Rommel myth - Knowledge

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at decisive moments of the campaigns. Douglas Austin points out that the overall port capacity at Tobruk and Benghazi was actually sufficient and that the recently published Enigma intercepts show that it was the bulk losses at sea (and not unloading or getting the supplies to forward areas) that had the greater impact on Rommel's decisions as well as those of other German commanders, like Kesselring. Levine dismisses poor port capacity and lack of transport vehicles as the Afrika Korps' crucial weaknesses, citing evidences gathered on British intelligence by Hinsley and Bennett. Others point out Rommel's dependence on captured resources as compensation for the unstable supply lines and unfulfilled promises (by 1942, 85% of his transport were captured vehicles). Butler opines that the myth of Rommel's bad logistical management is the result of rumours started by Halder. Lieb also opines that while his harshest critics (who mostly came from the General Staff) often said that Rommel was overrated or not suitable for higher commands, envy was a big factor here (Simon Ball also notes that this was the single group of people in the postwar West who had an interest in denigrating Rommel, who had never been one of them, while he opines that various elements in English and German post-war government and military circles had an interest in praising him as well).

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successful attacks) that ceased to function once he gradually lost equipment superiority, air cover and good intelligence (which, in combination with good leadership, allowed the possibility to offset numerical inferiority to some extent). This applied also in the case of Malta: even if the island had been captured, the army's condition would not have been improved immediately, but holding the ground meant Rommel would lose the initiative forever. According to Maurice Remy, Rommel should not be blamed regarding strategic matters, considering Hitler and Mussolini had prepared the African offensive strategy from the beginning, despite the warnings of Brauchitsch and Halder regarding the planned invasion of Russia (that Rommel was not informed of). As the African campaign progressed, Rommel became aware of the strategic and supply situation, but his superiors (among them Kesselring) continued to ask him to advance further and promise that the supplies would reach the battlefield in time. Like Hanley and Stumpf, Remy saw Rommel's successes as working against him: his superiors assumed that despite his constant requests for more forces and supplies, he could manage with the minimum. Remy also opines that Rommel's plan for the defence of the Atlantic coastline was the correct one, although he too made a mistake in seeing Calais as the main landing zone.

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for Hitler's charisma almost until the end. Peter Lieb opines that the relationship between Rommel and Hitler is overrated—they liked each other but the relationship became worse and worse since the end of 1942 when Rommel began to see the consequences of Hitler's disastrous leadership as well as recognize the criminal character of the regime. According to Lieb, historians should focus more on Goebbels, whose propaganda built up Rommel. Italian generals considered Rommel apolitical, too: According to Scianna, when Badoglio took over Italy in 1943, the Allies became hopeful that a similar development would happen in Germany with Rommel as head of the new regime, but captured Italian generals rebuked this pipe-dream, telling them that Rommel, unlike other German generals, did not care about politics.

1390: 1193:'s Editorial Board of Directors, comments that Rommel was beaten the moment he arrived in Africa, considering the Allied troops outnumbered the Afrika Korps and they worked under a much more straightforward chain of command, while orders sent from Berlin to North Africa were rarely kept confidential. Hanley sees Rommel turning German and Italian military authorities against each other as turning liabilities into advantages and that he repeatedly created operational miracles that made a strategic investment in the Africa theatre attractive in 1942. Also, according to Hanley, if Rommel stood still, his enemy's strength would accumulate while his own, depending on an uncertain supply line, would diminish, thus he needed the British stocks of supply to deal with his logistical problems. 285: 1048: 830:, Lewin wrote that it was "necessary to assert that ... the purity of the desert purified the desert war", while Fraser focused on Rommel's battlefield performance and described him as a hero. Fraser's biography remains a work of high reputation, with Pier Paolo Battistelli praising it for the outstanding handling of the issue of Rommel's myth as well as his life and career in general. However, the work has been criticised by historian Mark Connelly as "encapsulat the post-1945 hagiographic approach". Connelly offers the example of Fraser's description of Rommel as one of the "great masters of manoeuvre in war", whose personality "transcends time" and "cuts like sabre through the curtains of history". 356:

Hitler's private army, which executes his private revenges and guards his person ... When at last Poland made a stand for democracy, it was Rommel who led a panzer corps against the Polish horse cavalry with conspicuous gallantry. Later in France Hitler made him a Knight of the Iron Cross for breaking through the Maginot Line at Maubeuge with the 7th Armoured Division. True, French resistance was almost at an end then, but Erich was entitled to his decoration, too." Toward the end of the year, the Reich propaganda machine also used Rommel's successes in Africa as a diversion from the Wehrmacht's challenging situation in the

1040:) division despite having been turned down by the army's personnel office, which had offered him command of a mountain division. Rommel's unprofessional conduct was noted by his fellow officers and added to his growing reputation as one of Hitler's favoured commanders. After the Fall of France, Rommel sent to him a specially prepared diary on the 7th Division and received a letter of thanks. Unknown to Rommel though, Hitler had barely looked at his diary and the letter was written by an adjutant. Remy remarks that by this time, Hitler still did not treat Rommel as a significantly important person. 1701:

Africa fought with great distinction and gallantry, ... it was fortunate for their subsequent reputation that the SS murderers that followed in their wake did not have an opportunity to get to work." Kitchen further explains that the sparsely populated desert areas did not lend themselves to ethnic cleansing; that the German forces never reached Egypt and Palestine, which had large Jewish populations; and that, in the urban areas of Tunisia and Tripolitania, the Italian government constrained the German efforts to discriminate against or eliminate Jews who were Italian citizens.

962:(SA) men who attacked the Jews and others who supported them. Rommel thus showed sympathy towards Hitler's elimination of the SA, believing the worst was now over, although he opined that in the future the Führer should learn to see his own true strength and refrain from such illegal processes. Remy dated Rommel's support for Hitler as 1935, noting a speech in which Rommel praised Hitler for restoring the Germans' self-respect and establishment of the way towards an honourable and righteous peace, as well as efforts in alleviating the disadvantaged people's problems. 1220:("lightning war"), and it was Hitler who downgraded strategic victory to operational victory. According to Alan J. Levine, contrary to the allegation that he was only a genius tactician without a good grasp of logistics, Rommel was a clearer thinker than most of his colleagues (shown by his judgements on developing situations) and although he was the most defeatist German general, there was a serious qualification to his pessimism and he was capable of displaying a surprising amount of energy in building the Normandy defense at the same time. 1426:, state that Rommel's main appeal to Hitler was that he was everything Hitler was not, while the political scientist Roland Detsch, in a review of Maurice Remy's book, comments that despite Remy's efforts, the strange relationship remains hard to understand. Wolfram Pyta remarks that Hitler did not compete with Rommel for the war leader image because the two complemented each other perfectly. They were similar in the sense that they were the only ones with a cultural presence and objects around whom German society's 1130:

theatre to the German High Command, his poor grasp of logistical realities, and, according to the historian Ian Beckett, his "penchant for glory hunting". Citino credits Rommel's limitations as an operational level commander as "materially contributing" to the eventual demise of the Axis forces in North Africa, Meanwhile, Addington focuses on Rommel's disobedience and struggle over the North Africa strategy, whereby his initial brilliant success resulted in "catastrophic effects" for Germany in this theatre of war.

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middle-class background and highlighted his connection with the lower classes and his early adherence to National Socialism or Hitler, using several invented anecdotes. The most notable of these, according to Charles F. Marshall, was that Rommel was a storm trooper (which was designed by Nazi propaganda to show "what heights a storm trooper could claim" and promote the impression of Rommel as an ardent Nazi supporter at the same time), that several American encyclopaedias still published a decade after the war.

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the Rommel mythology. While he has "the highest praise for his character", his impression of Rommel as a commander is a dashing cavalryman who gambled deep and lost in the end. Other authors who present popular narratives on Rommel as a misguided or deliberately falsified myth include James Sadkovich, who criticises both Rommel's supposed genius and his treatment of his Italian allies, and: James Robinson, Martin Kitchen, Alaric Searle, Robert Citino, Ralf Georg Reuth, Kenneth Macksey.

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wrote to his wife in October 1939 from the devastated Warsaw, where he was organising a victory parade: "There has been no water, no power, no gas, no food for two days. They have erected numerous barricades which blocked civilian movement and exposed people to bombardments from which they could not escape. The mayor estimated the number of the dead and injured to be 40,000 ... The inhabitants probably drew a breath of relief that we have arrived and rescued them."

687:, who had served in intelligence in North Africa during the war, commented that the film represented "a tendency towards collective schizophrenia whereas ... 'chivalry' towards a captured brigadier is in no wise incompatible with a foreign policy of perfidy and the brutal disregard for all the elementary decencies of civilised behaviour". Critical and public response in the U.S. was muted, but it was a commercial success in Britain, along with a less known 1953 film 8687: 730: 1331:, dating from 28 September 1944 in which the Chief of the Party Chancellery, and Personal Secretary to Hitler, stated that "former General Stülpnagel, former Colonel Hofacker, Kluge's meanwhile executed nephew Lieutenant-Colonel Rathgens and other defendants still alive gave all testimony that Field-Marshal Rommel was indeed in the picture; Rommel agreed that he would be at the new government's disposal after a successful plot". 1767:: "Rommel's way out in Africa—bypassing the chain of command by seeking direct access to Hitler—must never be taken as an example to be followed." Naumann states that, as "one of the battle-proven principles", "unity of command must be preserved". Rommel did not follow this principle, which allowed him to achieve some tactical victories, but this contributed to eventual operational and strategic failure in North Africa. 1374:, which helped to attract admiration from the British who saw in him a romantic archetype. Rommel classed himself as a traditionalist regarding military ethics and a modernist regarding warfare techniques. Citino believes that under the modern veneer, Rommel's story (as well as his style of warfare, including the negative points) was actually the last manifestation of an older Prussian tradition which began with 1004:

simply trying to carry out his orders." Remy points out that the incident of Rommel using tanks to protect a journey of Hitler, which has been used by Reuth and Irving to prove that Rommel came to Hitler's attention in 1936, actually happened in 1939. In 1936, according to Remy, Rommel was only a part of the elaborate spectacle that welcomed Hitler, and there was no evidence for the interaction between the two.

518:, an early proponent of these two interconnected initiatives, provided the first widely available source on Rommel in his 1948 book on Hitler's generals, updated in 1951. Portraying Rommel as an outsider to the Nazi regime in the 1948 edition, Liddell Hart concluded the 1951 text with comments on Rommel's "gifts and performance" that "qualified him for a place in the role of the 'Great Captains' of history". 1186:, also take issue with Rommel's absence from Normandy on the day of the Allied invasion, 6 June 1944. He had left France on 5 June and was at home on the 6th celebrating his wife's birthday. Rommel planned to proceed to see Hitler the next day to discuss the situation in Normandy. Zabecki calls his decision to leave the theatre in view of an imminent invasion "an incredible lapse of command responsibility". 1524:, attacks on Rommel's integrity and attempts to link him to war crimes, which were started by the "journalist side" in the 1990s, have been largely repudiated by serious research despite having been repeatedly rehashed and refreshed by some authors and their epigones. Stickler gives recognition to both Remy and Reuth for offering possible explanations for Rommel's character evolution. 1386:. (Reuth also comments that Rommel tended to blame the people around Hitler for all the bad of the regime while seeing Hitler, the sender of criminal orders, as the source of all that was good). Certain authors remark that he also sought military glory and personal recognition, most of all from Hitler on whom, according to Watson, Rommel projected his idea of the German people's will. 575:

he planned to turn Rommel into "the hero of the German people", to give them a positive role model. Rommel was a suitable candidate, since the manner of his death had led to the assumption that he had not been a supporter of Nazism. Young subscribed to this view, subtly conveying that Rommel served the regime, but was not part of it. The result was predictably positive, "bordering on

1230:. Marvin Knorr expresses a sympathetic view of Rommel's attitude to the General Staff, saying that their attitudes towards officers of middle class like him made it understandable that he was wary about them, and worried that the officers they sent to him would report on him or try to take over. Despite this, he came to trust and depend on these staff officers, like 1418:, Keitel or Jodl. Showalter comments that Rommel was a man who brought his work home, but not to the point of obsession with personal promotions, considering he had spent no effort in building a social circle (his wife was the person who determined their family's social agenda and the guest list, and the circle she chose was not wide nor prominent). 1151:(Italian Supreme Command) to disregard orders that he disagreed with or to appeal to whatever authority he felt would be most sympathetic to his requests. Rommel often went directly to Hitler with his needs and concerns, taking advantage of the favoritism that the Führer displayed towards him and adding to the German High Command's distrust of him. 8044: 1346:, claimed on 14 September 1944 that Rommel had told him in Normandy, just a few days before the plot, that Hitler and his entourage would have to be killed, if there was any chance for Germany to bring the war to a satisfactory end. Summarising the most recent findings on Rommel's role in the 20 July plot, Peter Lieb concludes that: 1068:

did not know that smashing the Soviet Union and major territorial acquisitions in the East would be the cornerstone of this plan. Nor did Rommel realise that Hitler saw no conflict of interest between Germany and the maritime power Great Britain, which he hoped to make an ally." He also had only a week's warning before the launch of

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hand, Pimlott criticises Rommel for only disagreeing with Hitler for strategic reasons and, while accepting that Rommel did give chivalrous tone to his battles in Africa, he points out that this should not be used to ignore the responsibility Rommel must bear for promoting the Nazi cause with vigour. The same sentiment is held by

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Marshal Rommel with much finesse, shows him to be human as well as cunning, brutal and vain." The film "exploits one of the standard wartime German stereotypes, that of the cold, ruthless aristocratic Junker officer", portraying Rommel as a "Wilhelmine officer complete with duelling scars and unbending authority." Film historian

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Rommel as, if controversial, a great captain. Others who mention and depict the myth as a phenomenon that is either hard to ascertain or has a core that reflects reality include Pier Paolo Battistelli, Randall Hansen, Ian Baxter, T.L. McMahon, Brighton, Rosie Goldschmidt Waldeck, Charles F. Marshall, Majdalany,

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the main objective and not the mere holding of territory. Butler writes that it was unfair to blame Rommel considering that he had been kept ignorant of Operation Barbarossa. Butler also questions the need to obey his superiors' higher strategy, considering that Hitler never had a coherent grand strategy.

