669:
1589:
1500:
1471:
1001:
974:
796:
783:
753:
722:
595:"Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921–2011) The second woman to win the Nobel prize in medicine"
269:
Yalow knew how to type, and was able to get a part-time position as a secretary to Dr.
8469:
1657:
369:
lecturer from 1946 to 1950, although by 1947, she began her long association with the
10039:
10034:
9718:
9687:
9601:
9443:
9407:
9377:
9216:
9028:
8807:
8736:
8720:
8679:
8664:
8634:
8548:
8308:
8292:
8101:
8086:
7869:
7553:
7548:
7343:
7283:
7275:
7239:
7127:
7114:
7070:
7031:
6985:
6962:
6914:
6901:
6852:
6819:
6673:
6604:
6472:
6427:
6250:
6231:
6226:
6161:
6111:
6018:
5917:
5826:
5821:
5789:
5776:
5758:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5693:
5685:
5592:
5579:
5525:
5498:
5493:
5472:
5441:
5357:
5152:
5139:
5100:
5053:
4830:
4749:
4713:
4708:
4667:
4547:
4478:
4353:
4252:
4090:
4067:
3806:
3484:
3373:
3362:
3211:
3207:
3163:
3087:
2988:
2944:
2924:
2908:
2896:
2768:
2693:
2549:
2497:
2306:
2245:
2209:
2091:
1996:
1811:
1804:
1791:
1769:
1757:
1733:
1717:
1701:
1685:
1661:
1635:
1619:
1600:
1576:
1561:
Kyle, Robert A; Shampo, Marc A (2002), "Rosalyn Yalow--pioneer in nuclear medicine",
1550:
1516:
1392:
1006:
729:
616:
504:
3384:
2852:
2820:
2561:
1673:
10049:
9944:
9834:
9829:
9789:
9774:
9723:
9700:
9282:
9165:
9150:
9058:
9048:
9008:
8944:
8924:
8761:
8705:
8649:
8568:
8518:
8404:
8328:
8186:
8055:
8005:
7940:
7935:
7900:
7848:
7779:
7568:
7488:
7226:
7171:
7023:
7003:
6952:
6929:
6919:
6834:
6735:
6697:
6668:
6650:
6576:
6548:
6485:
6459:
6440:
6213:
6200:
6169:
5909:
5901:
5734:
5574:
5485:
5362:
5286:
5131:
5110:
5025:
4953:
4887:
4775:
4731:
4718:
4700:
4695:
4521:
4486:
4458:
4453:
4424:
4414:
4391:
4376:
4325:
4222:
4021:
3913:
3814:
3745:
3320:
3308:
3300:
3284:
3183:
2996:
2968:
2912:
2788:
2605:
2477:
2449:
2338:
2165:
2129:
2103:
1908:
1781:
1749:
1653:
1566:
1495:
1487:
1382:
1223:
996:
986:
791:
773:
606:
529:
In 1986, Yalow was awarded the A. Cressy Morrison Award in Natural Sciences of the
496:
425:
389:
322:
217:
114:
9962:
9758:
3272:
3032:
281:, another biochemist at Columbia, who hired her on the condition that she studied
10001:
9954:
9864:
9819:
9744:
9672:
9661:
9625:
9568:
9478:
9351:
9336:
9287:
9277:
9130:
9104:
9043:
8908:
8868:
8827:
8822:
8746:
8741:
8629:
8603:
8538:
8474:
8449:
8419:
8353:
8313:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8151:
8126:
8000:
7975:
7895:
7695:
7674:
7669:
7523:
7483:
7304:
7296:
7291:
7257:
7244:
7234:
7184:
7179:
7145:
7098:
7093:
7041:
6980:
6957:
6809:
6801:
6740:
6707:
6692:
6490:
6403:
6395:
6366:
6300:
6208:
6129:
5869:
5861:
5834:
5813:
5784:
5771:
5615:
5605:
5564:
5546:
5464:
5249:
5087:
5030:
4976:
4853:
4835:
4788:
4757:
4610:
4473:
4468:
4434:
4429:
4297:
4284:
4232:
4199:
4176:
4140:
3897:
3766:
3541:
3347:
3339:
3296:
3292:
3256:
3228:
3187:
3155:
3103:
2980:
2884:
2844:
2744:
2709:
2705:
2673:
2525:
2489:
2294:
2145:
1988:
1323:
1055:
500:
209:
201:
175:
2621:
9887:
9809:
9784:
9705:
9695:
9677:
9635:
9615:
9578:
9550:
9458:
9453:
9417:
9292:
9211:
9196:
9155:
9079:
9033:
8842:
8791:
8766:
8659:
8639:
8543:
8399:
8394:
8348:
8232:
8227:
8217:
8207:
8191:
8176:
8171:
8156:
8146:
8141:
8045:
8030:
8025:
7950:
7945:
7843:
7573:
7533:
7528:
7385:
7338:
7252:
7216:
6975:
6967:
6934:
6891:
6702:
6589:
6432:
6379:
6342:
6321:
6187:
6174:
6137:
6116:
6106:
6082:
6063:
6010:
5968:
5885:
5698:
5649:
5620:
5454:
5336:
5312:
5265:
5194:
5126:
5095:
5035:
4994:
4966:
4882:
4874:
4726:
4644:
4568:
4542:
4516:
4506:
4496:
4409:
4340:
4312:
4279:
4271:
4158:
4153:
4103:
3990:
3948:
3881:
3830:
3790:
3785:
3758:
3726:
3547:
3449:
3240:
3167:
3147:
3123:
3099:
3083:
3044:
3040:
2972:
2948:
2812:
2808:
2764:
2748:
2661:
2645:
2629:
2625:
2401:
2253:
2201:
2079:
2012:
758:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
385:
358:
334:
286:
246:
213:
100:
10227:
Recipients of the President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service
361:
to teach physics and consequently influenced many women, most notably a young
10110:
10085:
10070:
10016:
9983:
9913:
9908:
9854:
9653:
9558:
9433:
9402:
9356:
9252:
9221:
9191:
9175:
9140:
9135:
9109:
9053:
8969:
8964:
8898:
8888:
8847:
8832:
8817:
8812:
8786:
8654:
8464:
8459:
8429:
8358:
8323:
8287:
8181:
8161:
8081:
8015:
7925:
7716:
7594:
7589:
7513:
7508:
7262:
7080:
7046:
7036:
6896:
6862:
6781:
6725:
6720:
6712:
6660:
6632:
6627:
6581:
6498:
6411:
6337:
6313:
6221:
6031:
6023:
5805:
5797:
5667:
5480:
5446:
5428:
5344:
5299:
5294:
5204:
5048:
4989:
4984:
4958:
4866:
4861:
4767:
4762:
4744:
4736:
4687:
4620:
4615:
4555:
4529:
4209:
4191:
4163:
4095:
4075:
4044:
3932:
3889:
3822:
3753:
3400:
3388:
3236:
3203:
3115:
3020:
2920:
2689:
2677:
2641:
2589:
2569:
2541:
2517:
2501:
2469:
2437:
2314:
2004:
1948:
1491:
1106:
242:
133:
88:
69:
9824:
6098:
1728:
Yanaihara, N (1978), "1977 Nobel Prize winners in medicine and physiology",
991:
890:
778:
483:
In 1977, Yalow was the sixth individual woman (seventh overall, considering
10054:
9892:
9877:
9682:
9620:
9583:
9545:
9463:
9438:
9382:
9257:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9114:
9094:
9089:
9018:
8954:
8949:
8934:
8929:
8624:
8598:
8583:
8558:
8533:
8379:
8212:
8111:
8035:
7990:
7799:
7794:
7784:
7737:
7732:
7615:
7543:
7518:
7493:
7447:
7390:
7372:
7367:
7197:
7192:
7140:
7075:
7008:
6857:
6824:
6791:
6655:
6566:
6308:
6276:
6142:
6055:
5680:
5657:
5278:
5181:
4843:
4798:
4793:
4672:
4602:
4584:
4576:
4501:
4419:
4289:
4237:
4214:
4132:
4085:
4057:
3854:
3572:
3358:
3312:
3260:
3151:
3127:
3111:
3091:
2936:
2792:
2760:
2637:
2553:
2537:
2521:
2485:
2473:
2461:
2217:
2205:
2185:
2064:
2056:
1972:
1665:
1639:
1580:
1010:
620:
381:
293:
1887:
1831:
1795:
1761:
1721:
1705:
1623:
1554:
1436:
428:, MD (center), and Bronx VA Medical Center Director Harold Jaffrey (right)
10006:
9926:
9412:
9084:
8883:
8873:
8710:
8644:
8578:
8272:
8071:
7960:
7930:
7538:
7478:
7325:
7132:
7013:
6990:
6924:
6847:
6829:
6617:
6571:
6553:
6477:
6387:
6039:
5933:
5877:
5556:
5147:
5077:
5017:
4934:
4892:
4677:
4396:
4358:
4181:
3873:
3578:
3432:
3224:
3139:
3135:
3048:
3024:
2932:
2597:
2393:
2310:
1940:
1932:
1916:
1737:
1689:
1049:
http://www.diabetes.org/newsroom/press-releases/2014/scholars-awards.html
488:
484:
282:
787:
9996:
9918:
9267:
9262:
9074:
8776:
8563:
8409:
8384:
8076:
7995:
7789:
7758:
7625:
7119:
6758:
6419:
6195:
6090:
6047:
5662:
5625:
4848:
4649:
4597:
4108:
3075:
2334:
2282:
2229:
1652:, vol. 354, no. 9188 (published Oct 23, 1999), p. 1481,
1648:
1614:"Festschrift for Rosalyn S. Yalow: hormones, metabolism, and society",
944:
492:
221:
1684:, vol. 57, no. 1 (published Feb 1978), pp. 44–5, 1978,
9573:
9397:
8781:
8528:
7965:
6182:
5952:
4302:
3690:
3276:
2828:
1387:
1251:"Rosalyn Sussman Yalow Nobel Prize winner for physiology or medicine"
509:
433:
5990:
611:
594:
9392:
8837:
3694:
3071:
1634:, vol. 43, no. 3 (published Mar 2002), pp. 25N–28N,
1571:
1549:, vol. 28, no. 10 (published Oct 1987), pp. 1637–9,
1160:
1142:. Department of Veterans Affairs Research & Development Program
437:
397:
393:
9527:
1780:, vol. 4, no. 6 (published Nov 1996), pp. 583–600,
1716:, vol. 59, no. 2 (published Mar 1992), pp. 95–100,
469:
In 1975, Yalow and Berson (who had died in 1972) were awarded the
401:
366:
10172:
Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
1748:, vol. 35, no. 1 (published Jan 1992), pp. 1–23,
1185:"The American Medical Association (AMA) Awards Program Criteria"
41:
1067:"The Canada Gairdner Awards," Gairdner, accessed May 16, 2018,
317:
245:. After high school, she attended the all-female, tuition-free
1630:
Patton, Dennis D (2002), "Three Nobelists who paved the way",
1363:"Rosalyn Yalow: Nobel Laureate: Her Life and Work in Medicine"
1295:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
1851:
1595:. Metuchen, N.J & London: Scarecrow Press, Inc. pp.