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Kitchen: "The North African campaign has usually been seen, as in the title of Rommel's account, as 'War without Hate', and thus as further proof that the German army was not involved in any sordid butchering, which was left to Himmler's SS. While it was perfectly true that the German troops in North

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Charles F. Marshall: "With the German press showering him with encomiums, rumours about the Swabian’s past appeared overnight like mushrooms, both in Germany and outside. Every day brought new ones: He had been a bricklayer and early comrade of Hitler; he had been a street-corner bully; he had been a

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Numerous English-speaking authors use the "Rommel Myth" ambiguously, like Bruce Allen Watson who states that "the masks he wore reflected the genuine plurality of the man", or Jill Edwards, who notes that, below all the layers historians have removed and added to, what remains seems enough to qualify

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Caddick-Adams writes that Rommel was a "complicated man of many contradictions", while Beckett notes that "Rommel's myth ... has proved remarkably resilient" and that more work is needed to put him in proper historical context. Zabecki concludes that "the blind hero worship ... only distorts the real

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was being built, thus Rommel was the only German general who would have been capable of challenging Hitler's rule, had he ever crossed the Rubicon from his "apolitical-to-the-core" military world and developed a serious, critical view of Hitler's political dealings. However, Rommel himself had fallen

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Maurice Remy thinks that the emphasis should be on his plan for a separate peace with the West (his intention was not to continue Hitler's murderous war in the East, but to prevent disasters that might happen to Germany if the Soviet army arrived), which was devised with concrete details and carried

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When Rommel was seriously wounded on 17 July 1944, the Propaganda Ministry undertook efforts to conceal the injury so as not to undermine domestic morale. Despite this, the news leaked to the British press. To counteract the rumours of a serious injury and even death, Rommel was required to appear at

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wrote: "No 'von' nonsense about Erich, nor the code of conduct—such as it was—that most Prussian officers have honoured in war. He is a gangster general, trained in a harder school than Chicago. He was Hitler's thug organiser before he came to power ... So Erich became leader of the S.S. Black Guard,

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did not play any role in the operational preparations for the plot against Hitler and we do not know which post he was supposed to assume after a successful coup. Hence, the Field-Marshal was definitely not part of the most inner circle of the 20 July plotters. At the same time, however, he was more

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Rommel opposed assassinating Hitler. After the war, his widow maintained that Rommel believed an assassination attempt would spark a civil war. Historian Ian Beckett argues that "there is no credible evidence that Rommel had more than limited and superficial knowledge of the plot" and concludes that

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and Strölin on 27 May in Germany, ostensibly at Rommel's request, although the latter was not present. Neurath and Strölin suggested opening immediate surrender negotiations with the West, and, according to Speidel, Rommel agreed to further discussions and preparations. However, around the same time

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Some authors like Stumpf and Lewin opine that while Creveld's statistics regarding the losses of supplies are not wrong and that the vast distances were a big problem, the failure of the seaborne supply lines was still a deciding factor because operationally effective supplies often failed to arrive

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Military practitioners have also questioned Rommel's abilities at the operational level. While nearly all acknowledge Rommel's excellent tactical skills and personal bravery, many officers came to accept that Rommel was "possibly the most overrated commander of an army in world history", writes U.S.

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The film received nearly universally positive reviews in Britain, while protests at the cinemas broke out in Vienna and Milan. Liddell Hart watched the film with a group of high-ranking British officers and reported being "pleasantly surprised". Patrick Major argues that the desert war indeed proved

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comments: "It will not win any Academy awards but is an important film for it re-introduces Erich von Stroheim as the screen's arch-villain in a Prussian uniform, this time portraying the Nazi's much-touted Field Marshal Rommel... Forgetting his early caricatures of pompous Prussians, he plays Field

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in November 1942, and other military reverses, the Propaganda Ministry directed the media to emphasise Rommel's invincibility. The charade was maintained until the spring of 1943, even as the German situation in Africa became increasingly precarious. In May 1943, to ensure that the inevitable defeat

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intensified the GIs' admiration towards Rommel. The cult of personality was so strong that, according to Peter Schrijvers, "for the remainder of the war, German POWs would part with pictures of Rommel as reluctantly as GIs were eager to get them". While Allied troops respected Rommel, civilians held

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and a book of the same name, explains that despite extensive research, it is hard to see who Rommel really was under all the layers of the myth. She comments that she would not describe Rommel as a resistance fighter, although he did support the assassination attempt. Patrick Major describes Rommel

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Messenger points out that Rommel had many reasons to be grateful to Hitler, including his interference to arrange for him to receive command of an armoured division, his elevation to the status of a national hero, and continued interest and support from the dictator. Remy states that the attachment

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or 20 July plot is difficult to ascertain, as people most directly involved did not survive, and limited documentation of the conspirators' plans and preparations exists. Thus, Rommel's participation remains ambiguous, and the perception of it largely has its source in subsequent events (especially

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Certain modern historians, such as Larry T. Addington, Niall Barr and Robert Citino, are skeptical of Rommel as an operational, let alone strategic, level commander. They point to Rommel's lack of appreciation for Germany's strategic situation, his misunderstanding of the relative importance of his

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concludes that Rommel was "loyal in his own fashion and as beguiled by Hitler as steel filings by a magnet ... Hitler was a bulwark against bolshevism, had told staff officers." Despite this intimate relationship, he was not provided with basic information on Germany's strategic plan: "Rommel

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and wanted to meet the author in the fall of 1938. This casts doubt on the rest of Young's narrative as it pertains to Rommel's relationship with the dictator. Searle writes that, by this time, "Like many other front-line officers, with little awareness of the military planning underway, Rommel was

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Meanwhile, Liddell Hart had a personal interest in the work: by having coaxed Rommel's widow to include material favourable to himself, he could present Rommel as his "pupil" when it came to mobile armoured warfare. Thus, Liddell Hart's "theory of indirect approach" became a precursor to the German

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in a public relations capacity, and was once taken prisoner by Rommel's troops. Young interviewed Rommel's widow extensively and worked with several individuals who had been close to him, including Hans Speidel, with Liddell Hart also supporting the project. Speidel had already written in 1946 that

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Rommel was the German commander most frequently covered in the German media, and the only one to be given a press conference, which took place in October 1942. The press conference was moderated by Goebbels and was attended by both domestic and foreign media. Rommel declared: "Today we ... have the

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in a critical manner is Ralph Giordano, who describes the phenomenon as one of the "Falsehoods of Tradition" in his book of the same name, which depicts how the image of Rommel has been a major basis for the warrior cult of the Bundeswehr. Sir David Hunt describes himself as being critical towards

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remarks that although Rommel showed towards Hitler an admiration that later faded, he did not display the urge to submit himself to higher authority or powerful father figures, considering that had he been such a person, he would not have been so outspoken or risked himself in the struggle against

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writes that if Rommel was not a formally trained strategist, he developed himself into one, becoming able to grasp strategic opportunities that others missed. Starting as a compulsive commander who imperilled his command, and his superiors' plans in Africa, he realized that his opponent's army was

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battalion, tasked with guarding Hitler and his field headquarters. He attended Hitler's daily war briefings and had opportunities for one-on-one conversations with the dictator, which he proudly reported in letters to his wife. In a sign that he "lost touch with reality", as Searle puts it, Rommel

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in Britain was enthusiastic: the book went through eight editions in a year. Young's biography was another step in the development of the Rommel myth, with Rommel emerging as an active, if not a leading, plotter. Speidel contributed as well, starting, from the early 1950s, to bring up Rommel's and

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in 1943, "It has been said that Rommel started his career as a Hitler hoodlum and owes his quick rise to his early collaboration with Himmler." This line of propaganda perpetuated until the war ended. According to Atkinson, to counter the "perverse chivalry" ("war without hate", in Rommel's words)

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Battistelli: "The myth of Erwin Rommel – the 'Desert Fox' – has proved to be particularly long lasting. There are many historical issues surrounding his true merits as a military commander and the extent of his actual involvement in the anti-Hitler conspiracy, and yet on close inspection he comes

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in the 1980s and debates on war guilt during the 1990s), as represented most notably by Maurice Rémy, is that of both a National Socialist and a hero of the Resistance. Reuth argues that "Rommel was neither one nor the other. He had understood neither National Socialism, nor the resistance to it.

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John Pimlott writes that Rommel was an impressive military commander who richly deserved his reputation as a leading exponent of mobile warfare, hampered by factors he could not control, although he usually accepted high risks and could become frustrated when forced on the defensive. On the other

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from receiving the supplies that the Italians were able to provide in adequate numbers). According to Creveld, the capacity of Libyan ports were too small and the distances to be overcome too great for Rommel to advance a more ambitious plan than Hitler's original one of defending a limited area.

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Some early authors who wrote about Rommel during the war and post-war biographers use the word "legend" or "myth" when describing various pieces of propaganda and rumours that the Nazi government and the Allied press spread about the life and character of Rommel. These rumours usually ignored his

535:, directed by Billy Wilder, was the only wartime movie that featured a German general as a major character. According to Battistelli, Erich von Stroheim's portrayal of Rommel might "have been far from reality, but it certainly contributed to give rise to Rommel's myth". In June 1943, the magazine 1737:

Robert Citino: "His disinterest in the dreary science of logistics, his love of action, his tendency to fly off to wherever the fighting was hottest—all of these qualities ... are problems in a commander under modern conditions, and they all contributed materially to the disaster that ultimately

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and his works have now become controversial for his denial of the Holocaust, he is recognised as the historian who started the re-evaluation of Rommel. He was the first historian to gain access to a large number of Rommel's private letters, and his well-substantiated findings questioned Rommel's

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A number of contemporaries noted Rommel's vanity. In the memorandum regarding Rommel's betrayal, Martin Bormann remarked, "He had himself photographed from dawn to dusk ... He is so vain he does not wear glasses". (Rommel was near-sighted in one eye and far-sighted in the other.) Historian

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According to the historian Mark Connelly, Young and Liddell Hart laid the foundation for the Anglo-American myth, which consisted of three themes: Rommel's ambivalence towards Nazism; his military genius; and the emphasis of the chivalrous nature of the fighting in North Africa. Their works lent

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In France, a Wehrmacht propaganda company frequently accompanied Rommel on his inspection trips to document his work for both domestic and foreign audiences. In May 1944, the German newsreels reported on Rommel's speech at a Wehrmacht conference, where he stated his conviction that "every single

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on ideological grounds. In fact, Rommel had twice proposed a plan that would have subordinated Hitler Youth to the army, removing it from the NSDAP control. That went against Schirach's wishes, resulting in Rommel's quiet removal from the project. Searle describes as "patently false" another of

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suggests that, following his forced suicide, Rommel emerged as the "acceptable face of German militarism, the 'good' German who stood apart from the Nazi regime." The ground was thus fertile for the myth to be reborn after the war, in the interest of the program of the German rearmament and the

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The attention of the Western and especially the British press thrilled Goebbels, who wrote in his diary in early 1942: "Rommel continues to be the recognised darling of even the enemies' news agencies". Rommel was pleased by the media attention, both domestic and foreign, often discussing it in

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who opine that Rommel, contrary to allegations that he was only a competent tactical commander, was the most outstanding battlefield commander of the war, who showed a realistic strategic view despite holding minimal control over strategy. They point out that, "like virtually the entire German

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What is not debated are the results of the failed bomb plot of 20 July. Many conspirators were arrested, and the dragnet expanded to thousands. Consequently, it did not take long for Rommel to come under suspicion, beginning with evidence the SS obtained from Stülpnagel who mentioned Rommel in

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Terry Brighton: "It was suggested that the problem was not an inadequate army but the predominance of upper-class officers in senior posts, and that "If Rommel had been in the British Army he would still have been a sergeant." Churchill, fighting for his survival, deflected attention from the

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a press conference held on 1 August. On 3 August, the German press published an official report that Rommel had been injured in a car accident. Rommel noted in his diary his dismay at this twisting of the truth, belatedly realising how much the Reich propaganda was using him for its own ends.

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referred to Rommel as "quite a Nazi". This sympathy did not extend to the Party though. In this regard, he was similar to many other Wehrmacht soldiers, who, with encouragement from Hitler, erroneously believed the army to be the most important element of the regime. Rommel showed particular

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opines that Rommel actually had approval of his German (and later Italian) superiors (including Hitler and the High Command) in conducting the Afrika Korps as a mobile striking force and for his offensives. With such a weak force, he came to depend on an automaticity (that required constant

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On the one hand he didn't commit war crimes that we know of and ordered a retreat at El Alamein despite Hitler's order. But he took huge German casualties elsewhere and he was a servant of the regime. He was not exactly a shining liberal or Social Democrat. Mostly, he was interested in his

313:, in which he personally helped direct a segment reenacting the crossing of the River Somme. Rommel's victories in 1941 were played up by Nazi propaganda, even though his successes in North Africa were achieved in Germany's least strategically valued theatre of the war. In November 1941, 1109:, who opposed Rommel on strategic issues, as having ulterior motives in smearing him. Former military opponents in Britain described Rommel as a brilliant commander and a resistance fighter, the "good German", with one senior military figure comparing Rommel to legendary military leader 1043:

When Rommel was being considered for appointment as Commander-in-Chief of the Army in the summer of 1942, Goebbels wrote in his diary that Rommel "is ideologically sound, is not just sympathetic to the National Socialists. He is a National Socialist; he is a troop leader with a gift for

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was one of the two foundational works that led to a "Rommel renaissance" and "Anglophone rehabilitation", the other being Young's biography. The book contributed to the perception of Rommel as a brilliant commander; in an introduction, Liddell Hart drew comparisons between Rommel and

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gates of Egypt in hand, and with the intent to act!" Keeping the focus on Rommel distracted the German public from Wehrmacht losses elsewhere as the tide of the war began to turn. He became a symbol that was used to reinforce the German public's faith in an ultimate Axis victory.