1591:
The Lady Laureates : Women Who Have Won the Nobel Prize
1565:, vol. 77, no. 1 (published Jan 2002), p. 4,
724:
Rosalyn Yalow, Nobel Laureate: Her Life and Work in Medicine
153:
President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service
10162:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
471:
American Medical Association Scientific Achievement Award
301:
487:'s two wins), and first American-born woman, to win the
1517:"Rosalyn S. Yalow, Nobel Medical Physicist, Dies at 89"
1068:
1025:"US Fulbright Program - Fulbright U.S. Student Program"
818:"Breaking Barriers: The Life and Work of Rosalyn Yalow"
515:
In 1977, Yalow received the Golden Plate Award of the
1317:
https://www.amacad.org/content/about/about.aspx?d=103
1210:"American Medical Association (AMA) Award Recipients"
10157:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1618:, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 95–185, 1992,
1082:"Awards, Masterships and Competitions | ACP Online"
1803:
1588:
721:
495:). Yalow was honored for her role in devising the
3706:
1441:National Science and Technology Medals Foundation
424:Yalow (left), receiving the Middleton Award with
10108:
5991:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
1414:Transactions Of The New York Academy of Sciences
1224:http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards-overview/
1107:"Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development"
1460:National Women's Hall of Fame, Rosalyn S. Yalow
1410:
675:
673:
200:(July 19, 1921 – May 30, 2011) was an American
10217:Founding members of the World Cultural Council
3430:
979:Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
811:
809:
807:
478:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
144:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
9513:
7433:
3676:
3416:
1873:
1700:, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 284–94,
124:A. Aaron Yalow (m. 1943; 2 children; d. 1992)
1732:, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 232–6,
1237:"Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award"
972:
939:
937:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
670:
1775:
1265:
1243:
840:
838:
804:
522:In 1978, Yalow was elected a Fellow of the
220:technique. She was the second woman (after
9520:
9506:
7440:
7426:
3683:
3669:
3423:
3409:
1880:
1866:
1835:
1560:
917:"Mildred Dresselhaus: The Queen of Carbon"
747:
745:
339:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
298:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
105:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
40:
10127:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
1785:
1727:
1570:
1544:
1499:
1386:
1354:
1000:
990:
934:
795:
777:
696:
646:
644:
610:
5400:
1695:
914:
908:
835:
815:
751:
419:
311:
3970:
3692:United States National Medal of Science
1810:. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
1514:
1342:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1337:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter Y"
816:Anderson, Rebecca J. (September 2017).
742:
375:Bronx Veteran's Administration Hospital
186:Bronx Veteran's Administration Hospital
14:
10212:20th-century American women scientists
10192:Grainger College of Engineering alumni
10109:
1711:
1629:
1586:
1360:
968:
966:
862:
719:
641:
27:American medical physicist (1921–2011)
9501:
9318:
8990:
8495:
7820:
7651:
7460:
7421:
6520:
6519:
5989:
5399:
4913:
3969:
3705:
3664:
3404:
1893:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1861:
1801:
1743:
1682:American Journal of Physical Medicine
943:
891:"Mildred Dresselhaus - Science Video"
752:Kahn, C. Ronald; Roth, Jesse (2012).
679:
592:
543:In 1993, Yalow was inducted into the
524:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
450:The same year, Yalow was awarded the
206:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
149:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1645:
1329:
1130:
883:
850:World of Microbiology and Immunology
452:American College of Physicians Award
328:
10167:National Medal of Science laureates
1843:Rosalyn Yalow: Assaying the unknown
1476:Dr. Rosalyn Yalow, PhD., 1921–2011"
963:
949:"Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921–2011)"
754:"Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921–2011)"
650:
24:
1787:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1996.tb00274.x
1754:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb02829.x
1538:
653:"Research Profile – Rosalyn Yalow"
25:
10238:
7600:Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias
1825:
1140:U.S. Government Publishing Office
975:"The Other Insulin Story of 1921"
915:Anderson, Mark (April 28, 2015).
10207:20th-century American physicists
1848:Episode 9: Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
1515:Gellene, Denise (June 2, 2011).
728:. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books.
373:by becoming a consultant to the
333:The month after graduating from
139:AMA Scientific Achievement Award
8670:Harriet Williams Russell Strong
1508:
1464:
1453:
1429:
1404:
1309:
1303:American Academy of Achievement
1287:
1229:
1216:
1212:. American Medical Association.
1202:
1177:
1153:
1124:
1099:
1074:
1061:
1041:
1017:
517:American Academy of Achievement
457:In 1972, Yalow was awarded the
8349:Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose
1131:Hays, Marguerite Hays (2010).
863:Harrod, Jordan (13 May 2019).
856:
657:Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings
627:
586:
570:List of Jewish Nobel laureates
565:List of female Nobel laureates
204:, and a co-winner of the 1977
13:
1:
9319:
8991:
8496:
7821:
7652:
7461:
7450:National Women's Hall of Fame
4914:
3707:Behavioral and social science
1658:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77628-5
1411:Miner Roy Waldo, ed. (1944).
1275:. America.gov. April 27, 2008
580:
545:National Women's Hall of Fame
410:Narayana Panicker Kochupillai
8696:Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis
1189:American Medical Association
575:Timeline of women in science
536:In 1988, Yalow received the
531:New York Academy of Sciences
232:
227:
7:
10147:American medical physicists
8879:Martha Coffin Pelham Wright
8283:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
2985:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
1486:(5): 713–714. May 1, 2012.
1373:(4), Basic Books: 222–223,
558:
10:
10243:
10197:Jewish American physicists
10187:New York University alumni
8435:Katharine Dexter McCormick
7733:Mary "Mother" Harris Jones
6595:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
1730:Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso
1417:. Vol. 7. p. 168
273:, a leading biochemist at
264:
239:Walton High School (Bronx)
10222:Scientists from the Bronx
10177:Columbia University staff
10152:American women physicists
9536:
9426:
9370:
9329:
9325:
9314:
9245:
9184:
9123:
9067:
9001:
8997:
8986:
8917:
8861:
8800:
8729:
8688:
8612:
8506:
8502:
8491:
8367:
8301:
8293:Hannah Greenebaum Solomon
8200:
8064:
7878:
7862:
7831:
7827:
7816:
7772:
7746:
7725:
7704:
7683:
7662:
7658:
7647:
7608:
7582:
7471:
7467:
7456:
7357:
7206:
7055:
6876:
6682:
6530:
6526:
6515:
6449:
6351:
6240:
6151:
6072:
6000:
5996:
5985:
5942:
5851:
5743:
5634:
5570:William Hayward Pickering
5515:
5410:
5406:
5395:
5321:
5213:
5067:
4943:
4924:
4920:
4909:
4820:
4629:
4443:
4261:
4117:
3980:
3976:
3965:
3922:
3863:
3775:
3735:
3716:
3712:
3701:
3588:
3563:
3532:
3501:
3483:
3459:
3440:
3058:
2723:
2384:
2182:Charles Scott Sherrington
2158:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
2120:
1899:
1806:Women Pioneers of Science
538:National Medal of Science
415:
216:) for development of the
191:
181:
171:
164:
159:National Medal of Science
128:
120:
110:
96:
77:
51:
39:
32:
10132:American Nobel laureates
9528:Founding members of the
8524:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
8334:Wilhelmina Cole Holladay
8107:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
7019:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
6465:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
4096:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
3523:John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
3172:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
1492:10.1210/mend.26.5.zmg713
550:
10202:Jewish women scientists
9589:André Frédéric Cournand
9014:Dorothy Harrison Eustis
8904:Catherine Filene Shouse
8757:Patricia Roberts Harris
8395:Mary Steichen Calderone
8263:Lillian Moller Gilbreth
8132:Frances Wisebart Jacobs
7936:Martha Wright Griffiths
6330:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
4248:George Ledyard Stebbins
4169:James Augustine Shannon
1587:Opfell, Olga S (1978).
1480:Molecular Endocrinology
1361:Straus, Eugene (2000),
1273:"Rosalyn Sussman Yalow"
992:10.4103/2230-8210.83394
846:"Rosalyn Sussman Yalow"
779:10.1073/pnas.1120470109
720:Straus, Eugene (1999).
680:Yalow, Rosalyn (1977).
371:Veterans Administration
10142:American biophysicists
9530:World Cultural Council
8960:Rebecca Talbot Perkins
8455:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
8319:Frances Xavier Cabrini
8233:Elizabeth Hanford Dole
8011:Ellen Swallow Richards
7981:Constance Baker Motley
7631:Elizabeth Bayley Seton
7564:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
6787:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
6774:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
5730:Harry George Drickamer
5676:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
5350:M. Frederick Hawthorne
5224:John D. Baldeschwieler
4464:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
4146:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
3594:Nobel Prize recipients
3534:Physiology or Medicine
3511:Philip Warren Anderson
1953:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
1029:us.fulbrightonline.org
499:technique, along with
429:
256:
10182:Hunter College alumni
10137:Women Nobel laureates
9845:Marshall W. Nirenberg
9840:William A. Nierenberg
9800:Vernon B. Mountcastle
9609:Jean-François Denisse
9541:Christian B. Anfinsen
9474:Anna Wessels Williams
9161:Carlotta Walls LaNier
8894:Elisabeth KĂĽbler-Ross
8752:Martha Matilda Harper
8716:Mary Engle Pennington
8554:Frances Oldham Kelsey
8339:Anne Morrow Lindbergh
8092:Jane Cunningham Croly
8021:Katherine Siva Saubel
7916:Marian Wright Edelman
7839:Margaret Bourke-White
7764:Harriet Beecher Stowe
7378:Sylvester James Gates
6764:William Alfred Fowler
6746:Robert Rathbun Wilson
6559:Robert Burns Woodward
5371:Geraldine L. Richmond
5119:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
4402:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
4331:Vernon B. Mountcastle
4187:Sterling B. Hendricks
4004:Marshall W. Nirenberg
3999:Theodosius Dobzhansky
3847:William Julius Wilson
3554:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
3493:Amnesty International
2454:Dickinson W. Richards
2138:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1832:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
1802:Haber, Louis (1979).
973:Unnikrishnan (2011).