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As a nation, we deceive ourselves into believing that there are two sorts of Germans—the Good German and the Bad German. The "Bad Germans" are Nazis, militarists, anti-democratic, and perpetrators of atrocities. The "Good Germans" are peace-loving democrats and real gentlemen.

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image as a "chivalrous resistance fighter". This biography, however, has been criticized by other authors Dowe and Hecht for manipulation and misrepresentation of primary sources, and even invention of verbatim quotations with the aim of portraying Hitler in a better light.

674:, based on Young's biography, portrayed Rommel in a sympathetic way, as a loyal, humane soldier and a firm opponent to Hitler's policies. The film played up Rommel's disputed role in the conspiracy against Hitler, while omitting Rommel's early association with the dictator. 1422:

to Hitler went much deeper than any gratefulness could explain, and that Hitler had become Rommel's source of motivation. Some, like Randall Hansen, highlight the similarities in background and personality that facilitated the rapport between the two, while others, like

473:("The Desert War entered the British folk-memory, a source of legend, endlessly re-written as both history and fiction"), the historian Lucio Ceva argues that even though the myth was of British origin, it found its reflections in post-war West Germany. The historian 453:. Goebbels supported the decision, noting in his diary that Rommel was "undoubtedly the suitable man" for the task. The propaganda minister expected the move to reassure the German public, and at the same time to have a negative impact on the Allied forces' morale. 1035:

ahead of more senior officers. Showalter notes that even at this early stage, Hitler already regarded Rommel as a model for the fusion of Germany's new and old orders. With an intervention by Hitler, Rommel was subsequently able to obtain command of an armoured

1079:

opines that Rommel was not a Nazi, if one uses the definition the Nazis themselves used, considering that although he did everything in his power to make his country strong again, he showed no support towards the racial policies or other aspects of the regime.

977:

describes Rommel as "not apolitical" and writes that he owed his career to Hitler, to whom his attitude was "worshipful", while the historian Charles Messenger describes Rommel's "growing admiration" towards Hitler following the invasion of Poland. Speaking at

4305: 1369:

and a strong German Empire, while treating people only according to their merits. He did not display hatred to people of noble descent, and in fact was a throwback to the medieval knight in his personal traits, appearing well-versed in the ancient customs of

713:, Rommel here was presented as representation of British virtues and thus a sympathetic figure), like other "Good Germans" in popular culture, is not portrayed as representative of Germans, but rather, an exceptional case who was surrounded by real Nazis. 123:, his abilities as an operational and strategic level commander, and his role in the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler. Historians and commentators conclude that Rommel remains an ambiguous figure, not easily definable either inside or outside the myth. 391:

that Rommel promoted, the British and American authorities instituted hate training and tried to raise the eagerness to kill the enemies by stressing enemy brutality, as well as spattering slaughterhouse blood in assault training courses. General

894:

Historian Sandra Mass considers the Rommel myth a hero cult, a synthesis of old and new hero cults and traditions culled primarily from Germany's largely imaginary colonial past, in particular the proletarian hero cult originally represented by

646:

commented that "the danger now is not that 'our friend Rommel' is becoming not a magician or a bogy-man, but too much of a hero". He pointed out Rommel's early proximity to Hitler; he described Rommel as representative of the connection between

513:

Rommel's former enemies, especially the British, played a key role in the manufacture and propagation of the myth. The German rearmament was highly dependent on the moral rehabilitation that the Wehrmacht needed. The journalist and historian

1280:, began efforts to bring Rommel into the anti-Hitler conspiracy in early 1944. On 15 April 1944, Rommel's new chief of staff, Hans Speidel, arrived in Normandy and reintroduced Rommel to Stülpnagel. Speidel had previously been connected to 1215:

Others like Stroud, Krause and Phillips opine that even Rommel's recklessness and disobedience during the invasion of France benefitted the German cause, while rescuing Hitler's mercurial objectives and inventing the actual application of

1609:: "German historians have largely ignored the North African campaign, not only because it was peripheral ..." James Robinson: "German thinking was disinterested with an expanded strategic purpose in North Africa and Rommel knew it." 457:

German soldier will make his contribution against the Anglo-American spirit that it deserves for its criminal and bestial air war campaign against our homeland." The speech led to an upswing in morale and sustained confidence in Rommel.

399:

letters to his wife. Hitler took note of the British propaganda as well, commenting in the summer of 1942 that Britain's leaders must have hoped "to be able to explain their defeat to their own nation more easily by focusing on Rommel".

1408:

as far back as 1939. Some modern authors, such as Storbeck, are more sympathetic. He states that Rommel's perceived vanity developed as a reaction to the pressure aristocratic and high-bourgeois colleagues put on him. The psychologist

5525:

Dowe, Christopher; Hecht, Cornelia (2016). "Von Mythen, Legenden und Manipulationen. David Irving und seine verzerrende Deutungen von Erwin Rommel, Hans Speidel und Cäsar von Hofacker". In Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württemberg (ed.).

1663:

Patrick Major: "Young had relied extensively on interviews with the Field Marshal's surviving widow, son and former comrades so that the positive picture that emerged is perhaps hardly surprising. Yet the overall effect bordered on

3834: 1435:

lessons to be learned from career and battles", and Watson notes that the legend has been a "distraction" that obscured the evolution of Rommel as a military commander and his changing attitudes towards the regime that he served.

1378:, in which the lowly outsider (he was not Prussian by birth) chose to serve the Prussian king, in whom alone he put his trust and in whose service he was willing to attract the ill will from all the other powerful people, as had 1351:

than just a mere sympathiser and paid for this with his life. He consequently deserves a firm place in the military resistance against Hitler to a greater extent than it has recently been acknowledged in academia and in public.

1364:

Rommel was an ambitious man who took advantage of his proximity to Hitler and willingly accepted the propaganda campaigns designed for him by Goebbels. He sought to level the playing field for non-nobles, and also supported

321:) wrote about his intention to have Rommel "elevated to a kind of popular hero". Rommel, with his innate abilities as a military commander and love of the spotlight, was a perfect fit for the role Goebbels designed for him. 1238:, who in turn proved their talent and loyalty. Rick Atkinson acknowledges Rommel's "audacity, tactical brilliance, and personal style", also noting that he "had an uncanny ability to dominate the minds of his adversaries". 1088:

British military and political figures contributed to the heroic image of the man as Rommel resumed offensive operations in January 1942 against the British forces weakened by redeployments to the Far East. Speaking in the

7847: 332:, who had volunteered for military service. Seconded by Goebbels, Berndt was assigned to Rommel's staff and became one of his closest aides. Berndt often acted as liaison between Rommel, the Propaganda Ministry and the 1519:

and Jean-Christoph Caron) for using false analogy to prove that Rommel was a war criminal by association, without providing any evidence even of Rommel's knowledge about crimes in his areas of operation. According to

174: ... He could not be stuck in a single drawer. At any rate, one should decide for oneself whether one sees him as a role model or not". German authors who use the word "Mythos" in this neutral manner include 440:

Although Rommel then entered a period without a significant command, he remained a household name in Germany, synonymous with the aura of invincibility. Hitler then made Rommel part of his defensive strategy for

8039: 799:, who concluded that, by "putting words in the mouths of German Generals and manipulating history", Liddell Hart was in a position to show that he had been at the root of the dramatic German successes in 1940. 424:

while Germany was turning Europe into an impenetrable fortress, with Rommel at the helm of this success. After the radio program ran in May 1943, Rommel sent Berndt a case of cigars as a sign of his gratitude.

907:, Duffy and Ricci opine that Rommel's military brilliance provoked a masochistic tendency to romanticise a worthy opponent, that because he was skilled at his profession, he must have been an anti-Nazi hero. 7951: 620:, it alluded to the book being an example of the "trade union of generals" in action: Field Marshal Claude Auchinleck, in a foreword to the book, honoured Rommel "as a soldier and a man", and Field Marshal 143:

against Rommel's military reputation (while showing respect to his conduct of war): "Thus the British commanders and headquarter staffs were compelled to make strenuous efforts to dispel 'the Rommel legend

5636: 1093:, Churchill addressed the British defeats and described Rommel as an "extraordinary bold and clever opponent" and a "great field commander". The trend continued after the war following the publication of 1596:

failings of British generals by stressing the extraordinary qualities of their opponent: "We have a very daring and skilful opponent against us, and, may I say across the havoc of war, a great general.""

624:

included him "among the chosen few, among the very brave, the very true". The reviewer noted the obvious admiration Young had for the German generals, and that the book may well "have been written by ".

973:, Bruce Allen Watson and Peter Caddick-Adams, state that Rommel was one of Hitler's favorite generals and that his close relationship with the dictator benefited both his inter-war and war-time career. 1137:

refers to Rommel as a "talented tactical leader", but points out his playing the German and Italian command structures against each other to his advantage. Rommel used the confused structure of the

8053: 5686: 1448:

officer corps", he was a convinced Nazi. While some, like Scianna, are more critical towards his strategical decisions but also dismiss negative myths such as Rommel's abandonment of his allies.

1121:

started the reevaluation of Malta's impact on supply situations and concluded that Rommel was largely responsible for his supply problems (caused by overextended supply lines which prevented the

1300:

Rommel would not have acted to aid the plotters on 20 July, while Ralf Georg Reuth contends that "there was no indication of any active participation of Rommel in the conspiracy". Historian

505:. Intended as both a planning and a negotiating tool, the document included a key demand for "measures to transform domestic and foreign public opinion" with regards to the German military. 8457: 1504:) by German historian Ralf Georg Reuth, furthered the discussion on both Rommel and his myth. In the continued debate on Rommel and his legacy, Christopher Gabel criticises the documentary 1072:

at the start of 1943. Messenger argues that Rommel's attitude towards Hitler changed only after the Allied invasion of Normandy, when Rommel came to realise that the war could not be won.

420:

announce that Rommel was on a two-month leave for health reasons. Instead, the campaign was presented by Berndt, who resumed his role in the Propaganda Ministry, as a ruse to tie down the

1015:

Searle argues that Rommel not only "found favor with the Nazi regime, but ... was delighted with the preferential treatment he was receiving", including access to Hitler during the 1939

701:

a suitable space to effect the reconciliation among the former enemies. The British popular history focused on that theatre of war, almost to the exclusion of all others. He states that

7668: 485:

in 1950, it became clear to the Americans and the British that a German army would have to be revived to help face off against the Soviet Union. Many former German officers, including

8426: 4195: 8269: 1798:

Giordano: "Another brick is broken out of the mendacious myth of the legendary "Desert Fox" and alleged resistance fighter against Hitler, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel ..."

1456:

as someone who went along with the regime as long as it served his needs, a "fellow traveler rather than a war criminal". Summing up Rommel's career in a 2012 interview with

887:

According to Watson, the most dominant element in the Rommel myth is Rommel the Superior Soldier, the second being Rommel the Common Man, and the last one Rommel the Martyr.

1201: 608:

magazine noted the legendary status Rommel had achieved in his lifetime and quoted another review that described Rommel as "the British army's favorite German general." The

384:

the "widely accepted" negative image of Rommel's origin and his connection with the Nazis. As described by Rosie Goldschmidt Waldeck (who debunked the invented story) and

1642:: "Hitler was well aware that it would be unwise ... to link the downfall of Army Group Africa to the name of Rommel, the child of Joseph Goebbel's propaganda machinery." 705:

had a "catalytic effect" in creating an image of the German armed forces that would be acceptable to the British public. Rommel was thus successfully integrated into the

7946: 1549: 151:'s former deputy referred to the "myth" in an article titled "The Rommel Myth Debunked" where he aimed to address perceived misconceptions regarding the fighting in the 4412: 1997: 3454: 266:, the original reason that led to Rommel's high reputation in foreign countries was that people in Allied countries heard that he treated the captured soldiers well. 6778:

Of Myths and Men: Rommel and the Italians in North Africa, 1940–1942 (chapter) – The American Experience in World War II: The United States in the European theater

5281: 1011:

Rommel, to the right of Hitler from the perspective of the camera, in Poland, September 1939. During the campaign, Rommel enjoyed close proximity to the dictator.

994:

and the Wehrmacht. Young's biography had described Rommel's role in strictly military terms and alluded to a falling out between him and the Hitler Youth leader

5644: 1691:

policeman between the two wars and had studied at Tuebingen University; he had been a swashbuckling storm trooper and one of the first adherents of the Führer."

544:

remarks that Stroheim's Rommel already had sympathetic traits, too, considering Rommel himself was a person screenwriters found hard to vilify or caricaturize.

3485: 1789:

across as a simple, straightforward man whose talents and character ensured his success in the very particular circumstances that arose throughout his career."

7164: 7958: 7941: 1313: 891:, writing in 1943, also takes note of the image of the general who fought with common soldiers, with an indelible youthfulness and apparent invulnerability. 175: 8079: 8587: 5467:

A 'Model' Teuton; MEET MR. BLANK. By R.G. Waldeck. 179 pp. New York: G.P. Putnam's Boris.... Mr. Blank – The Model Teuton (The New York Times Book Review

1751:, Rommel's insubordination also played a role, leading to a calamitous misuse of resources when Rommel went over the head of his superior, Field Marshal 1509: 5696: 8149: 7558: 232:), which was written in a style that diverged from the German military literature of the time. The book became a bestseller and was supposedly read by 7858: 5664: 50:, which led to Rommel's forced suicide in 1944. According to these historians, who take a critical view of Rommel, such depictions are not accurate. 1724:

Robert Citino: "His career had been based solely on Hitler's favor, and we might reasonably describe his attitude toward the Führer as worshipful."