953:Physics & Society
423:
312:Marriage and children
285:. She graduated from
252:
198:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
34:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
9940:William G. Schneider
9935:Menahem Max Schiffer
9919:Hakim Muhammad Saeed
9893:Chintamani N. R. Rao
9631:Jacques-Émile Dubois
9171:Mary Harriman Rumsey
9009:St. Katharine Drexel
8853:Mary Burnett Talbert
8848:Blanche Stuart Scott
8833:Mother Marianne Cope
8813:Ruth Fulton Benedict
8772:Mildred Robbins Leet
8470:Angelina Grimké Weld
8344:Maria Goeppert Mayer
8314:Charlotte Anne Bunch
7891:Antoinette Blackwell
7870:Gertrude Belle Elion
7800:Ida B. Wells-Barnett
7569:Helen Brooke Taussig
7559:Margaret Chase Smith
7349:Warren M. Washington
7313:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
7222:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
7167:Martin Schwarzschild
6948:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
6940:J. Robert Schrieffer
6910:E. Margaret Burbidge
6754:Nicolaas Bloembergen
6731:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
6610:Vladimir K. Zworykin
6362:John Griggs Thompson
6285:Martin David Kruskal
6125:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
5598:Erwin Wilhelm MĂĽller
5552:Ralph Brazelton Peck
5507:Jack St. Clair Kilby
5434:John Robinson Pierce
5401:Engineering sciences
5332:Jacqueline K. Barton
5187:George M. Whitesides
5106:Dudley R. Herschbach
5044:Richard B. Bernstein
5013:Walter H. Stockmayer
4561:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
4492:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
4382:Stanley Norman Cohen
4369:Rita Levi-Montalcini
4205:Keith Roberts Porter
4068:Alfred H. Sturtevant
4063:Michael Heidelberger
4035:Fritz Albert Lipmann
2877:Rita Levi-Montalcini
2238:Albert Szent-Györgyi
1239:. Lasker Foundation.
1069:https://gairdner.org
459:William S. Middleton
432:Yalow was awarded a
279:Michael Heidelberger
46:Rosalyn Yalow (1977)
9873:Comlan A. A. Quenum
9835:Bernhard H. Neumann
9732:Vassos Karageorghis
9669:José Rafael Estrada
9597:Eduardo de Robertis
9388:Rebecca S. Halstead
9362:Mary Church Terrell
9049:Barbara A. Mikulski
8777:Patsy Takemoto Mink
8762:Stephanie L. Kwolek
8701:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
8675:Emily Howell Warner
8620:Dorothy H. Andersen
8594:Annie Dodge Wauneka
8589:Mary Edwards Walker
8514:Faye Glenn Abdellah
8445:Edith Nourse Rogers
8425:Shirley Ann Jackson
8400:Mary Ann Shadd Cary
8278:Sandra Day O'Connor
8258:Matilda Joslyn Gage
7854:Florence B. Seibert
7691:Carrie Chapman Catt
7621:Juliette Gordon Low
7504:Elizabeth Blackwell
7499:Mary McLeod Bethune
7399:Shirley Ann Jackson
7318:Charles P. Slichter
7162:Marshall Rosenbluth
7154:Wallace S. Broecker
7107:Eugene M. Shoemaker
6868:Victor F. Weisskopf
6815:Herbert S. Gutowsky
6797:Edgar Bright Wilson
6638:George Kistiakowsky
6256:Stephen Cole Kleene
5767:George H. Heilmeier
5754:Mildred Dresselhaus
5645:Edward H. Heinemann
5575:Frederick E. Terman
5539:Richard T. Whitcomb
5460:Clarence L. Johnson
5421:Theodore von Kármán
5308:Stephen J. Benkovic
5287:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
5274:Marvin H. Caruthers
5229:Ralph F. Hirschmann
5169:Darleane C. Hoffman
5059:Harden M. McConnell
5000:Frank H. Westheimer
4812:Stanley B. Prusiner
4776:Robert J. Lefkowitz
4535:Howard Martin Temin
4392:Maurice R. Hilleman
4387:Joseph L. Goldstein
4326:Donald A. Henderson
4243:Earl Reece Stadtman
4228:Elizabeth C. Crosby
4192:Orville Alvin Vogel
4022:Donald D. Van Slyke
3971:Biological sciences
3517:Nevill Francis Mott
3269:William C. Campbell
3180:Elizabeth Blackburn
3017:Robert F. Furchgott
3009:Stanley B. Prusiner
3001:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
2901:George H. Hitchings
2865:Joseph L. Goldstein
2825:Bengt I. Samuelsson
2654:Earl Sutherland Jr.
1379:1999MedPh..26..663S
1299:www.achievement.org
1111:www.research.va.gov
770:2012PNAS..109..669K
363:Mildred Dresselhaus
306:New York University
275:Columbia University
271:Rudolf Schoenheimer
10066:Eugene van Tamelen
10055:Jean L. F. Tricart
10045:Jan Peter Toennies
10031:Peter C. Thonemann
9993:Heikki Suomalainen
9931:Stuart J. Saunders
9909:Stanley K. Runcorn
9905:Abraham J. A. Roux
9883:G. N. Ramachandran
9820:Jayant V. Narlikar
9815:Ilie G. Murgulescu
9805:Robert S. Mulliken
9764:William D. McElroy
9606:Guy Blaudin de Thé
9564:Christiaan Barnard
9347:Barbara Rose Johns
9298:Flossie Wong-Staal
9273:Nicole Malachowski
9202:Lorraine Hansberry
9146:Marcia Greenberger
9100:Mary Joseph Rogers
9039:Coretta Scott King
9024:Abby Kelley Foster
8940:Susan Kelly-Dreiss
8828:Rita Rossi Colwell
8604:Frances E. Willard
8440:Rozanne L. Ridgway
8390:Lydia Moss Bradley
8375:Madeleine Albright
8268:Nannerl O. Keohane
8238:Anne Dallas Dudley
8167:Betty Bone Schiess
8137:Susette La Flesche
8122:Zora Neale Hurston
8117:Helen LaKelly Hunt
8041:Madam C. J. Walker
7956:Mary Putnam Jacobi
7906:Jacqueline Cochran
7886:Ethel Percy Andrus
7754:Barbara McClintock
7271:G. Brent Dalrymple
7089:Arthur L. Schawlow
6996:James A. Van Allen
6887:Philip W. Anderson
6843:Richard P. Feynman
6769:Linus Carl Pauling
6404:Dennis P. Sullivan
5961:John B. Goodenough
5894:Edwin N. Lightfoot
5862:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
5843:Kenneth N. Stevens
5611:Raymond D. Mindlin
5534:Harold E. Edgerton
5379:A. Paul Alivisatos
5258:Stephen J. Lippard
5237:Ernest R. Davidson
5174:Harold S. Johnston
5008:William S. Johnson
4972:George C. Pimentel
4807:Susan L. Lindquist
4789:Francis S. Collins
4683:Victor A. McKusick
4658:Francisco J. Ayala
4640:Nancy C. Andreasen
4590:Robert A. Weinberg
4364:Har Gobind Khorana
4349:Michael E. DeBakey
4336:George Emil Palade
4308:Wendell L. Roelofs
4298:Howard L. Bachrach
4128:Barbara McClintock
4030:Edward F. Knipling
3474:Vicente Aleixandre
3329:William Kaelin Jr.
3325:Peter J. Ratcliffe
3068:Leland H. Hartwell
2957:Richard J. Roberts
2837:Barbara McClintock
2781:Godfrey Hounsfield
2682:Nikolaas Tinbergen
2614:Marshall Nirenberg
2582:Charles B. Huggins
2371:Tadeusz Reichstein
2359:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
2154:Christiaan Eijkman
1834:on Nobelprize.org
1746:Scand. J. Immunol.
1521:The New York Times
1322:2018-12-02 at the
1054:2019-03-29 at the
895:Vega Science Trust
825:The Pharmacologist
593:Glick, S. (2011).
430:
10104:
10103:
10081:William J. Whelan
10040:Alexander R. Todd
10035:Phillip V. Tobias
9989:Frederick Stewart
9959:Leonard T. Skeggs
9785:Desmond J. Morris
9752:Georges B. Koelle
9719:Adrian Kantrowitz
9714:Reginald V. Jones
9696:Alfred D. Hershey
9666:Kenneth O. Emergy
9612:Venancio Deulofeu
9602:Cornelis de Jager
9495:
9494:
9491:
9490:
9487:
9486:
9449:Kimberlé Crenshaw
9444:Elouise P. Cobell
9408:Katherine Johnson
9378:Octavia E. Butler
9310:
9309:
9306:
9305:
9217:Clare Boothe Luce
9029:Helen Murray Free
8982:
8981:
8978:
8977:
8843:Patricia A. Locke
8808:Florence E. Allen
8792:Sheila E. Widnall
8737:Linda G. Alvarado
8721:Mercy Otis Warren
8680:Victoria Woodhull
8665:Barbara Holdridge
8660:Beatrice A. Hicks
8635:Lydia Maria Child
8549:Leontine T. Kelly
8487:
8486:
8483:
8482:
8309:Louisa May Alcott
8223:Mary Breckinridge
8102:Geraldine Ferraro
8087:Annie Jump Cannon
7812:
7811:
7808:
7807:
7643:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7549:Eleanor Roosevelt
7448:Inductees to the
7415:
7414:
7411:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7344:Esther M. Conwell
7284:Robert N. Clayton
7276:Riccardo Giacconi
7240:Raymond Davis Jr.
7128:Albert Overhauser
7071:Edwin M. McMillan
7032:Arnold O. Beckman
7009:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
6986:Paul C. Lauterbur
6963:Robert Hofstadter
6915:Maurice Goldhaber
6902:Charles H. Townes
6853:Edward M. Purcell
6820:Frederick Rossini
6674:Wolfgang Panofsky
6605:John H. Van Vleck
6521:Physical sciences
6511:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6473:Solomon W. Golomb
6433:Andrew J. Viterbi
6428:Leonard Kleinrock
6375:Calyampudi R. Rao
6343:Ronald R. Coifman
6251:George F. Carrier
6232:Donald C. Spencer
6227:Saunders Mac Lane
6162:Marshall H. Stone
6112:Shiing-Shen Chern
6019:Solomon Lefschetz
5981:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5918:David J. Wineland
5886:John M. Prausnitz
5827:C. Kumar N. Patel
5822:James L. Flanagan
5790:John Roy Whinnery
5777:H. Guyford Stever
5759:Nick Holonyak Jr.
5722:George W. Housner
5717:Willis M. Hawkins
5712:Daniel C. Drucker
5694:Robert Byron Bird
5686:Bernard M. Oliver
5593:Peter C. Goldmark
5580:Wernher von Braun
5526:George E. Mueller
5499:Nathan M. Newmark
5494:J. Presper Eckert
5473:Claude E. Shannon
5442:Charles S. Draper
5391:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5358:Judith P. Klinman
5242:Gábor A. Somorjai
5153:Isabella L. Karle
5140:George S. Hammond
5101:Gertrude B. Elion
5054:Rudolph A. Marcus
4905:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4831:Ralph L. Brinster
4750:Torsten N. Wiesel
4727:Norman E. Borlaug
4714:Solomon H. Snyder
4709:J. Michael Bishop
4668:Mario R. Capecchi
4548:Salome G. Waelsch
4479:E. Donnall Thomas
4354:Theodor O. Diener
4253:Paul Alfred Weiss
4081:Bernard B. Brodie
4017:George G. Simpson
3961:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3906:Michael I. Posner
3807:Eleanor J. Gibson
3759:George J. Stigler
3727:Neal Elgar Miller
3658:
3657:
3565:Economic Sciences
3398:
3397:
3363:Ardem Patapoutian
3212:Ralph M. Steinman
3208:Jules A. Hoffmann
3196:Robert G. Edwards
3164:Harald zur Hausen
3088:H. Robert Horvitz
2989:Eric F. Wieschaus
2925:E. Donnall Thomas
2909:J. Michael Bishop
2897:Gertrude B. Elion
2769:Hamilton O. Smith
2694:Christian de Duve
2430:Frederick Robbins
2307:Alexander Fleming
2246:Corneille Heymans
2092:Frederick Banting
1997:Allvar Gullstrand
1714:Mt. Sinai J. Med.