8346: 7830: 7345: 6728: 7653: 6733: 765:, who served on Rommel's staff in North Africa, and Rommel's widow and son. The volume contained an introduction and commentary by Liddell Hart. 493:, who had served on Rommel's staff in France, were convinced that no future West German Army would be possible without the rehabilitation of the 1715:: "Gentleman warrior, military genius. The legend of Erwin Rommel, the German Field Marshal who outfoxed the British in North Africa, lives on." 1175:

of the Bundeswehr, agrees with Charles Messenger that Rommel had challenges on the operational level, and states that Rommel's violation of the

8309: 7852: 541: 186: 8249: 878:" and were generally not questioned, since they came from British authors, rather than German revisionists. The leading German news magazine 4856: 1167:. Zabecki notes that Rommel's brilliant tactical moves were logistically unsustainable, which eventually led to a strategic defeat. General 371:, writing that: "The British ... admire him because he beat them and were surprised to have beaten in turn such a capable general". General 8165: 6305:

Maier, Manfred (2013). "Vortrag Manfred Maier zu der Geschichte des Heidenheimer Rommeldenkmals". In Geschichtswerkstatt Heidenheim (ed.).

5301: 638:, since Rommel was a clean fighter, he must have been anti-Nazi, and men like him would make good allies of democracy against the Russians. 428: 4203: 1677:'went to see it in a very critical frame of mind, from past experience of "Hollywood" handling of history', but 'was pleasantly surprised 6975:

Stickler, Matthias (2005). "Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel – Ein Mythos im Zwielicht". In Matthias Stickler; Verena Spinnler (eds.).

7196: 591:

his own role in the plot, thus boosting Speidel's suitability for a future role in the new military force of the Federal Republic, the

7250: 1779:: "Rommel was used by the Nazi regime to create a myth. He tolerated this since he had a strong dose of personal ambition and vanity." 1397:, "Rommel was used by the Nazi regime to create a myth. He tolerated this since he had a strong dose of personal ambition and vanity." 1117:, to argue in his 1950 article "The Rommel Myth Debunked" that the Eighth Army beat Rommel's Afrika Korps "fair and square". In 1977, 7518: 4531: 6091: 8160: 8058: 7700: 5976: 1007: 903:. Rommel, as portrayed by this hero cult, was both chivalrous and ruthless, young and old, harsh and gentle, strong and righteous. 7319: 1292:

the plotters in Berlin were not aware that Rommel had reportedly decided to take part in the conspiracy. On 16 May, they informed

8726: 8721: 8279: 8122: 7977: 4581: 937: 5331: 8023: 7820: 7551: 7419: 1090: 340: 279: 66: 1755:, to appeal directly to Hitler to approve an assault on Egypt instead of occupying Malta, as Kesselring and OKW were planning. 865: 7329: 7299: 7280: 7239: 7131: 7117: 7103: 7082: 7026: 7005: 6956: 6945: 6915: 6885: 6859: 6786: 6765: 6717: 6648: 6627: 6608: 6586: 6560: 6539: 6483: 6438: 6412: 6391: 6370: 6325: 6295: 6249: 6184: 6142: 6121: 6072: 6051: 6030: 6007: 5986: 5965: 5944: 5886: 5867: 5841: 5795: 5763: 5742: 5721: 5625: 5601: 5580: 5556: 5515: 5494: 5403: 5384: 5358: 5262: 5239: 5218: 5196: 5172: 5149: 5107: 5086: 5065: 5046: 5025: 5004: 4964: 4922: 4901: 4040: 1389: 990:

The historian Alaric Searle recasts Rommel's early involvement with the Nazi regime, including his role as a liaison between

6260: 3462: 567: 392: 7385: 284: 8381: 8304: 5660: 1621:: "Rommel's advances over the winter 1941–42 became a very useful distraction away from Germany's failure before Moscow." 846: 820: 670: 663: 5615: 5273: 944:, accompanied by Rommel (far left), inspects the troops in Goslar, 1934. This was the first meeting between the two men. 6984: 6836: 6669: 6163: 5907: 5535: 5448: 5128: 4943: 2587: 1476:

Like millions of Germans he followed Hitler into disaster and whilst doing so he believed he was only doing his duty."

7142: 8731: 8393: 8138: 7894: 7544: 6695: 6460: 4246: 3493: 100:

and the reconciliation between the former enemies—the United Kingdom and the United States on one side, and the new

77:

forces in North Africa: the genius of Rommel was used by dissenters to protest against social inequality within the

53:

The description of Rommel as a brilliant commander started in 1941, with Rommel's participation, as a component of

7176: 8289: 8284: 8107: 8008: 7717: 7606: 7513: 7442: 1296:, through whom they hoped to negotiate with the Western Allies, that Rommel could not be counted on for support. 1206: 5591: 1605:

Niall Barr: "... came to fame in a theatre which held almost no strategic interest for Hitler whatsoever."

1308:

delirium after his suicide attempt. Rommel's name also came up in confessions by Stülpnagel's personal adviser,

1277: 1047: 923:

and his motivations, leading to a more diverse range of interpretations of Rommel and the elements of the myth.

841:

and John Bierman, borrowed the name of Rommel's posthumous memoirs for its subtitle. Connelly includes works by

8013: 7999: 7909: 7707: 7673: 5429: 4985: 1379: 823:. These works focused on Rommel's military career, depoliticising it and presenting him strictly as a soldier. 1334:

According to eavesdropped conversations between German generals in British captivity, edited by the historian

1044:

improvisation, personally courageous and extraordinarily inventive. These are the kinds of soldiers we need."

343:. In the autumn of 1941 and early winter of 1941/1942 he was mentioned in the British press almost daily. The 8400: 8219: 7835: 1560: 1160: 5999:

The Development Of German Doctrine And Command And Control And Its Application To Supporting Arms, 1832–1945

987:

resentment towards the SA and later, the SS, for their brutality and absorption of resources and personnel.

8553: 8518: 8505: 8440: 8414: 8355: 7614: 1571: 1312:, and was included in Goerdeler's papers on a list of potential supporters. The author and cinematographer 318: 8711: 7988: 7963: 7740: 6268: 1554: 1257: 706: 412: 375:

distributed a directive to his commanders seeking to dispel the notion that Rommel was a "superman". The

101: 89: 8561: 8478: 8299: 8034: 7503: 7412: 7370: 6937: 6742: 5936: 5421: 5307: 1273: 1172: 8569: 7916: 7690: 5593:

El Alamein and the Struggle for North Africa: International Perspectives from the Twenty-first Century

1630:

Quote from one of Rommel's letters, January 1942: "The opinion of me in the world press has improved."

139:

mention "the Rommel legend" in their respective books. Liddell Hart described British efforts to make

8741: 8183: 7663: 329: 132: 6493:

Murray, Williamson (1995). "Knight's Cross, A Life of Field Marshall Erwin Rommel by David Fraser".

5396:

On War and Leadership: The Words of Combat Commanders from Frederick the Great to Norman Schwarzkopf

869:

An iconic picture of Rommel as the "Common Man", helping to free up his staff car alongside his men.

8622: 8084: 8003: 7766: 7648: 7374: 7123: 6907: 6430: 6338:(2008). "'Our Friend Rommel': The Wehrmacht as 'Worthy Enemy' in Postwar British Popular Culture". 5814: 5249:

Ceva, Lucio (1990). "The North African Campaign, 1940–43: A Reconsideration". In John Gooch (ed.).

4933: 1231: 1076: 979: 932: 838: 648: 376: 5348: 5139: 1189:

More sympathetic authors point out complex situations that Rommel had to face. Brian Hanley, from

7712: 7695: 7658: 7593: 7508: 7378: 6903: 5805: 5118: 1383: 983: 900: 6383:

Weisse Helden, schwarze Krieger: zur Geschichte kolonialer Männlichkeit in Deutschland 1918–1964

5311: 1021: 651:

and the support that the German officer corps offered for "Hitler's politics and Hitler's war".

65:

and instill optimism in the German public. It was picked up and disseminated in the West by the

8736: 8690: 8667: 8630: 8617: 8433: 8407: 8188: 7884: 7771: 7567: 5546: 1328: 1318: 1288: 689: 562: 555: 368: 180: 152: 106: 70: 7229: 7093: 6995: 6776: 6638: 6550: 6062: 6041: 5897: 5831: 5570: 5505: 5484: 5229: 5036: 4975: 4256: 4030: 333: 288:

Rommel at the Paris victory parade, June 1940. Rommel had access to Reich Propaganda Minister

119:

This reevaluation has produced new interpretations of Rommel, including his relationship with

8716: 8368: 8362: 8340: 8091: 7735: 7405: 7355: 7270: 7016: 6826: 6402: 6381: 6360: 6315: 6132: 5997: 5955: 5785: 2978: 2577: 2544: 1375: 953: 367:

The American press soon began to take notice of Rommel as well, following the United States'

325: 84:

Following the war, the Western Allies, and particularly the British, depicted Rommel as the "

5015: 999:

Young's assertions, namely that Rommel first became close to Hitler because Hitler had read

8264: 7760: 7204: 6448: 1514: 1404: 1134: 531: 361: 224: 214: 31: 6198: 5566: 1566: 8: 8636: 8193: 7994: 7350: 7068: 6083: 5254: 5206: 5182: 1725: 1618: 1309: 1196: 995: 679: 571: 502: 501:, a group of former senior officers produced the document that later became known as the 474: 849:

in the uncritical tradition. In contrast, German biographies, such as by the journalist

395:

notes the same difference in attitudes to war between the leaderships of the two sides.

197: 8612: 8513: 8333: 8239: 8143: 7921: 7889: 7452: 7074: 6930: 6874: 6846:

Searle, Alaric (2014). "Rommel and the rise of the Nazis". In Beckett, I. F. W. (ed.).

6751: 6578: 6518: 6475: 6221: 6174: 5957:

A World in Flames: A Short History of the Second World War in Europe and Asia 1939–1945

5856: 5413: 5097: 4876: 1235: 1118: 1016: 916: 778: 758: 744: 734: 684: 515: 386: 336:. He directed Rommel's photo shoots and filed radio dispatches describing the battles. 263: 148: 136: 5877:

Hart, Russel A. (2014). "Rommel and the 20th July Bomb Plot". In F. W. Beckett (ed.).

4589: 1728:: "As is now clear, Rommel had been very close to Hitler and the Third Reich ..." 8657: 8652: 8214: 7932: 7815: 7783: 7486: 7457: 7325: 7295: 7276: 7235: 7148: 7127: 7099: 7078: 7037: 7022: 7001: 6980: 6941: 6911: 6881: 6869: 6855: 6832: 6782: 6761: 6713: 6691: 6665: 6644: 6623: 6604: 6582: 6556: 6535: 6510: 6479: 6456: 6434: 6408: 6387: 6366: 6321: 6291: 6245: 6225: 6180: 6159: 6138: 6117: 6068: 6047: 6026: 6021:

Hitler's Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940–1943

6019: 6003: 5982: 5961: 5940: 5903: 5882: 5863: 5837: 5791: 5759: 5738: 5717: 5621: 5597: 5576: 5552: 5531: 5511: 5490: 5425: 5399: 5380: 5354: 5323: 5258: 5235: 5214: 5192: 5168: 5161: 5145: 5124: 5103: 5082: 5061: 5042: 5021: 5000: 4981: 4960: 4939: 4918: 4897: 4280: 4036: 3835:"Der Mythos vom Wüstenfuchs: Wie "ritterlich" kämpften Deutsche und Briten wirklich?" 2971: 2583: 1752: 1521: 1440: 1339: 1060: 753: 739: 724: 643: 617: 380: 372: 140: 112: 7868: 7825: 7727: 7680: 7479: 7192: 7160: 6895: 6705: 6502: 6422: 6347: 6213: 5611: 5076: 4868: 1748: 1471: 1444: 1415: 1301: 1176: 1156: 970: 966: 792: 683:, under the title "Rommel: A Flattering and Unconvincing Portrait", the journalist 626: 621: 470: 432:

One of the many Nazi propaganda photographs of Rommel's inspection tours along the

244: 93: 6596: 6404:

Operational Principles: The Operational Art of Erwin Rommel and Bernard Montgomery

5528:

Verräter? Vorbilder? Verbrecher? Kontroverse Deutungen des 20. Juli 1944 seit 1945

1335: 8662: 8528: 8420: 8326: 8209: 7632: 7058: 6851: 6659: 6501:(2). Virginia Military Institute and the George C. Marshall Foundation: 345–346. 6285: 6241: 6153: 5918: 5774: 5753: 5732: 5465: 5376: 5186: 4954: 4912: 2553: 1469:

Historian Reuth observes that the modern German image of Rommel (a result of the

1410: 1343: 1147: 875: 762: 604: 498: 486: 442: 351: 314: 301: 289: 275: 191: 54: 29:, is a phrase used by a number of historians for the common depictions of German 6064:"The mask of command": Bernard L. Montgomery, George S. Patton und Erwin Rommell 1654:: "Early biographies, such as that by Desmond Young, were positively adulatory." 1402:

Samuel Mitcham however, noted that Martin Bormann had held a grudge against the

1265: 8647: 8592: 8387: 8074: 7840: 7778: 7621: 7586: 6925: 5928: 5851: 5691: 4890: 3631: 1711: 1651: 1606: 1324: 1281: 1227: 1223: 1114: 1098: 958: 612:

reviewer concluded that the book was "just this side of hero worship". Quoting

421: 306: 7366: 6932:

The Myth of the Eastern Front: The Nazi-Soviet War in American Popular Culture

6755: 6111: 5809: 1261:

Rommel's forced suicide) and the post-war accounts by surviving participants.