1698:Mt. Sinai J. Med.
1616:Mt. Sinai J. Med.
1398:978-0-7382-0263-1
1165:www.endocrine.org
1086:www.acponline.org
505:Andrew V. Schally
329:Scientific career
289:in January 1941.
202:medical physicist
195:
194:
166:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
10234:
10091:Rosalyn S. Yalow
10086:Karel F. Wiesner
10071:Ulf S. von Euler
10050:Andrzej Trautman
9975:Leonard Sosnowky
9945:Glenn T. Seaborg
9914:Donald H. Sadler
9869:Jens J. Pindborg
9855:Arthur B. Pardee
9850:George E. Palade
9825:Louis E. F. NĂ©el
9790:Giuseppe Moruzzi
9775:Jerrold Meinwald
9755:Walther Manshard
9724:Nathan O. Kaplan
9701:Gerhard Herzberg
9692:Carl G. Gahmberg
9658:Mohammed El Fasi
9593:William J. Darby
9584:Harold G. Callan
9522:
9515:
9508:
9499:
9498:
9327:
9326:
9316:
9315:
9283:Louise Slaughter
9207:Victoria Jackson
9166:Philippa Marrack
9151:Barbara Iglewski
9059:Kathrine Switzer
9054:Donna E. Shalala
8999:
8998:
8988:
8987:
8945:Allie B. Latimer
8925:Louise Bourgeois
8899:Judith L. Pipher
8706:Katharine Graham
8650:Marian de Forest
8569:Anna Howard Shaw
8519:Emma Smith DeVoe
8504:
8503:
8493:
8492:
8405:Joan Ganz Cooney
8329:Oveta Culp Hobby
8324:Mary A. Hallaren
8187:Sarah Winnemucca
8056:Gloria Yerkovich
8051:Rosalyn S. Yalow
8006:Jeannette Rankin
7986:Georgia O'Keeffe
7941:Fannie Lou Hamer
7901:Shirley Chisholm
7849:Billie Jean King
7829:
7828:
7818:
7817:
7780:Gwendolyn Brooks
7660:
7659:
7649:
7648:
7489:Susan B. Anthony
7469:
7468:
7458:
7457:
7442:
7435:
7428:
7419:
7418:
7227:Gilbert F. White
7172:George Wetherill
7066:Allan M. Cormack
7024:Jack Steinberger
7004:D. Allan Bromley
6953:H. Richard Crane
6930:Frederick Reines
6920:Helmut Landsberg
6835:George Uhlenbeck
6736:Vladimir Haensel
6698:Allan R. Sandage
6669:Herbert C. Brown
6651:Herbert Friedman
6577:Leon M. Lederman
6549:Julian Schwinger
6528:
6527:
6517:
6516:
6486:Alexandre Chorin
6460:Richard A. Tapia
6441:David B. Mumford
6269:Alberto CalderĂłn
6214:Joseph B. Keller
6201:Michael Freedman
6170:Herman Goldstine
6024:H. Marston Morse
5998:
5997:
5987:
5986:
5926:Rudolf E. Kálmán
5910:Robert S. Langer
5902:Jan D. Achenbach
5735:Herbert E. Grier
5486:Igor I. Sikorsky
5447:Othmar H. Ammann
5408:
5407:
5397:
5396:
5363:Jerrold Meinwald
5132:Norman Hackerman
5111:Glenn T. Seaborg
5026:William O. Baker
4954:F. Albert Cotton
4922:
4921:
4911:
4910:
4888:Mary-Claire King
4781:Bert W. O'Malley
4737:Thomas E. Starzl
4732:Phillip A. Sharp
4719:Charles Yanofsky
4701:Evelyn M. Witkin
4696:James E. Darnell
4522:Paul C. Zamecnik
4487:Mary Ellen Avery
4459:Herbert W. Boyer
4454:Baruj Benacerraf
4425:Joshua Lederberg
4415:Viktor Hamburger
4377:Michael S. Brown
4223:Robert H. Burris
3978:
3977:
3967:
3966:
3914:Mortimer Mishkin
3839:William K. Estes
3823:Roger N. Shepard
3815:Robert K. Merton
3799:George A. Miller
3746:Herbert A. Simon
3714:
3713:
3703:
3702:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3662:
3661:
3596:
3581:(United Kingdom)
3519:(United Kingdom)
3425:
3418:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3391:
3376:
3365:
3350:
3344:Michael Houghton
3331:
3321:Gregg L. Semenza
3315:
3309:James P. Allison
3303:
3301:Michael W. Young
3287:
3285:Yoshinori Ohsumi
3279:
3263:
3247:
3245:Thomas C. SĂĽdhof
3231:
3219:
3198:
3190:
3184:Carol W. Greider
3174:
3158:
3142:
3130:
3118:
3106:
3094:
3078:
3051:
3035:
3027:
3011:
3003:
2997:Peter C. Doherty
2991:
2975:
2969:Alfred G. Gilman
2963:
2951:
2939:
2927:
2915:
2913:Harold E. Varmus
2903:
2887:
2879:
2867:
2855:
2839:
2831:
2815:
2799:
2789:Baruj Benacerraf
2783:
2771:
2755:
2739:
2716:
2700:
2684:
2668:
2656:
2648:
2632:
2616:
2606:Robert W. Holley
2600:
2584:
2572:
2556:
2544:
2528:
2512:
2510:Georg von Békésy
2504:
2492:
2480:
2478:Joshua Lederberg
2464:
2456:
2450:Werner Forssmann
2440:
2432:
2416:
2404:
2396:
2377:
2361:
2349:
2341:
2339:Bernardo Houssay
2325:
2317:
2301:
2289:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2220:
2212:
2196:
2188:
2176:
2168:
2166:Karl Landsteiner
2160:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2130:Johannes Fibiger
2113:
2112:
2106:
2104:Willem Einthoven
2098:
2086:
2074:
2073:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1969:Élie Metchnikoff
1963:
1961:Alphonse Laveran
1955:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1852:Babes of Science
1839:
1821:
1809:
1798:
1789:
1772:
1740:
1724:
1708:
1692:
1676:
1642:
1626:
1610:
1594:
1583:
1574:
1563:Mayo Clin. Proc.
1557:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1468:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1390:
1388:10.1118/1.598828
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1333:
1327:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1227:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1078:
1072:
1065:
1059:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1004:
994:
970:
961:
960:
947:(October 2011).
941:
932:
931:
929:
927:
912:
906:
905:
903:
901:
887:
881:
880:
878:
877:
860:
854:
853:
842:
833:
832:
822:
813:
802:
801:
799:
781:
749:
740:
739:
727:
717:
694:
693:
691:
689:
684:. Nobelprize.org
677:
668:
667:
665:
663:
651:Bonolis, Luisa.
648:
639:
631:
625:
624:
614:
590:
497:radioimmunoassay
426:Kenneth Sterling
390:radioimmunoassay
323:women in science
260:
218:radioimmunoassay
115:Radioimmunoassay
84:
65:
63:
44:
30:
29:
21:
18:Rosalyn S. Yalow
10242:
10241:
10237:
10236:
10235:
10233:
10232:
10231:
10107:
10106:
10105:
10100:
10062:Constantin Vago
10027:Harold Thompson
10002:Charles Tanford
9979:Roger W. Sperry
9971:George D. Snell
9967:George J. Smets
9955:Frederick Seitz
9950:Ernest R. Sears
9865:Jacques Piccard
9745:Seymour S. Kety
9740:Donald W. Kerst
9683:David J. Finney
9673:Hans J. Eysenck
9662:Ernest L. Eliel
9640:Francisco J. Dy
9626:Audouin Dollfus
9621:Richard S. Doll
9569:Colin Blakemore
9532:
9526:
9496:
9483:
9479:Serena Williams
9422:
9366:
9352:Henrietta Lacks
9342:Barbara Hillary
9337:Aretha Franklin
9321:
9302:
9288:Sonia Sotomayor
9241:
9180:
9131:Tenley Albright
9119:
9105:Bernice Sandler
9063:
9044:Lilly Ledbetter
9019:Loretta C. Ford
8993:
8974:
8913:
8909:Henrietta Szold
8869:Eleanor K. Baum
8857:
8823:Hillary Clinton
8796:
8747:Gertrude Ederle
8742:Donna de Varona
8725:
8684:
8630:Rosalynn Carter
8608:
8584:Wilma L. Vaught
8539:Crystal Eastman
8534:Sylvia A. Earle
8498:
8479:
8475:Chien-Shiung Wu
8450:Felice Schwartz
8420:Julia Ward Howe
8363:
8354:Maria Tallchief
8297:
8253:Margaret Fuller
8248:Ella Fitzgerald
8243:Mary Baker Eddy
8196:
8152:Antonia Novello
8127:Anne Hutchinson
8060:
8001:Esther Peterson
7976:Wilma Mankiller
7896:Emily Blackwell
7874:
7858:
7823:
7804:
7768:
7742:
7721:
7700:
7696:Frances Perkins
7679:
7675:Sojourner Truth
7670:Margaret Sanger
7654:
7635:
7604:
7578:
7524:Emily Dickinson
7484:Marian Anderson
7463:
7452:
7446:
7416:
7403:
7391:Sean C. Solomon
7353:
7305:Daniel Kleppner
7297:Lonnie Thompson
7292:Ralph A. Alpher
7258:W. Jason Morgan
7245:Charles Keeling
7235:Marvin L. Cohen
7202:
7185:John N. Bahcall
7180:Don L. Anderson
7146:Peter Goldreich
7099:Steven Weinberg
7051:
6981:Walter Elsasser
6958:Herman Feshbach
6872:
6810:Samuel Goudsmit
6802:Chien-Shiung Wu
6741:Frederick Seitz
6708:John A. Wheeler
6693:Robert H. Dicke
6678:
6541:Luis W. Alvarez
6522:
6503:
6491:David Blackwell
6445:
6396:Carl R. de Boor
6367:Karen Uhlenbeck
6347:
6301:Louis Nirenberg
6236:
6209:Ralph E. Gomory
6147:
6143:Donald E. Knuth
6130:Hassler Whitney
6068:
5992:
5973:
5938:
5870:Andreas Acrivos
5847:
5835:Eli Ruckenstein
5814:Hermann A. Haus
5785:Calvin F. Quate
5772:Luna B. Leopold
5739:
5630:
5616:Robert N. Noyce
5606:Emmett N. Leith
5565:Manson Benedict
5547:Rudolf Kompfner
5511:
5465:Warren K. Lewis
5402:
5383:
5317:
5279:Peter B. Dervan
5250:John I. Brauman
5209:
5161:Norman Davidson
5088:John D. Roberts
5063:
5031:Konrad E. Bloch
4977:Richard N. Zare
4939:
4916:
4897:
4854:Sallie Chisholm
4836:Rudolf Jaenisch
4816:
4799:J. Craig Venter
4758:Rita R. Colwell
4625:
4611:David Baltimore
4502:Robert W. Kates
4474:David G. Nathan
4469:Edward B. Lewis
4439:
4435:Harland G. Wood
4430:Roger W. Sperry
4285:Glenn W. Burton
4257:
4233:Arthur Kornberg
4200:Roger Guillemin
4177:Hallowell Davis
4141:Daniel I. Arnon
4133:Albert B. Sabin
4113:
4086:Detlev W. Bronk
4058:Harry F. Harlow
4053:Kenneth S. Cole
4040:William C. Rose
4012:Francis P. Rous
3972:
3953:
3918:
3898:Gordon H. Bower
3859:
3855:Robert M. Solow
3771:
3767:Milton Friedman
3731:
3708:
3697:
3689:
3659:
3654:
3592:
3584:
3559:
3556:(United States)
3550:(United States)
3544:(United States)
3542:Roger Guillemin
3528:
3525:(United States)
3513:(United States)
3497:
3479:
3455:
3436:
3429:
3399:
3394:
3379:
3368:
3353:
3348:Charles M. Rice
3340:Harvey J. Alter
3334:
3318:
3306:
3297:Michael Rosbash
3293:Jeffrey C. Hall
3290:
3282:
3266:
3257:May-Britt Moser
3250:
3234:
3229:Shinya Yamanaka
3222:
3201:
3193:
3188:Jack W. Szostak
3177:
3161:
3156:Oliver Smithies
3145:
3133:
3121:
3109:
3104:Peter Mansfield
3097:
3092:John E. Sulston
3081:
3065:
3054:
3038:
3030:
3014:
3006:
2994:
2981:Edward B. Lewis
2978:
2966:
2954:
2942:
2930:
2918:
2906:
2890:
2885:Susumu Tonegawa
2882:
2870:
2858:
2842:
2834:
2818:
2802:
2786:
2774:
2758:
2745:Roger Guillemin
2742:
2737:Daniel Gajdusek
2733:Baruch Blumberg
2730:
2719:
2710:Renato Dulbecco
2706:David Baltimore
2703:
2687:
2674:Karl von Frisch
2671:
2659:
2651:
2635:
2619:
2603:
2594:Haldan Hartline
2587:
2575:
2559:
2547:
2531:
2526:Maurice Wilkins
2515:
2507:
2495:
2490:Arthur Kornberg
2483:
2467:
2459:
2443:
2435:
2419:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2380:
2364:
2352:
2344:
2328:
2320:
2304:
2295:Joseph Erlanger
2292:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2223:
2215:
2199:
2191:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2151:
2146:Charles Nicolle
2143:
2135:
2127:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1989:Albrecht Kossel
1986:
1978:
1966:
1958:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1895:
1886:
1828:
1818:
1679:
1613:
1607:
1541:
1539:Further reading
1536:
1526:
1524:
1513:
1509:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1367:Medical Physics
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1324:Wayback Machine
1314:
1310:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1169:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1056:Wayback Machine
1046:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1018:
971:
964:
942:
935:
925:
923:
913:
909:
899:
897:
889:
888:
884:
875:
873:
870:Massive Science
861:
857:
844:
843:
836:
820:
814:
805:
750:
743:
736:
718:
697:
687:
685:
682:"Autobiography"
678:
671:
661:
659:
649:
642:
632:
628:
612:10.1038/474580a
591:
587:
583:
561:
553:
501:Roger Guillemin
418:
331:
314:
267:
262:
258:
235:
230:
210:Roger Guillemin
208:(together with
176:Medical physics
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
103:
97:Alma mater
92:
86:
82:
73:
67:
61:
59:
58:
57:
56:Rosalyn Sussman
47:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10240:
10230:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10102:
10101:
10099:
10098:
10093:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10060:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10037:
10032:
10029:
10024:
10019:
10014:
10012:John M. Tedder
10009:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9973:
9968:
9965:
9960:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9929:
9924:
9923:Nobufusa Saito
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9903:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9888:Gunnar Randers
9885:
9880:
9875:
9870:
9867:
9862:
9860:David Phillips
9857:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9837:
9832:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9810:Walter H. Munk
9807:
9802:
9797:
9795:Nevill F. Mott
9792:
9787:
9782:
9780:Harry Melville
9777:
9772:
9771:John McMichael
9769:
9768:Henry McIlwain
9766:
9761:
9756:
9753:
9750:
9749:Prem N. Kirpal
9747:
9742:
9737:
9734:
9729:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9708:
9706:David H. Hubel
9703:
9698:
9693:
9690:
9685:
9680:
9678:Don W. Fawcett
9675:
9670:
9667:
9664:
9659:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9644:John C. Eccles
9641:
9638:
9636:Gerald Durrell
9633:
9628:
9623:
9618:
9616:Frank J. Dixon
9613:
9610:
9607:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9579:Norman Borlaug
9576:
9571:
9566:
9561:
9556:
9555:M. Balasegaram
9553:
9551:James Baddiley
9548:
9543:
9537:
9534:
9533:
9525:
9524:
9517:
9510:
9502:
9493:
9492:
9489:
9488:
9485:
9484:
9482:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9459:Judith Plaskow
9456:
9454:Peggy McIntosh
9451:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9430:
9428:
9424:
9423:
9421:
9420:
9418:Michelle Obama
9415:
9410:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9374:
9372:
9368:
9367:
9365:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9333:
9331:
9323:
9322:
9312:
9311:
9308:
9307:
9304:
9303:
9301:
9300:
9295:
9293:Laurie Spiegel
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9249:
9247:
9243:
9242:
9240:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9212:Sherry Lansing
9209:
9204:
9199:
9197:Temple Grandin
9194:
9188:
9186:
9182:
9181:
9179:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9156:Jean Kilbourne
9153:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9127:
9125:
9121:
9120:
9118:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9080:Ina May Gaskin
9077:
9071:
9069:
9065:
9064:
9062:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9034:Billie Holiday
9031:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9005:
9003:
8995:
8994:
8984:
8983:
8980:
8979:
8976:
8975:
8973:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8921:
8919:
8915:
8914:
8912:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8865:
8863:
8859:
8858:
8856:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8804:
8802:
8798:
8797:
8795:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8767:Dorothea Lange
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8733:
8731:
8727:
8726:
8724:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8692:
8690:
8686:
8685:
8683:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8640:Bessie Coleman
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8616:
8614:
8610:
8609:
8607:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8510:
8508:
8500:
8499:
8489:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8481:
8480:
8478:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8371:
8369:
8365:
8364:
8362:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8305:
8303:
8299:
8298:
8296:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8228:Eileen Collins
8225:
8220:
8218:Amelia Bloomer
8215:
8210:
8208:Virginia Apgar
8204:
8202:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8177:Nettie Stevens
8174:
8172:Muriel Siebert
8169:
8164:
8159:
8157:Linda Richards
8154:
8149:
8147:Maria Mitchell
8144:
8142:Louise McManus
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8097:Catherine East
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8068:
8066:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8046:Faye Wattleton
8043:
8038:
8033:
8031:Helen Stephens
8028:
8026:Gloria Steinem
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7951:Dolores Huerta
7948:
7946:Dorothy Height
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7882:
7880:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7872:
7866:
7864:
7860:
7859:
7857:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7844:Barbara Jordan
7841:
7835:
7833:
7825:
7824:
7814:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7776:
7774:
7770:
7769:
7767:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7750:
7748:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7735:
7729:
7727:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7719:
7714:
7712:Belva Lockwood
7708:
7706:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7698:
7693:
7687:
7685:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7677:
7672:
7666:
7664:
7656:
7655:
7645:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7634:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7612:
7610:
7606:
7605:
7603:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7586:
7584:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7576:
7574:Harriet Tubman
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7554:Florence Sabin
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7534:Alice Hamilton
7531:
7529:Amelia Earhart
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7475:
7473:
7465:
7464:
7454:
7453:
7445:
7444:
7437:
7430:
7422:
7413:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7401:
7396:
7393:
7388:
7386:Burton Richter
7383:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7361:
7359:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7339:Yakir Aharonov
7336:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7307:
7302:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7286:
7281:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7253:Richard Garwin
7250:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7217:Willis E. Lamb
7214:
7210:
7208:
7204:
7203:
7201:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7156:
7151:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7109:
7104:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7059:
7057:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6976:Philip Abelson
6973:
6970:
6968:Chen-Ning Yang
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6942:
6937:
6935:Bruno B. Rossi
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6892:Yoichiro Nambu
6889:
6884:
6880:
6878:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6703:John C. Slater
6700:
6695:
6690:
6686:
6684:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6590:Jacob Bjerknes
6587:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6543:
6538:
6534:
6532:
6524:
6523:
6513:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6501:
6496:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6453:
6451:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6438:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6422:
6417:
6414:
6409:
6406:
6401:
6398:
6393:
6390:
6388:James G. Glimm
6385:
6382:
6380:Elias M. Stein
6377:
6372:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6355:
6353:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6332:
6327:
6324:
6322:Shing-Tung Yau
6319:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6303:
6298:
6295:
6290:
6287:
6282:
6279:
6274:
6271:
6266:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6190:
6188:Antoni Zygmund
6185:
6180:
6177:
6175:Isadore Singer
6172:
6167:
6164:
6159:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6138:Joseph L. Doob
6135:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6119:
6117:George Dantzig
6114:
6109:
6107:John W. Backus
6104:
6101:
6096:
6093:
6088:
6085:
6083:Richard Brauer
6080:
6076:
6074:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6064:William Feller
6061:
6058:
6053:
6050:
6045:
6042:
6037:
6034:
6029:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6013:
6011:Norbert Wiener
6008:
6004:
6002:
5994:
5993:
5983:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5969:Thomas Kailath
5966:
5963:
5958:
5955:
5950:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5928:
5923:
5920:
5915:
5912:
5907:
5904:
5899:
5896:
5891:
5888:
5883:
5880:
5875:
5872:
5867:
5864:
5859:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5837:
5832:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5816:
5811:
5808:
5803:
5800:
5795:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5706:
5701:
5699:H. Bolton Seed
5696:
5691:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5652:
5650:Donald L. Katz
5647:
5642:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5621:Earl R. Parker
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5528:
5523:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5475:
5470:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5455:Hugh L. Dryden
5452:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5423:
5418:
5414:
5412:
5404:
5403:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5373:
5368:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5339:
5337:Peter J. Stang
5334:
5329:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5313:Marye Anne Fox
5310:
5305:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5289:
5284:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5268:
5266:Tobin J. Marks
5263:
5260:
5255:
5252:
5247:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5195:Stuart A. Rice
5192:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5163:
5158:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5142:
5137:
5134:
5129:
5127:Donald J. Cram
5124:
5121:
5116:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5096:Ronald Breslow
5093:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5038:
5036:Elias J. Corey
5033:
5028:
5023:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5002:
4997:
4995:Carl S. Marvel
4992:
4987:
4982:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4967:Roald Hoffmann
4964:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4928:
4926:
4918:
4917:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4883:Stanley Falkow
4880:
4877:
4875:Rakesh K. Jain
4872:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4678:Gene E. Likens
4675:
4670:
4665:
4663:George F. Bass
4660:
4655:
4652:
4647:
4645:Peter H. Raven
4642:
4637:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4579:
4574:
4571:
4569:Alexander Rich
4566:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4550:
4545:
4543:Daniel Nathans
4540:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4524:
4519:
4517:Folke K. Skoog
4514:
4509:
4507:Salvador Luria
4504:
4499:
4497:Elvin A. Kabat
4494:
4489:
4484:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4410:Katherine Esau
4407:
4404:
4399:
4397:Eric R. Kandel
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4343:
4341:Joan A. Steitz
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4315:
4313:Berta Scharrer
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4280:Seymour Benzer
4277:
4274:
4272:Philip Handler
4269:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4159:Erwin Chargaff
4156:
4154:Britton Chance
4151:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4104:Robert Huebner
4101:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3993:
3991:C. B. van Niel
3988:
3984:
3982:
3974:
3973:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3949:Albert Bandura
3946:
3943:
3941:Robert Axelrod
3938:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3908:
3903:
3900:
3895:
3892:
3887:
3884:
3882:R. Duncan Luce
3879:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3849:
3844:
3841:
3836:
3833:
3831:Paul Samuelson
3828:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3809:
3804:
3801:
3796:
3793:
3791:Patrick Suppes
3788:
3786:Leonid Hurwicz
3783:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3710:
3709:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3576:
3569:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3551:
3548:Andrew Schally
3545:
3538:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3507:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3470:
3468:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3450:Ilya Prigogine
3446:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3385:Katalin KarikĂł
3377:
3366:
3351:
3332:
3316:
3304:
3288:
3280:
3264:
3248:
3241:Randy Schekman
3232:
3220:
3199:
3191:
3175:
3168:Luc Montagnier
3159:
3148:Mario Capecchi
3143:
3131:
3124:Barry Marshall
3119:
3107:
3100:Paul Lauterbur
3095:
3084:Sydney Brenner
3079:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3045:Paul Greengard
3041:Arvid Carlsson
3036:
3028:
3012:
3004:
2992:
2976:
2973:Martin Rodbell
2964:
2952:
2949:Edwin G. Krebs
2945:Edmond Fischer
2940:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2893:James W. Black
2888:
2880:
2868:
2856:
2853:CĂ©sar Milstein
2849:Georges Köhler
2840:
2832:
2821:Sune Bergström
2816:
2813:Torsten Wiesel
2809:David H. Hubel
2800:
2784:
2772:
2765:Daniel Nathans
2756:
2749:Andrew Schally
2740:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2701:
2685:
2669:
2662:Gerald Edelman
2657:
2649:
2646:Julius Axelrod
2633:
2630:Salvador Luria
2626:Alfred Hershey
2617:
2601:
2585:
2573:
2562:François Jacob
2557:
2545:
2529:
2513:
2505:
2493:
2481:
2465:
2457:
2446:André Cournand
2441:
2433:
2417:
2405:
2402:Selman Waksman
2397:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2367:Edward Kendall
2362:
2350:
2342:
2326:
2323:Hermann Muller
2318:
2302:
2299:Herbert Gasser
2290:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2254:Gerhard Domagk
2249:
2241:
2233:
2221:
2213:
2210:William Murphy
2202:George Whipple
2197:
2189:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2087:
2080:Archibald Hill
2075:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2016:
2013:Charles Richet
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1964:
1956:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1840:
1827:
1826:External links
1824:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1799:
1773:
1741:
1725:
1709:
1693:
1677:
1643:
1627:
1611:
1606:978-0810811614
1605:
1584:
1572:10.4065/77.1.4
1558:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1507:
1463:
1452:
1428:
1403:
1397:
1353:
1328:
1308:
1286:
1264:
1242:
1228:
1215:
1201:
1176:
1152:
1123:
1098:
1073:
1060:
1040:
1016:
985:(3): 147–148.
962:
945:Howes, Ruth H.
933:
907:
882:
855:
834:
803:
764:(3): 669–670.
741:
735:978-0738202631
734:
695:
669:
640:
626:
584:
582:
579:
578:
577:
572:
567:
560:
557:
552:
549:
436:fellowship to
417:
414:
386:Solomon Berson
359:Hunter College
335:Hunter College
330:
327:
313:
310:
287:Hunter College
266:
263:
251:
247:Hunter College
234:
231:
229:
226:
214:Andrew Schally
193:
192:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
162:
161:
130:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
112:
111:Known for
108:
107:
101:Hunter College
98:
94:
93:
87:
85:(aged 89)
79:
75:
74:
68:
55:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10239:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10114:
10112:
10097:
10096:John Z. Young
10094:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10061:
10058:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10023:
10020:
10018:
10017:Edward Teller
10015:
10013:
10010:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9984:Lyman Spitzer
9982:
9980:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9963:Stefan Ĺšlopek
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9830:Yuval Ne'eman
9828:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9759:Georges Mathé
9757:
9754:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:Peter E. Kent
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:Leo A. Kaprio
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:Osmo H. Järvi
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9654:Manfred Eigen
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9611:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9559:Frank Barnaby
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9538:
9535:
9531:
9523:
9518:
9516:
9511:
9509:
9504:
9503:
9500:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9434:Patricia Bath
9432:
9431:
9429:
9425:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9403:Emily Howland
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9375:
9373:
9369:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9357:Toni Morrison
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9334:
9332:
9328:
9324:
9317:
9313:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9253:Gloria Allred
9251:
9250:
9248:
9244:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9222:Aimee Mullins
9220:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9192:Matilda Cuomo
9190:
9189:
9187:
9183:
9177:
9176:Eleanor Smeal
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9141:Martha Graham
9139:
9137:
9136:Nancy Brinker
9134:
9132:
9129:
9128:
9126:
9122:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9110:Anna Schwartz
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9072:
9070:
9066:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9006:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8989:
8985:
8971:
8970:Kate Stoneman
8968:
8966:
8965:Susan Solomon
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8922:
8920:
8916:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8889:Winona LaDuke
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8866:
8864:
8860:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8818:Betty Bumpers
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8805:
8803:
8799:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8787:Anne Sullivan
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8728:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8693:
8691:
8687:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8655:Althea Gibson
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8617:
8615:
8611:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8511:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8494:
8490:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8465:Florence Wald
8463:
8461:
8460:Beverly Sills
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8430:Shannon Lucid
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8372:
8370:
8366:
8360:
8359:Edith Wharton
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8306:
8304:
8300:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8288:Pat Schroeder
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8205:
8203:
8199:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8182:Oprah Winfrey
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8162:Wilma Rudolph
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8082:Myra Bradwell
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8069:
8067:
8063:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8016:Elaine Roulet
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7926:Betty Friedan
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7883:
7881:
7877:
7871:
7868:
7867:
7865:
7861:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7819:
7815:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7771:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7751:
7749:
7745:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7724:
7718:
7717:Lucretia Mott
7715:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7703:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7682:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7650:
7646:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7611:
7607:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7595:Margaret Mead
7593:
7591:
7590:Abigail Adams
7588:
7587:
7585:
7581:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7514:Rachel Carson
7512:
7510:
7509:Pearl S. Buck
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7443:
7438:
7436:
7431:
7429:
7424:
7423:
7420:
7400:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7356:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7331:James E. Gunn
7329:
7327:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7263:Edward Witten
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7205:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7081:Roger Revelle
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7054:
7048:
7047:Henry Stommel
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7037:Eugene Parker
7035:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6897:Edward Teller
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6875:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6863:Lyman Spitzer
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6782:Hans A. Bethe
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6726:Maurice Ewing
6724:
6722:
6721:Carl Djerassi
6719:
6716:
6714:
6713:Saul Winstein
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6681:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6661:Eugene Wigner
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6646:Paul Bartlett
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6633:Louis Hammett
6631:
6629:
6628:Gregory Breit
6626:
6624:
6623:Francis Birch
6621:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6582:William Rubey
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6518:
6514:
6500:
6499:Michael Artin
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6442:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6412:Bradley Efron
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6350:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6338:Felix Browder
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6314:Stephen Smale
6312:
6310:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6261:John McCarthy
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6222:Samuel Karlin
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6150:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6065:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6032:Oscar Zariski
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5988:
5984:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5844:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5806:Ray W. Clough
5804:
5801:
5799:
5798:Alfred Y. Cho
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5742:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5668:John G. Trump
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5508:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5481:Edwin H. Land
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5429:Vannevar Bush
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5398:
5394:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5345:Allen J. Bard
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5300:JoAnne Stubbe
5298:
5296:
5295:Joanna Fowler
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5205:Susan Solomon
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5049:Melvin Calvin
5047:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4990:Yuan Tseh Lee
4988:
4986:
4985:Harry B. Gray
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4959:Gilbert Stork
4957:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4912:
4908:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4867:Bruce Alberts
4865:
4863:
4862:May Berenbaum
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4768:Lubert Stryer
4766:
4764:
4763:Nina Fedoroff
4761:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4745:Anthony Fauci
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4688:Harold Varmus
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4622:
4621:Lynn Margulis
4619:
4617:
4616:Jared Diamond
4614:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4556:Thomas Eisner
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4530:Maxine Singer
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4512:Paul A. Marks
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4321:Stanley Cohen
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4210:Efraim Racker
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4164:James V. Neel
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4076:Horace Barker
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4045:Sewall Wright
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3964:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3933:Anne Treisman
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3890:Kenneth Arrow
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:Anne Anastasi
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3686:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3390:
3389:Drew Weissman
3386:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3273:Satoshi ĹŚmura
3270:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3237:James Rothman
3233:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3204:Bruce Beutler
3200:
3197:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3116:Linda B. Buck
3113:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3034:
3033:GĂĽnter Blobel
3029:
3026:
3022:
3021:Louis Ignarro
3018:
3013:
3010:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2962:
2961:Phillip Sharp
2958:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2921:Joseph Murray
2917:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2873:Stanley Cohen
2869:
2866:
2862:
2861:Michael Brown
2857:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2777:Allan Cormack
2773:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2754:
2753:Rosalyn Yalow
2750:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2698:George Palade
2695:
2691:
2690:Albert Claude
2686:
2683:
2679:
2678:Konrad Lorenz
2675:
2670:
2667:
2666:Rodney Porter
2663:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2642:Ulf von Euler
2639:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2590:Ragnar Granit
2586:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2570:Jacques Monod
2567:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2542:Andrew Huxley
2539:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2518:Francis Crick
2514:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2502:Peter Medawar
2499:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:George Beadle
2466:
2463:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2438:Hugo Theorell
2434:
2431:
2427:
2426:Thomas Weller
2423:
2418:
2415:
2414:Fritz Lipmann
2411:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2315:Howard Florey
2312:
2308:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2194:Thomas Morgan
2190:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2084:Otto Meyerhof
2081:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2022:
2021:Róbert Bárány
2017:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2005:Alexis Carrel
2001:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1949:Camillo Golgi
1945:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1817:9780152992026
1813:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:J. Nucl. Med.