8705: 8488: 8117: 7899: 7863: 7600: 7113: 6570: 6514: 6335: 5670: 5368: 5319: 5297: 4995:

Barr, Niall (2014). "Rommel in the Desert, 1941". In I. F. W. Beckett (ed.).

1776: 1764: 1427: 1423: 1394: 1168: 1164: 1064: 1052: 974: 888: 850: 769: 629:, a Labour MP, objected to the portrayal of Rommel as an anti-Nazi, writing: 580: 560:

The other foundational text was the influential and laudatory 1950 biography

450: 433: 345: 240: 7152: 6351: 5440: 1576: 791:("lightning war"). The controversy was described by the political scientist 8483: 8473: 8374: 8294: 8112: 7982: 7904: 7809: 7638: 7462: 7447: 7428: 6217: 1485: 1293: 1251: 1122: 1106: 1063:, and another colleague called him "the Führer's marshal". American writer 1031: 991: 941: 920: 904: 842: 812: 613: 490: 357: 233: 166:") is a neutral description, as can be seen in works by historians such as 78: 47: 43: 39: 35: 5350:

Philosophers of War: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers

3114: 8523: 8259: 7536: 6828:

The Crash of Ruin: American Combat Soldiers in Europe during World War II

6107: 3643: 1529: 1102: 896: 880: 833:

The historian Patrick Major points out that a recent work, the 2002 book

694: 576: 219: 201: 92:. His reputation for conducting a clean war was used in the interests of 85: 74: 6640:

Hitler: Der Künstler als Politiker und Feldherr. Eine Herrschaftsanalyse

6601:

Abgehört. Deutsche Generäle in britischer Kriegsgefangenschaft 1942–1945

3090: 3080: 3078: 1059:

Rommel "exercised an almost hypnotic influence on Hitler", according to

8672: 8642: 8545: 7971: 7752: 7685: 6522: 6233: 6194: 4880: 3715: 1639: 1366: 1183: 1179:

principle, bypassing the chain of command in Africa, was unacceptable.

1110: 1069: 949: 787: 592: 482: 416:

in Africa would not be associated with Rommel's name, Goebbels had the

293: 167: 116:

added to the myth, which has proven resilient to critical examination.

6261:"Liddell Hart and the Mearsheimer Critique: A 'Pupil's' Retrospective" 4532:"70. Todestag von Erwin Rommel: Nazi-General oder Widerstandskämpfer?" 8458:

International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust

7926: 7579: 3075: 729: 494: 60: 8244: 7231:

From Troy to Entebbe: Special Operations in Ancient and Modern Times

6797: 6506: 4872: 3763: 7390: 5933:

Rommel's Desert War: Waging World War II in North Africa, 1941–1943

5117:

Boog, Horst; Rahn, Werner; Stumpf, Reinhard; Wegner, Bernd (2001).

4796: 3655: 2723: 2721: 2579:

The Wolf at the Door: Stanley Kubrick, History, & the Holocaust

1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1393:

Rommel posing for a propaganda photo in North Africa. According to

1371: 751:

1953 saw the publication of Rommel's writings of the war period as

324:

In North Africa Rommel received help in cultivating his image from

243:

places the start of the "Rommel legend" on 13 May 1940, during the

97: 8427:

The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism

4187: 3679: 7290:

Hecht, Cornelia; Häußler, Johannes; Linder, Rainer, eds. (2008).

4784: 4487: 4439: 2244: 1457: 449:) by sending him to the West to inspect fortifications along the 88:" and "our friend Rommel", adhering closely to the tenets of the 6307:

Vorlage für die Arbeitsgruppe "Umgestaltung des Rommel-Denkmals"

5056:

Beckett, Ian (2014). "Introduction". In I. F. W. Beckett (ed.).

3259: 3257: 2718: 2450: 2016: 1959: 1029:

In 1939, Rommel received a promotion from Hitler to the rank of

7397: 7309:

Lieb, Peter (2012). "Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin (1891–1944)".

6386:. Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. pp. 249, 252, 258, 294, 301. 5787:

World War II in Literature for Youth: A Guide and Resource Book

4475: 2625: 2623: 2177: 2175: 2173: 1037: 807:

The trend continued with other uncritical biographies, such as

256: 170:. The term recognizes, per Lieb, that "Rommel is and remains a 120: 5899:

Panzers in the Sand: The History of Panzer-Regiment 5, 1942–45

5687:"World War II: New Research Taints Image of Desert Fox Rommel" 5274:"The Devil's General? German film seeks to debunk Rommel myth" 4392: 3585: 3583: 2952: 2950: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2477: 8254: 7321:

The Devil's Garden: Rommel's Desperate Defense of Omaha Beach

7272:

International Intervention: Sovereignty Versus Responsibility

4604: 4285:

Triumphant Fox: Erwin Rommel and the Rise of the Afrika Korps

3878: 3434: 3269: 3254: 982:'s 2012 International Conference on World War II, the author 248: 4628: 3739: 3036: 3026: 3024: 2887: 2748: 2667: 2620: 2207: 2205: 2170: 1083: 884:

describes the myth as "Gentleman warrior, military genius".

8274: 7269:

Däniker, Gustav; Keren, Michael; Sylvan, Donald A. (2002).

4151: 3580: 3520: 3310: 3308: 2985: 2947: 2802: 2428: 2426: 2350: 2348: 2217: 2192: 2190: 2146: 1190: 919:, his performance as a military commander, his role in the 596: 497:. In October 1950, at the behest of West German chancellor 339:

In the spring of 1941 Rommel's name began to appear in the

252: 163: 8270:

Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung

7018:

The Phantom Army of Alamein: The Men Who Hoodwinked Rommel

6997:

If By Chance: Military Turning Points that Changed History

6236:(2014). "Rommel in Normandy". In Beckett, I. F. W. (ed.). 6199:"Erwin Rommel. Widerstandskämpfer oder Nationalsozialist?" 5120:

Germany and the Second World War: Volume 6: The Global War

4463: 3568: 3400: 3398: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3102: 2860: 2858: 2525: 2389: 2387: 1496:

by Remy, and the book of the same name, and the 2004 book

1272:

of Stuttgart at that time, he and two other conspirators,

915:

Post-1990s scholarship examined Rommel's attitude towards

73:

sought to explain their continued inability to defeat the

4760: 4664: 4580:

Von Fleischhauer, Jan; Friedmann, Jan (29 October 2012).

4579: 4332: 4129: 4127: 4049: 3986: 3816: 3814: 3607: 3359: 3320: 3206: 3204: 3191: 3189: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3065: 3063: 3021: 2923: 2202: 2028: 1947: 1911: 1142: 1138: 1019:. During the campaign, Rommel served as commander of the 709:. Petra Rau argues that Mason's Rommel (Contrasting with 417: 5486:

The Star-Spangled Screen: The American World War II Film

4772: 4736: 4724: 4712: 4676: 4222: 4210: 4175: 3998: 3926: 3902: 3890: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3799: 3703: 3691: 3667: 3508: 3410: 3371: 3337: 3335: 3305: 2706: 2489: 2423: 2345: 2333: 2321: 2187: 2158: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1550:

Controversy over Erwin Rommel as Bundeswehr's role model

1451:

Cornelia Hecht, the author of the 2008 exhibition named

1304:

concluded that he knew of a plot, but was not involved.

826:

In another work on the North African campaign, the 1977

81:

and by leaders like Churchill to reduce class tensions.

6134:

D-Day to Berlin: The Northwest Europe Campaign, 1944–45

4832: 4652: 4511: 4499: 4427: 4163: 4139: 4102: 4100: 4085: 3556: 3532: 3395: 3244: 3242: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3150: 3009: 2935: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2855: 2831: 2792: 2790: 2765: 2763: 2738: 2736: 2696: 2694: 2657: 2655: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2513: 2384: 2372: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2280: 2268: 2134: 2099: 2097: 2072: 2070: 2057: 2055: 1978: 926: 602:

The book was not without its detractors. The review in

6900:

Patton And Rommel: Men of War in the Twentieth Century

5099:

Heroes Never Die: Warriors and Warfare in World War II

4857:"Operation Sunflower: Rommel Versus the General Staff" 4820: 4808: 4748: 4700: 4640: 4124: 4010: 3811: 3787: 3619: 3544: 3201: 3186: 3169: 3138: 3060: 2997: 2775: 2467: 2465: 2234: 2232: 1889: 1887: 1857: 1855: 1811: 952:. However, like other Wehrmacht officers, he welcomed 38:

as an apolitical, brilliant commander and a victim of

5734:

Die Traditionslüge: vom Kriegerkult in der Bundeswehr

5371:(2014). "Rommel as icon". In I. F. W. Beckett (ed.). 4688: 4616: 4561: 4549: 4451: 4356: 4320: 4061: 3962: 3861: 3775: 3332: 3281: 3048: 2911: 2899: 2557:. Vol. 14, no. 24. 14 June 1943. p. 47 2438: 2256: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2082: 1867: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1256:

The extent of Rommel's involvement in the military's

1113:. The praise led Bernard Montgomery's former deputy, 7381:

at the 2012 International Conference on World War II

7294:. Stuttgart: Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württemberg. 6320:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 31–32. 5666:

Knight's Cross: A Life of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel

5303:

Death of the Wehrmacht: The German Campaigns of 1942

5116: 4368: 4262: 4234: 4112: 4097: 4073: 3974: 3938: 3914: 3769: 3751: 3727: 3649: 3422: 3347: 3239: 3216: 2870: 2787: 2760: 2733: 2691: 2652: 2635: 2411: 2309: 2292: 2094: 2067: 2052: 817:

Knight's Cross: A Life of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel

8588:

Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime

5858:

Disobeying Hitler: German Resistance After Valkyrie

5772: 5418:

Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton

4413:"Erwin Rommel stand auf der Seite des Widerstandes" 4380: 4344: 4300:[Erwin Rommel – Please more objectivity!]. 3849: 3383: 3293: 3126: 3084: 2608: 2462: 2399: 2360: 2250: 2229: 1935: 1884: 1852: 1840: 956:. During his time in Goslar, he clashed with those 8150:On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians 7848:Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil 7289: 7268: 7197:"David Zabecki's response to Bob Frazier's letter" 6977:Portraits zur Geschichte des deutschen Widerstands 6929: 6873: 6018: 5855: 5548:Target Hitler: The Many Plots to Kill Adolf Hitler 5234:. Random House. pp. 242, 265, 304, 524, 564. 5160: 5141:Masters of Battle: Monty, Patton and Rommel at War 4889: 3950: 2970: 2843: 2596: 2501: 2109: 2040: 1899: 1823: 300:Rommel's victories in France were featured in the 7358:from the exhibition as they appeared in the book 6573:(2009). "Afterword". In Charles Messenger (ed.). 5862:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 48. 5833:Planning for Conflict in the Twenty-first Century 5784:Hachten Wee, Patricia; Wee, Robert James (2004). 5572:Die 101 wichtigsten Fragen – der Zweite Weltkrieg 5188:Field Marshal: The Life and Death of Erwin Rommel 3595: 1923: 811:(1968), by the former British soldier and author 757:, edited by the British journalist and historian 218:Rommel's drive for success as a young officer in 8703: 6664:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 132–134. 6530:Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2009). 6155:The War Against Rommel's Supply Lines, 1942–1943 5776:Meet Mr. Blank: The Leader of Tomorrow's Germans 2679: 269: 7035: 6775:Sadkovich, James J.; Hixson, Walter L. (2003). 6774: 6552:Military Adaptation in War: With Fear of Change 4802: 4289: 2152: 1990: 8310:Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt 6575:Rommel: Leadership Lessons from the Desert Fox 6532:A War To Be Won: fighting the Second World War 6472:Rommel: Leadership Lessons from the Desert Fox 6317:The Battle of El Alamein: Fortress in the Sand 6043:Historical Perspectives of the Operational Art 6040:Krause, Michael D.; Phillips, R. Cody (2006). 6039: 5902:. Vol. II. Stackpole Books. p. 138. 5783: 3685: 2893: 1998:"Der Mann wusste, dass der Krieg verloren ist" 521: 212:The origins of the myth can be found first in 8250:Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War 7552: 7413: 7386:Erwin Rommel: The Hero of the Clean Wehrmacht 7354:news report on "The Rommel Myth" exhibition. 7038:"Gangster goes to war? Hitler's "white hope"" 6957:"Ausstellung entzaubert "Wüstenfuchs" Rommel" 6924: 6798:"Rommel Almighty? Italian Assessments of the 6529: 5755:Mein Leben ist so sündhaft lang: ein Tagebuch 5205: 4493: 4445: 3440: 3275: 3042: 2754: 2727: 2673: 2629: 2483: 2456: 2181: 2022: 1972: 1055:, Rommel was known as "the Führer's marshal". 7234:. University Press of America. p. 218. 5530:. Frank & Timme GmbH. pp. 129–160. 3832: 3486:"Wüstenfuchs, Draufgänger, Widerstandsheld?" 162:(roughly translated into English as "Rommel 58: 7346:Myth of 'humane' Nazi Erwin Rommel debunked 7095:Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942–43 7070:Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942–43 6421: 6116:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 6025:. Cambridge University Press. p. 116. 5565: 5545:Duffy, James P.; Ricci, Vincent L. (2013). 5013: 4935:Malta and British Strategic Policy, 1925–43 4670: 2929: 2825: 2531: 1917: 1245: 1145:(Supreme High Command of the Army) and the 8382:A History of the Palestinian People (2017) 7566: 7559: 7545: 7420: 7406: 7251:"Kein Pomp. Keine Helden. Nirgends Pracht" 6954: 6824: 6781:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 238–267. 5544: 5507:On the Psychology of Military Incompetence 5251:Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War 5163:Patton, Montgomery, Rommel: Masters of War 4573: 4517: 4411:Kellerhoff, Sven Felix (25 October 2018). 4410: 4296:Storbeck, Siegfried F. (4 December 2013). 3108: 2977:. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 2223: 1359: 1097:, which also portrays staff officers like 570:. Young had served in North Africa in the 411:In the wake of the British victory at the 251:under fire and established bridgeheads at 8347:Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by 8022: 7519:Field Marshal Rommel Barracks, Augustdorf 6894: 6469: 6313: 5684: 5524: 5398:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 5095: 4854: 4766: 4742: 4610: 4338: 4298:"Erwin Rommel – Bitte mehr Sachlichkeit!" 3992: 3613: 3550: 3483: 3377: 3365: 3263: 3069: 1287:Speidel met with former foreign minister 1084:Operational and strategic level commander 547: 42:due to his presumed participation in the 7726: 7249:Bartels, Hans-Peter (19 November 2017). 7227: 7191: 6993: 6974: 6726: 6447: 6358: 6081: 6060: 5895: 5804: 5751: 5730: 5393: 5367: 5271: 5158: 5137: 4910: 4887: 4790: 4778: 4730: 4718: 4634: 4457: 4295: 4228: 4193: 4181: 4004: 3805: 3745: 3640:, pp. 281, 346, 383, 405, 550, 552. 3562: 3416: 3404: 3287: 3015: 3003: 2991: 2956: 2941: 2813: 2742: 2286: 2274: 2140: 2076: 1893: 1817: 1388: 1141:(Supreme Command of the Wehrmacht), the 1051:Rommel and Hitler in 1942. According to 1046: 1006: 936: 864: 728: 427: 283: 8123:There was no such thing as Palestinians 7248: 7175:(5). Herndon, VA: 24–29. Archived from 7159: 6795: 6617: 6595: 6569: 6400: 6346:(4). Oxford University Press: 520–535. 6283: 6106: 5953: 5927: 5634: 5589: 5412: 5346: 5055: 4973: 4838: 4814: 4754: 4706: 4658: 4529: 4505: 4481: 4433: 4374: 4169: 4145: 4091: 3872: 3589: 3538: 3526: 3477: 3233: 3163: 3054: 2968: 2061: 1878: 1738:befell him and his army in the desert." 856: 8704: 7821:Denial of state terrorism in Argentina 7317: 7091: 7066: 7014: 6868: 6845: 6802:during and after the Second World War" 6749: 6548: 6492: 6427:Liddell Hart and the Weight of History 6365:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 6258: 6151: 6130: 5916: 5881:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 5850: 5829: 5659: 5438: 5318: 5296: 5227: 5181: 5074: 5060:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 5034: 4999:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 4931: 4826: 4694: 4682: 4646: 4469: 4386: 4362: 4252: 4216: 4133: 4028: 4016: 3884: 3820: 3793: 3781: 3709: 3697: 3637: 3625: 3574: 3514: 3452: 3446: 3341: 3314: 3210: 3180: 3144: 3120: 3030: 2917: 2905: 2864: 2849: 2837: 2519: 2471: 2262: 2211: 2128: 2088: 2034: 1984: 1953: 1846: 1460:, the historian Sönke Neitzel states: 828:The Life and Death of the Africa Korps 819:(1994), by the former British general 802: 654: 369:entry into the war on 11 December 1941 280:British propaganda during World War II 149:the 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein 7654:Atrocities against Indigenous peoples 7540: 7401: 7140: 7119:The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality 7112: 6704: 6455:. Lawrence: Kansas University Press. 6334: 6304: 6172: 6094:from the original on 11 December 2016 5995: 5974: 5711: 5610: 5503: 5463: 5451:from the original on 11 December 2016 5445:context politik: wissenschaft: kultur 5334:from the original on 11 December 2016 5284:from the original on 11 December 2016 4622: 4567: 4555: 4326: 4240: 4067: 3968: 3956: 3833:Wiederschein, Harald (22 June 2018). 3757: 3733: 3428: 3353: 3248: 3132: 2881: 2796: 2769: 2712: 2700: 2661: 2646: 2575: 2507: 2495: 2432: 2417: 2354: 2339: 2327: 2315: 2303: 2238: 2196: 2164: 2103: 1929: 1861: 1834: 1182:Some historians, such as Zabecki and 1155:major general and military historian 899:and the bourgeois one represented by 508: 7701:U.S. cover-up of Japanese war crimes 7308: 7055: 7036:The Cairns Post (9 September 1941). 6876:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 6685: 6636: 6379: 6232: 6206:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 6193: 6016: 5876: 5482: 5248: 5191:. Havertown, PA / Oxford: Casemate. 4994: 4952: 4398: 4350: 4268: 4157: 4118: 4106: 4079: 4055: 3980: 3944: 3932: 3920: 3908: 3896: 3855: 3721: 3673: 3661: 3601: 3484:Todeskino, Marie (2 November 2012). 3389: 3326: 3299: 3195: 3096: 2685: 2614: 2444: 2405: 2393: 2378: 2366: 2046: 1941: 1905: 1673:Major writes, quoting Liddell Hart: 927:Relationship with National Socialism 743:drew comparisons between Rommel and 716: 406: 222:, and then in his popular 1937 book 8305:United Daughters of the Confederacy 7360:In Detail, Exhibitions and Displays 6657: 5773:Goldschmidt Waldeck, Rosie (1943). 5231:The People's War: Britain 1939–1945 4530:Brunner, Tobias (14 October 2014). 4302:IF – Zeitschrift für Innere Führung 4196:"Offizier mit Leib und Ledermantel" 4194:Augstein, Franziska (17 May 2010). 3453:Köhler, Michael (1 November 2012). 3123:, pp. 242, 265, 304, 524, 564. 3099:, pp. 249, 252, 258, 294, 301. 2781: 2602: 1492:Works such as the 2002 documentary 1264:According to a post-war account by 781:, "two masters of desert warfare". 671:The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel 664:The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel 478:Allied–West German reconciliation. 247:, when Rommel's troops crossed the 13: 8280:Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum 7221: 6084:"Rommel ist und bleibt ein Mythos" 6082:Lasserre, Caroline (8 July 2014). 3724:, pp. 2, 3, 10, 29, 116, 118. 1535:A German author who uses the word 747:, "two masters of desert warfare". 697:reprised his portrayal of Rommel. 296:, who served under Rommel in 1940. 14: 8753: 8394:The Hoax of the Twentieth Century 8139:Allegations of genocide in Donbas 8031:Destruction of Armenian heritage 7938:Destruction of cultural heritage 7895:Ancient Egyptian race controversy 7339: 7275:. Psychology Press. p. 117. 7098:. Westport, CN: Stackpole Books. 1500:(published in English in 2005 as 1479: 104:on the other. The 1950 biography 8686: 8685: 7427: 6880:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 6796:Scianna, Bastian Matteo (2018). 5996:Knorr, Major Marvin Jr. (2015). 5489:. University Press of Kentucky. 5213:. New York: The Overlook Press. 5211:Monty and Rommel: Parallel Lives 5014:Battistelli, Pier Paolo (2012). 4523: 4404: 4274: 4022: 3826: 1792: 1782: 1770: 1758: 1741: 1731: 1718: 1704: 8290:Institute for Historical Review 8285:Institute for Armenian Research 8108:Denial of the 7 October attacks 8009:Shakespeare authorship question 7718:Denial of the 7 October attacks 7056:Time (1951). "Armored Knight". 6495:The Journal of Military History 4847: 2962: 2569: 2537: 1694: 1684: 1667: 1657: 1645: 1633: 1624: 1612: 1599: 948:Rommel was not a member of the 910: 761:, the former Wehrmacht officer 8727:Historiography of Nazi Germany 8722:Historiography of World War II 8014:Territorial losses of Thailand 7373:, via the official channel of 7147:. New York: Harper & Row. 7000:. Pan Macmillan. p. 124. 6555:. Cambridge University Press. 6046:. Government Printing Office. 5923:. Howell, Soskin. p. 227. 5836:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 5716:. Pickle Partners Publishing. 5685:Friedmann, Jan (23 May 2007). 4588:. Vol. 44. Archived from 3664:, pp. 52–59, 84, 111–116. 2973:Great soldiers of world war II 1589: 1498:Rommel: Das Ende einer Legende 1342:, the former commander of the 579:", according to the historian 304:and in the February 1941 film 126: 1: 8401:I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle 8220:Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth 7836:Lost Cause of the Confederacy 7669:Genocide of Serbs during WWII 7607:school textbook controversies 6979:. Leidorf. pp. 189–208. 6686:Remy, Maurice Philip (2002). 6362:Discovering the Rommel Murder 6359:Marshall, Charles F. (1994). 6287:Rommel: Battles and Campaigns 1561:The Myth of the Eastern Front 1161:United States Naval Institute 874:support to the image of the " 853:, were far less sympathetic. 270:In Nazi and Allied propaganda 8554:Lehideux and Isorni v France 8441:Report about Case Srebrenica 8415:Journal of Historical Review 7917:Censorship of Great Zimbabwe 7365:"Defeating the Desert Fox": 7092:Watson, Bruce Allen (2006). 7067:Watson, Bruce Allen (1999). 6928:; Davies, Edward J. (2008). 6618:Pimlott, John, ed. (2014) . 6534:. Harvard University Press. 6453:Inside Hitler's High Command 6176:Rommel As Military Commander 5758:. Kiepenheuer & Witsch. 5737:. Kiepenheuer & Witsch. 5081:. New York: Back Bay Books. 4855:Addington, Larry H. (1967). 4304:. Bundeswehr. Archived from 2004:(in German). 3 November 2012 1805: 1572:Waffen-SS in popular culture 1356:out at great personal risk. 1278:Carl Heinrich von Stülpnagel 809:Rommel as Military Commander 319:Reich Ministry of Propaganda 110:and the 1953 publication of 7: 8356:Did Six Million Really Die? 7989:Like sheep to the slaughter 7062:. Vol. 57, no. 4. 6806:Journal of Military History 6760:. New York: Da Capo Press. 6727:Robinson, James R. (1997). 6710:Rommel: The End of a Legend 6549:Murray, Williamson (2011). 6470:Messenger, Charles (2009). 6290:. Arms & Armour Press. 6269:Strategic Studies Institute 6179:. New York: B&N Books. 5712:Gabel, Christopher (2014). 5596:. Oxford University Press. 5272:Chambers, Madeline (2012). 5123:. OUP Oxford. p. 839. 4959:. Oxford University Press. 4803:Sadkovich & Hixson 2003 1555:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht 1543: 1502:Rommel: The End of a Legend 707:myth of the clean Wehrmacht 464: 413:Second Battle of El Alamein 328:, a senior official at the 158:As used by German authors, 102:Federal Republic of Germany 90:myth of the clean Wehrmacht 10: 8758: 8562:Irving v Penguin Books Ltd 8479:J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing 8300:Turkish Historical Society 7831:Ferdinand Marcos apologism 6955:Sonnberger, Heike (2008). 6938:Cambridge University Press 6825:Schrijvers, Peter (1997). 5937:Cambridge University Press 5810:"Defeating the Desert Fox" 5470:. Vol. II. Arno Press 5464:Deuel, Wallace R. (1943). 5422:Cambridge University Press 5308:University Press of Kansas 5096:Blumenson, Martin (2001). 4974:Barnett, Correlli (1989). 4035:. iUniverse. p. 433. 3686:Krause & Phillips 2006 2894:Hachten Wee & Wee 2004 2582:. Peter Lang. p. 54. 1274:Alexander von Falkenhausen 1249: 930: 722: 661: 553: 481:After the outbreak of the 273: 207: 8681: 8623:Historical misconceptions 8605: 8580: 8537: 8504: 8497: 8466: 8450: 8318: 8232: 8202: 8176: 8131: 8100: 8067: 7877: 7799: 7631: 7574: 7496: 7471: 7435: 6284:Macksey, Kenneth (1979). 6212:(3). Degruyter: 303–343. 6061:Kubetzky, Thomas (2010). 5981:. C. Bertelsmann Verlag. 5960:. Routledge. p. 84. 5504:Dixon, Norman F. (2016). 5483:Dick, Bernard F. (2015). 5020:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 4938:. Routledge. p. 20. 4494:Murray & Millett 2009 4401:, pp. 498, 502, 503. 2484:Smelser & Davies 2008 1258:resistance against Hitler 1163:, quoting the opinion of 954:Hitler's seizure of power 889:Rosie Goldschmidt Waldeck 835:Alamein: War Without Hate 330:Reich Propaganda Ministry 8732:Historical controversies 8166:Denial of Crimean Tatars 7995:Myth of the golden exile 7375:The National WWII Museum 7124:Harvard University Press 6620:Rommel: In His Own Words 6431:Cornell University Press 6314:Majdalany, Fred (2003). 6158:. Praeger. p. 183. 6152:Levine, Alan J. (1999). 6131:Levine, Alan J. (2007). 6088:Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung 6017:Knox, MacGregor (2000). 5954:Kitchen, Martin (2014). 5917:Holles, Everett (1945). 5896:Hartmann, Bernd (2011). 5815:The National WWII Museum 5752:Giordano, Ralph (2010). 5731:Giordano, Ralph (2000). 5635:Fischer, Thomas (2014). 5347:Coetzee, Daniel (2013). 5159:Brighton, Terry (2009). 5138:Brighton, Terry (2008). 4932:Austin, Douglas (2004). 4917:. New York: Henry Holt. 4793:, pp. 314–394, 423. 3455:"Mythos vom Wüstenfuchs" 3085:Goldschmidt Waldeck 1943 2969:DeWeerd, Arthur (1944). 2576:Cocks, Geoffrey (2004). 2251:Goldschmidt Waldeck 1943 1582: 1246:Role in the 20 July plot 1232:Friedrich von Mellenthin 980:The National WWII Museum 933:Nazism and the Wehrmacht 649:Nazism and the Wehrmacht 377:Battle of Kasserine Pass 8570:Perinçek v. Switzerland 8000:Phantom time hypothesis 7594:Knowledge falsification 7318:Zaloga, Steven (2013). 7311:The Encyclopedia of War 7228:Arquilla, John (1996). 7141:Young, Desmond (1950). 6994:Strawson, John (2013). 6904:New York City, New York 6750:Rommel, Erwin (1982) . 6622:. London: Amber Books. 6401:McMahon, T. L. (2014). 6173:Lewin, Ronald (1998) . 5920:Unconditional Surrender 5439:Detsch, Roland (2002). 5394:Connelly, Owen (2009). 5324:"Rommel's Afrika Korps" 5102:. Cooper Square Press. 5075:Beevor, Antony (2012). 4911:Atkinson, Rick (2013). 4888:Atkinson, Rick (2002). 4484:, pp. 8, 106, 220. 1360:Analysis of motivations 1323:discovered a memo from 901:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck 8668:Genocide justification 8631:Accusation in a mirror 8618:Historical revisionism 8434:The Ottoman Lieutenant 7885:Allah as a lunar deity 7772:Double genocide theory 7568:Historical negationism 7509:Relationship to Nazism 7144:Rommel: The Desert Fox 6712:. London: Haus Books. 6637:Pyta, Wolfram (2015). 6218:10.1524/vfzg.2013.0015 6067:. LIT Verlag Münster. 5830:Hanley, Brian (2008). 5779:. G. P. Putnam's sons. 5617:The Third Reich at War 5590:Edwards, Jill (2012). 5228:Calder, Angus (2012). 4956:Alamein: Great Battles 4914:The Guns at Last Light 4160:, pp. 24, 75, 90. 3887:, pp. 1031, 1177. 3109:Duffy & Ricci 2013 2002:Frankfurter Allgemeine 1467: 1398: 1353: 1329:Nazi Party Chancellery 1289:Konstantin von Neurath 1056: 1012: 945: 870: 748: 640: 563:Rommel: The Desert Fox 556:Rommel: The Desert Fox 549:Rommel: The Desert Fox 437: 297: 153:North African Campaign 147:". As early as 1950, 131:Early authors such as 107:Rommel: The Desert Fox 94:West German rearmament 67:British war-time press 59: 16:Aspect of WWII history 8363:Falsifiers of History 8341:The Birth of a Nation 8092:Stab-in-the-back myth 7869:Operation Legacy (UK) 7736:Austria victim theory 7514:Bundeswehr role model 7015:Stroud, Rick (2013). 6850:. Mechanicsburg, PA: 6603:. Berlin: Propyläen. 6449:Megargee, Geoffrey P. 6380:Mass, Sandra (2006). 6352:10.1093/gerhis/ghn049 6240:. Mechanicsburg, PA: 5975:Knopp, Guido (2013). 5620:. New York: Penguin. 5441:"Die andere Wahrheit" 5375:. Mechanicsburg, PA: 4896:. New York: Picador. 4611:Dowe & Hecht 2016 4582:"Die Kraft des Bösen" 4029:Foster, Tony (2000). 1462: 1392: 1376:Georg von Derfflinger 1348: 1050: 1010: 940: 868: 797:The Weight of History 732: 631: 431: 326:Alfred Ingemar Berndt 311:(Victory in the West) 287: 8489:Nation Europa Verlag 8265:FactCheckArmenia.com 8161:Censorship of images 7878:Other manifestations 7761:Italiani brava gente 7199:. Readers' Letters. 6896:Showalter, Dennis E. 6690:. Munich: Ullstein. 6259:Luvaas, Jay (1990). 5255:Taylor & Francis 5207:Caddick-Adams, Peter 5183:Butler, Daniel Allen 5144:. New York: Viking. 5078:The Second World War 5035:Baxter, Ian (2014). 4953:Ball, Simon (2016). 4206:on 11 December 2016. 4058:, pp. 141, 152. 3652:, pp. RA1–PR18. 3329:, pp. 368, 436. 2547:Five Graves to Cairo 2545:"MOVIE OF THE WEEK: 2153:The Cairns Post 1941 1508:(made by historians 1484:Although the author 1405:Generalfeldmarschall 1135:Geoffrey P. Megargee 1022:Führerbegleitbrigade 857:Elements of the myth 711:Five Graves to Cairo 532:Five Graves to Cairo 523:Five Graves to Cairo 418:Supreme High Command 362:Operation Barbarossa 225:Infanterie Greift An 215:Generalfeldmarschall 32:Generalfeldmarschall 8653:Conspiracy theories 8637:Ash heap of history 8194:Sun Language Theory 7959:Myth of English aid 7443:7th Panzer Division 7351:The Daily Telegraph 7324:. Stackpole Books. 7179:on 11 November 2019 7165:"Rethinking Rommel" 6848:Rommel Reconsidered 6752:Liddell Hart, B. H. 6741:(5). Archived from 6658:Rau, Petra (2013). 6577:. Basingstoke, NY: 6474:. Basingstoke, NY: 6407:. Pickle Partners. 6238:Rommel Reconsidered 6137:. Stackpole Books. 6002:. Pickle Partners. 5879:Rommel Reconsidered 5790:. Scarecrow Press. 5699:on 11 December 2016 5637:"Rommel und Hitler" 5414:Creveld, Martin van 5373:Rommel Reconsidered 5167:. Crown/Archetype. 5058:Rommel Reconsidered 4997:Rommel Reconsidered 4805:, pp. 238–267. 4637:, pp. 189–208. 4613:, pp. 129–160. 4592:on 11 December 2016 4496:, pp. 100–101. 4472:, pp. 162–163. 4448:, pp. 485–486. 4200:Süddeutsche Zeitung 4032:Meeting of Generals 3935:, pp. 145–146. 3911:, pp. 139–142. 3899:, pp. 142–150. 3748:, pp. 318–319. 3688:, pp. 175–179. 3676:, pp. 262–273. 3592:, pp. 189–190. 3577:, pp. 164–165. 3529:, pp. 195–201. 3496:on 11 December 2016 3465:on 11 December 2016 3266:, pp. 185–186. 3033:, pp. 157–161. 2994:, pp. 34, 261. 2959:, pp. 162–163. 2828:, pp. 199–200. 2816:, pp. 163–163. 2784:, pp. 132–134. 2730:, pp. 480–481. 2715:, pp. 524–525. 2498:, pp. 236–237. 2459:, pp. 471–473. 2435:, pp. 159–161. 2396:, pp. 117–118. 2381:, pp. 113–115. 2357:, pp. 154–158. 2342:, pp. 150–152. 2330:, pp. 144–146. 2214:, pp. 166–167. 2199:, pp. 141–143. 2167:, pp. 136–139. 2037:, pp. 158–159. 2025:, pp. 210–211. 1975:, pp. 471–472. 1956:, pp. 157–158. 1726:Peter Caddick-Adams 1619:Peter Caddick-Adams 1314:Maurice Philip Remy 1310:Caesar von Hofacker 1197:Daniel Allen Butler 996:Baldur von Schirach 803:Uncritical accounts 737:'s introduction to 680:The Daily Telegraph 503:Himmerod memorandum 475:Peter Caddick-Adams 334:Führer Headquarters 204:, and Sandra Mass. 176:Maurice Philip Remy 8712:Propaganda legends 8613:Historical fiction 8408:Jasenovac – istina 8334:A Verdade Sufocada 8240:Adelaide Institute 8144:All-Russian nation 8101:Israel / Palestine 8080:Myth of Langemarck 8059:Western Azerbaijan 7922:Christ myth theory 7890:Ancient astronauts 7800:Other whitewashing 7674:Croatian Knowledge 7664:Cambodian genocide 7453:Panzer Army Africa 7075:Praeger Publishers 6870:Shirer, William L. 6643:. Siedler Verlag. 6579:Palgrave Macmillan 6476:Palgrave Macmillan 5647:on 3 December 2017 5314:on 6 October 2016. 4446:Caddick-Adams 2012 4281:Mitcham, Samuel W. 3441:Caddick-Adams 2012 3276:Caddick-Adams 2012 3043:Caddick-Adams 2012 2755:Caddick-Adams 2012 2728:Caddick-Adams 2012 2674:Caddick-Adams 2012 2630:Caddick-Adams 2012 2457:Caddick-Adams 2012 2182:Caddick-Adams 2012 2023:Caddick-Adams 2012 1973:Caddick-Adams 2012 1399: 1327:, the head of the 1236:Siegfried Westphal 1119:Martin van Creveld 1057: 1017:invasion of Poland 1013: 946: 917:National Socialism 871: 779:Lawrence of Arabia 759:B. H. Liddell Hart 749: 745:Lawrence of Arabia 735:B. H. Liddell Hart 733:British historian 685:Malcolm Muggeridge 516:Basil Liddell Hart 509:Foundational works 438: 387:The New York Times 360:with the stall of 298: 264:Hans-Ulrich Wehler 137:Basil Liddell Hart 8699: 8698: 8658:False attribution 8601: 8600: 8581:International law 8467:Publishing houses 8228: 8227: 8215:Irish slaves myth 8035:Cemetery in Julfa 7978:Khazar hypothesis 7933:Damnatio memoriae 7816:Czechoslovak myth 7795: 7794: 7708:Rohingya genocide 7649:Armenian genocide 7534: 7533: 7487:The Rommel Papers 7458:Army Group Africa 7331:978-0-8117-5277-0 7301:978-3-933726-28-5 7282:978-0-7146-5192-7 7241:978-0-7618-0186-3 7193:Zabecki, David T. 7161:Zabecki, David T. 7133:978-0-674-02577-6 7122:. Cambridge, MA: 7105:978-0-8117-3381-6 7084:978-0-275-95923-4 7028:978-1-4088-3128-1 7021:. A&C Black. 7007:978-1-4472-3553-8 6947:978-0-521-83365-3 6917:978-0-425-20663-8 6902:(2006 ed.). 6887:978-0-671-62420-0 6861:978-0-8117-1462-4 6788:978-0-415-94033-7 6767:978-0-306-80157-0 6757:The Rommel Papers 6729:"The Rommel Myth" 6719:978-1-904950-20-2 6706:Reuth, Ralf Georg 6650:978-3-641-15701-2 6629:978-1-78274-190-9 6610:978-3-548-60760-3 6588:978-0-230-60908-2 6562:978-1-139-91586-1 6541:978-0-674-04130-1 6485:978-0-230-60908-2 6440:978-0-8014-2089-4 6423:Mearsheimer, John 6414:978-1-78289-742-2 6393:978-3-412-32305-9 6372:978-0-8117-4278-8 6327:978-0-8122-1850-3 6297:978-0-85368-232-5 6251:978-0-8117-1462-4 6186:978-0-7607-0861-3 6144:978-1-4617-5085-7 6123:978-0-674-01016-1 6074:978-3-643-10349-9 6053:978-0-16-072564-7 6032:978-1-139-43203-0 6009:978-1-78625-062-9 5988:978-3-641-11998-0 5967:978-1-317-90094-8 5946:978-0-521-50971-8 5888:978-0-8117-1462-4 5869:978-0-19-992792-0 5843:978-0-313-34555-5 5797:978-0-8108-5301-0 5765:978-3-462-04240-5 5744:978-3-462-02921-5 5723:978-1-78289-446-9 5714:Great Commanders 5627:978-0-14-101548-4 5612:Evans, Richard J. 5603:978-977-416-581-8 5582:978-3-406-59314-7 5567:Echternkamp, Jörg 5558:978-1-936274-03-1 5517:978-0-465-09780-7 5496:978-0-813-14895-3 5405:978-1-4008-2516-5 5386:978-0-8117-1462-4 5360:978-0-313-07033-4 5264:978-0-7146-3369-5 5241:978-1-4481-0310-2 5220:978-1-59020-725-3 5198:978-1-61200-297-2 5174:978-1-4001-1497-9 5151:978-0-670-91691-7 5109:978-0-8154-1152-9 5088:978-0-316-02374-0 5067:978-0-8117-1462-4 5048:978-1-84415-683-2 5041:. Pen and Sword. 5027:978-1-78096-471-3 5006:978-0-8117-1462-4 4977:Hitler's Generals 4966:978-0-19-150462-4 4924:978-0-8050-6290-8 4903:978-0-8050-8724-6 4685:, pp. 46–48. 4308:on 28 August 2016 4219:, pp. 46–47. 4042:978-1-4697-1390-8 3712:, pp. 14–15. 3700:, pp. 33–34. 3517:, pp. 28–29. 3317:, pp. 19–21. 3198:, pp. 30–35. 3087:, pp. 24–26. 2867:, pp. 7, 26. 2840:, pp. 12–13. 2522:, pp. 8, 27. 2486:, pp. 72–73. 2447:, pp. 97–98. 2226:, pp. 63–64. 1987:, pp. 89–90. 1753:Albert Kesselring 1532:, and Showalter. 1522:Matthias Stickler 1441:Williamson Murray 1340:Heinrich Eberbach 1270:Oberbürgermeister 1061:Albert Kesselring 774:The Rommel Papers 754:The Rommel Papers 740:The Rommel Papers 725:The Rommel Papers 718:The Rommel Papers 644:Hugh Trevor-Roper 618:Labour politician 586:The reception of 407:Military reverses 381:Tunisian Campaign 373:Claude Auchinleck 141:counterpropaganda 113:The Rommel Papers 8749: 8742:Historical myths 8689: 8688: 8502: 8501: 8088: 8048: 8020: 8019: 7967: 7856: 7826:Driftwood theory 7724: 7723: 7713:Rwandan genocide 7696:Nanjing Massacre 7691:Khojaly massacre 7659:Bosnian genocide 7561: 7554: 7547: 7538: 7537: 7480:Infantry Attacks 7422: 7415: 7408: 7399: 7398: 7335: 7314: 7305: 7286: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7245: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7203:. Archived from 7201:Military History 7188: 7186: 7184: 7169:Military History 7156: 7137: 7109: 7088: 7073:. Westport, CN: 7063: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7032: 7011: 6990: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6951: 6935: 6921: 6891: 6879: 6865: 6842: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6792: 6771: 6746: 6745:on 8 March 2016. 6723: 6701: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6654: 6633: 6614: 6592: 6566: 6545: 6526: 6489: 6466: 6444: 6418: 6397: 6376: 6355: 6331: 6310: 6301: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6265: 6255: 6229: 6203: 6190: 6169: 6148: 6127: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6078: 6057: 6036: 6024: 6013: 5992: 5971: 5950: 5924: 5913: 5892: 5873: 5861: 5847: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5801: 5780: 5769: 5748: 5727: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5695:. Archived from 5681: 5679: 5677: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5643:. Archived from 5631: 5607: 5586: 5562: 5551:. Enigma Books. 