1628:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1547:J. Nucl. Med.
1543:
1542:
1523:. p. B18
1522:
1518:
1511:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1456:
1442:
1438:
1437:"About NSTMF"
1432:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1274:
1268:
1253:. america.gov
1252:
1246:
1238:
1232:
1225:
1219:
1211:
1205:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1070:
1064:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
969:
967:
958:
954:
950:
946:
940:
938:
922:
921:IEEE Spectrum
918:
911:
896:
892:
886:
872:
871:
866:
859:
851:
847:
841:
839:
831:(3): 152–163.
830:
826:
819:
812:
810:
808:
798:
793:
789:
785:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
748:
746:
737:
731:
726:
725:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
683:
676:
674:
658:
654:
647:
645:
638:
637:
636:The Telegraph
630:
622:
618:
613:
608:
605:(7353): 580.
604:
600:
596:
589:
585:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
556:
548:
546:
541:
539:
534:
532:
527:
525:
520:
518:
513:
511:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
474:
472:
467:
463:
460:
455:
453:
448:
445:
441:
439:
435:
427:
422:
413:
411:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
354:
350:
346:
342:
340:
336:
326:
324:
319:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
261:
259:Rosalyn Yalow
255:
250:
248:
244:
243:New York City
240:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
190:
187:
184:
180:
177:
174:
170:
167:
163:
160:
154:
150:
145:
140:
135:
134:Dickson Prize
131:
127:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
90:
89:New York City
80:
76:
71:
70:New York City
66:July 19, 1921
54:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
10090:
10022:Howard Temin
9898:Rex Richards
9878:Hermann Rahn
9688:Val L. Fitch
9649:Paul Ehrlich
9574:Aage N. Bohr
9546:Werner Arber
9464:Loretta Ross
9439:Ruby Bridges
9383:Judy Chicago
9278:Rose O'Neill
9258:Angela Davis
9237:Alice Waters
9232:Janet Rowley
9227:Carol Mutter
9115:Emma Willard
9095:Nancy Pelosi
9090:Kate Millett
8955:Ruth Patrick
8950:Emma Lazarus
8935:Karen DeCrow
8930:Mildred Cohn
8625:Lucille Ball
8599:Eudora Welty
8574:Sophia Smith
8559:Kate Mullany
8415:Sarah Grimké
8380:Maya Angelou
8213:Ann Bancroft
8192:Fanny Wright
8112:Grace Hopper
8050:
8036:Lillian Wald
7991:Annie Oakley
7971:Mary Mahoney
7795:Mary Risteau
7785:Willa Cather
7738:Bessie Smith
7616:Dorothea Dix
7544:Helen Keller
7519:Mary Cassatt
7494:Clara Barton
7373:Sandra Faber
7368:Sidney Drell
7198:Leo Kadanoff
7193:James Cronin
7141:Hans Dehmelt
7076:Robert Pound
7042:Robert Sharp
6858:John Sinfelt
6825:Verner Suomi
6792:Lewis Sarett
6656:Lars Onsager
6600:Henry Eyring
6567:John Bardeen
6309:Richard Karp
6277:Allen Newell
6056:Jerzy Neyman
5681:Tung-Yen Lin
5658:Bill Hewlett
5588:Morris Cohen
5182:John W. Cahn
5083:Karl Folkers
4844:Lucy Shapiro
4794:Elaine Fuchs
4673:Ann Graybiel
4603:Janet Rowley
4585:James Watson
4577:Ruth Patrick
4420:Philip Leder
4401:
4290:Mildred Cohn
4238:Severo Ochoa
4215:E. O. Wilson
3624:
3573:Bertil Ohlin
3553:
3374:Svante Pääbo
3359:David Julius
3313:Tasuku Honjo
3261:Edvard Moser
3253:John O'Keefe
3216:posthumously
3215:
3152:Martin Evans
3128:Robin Warren
3112:Richard Axel
3059:2001–present
2937:Bert Sakmann
2805:Roger Sperry
2797:George Snell
2793:Jean Dausset
2761:Werner Arber
2752:
2714:Howard Temin
2638:Bernard Katz
2622:Max DelbrĂĽck
2578:Francis Rous
2554:Feodor Lynen
2550:Konrad Bloch
2538:Alan Hodgkin
2522:James Watson
2498:Frank Burnet
2486:Severo Ochoa
2474:Edward Tatum
2462:Daniel Bovet
2375:Philip Hench
2287:Edward Doisy
2218:Hans Spemann
2206:George Minot
2186:Edgar Adrian
2174:Otto Warburg
2096:John Macleod
2065:August Krogh
2057:Jules Bordet
1973:Paul Ehrlich
1925:Niels Finsen
1909:Emil Behring
1805:
1777:
1745:
1729:
1713:
1697:
1681:
1647:
1631:
1615:
1590:
1562:
1546:
1525:. Retrieved
1520:
1510:
1483:
1479:
1474:In Memoriam:
1473:
1466:
1455:
1444:. Retrieved
1440:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1413:
1406:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1331:
1311:
1298:
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1267:
1255:. Retrieved
1245:
1231:
1218:
1204:
1193:. Retrieved
1191:. 2024-02-02
1188:
1179:
1168:. Retrieved
1164:
1155:
1144:. Retrieved
1139:
1126:
1115:. Retrieved
1113:. 2023-12-15
1110:
1101:
1090:. Retrieved
1088:. 2023-10-03
1085:
1076:
1063:
1043:
1032:. Retrieved
1028:
1019:
982:
978:
956:
952:
924:. Retrieved
920:
910:
898:. Retrieved
894:
885:
874:. Retrieved
868:
858:
849:
828:
824:
761:
757:
723:
686:. Retrieved
660:. Retrieved
656:
635:
634:Obituary in
629:
602:
598:
588:
554:
542:
535:
528:
521:
514:
482:
475:
468:
464:
456:
449:
446:
442:
431:
406:
382:radioisotope
379:
355:
351:
347:
343:
332:
315:
294:World War II
291:
268:
257:
253:
236:
197:
196:
182:Institutions
165:
83:(2011-05-30)
81:May 30, 2011
10122:2011 deaths
10117:1921 births
10007:Henry Taube
9927:Abdus Salam
9469:Sandy Stone
9413:Indra Nooyi
9085:Julie Krone
8884:Swanee Hunt
8874:Julia Child
8838:Maya Y. Lin
8711:Bertha Holt
8645:Dorothy Day
8579:Ida Tarbell
8544:Jeanne Holm
8273:Maggie Kuhn
8072:Bella Abzug
7961:Mae Jemison
7931:Ella Grasso
7921:Alice Evans
7911:Ruth Colvin
7539:Helen Hayes
7479:Jane Addams
7326:Berni Alder
7133:Frank Press
7014:Walter Kohn
6991:George Pake
6925:Walter Munk
6848:Herman Mark
6830:Henry Taube
6618:Jesse Beams
6572:Peter Debye
6554:Harold Urey
6478:Barry Mazur
6040:John Milnor
5934:Amnon Yariv
5878:Leo Beranek
5704:Ernst Weber
5557:Abel Wolman
5148:Thomas Cech
5078:Elkan Blout
5018:Max Tishler
4935:Roger Adams
4893:Simon Levin
4359:Harry Eagle
4182:Paul Gyorgy
3874:Gary Becker
3579:James Meade
3433:Nobel Prize
3225:John Gurdon
3140:Craig Mello
3136:Andrew Fire
3049:Eric Kandel
3025:Ferid Murad
2933:Erwin Neher
2845:Niels Jerne
2610:Har Khorana
2598:George Wald
2566:André Lwoff
2534:John Eccles
2422:John Enders
2394:Max Theiler
2355:Walter Hess
2347:Paul MĂĽller
2311:Ernst Chain
1981:Emil Kocher
1941:Robert Koch
1933:Ivan Pavlov
1917:Ronald Ross
489:Nobel Prize
485:Marie Curie
388:to develop
283:stenography
10111:Categories
10076:Alan Walsh
9997:Pol Swings
9902:Jean Rösch
9268:Jane Fonda
9263:Sarah Deer
9075:Betty Ford
8564:Janet Reno
8410:Gerty Cori
8385:Nellie Bly
8077:Ella Baker
7996:Rosa Parks
7790:Sally Ride
7759:Lucy Stone
7626:Alice Paul
7120:Vera Rubin
6759:Paul Flory
6420:Hyman Bass
6293:John Cocke
6196:Raoul Bott
6099:Kurt Gödel
6091:John Tukey
6048:Paul Cohen
5663:George Low
5626:Simon Ramo
4849:Leroy Hood
4650:Carl Woese
4598:Bruce Ames
4109:Ernst Mayr
3461:Literature
3076:Paul Nurse
2410:Hans Krebs
2335:Gerty Cori
2283:Henrik Dam
2230:Otto Loewi
2226:Henry Dale
1778:Obes. Res.
1527:October 8,
1446:2024-02-13
1421:October 8,
1195:2024-02-13
1170:2024-02-13
1146:2016-10-02
1117:2024-02-13
1092:2024-02-13
1034:2024-02-13
876:2019-06-20
688:October 2,
581:References
493:Gerty Cori
222:Gerty Cori
62:1921-07-19
10059:Ioan Ursu
9398:Joy Harjo
9320:2020–2029
8992:2010–2019
8782:Sacagawea
8529:Mary Dyer
8497:2000–2009
7966:Mary Lyon
7822:1990–1999
7653:1980–1989
7462:1970–1979
7115:Val Fitch
6183:Peter Lax
5953:Shu Chien
5200:John Ross
4915:Chemistry
4303:Paul Berg
3695:laureates
3452:(Belgium)
3442:Chemistry
3435:laureates
3277:Tu Youyou
2829:John Vane
2724:1976–2000
2385:1951–1975
2331:Carl Cori
2121:1926–1950
1900:1901–1925
1889:Laureates
1770:222201808
926:31 August
900:31 August
662:31 August
510:hepatitis
434:Fulbright
233:Childhood
228:Biography
121:Spouse(s)
9393:Mia Hamm
7094:Ed Stone
4091:Jay Lush
3575:(Sweden)
3072:Tim Hunt
1854:podcasts
1674:54365773
1666:10543707
1640:11911104
1581:11794457
1320:Archived
1279:June 26,
1257:June 19,
1161:"Awards"
1052:Archived
1011:21897888
788:23077082
621:21720355
559:See also
438:Portugal
398:vitamins
394:hormones
3503:Physics
3476:(Spain)
1891:of the
1796:8946445
1762:1734492
1722:1574075
1706:4351488
1624:1574076
1597:224–233
1555:3309206
1501:5417100
1375:Bibcode
1346:June 2,
1002:3156531
852:. 2003.
797:3271914
766:Bibcode
402:enzymes
367:physics
265:College
3319:2019:
3307:2018:
3291:2017:
3283:2016:
3267:2015:
3251:2014:
3235:2013:
3223:2012:
3202:2011:
3194:2010:
3178:2009:
3162:2008:
3146:2007:
3134:2006:
3122:2005:
3110:2004:
3098:2003:
3082:2002:
3066:2001:
3039:2000:
3031:1999:
3015:1998:
3007:1997:
2995:1996:
2979:1995:
2967:1994:
2955:1993:
2943:1992:
2931:1991:
2919:1990:
2907:1989:
2891:1988:
2883:1987:
2871:1986:
2859:1985:
2843:1984:
2835:1983:
2819:1982:
2803:1981:
2787:1980:
2775:1979:
2759:1978:
2743:1977:
2731:1976:
2704:1975:
2688:1974:
2672:1973:
2660:1972:
2652:1971:
2636:1970:
2620:1969:
2604:1968:
2588:1967:
2576:1966:
2560:1965:
2548:1964:
2532:1963:
2516:1962:
2508:1961:
2496:1960:
2484:1959:
2468:1958:
2460:1957:
2444:1956:
2436:1955:
2420:1954:
2408:1953:
2400:1952:
2392:1951:
2365:1950:
2353:1949:
2345:1948:
2329:1947:
2321:1946:
2305:1945:
2293:1944:
2281:1943:
2252:1939:
2244:1938:
2236:1937:
2224:1936:
2216:1935:
2200:1934:
2192:1933:
2180:1932:
2172:1931:
2164:1930:
2152:1929:
2144:1928:
2136:1927:
2128:1926:
2102:1924:
2090:1923:
2078:1922:
2063:1920:
2055:1919:
2019:1914:
2011:1913:
2003:1912:
1995:1911:
1987:1910:
1979:1909:
1967:1908:
1959:1907:
1947:1906:
1939:1905:
1931:1904:
1923:1903:
1915:1902:
1907:1901:
1814:
1794:
1768:
1760:
1738:349610
1736:
1720:
1704:
1690:345822
1688:
1672:
1664:
1649:Lancet
1638:
1622:
1603:
1579:
1553:
1498:
1395:
1009:
999:
794:
786:
732:
619:
599:Nature
416:Awards
318:kosher
172:Fields
129:Awards
91:, U.S.
72:, U.S.
7358:2010s
7207:2000s
7056:1990s
6877:1980s
6683:1970s
6531:1960s
6450:2010s
6352:2000s
6241:1990s
6152:1980s
6073:1970s
6001:1960s
5943:2010s
5852:2000s
5744:1990s
5635:1980s
5516:1970s
5411:1960s
5322:2010s
5214:2000s
5068:1990s
4944:1980s
4925:1960s
4821:2010s
4630:2000s
4444:1990s
4262:1980s
4118:1970s
3981:1960s
3923:2010s
3864:2000s
3776:1990s
3736:1980s
3717:1960s
3625:1977
3485:Peace
3431:1977
1850:from
1766:S2CID
1670:S2CID
1340:(PDF)
1136:(PDF)
821:(PDF)
784:JSTOR
551:Death
157:1988
147:1977
142:1976
137:1975
132:1972
9427:2024
9371:2022
9330:2020
9246:2019
9185:2017
9124:2015
9068:2013
9002:2011
8918:2009
8862:2007
8801:2005
8730:2003
8689:2002
8613:2001
8507:2000
8368:1998
8302:1996
8201:1995
8065:1994
7879:1993
7863:1991
7832:1990
7773:1988
7747:1986
7726:1984
7705:1983
7684:1982
7663:1981
7609:1979
7583:1976
7472:1973
7395:2014
7382:2012
7364:2011
7335:2009
7322:2008
7309:2007
7301:2006
7288:2005
7280:2004
7267:2003
7249:2002
7231:2001
7213:2000
7189:1999
7176:1998
7158:1997
7150:1996
7137:1995
7124:1994
7111:1993
7103:1992
7085:1991
7062:1990
7028:1989
7000:1988
6972:1987
6944:1986
6906:1983
6883:1982
6839:1979
6806:1976
6778:1975
6750:1974
6717:1973
6689:1970
6665:1969
6642:1968
6614:1967
6586:1966
6563:1965
6545:1964
6537:1963
6495:2013
6482:2012
6469:2011
6456:2010
6437:2009
6424:2007
6416:2006
6408:2005
6400:2004
6392:2003
6384:2002
6371:2001
6358:2000
6334:1999
6326:1998
6318:1997
6305:1996
6297:1995
6289:1994
6281:1993
6273:1992
6265:1991
6247:1990
6218:1989
6205:1988
6192:1987
6179:1986
6166:1983
6158:1982
6134:1979
6121:1976
6103:1975
6095:1974
6087:1973
6079:1970
6060:1969
6052:1968
6044:1967
6036:1966
6028:1965
6015:1964
6007:1963
5965:2012
5957:2011
5949:2010
5930:2009
5922:2008
5914:2007
5906:2006
5898:2005
5890:2004
5882:2003
5874:2002
5866:2001
5858:2000
5839:1999
5831:1998
5818:1996
5810:1995
5802:1994
5794:1993
5781:1992
5763:1991
5750:1990
5726:1989
5708:1988
5690:1987
5672:1986
5654:1983
5641:1982
5602:1979
5584:1976
5561:1975
5543:1974
5530:1973
5522:1970
5503:1969
5490:1968
5477:1967
5469:1966
5451:1965
5438:1964
5425:1963
5417:1962
5375:2014
5367:2013
5354:2012
5341:2011
5328:2010
5304:2009
5291:2008
5283:2007
5270:2006
5262:2005
5254:2004
5246:2002
5233:2001
5220:2000
5191:1999
5178:1998
5165:1997
5157:1996
5144:1995
5136:1994
5123:1993
5115:1992
5092:1991
5074:1990
5040:1989
5022:1988
5004:1987
4981:1986
4963:1983
4950:1982
4931:1964
4879:2014
4871:2013
4858:2012
4840:2011
4827:2010
4803:2009
4785:2008
4772:2007
4754:2006
4741:2005
4723:2004
4705:2003
4692:2002
4654:2001
4636:2000
4607:1999
4594:1998
4581:1997
4573:1996
4565:1995
4552:1994
4539:1993
4526:1992
4483:1991
4450:1990
4406:1989
4373:1988
4345:1987
4317:1986
4294:1983
4276:1982
4268:1981
4219:1979
4196:1976
4173:1975
4150:1974
4137:1973
4124:1970
4100:1969
4072:1968
4049:1967
4026:1966
4008:1965
3995:1964
3987:1963
3945:2015
3937:2014
3929:2011
3910:2009
3902:2008
3894:2005
3886:2004
3878:2003
3870:2000
3851:1999
3843:1998
3835:1997
3827:1996
3819:1995
3811:1994
3803:1992
3795:1991
3782:1990
3763:1988
3750:1987
3742:1986
3723:1964
3650:1982
3645:1981
3640:1980
3635:1979
3630:1978
3620:1976
3615:1975
3610:1974
3605:1973
3600:1972
3465:1977
3381:2023
3370:2022
3355:2021
3336:2020
2275:1942
2268:1941
2261:1940
2111:1925
2072:1921
2049:1918
2042:1917
2035:1916
2028:1915
1812:ISBN
1792:PMID
1758:PMID
1734:PMID
1718:PMID
1702:PMID
1686:PMID
1662:PMID
1636:PMID
1620:PMID
1601:ISBN
1577:PMID
1551:PMID
1529:2020
1423:2020
1393:ISBN
1348:2011
1281:2010
1259:2010
1007:PMID
959:(4).
928:2018
902:2018
730:ISBN
690:2012
664:2018
617:PMID
503:and
400:and
212:and
155:1979
78:Died
52:Born
1782:doi
1750:doi
1654:doi
1567:doi
1496:PMC
1488:doi
1383:doi
997:PMC
987:doi
792:PMC
774:doi
762:109
607:doi
603:474
302:PhD
10113::
3387:/
3383::
3372::
3361:/
3357::
3346:/
3342:/
3338::
3327:/
3323:/
3311:/
3299:/
3295:/
3275:/
3271:/
3259:/
3255:/
3243:/
3239:/
3227:/
3210:/
3206:/
3186:/
3182:/
3170:/
3166:/
3154:/
3150:/
3138:/
3126:/
3114:/
3102:/
3090:/
3086:/
3074:/
3070:/
3047:/
3043:/
3023:/
3019:/
2999:/
2987:/
2983:/
2971:/
2959:/
2947:/
2935:/
2923:/
2911:/
2899:/
2895:/
2875:/
2863:/
2851:/
2847:/
2827:/
2823:/
2811:/
2807:/
2795:/
2791:/
2779:/
2767:/
2763:/
2751:/
2747:/
2735:/
2712:/
2708:/
2696:/
2692:/
2680:/
2676:/
2664:/
2644:/
2640:/
2628:/
2624:/
2612:/
2608:/
2596:/
2592:/
2580:/
2568:/
2564:/
2552:/
2540:/
2536:/
2524:/
2520:/
2500:/
2488:/
2476:/
2472:/
2452:/
2448:/
2428:/
2424:/
2412:/
2373:/
2369:/
2357:/
2337:/
2333:/
2313:/
2309:/
2297:/
2285:/
2228:/
2208:/
2204:/
2184:/
2156:/
2094:/
2082:/
1971:/
1951:/
1790:,
1764:,
1756:,
1668:,
1660:,
1599:.
1575:,
1519:.
1494:.
1484:26
1482:.
1478:.
1439:.
1391:,
1381:,
1371:26
1369:,
1365:,
1301:.
1297:.
1187:.
1163:.
1138:.
1109:.
1084:.
1027:.
1005:.
995:.
983:15
981:.
977:.
965:^
957:40
955:.
951:.
936:^
919:.
893:.
867:.
848:.
837:^
829:59
827:.
823:.
806:^
790:.
782:.
772:.
760:.
756:.
744:^
698:^
672:^
655:.
643:^
615:.
601:.
597:.
547:.
519:.
396:,
377:.
308:.
241:,
9521:e
9514:t
9507:v
7441:e
7434:t
7427:v
3684:e
3677:t
3670:v
3467:)
3463:(
3424:e
3417:t
3410:v
3218:)
3214:(
1881:e
1874:t
1867:v
1820:.
1784::
1752::
1656::
1609:.
1569::
1531:.
1504:.
1490::
1472:"
1449:.
1425:.
1385::
1377::
1350:.
1326:.
1305:.
1283:.
1261:.
1226:.
1198:.
1173:.
1149:.
1120:.
1095:.
1071:.
1058:.
1037:.
1013:.
989::
930:.
904:.
879:.
800:.
776::
768::
738:.
692:.
666:.
623:.
609::
64:)
60:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