5541: 5521: 5500: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5435: 5409: 5390: 5364: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5315: 5310:. 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Archived from 3459:Deutschlandradio 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3252: 3246: 3237: 3231: 3214: 3208: 3199: 3193: 3184: 3178: 3167: 3161: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3073: 3067: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2976: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2930:Battistelli 2012 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2868: 2862: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2826:Mearsheimer 1988 2823: 2817: 2811: 2800: 2794: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2731: 2725: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2650: 2644: 2633: 2627: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2541: 2535: 2532:Battistelli 2012 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2200: 2194: 2185: 2179: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2107: 2101: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2065: 2059: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2009: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1918:Echternkamp 2010 1915: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1882: 1876: 1865: 1859: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1821: 1815: 1799: 1796: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1749:David T. Zabecki 1745: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1722: 1716: 1708: 1702: 1698: 1692: 1688: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1628: 1622: 1616: 1610: 1603: 1597: 1593: 1518: 1472:Historikerstreit 1322: 1302:Richard J. Evans 1210: 1177:unity of command 1171:, who served as 1157:David T. Zabecki 1091:House of Commons 1001:Infantry Attacks 971:David T. Zabecki 967:Ralf Georg Reuth 847:Sir John Hackett 793:John Mearsheimer 627:Richard Crossman 622:Archibald Wavell 471:Correlli Barnett 245:Battle of France 230:Infantry Attacks 198:Jörg Echternkamp 195: 184: 146: 64: 8757: 8756: 8752: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8747: 8746: 8702: 8701: 8700: 8695: 8677: 8663:Furtive fallacy 8627: 8597: 8576: 8533: 8493: 8462: 8446: 8421:Leuchter report 8327:A Town Betrayed 8314: 8224: 8210:1776 Commission 8198: 8184:Denial of Kurds 8172: 8127: 8096: 8082: 8063: 8042: 8018: 7961: 7873: 7850: 7801: 7791: 7722: 7641: 7636: 7633:Genocide denial 7627: 7615:Rationalization 7570: 7565: 7535: 7530: 7492: 7467: 7431: 7426: 7342: 7332: 7302: 7283: 7259: 7257: 7242: 7224: 7222:Further reading 7219: 7210: 7208: 7182: 7180: 7134: 7106: 7085: 7046: 7044: 7042:The Cairns Post 7029: 7008: 6987: 6965: 6963: 6948: 6926:Smelser, Ronald 6918: 6888: 6862: 6852:Stackpole Books 6839: 6815: 6813: 6789: 6768: 6734:Military Review 6720: 6698: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6651: 6630: 6611: 6589: 6563: 6542: 6507:10.2307/2944594 6486: 6463: 6441: 6415: 6394: 6373: 6328: 6298: 6274: 6272: 6263: 6252: 6242:Stackpole Books 6201: 6187: 6166: 6145: 6124: 6097: 6095: 6075: 6054: 6033: 6010: 5989: 5978:Hitlers Krieger 5968: 5947: 5929:Kitchen, Martin 5910: 5889: 5870: 5852:Hansen, Randall 5844: 5820: 5818: 5806:Hamilton, Nigel 5798: 5766: 5745: 5724: 5702: 5700: 5675: 5673: 5650: 5648: 5628: 5604: 5583: 5559: 5538: 5518: 5510:. Basic Books. 5497: 5473: 5471: 5454: 5452: 5432: 5406: 5387: 5377:Stackpole Books 5361: 5337: 5335: 5287: 5285: 5265: 5242: 5221: 5199: 5175: 5152: 5131: 5110: 5089: 5068: 5049: 5028: 5007: 4988: 4980:. Grove Press. 4967: 4946: 4925: 4904: 4892:An Army at Dawn 4873:10.2307/1984650 4850: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4825: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4681: 4677: 4669: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4633: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4595: 4593: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4540: 4538: 4528: 4524: 4518:Sonnberger 2008 4516: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4492: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4418: 4416: 4409: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4294: 4290: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4251: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4105: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4027: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3840: 3838: 3831: 3827: 3819: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3588: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3541:, pp. 4–6. 3537: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3482: 3478: 3468: 3466: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3255: 3247: 3240: 3232: 3217: 3209: 3202: 3194: 3187: 3179: 3170: 3162: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3076: 3068: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2871: 2863: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2803: 2795: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2734: 2726: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2660: 2653: 2645: 2636: 2628: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2574: 2570: 2560: 2558: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2518: 2514: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2230: 2224:Schrijvers 1997 2222: 2218: 2210: 2203: 2195: 2188: 2180: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2127: 2110: 2102: 2095: 2087: 2083: 2075: 2068: 2060: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2007: 2005: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1916: 1912: 1904: 1900: 1892: 1885: 1881:, pp. 1–2. 1877: 1868: 1860: 1853: 1845: 1841: 1833: 1824: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1787: 1783: 1775: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1732: 1723: 1719: 1709: 1705: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1685: 1678: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1662: 1658: 1650: 1646: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1617: 1613: 1604: 1600: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1546: 1512: 1482: 1428:grand narrative 1411:Norman F. Dixon 1362: 1344:5th Panzer Army 1316: 1254: 1248: 1204: 1202:Reinhard Stumpf 1148:Comando Supremo 1086: 965:The historians 935: 929: 913: 876:clean Wehrmacht 859: 843:Sir John Squire 805: 763:Fritz Bayerlein 727: 721: 690:The Desert Rats 666: 660: 558: 552: 542:Bernard F. Dick 529:The 1943 movie 527: 511: 499:Konrad Adenauer 487:Adolf Heusinger 467: 443:Fortress Europe 409: 352:The Cairns Post 315:Joseph Goebbels 290:Joseph Goebbels 282: 276:Nazi propaganda 272: 210: 189: 178: 144: 129: 55:Nazi propaganda 17: 12: 11: 5: 8755: 8745: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8693: 8682: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8648:Cherry picking 8645: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8609: 8607: 8603: 8602: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8595: 8593:Right to truth 8590: 8584: 8582: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8574: 8566: 8558: 8550: 8541: 8539: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8510: 8508: 8499: 8495: 8494: 8492: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8470: 8468: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8460: 8454: 8452: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8444: 8437: 8430: 8423: 8418: 8411: 8404: 8397: 8390: 8388:Hitler Diaries 8385: 8378: 8371: 8366: 8359: 8352: 8344: 8337: 8330: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8236: 8234: 8230: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8206: 8204: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8196: 8191: 8189:History Thesis 8186: 8180: 8178: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8170: 8169: 8168: 8163: 8155: 8154: 8153: 8141: 8135: 8133: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8104: 8102: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8077: 8075:Borussian myth 8071: 8069: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8061: 8056: 8054:Nizami Ganjavi 8051: 8050: 8049: 8037: 8028: 8026: 8017: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8004:New chronology 7997: 7992: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7968: 7956: 7955: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7936: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7881: 7879: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7845: 7844: 7843: 7841:Dunning School 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7805: 7803: 7802:of governments 7797: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7789: 7781: 7779:Vichy syndrome 7776: 7775: 7774: 7767:Trivialization 7764: 7757: 7756: 7755: 7738: 7732: 7730: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7704: 7703: 7693: 7688: 7686:Katyn massacre 7683: 7678: 7677: 7676: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7645: 7643: 7642:and atrocities 7629: 7628: 7626: 7625: 7622:Victim blaming 7618: 7611: 7610: 7609: 7597: 7590: 7587:Disinformation 7583: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7564: 7563: 7556: 7549: 7541: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7528: 7523: 7522: 7521: 7511: 7506: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7483: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7439: 7437: 7433: 7432: 7425: 7424: 7417: 7410: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7382: 7379:Nigel Hamilton 7363: 7341: 7340:External links 7338: 7337: 7336: 7330: 7315: 7306: 7300: 7287: 7281: 7266: 7246: 7240: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7207:on 11 May 2020 7189: 7157: 7138: 7132: 7114:Wette, Wolfram 7110: 7104: 7089: 7083: 7064: 7053: 7033: 7027: 7012: 7006: 6991: 6986:978-3896468383 6985: 6972: 6952: 6946: 6922: 6916: 6892: 6886: 6866: 6860: 6843: 6838:978-1349145225 6837: 6822: 6793: 6787: 6772: 6766: 6747: 6724: 6718: 6702: 6696: 6683: 6671:978-0748668663 6670: 6655: 6649: 6634: 6628: 6615: 6609: 6597:Neitzel, Sönke 6593: 6587: 6571:Naumann, Klaus 6567: 6561: 6546: 6540: 6527: 6490: 6484: 6467: 6461: 6445: 6439: 6429:. Ithaca, NY: 6419: 6413: 6398: 6392: 6377: 6371: 6356: 6340:German History 6336:Major, Patrick 6332: 6326: 6311: 6302: 6296: 6281: 6256: 6250: 6230: 6191: 6185: 6170: 6165:978-0275965211 6164: 6149: 6143: 6128: 6122: 6104: 6079: 6073: 6058: 6052: 6037: 6031: 6014: 6008: 5993: 5987: 5972: 5966: 5951: 5945: 5925: 5914: 5909:978-0811744324 5908: 5893: 5887: 5874: 5868: 5848: 5842: 5827: 5802: 5796: 5781: 5770: 5764: 5749: 5743: 5728: 5722: 5709: 5692:Spiegel Online 5682: 5657: 5632: 5626: 5608: 5602: 5587: 5581: 5575:. C. H. Beck. 5563: 5557: 5542: 5537:978-3732902767 5536: 5522: 5516: 5501: 5495: 5480: 5461: 5436: 5430: 5410: 5404: 5391: 5385: 5369:Connelly, Mark 5365: 5359: 5344: 5320:Citino, Robert 5316: 5298:Citino, Robert 5294: 5269: 5263: 5246: 5240: 5225: 5219: 5203: 5197: 5179: 5173: 5156: 5150: 5135: 5130:978-0191606847 5129: 5114: 5108: 5093: 5087: 5072: 5066: 5053: 5047: 5032: 5026: 5011: 5005: 4992: 4986: 4971: 4965: 4950: 4945:978-1135769383 4944: 4929: 4923: 4908: 4902: 4885: 4867:(3): 120–130. 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4841:, p. 216. 4831: 4829:, p. 117. 4819: 4807: 4795: 4783: 4781:, p. 286. 4771: 4769:, p. 200. 4767:Showalter 2006 4759: 4747: 4743:Majdalany 2003 4735: 4733:, p. 169. 4723: 4721:, p. 390. 4711: 4699: 4687: 4675: 4663: 4661:, p. 181. 4651: 4649:, p. 181. 4639: 4627: 4625:, p. 202. 4615: 4603: 4572: 4570:, p. 222. 4560: 4558:, p. 534. 4548: 4522: 4510: 4508:, p. 145. 4498: 4486: 4474: 4462: 4450: 4438: 4436:, p. 137. 4426: 4403: 4391: 4379: 4367: 4355: 4343: 4341:, p. 123. 4339:Showalter 2006 4331: 4329:, p. 381. 4319: 4288: 4273: 4271:, p. 336. 4261: 4245: 4233: 4231:, p. 107. 4221: 4209: 4186: 4184:, p. 250. 4174: 4172:, p. 293. 4162: 4150: 4148:, p. 286. 4138: 4136:, p. 169. 4123: 4121:, p. 358. 4111: 4109:, p. 343. 4096: 4094:, p. 137. 4084: 4082:, p. 277. 4072: 4070:, p. 183. 4060: 4048: 4041: 4021: 4019:, p. 528. 4009: 4007:, p. 160. 3997: 3995:, p. 375. 3993:Blumenson 2001 3985: 3983:, p. 152. 3973: 3971:, p. 642. 3961: 3949: 3947:, p. 140. 3937: 3925: 3923:, p. 146. 3913: 3901: 3889: 3877: 3860: 3848: 3825: 3823:, p. 259. 3810: 3808:, p. 138. 3798: 3796:, p. 184. 3786: 3774: 3772:, p. 839. 3762: 3750: 3738: 3726: 3714: 3702: 3690: 3678: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3630: 3628:, p. 180. 3618: 3616:, p. 264. 3614:Showalter 2006 3606: 3594: 3579: 3567: 3555: 3551:Addington 1967 3543: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3490:Deutsche Welle 3476: 3445: 3443:, p. 142. 3433: 3421: 3419:, p. 320. 3409: 3394: 3382: 3378:Messenger 2009 3370: 3368:, p. 128. 3366:Showalter 2006 3358: 3346: 3331: 3319: 3304: 3292: 3280: 3278:, p. 472. 3268: 3264:Messenger 2009 3253: 3238: 3215: 3213:, p. 122. 3200: 3185: 3183:, p. 158. 3168: 3166:, p. 190. 3149: 3147:, p. 138. 3137: 3125: 3113: 3111:, p. 186. 3101: 3089: 3074: 3070:Friedmann 2007 3059: 3047: 3045:, p. 483. 3035: 3020: 3018:, p. 261. 3008: 2996: 2984: 2961: 2946: 2944:, p. 169. 2934: 2922: 2920:, p. 345. 2910: 2908:, p. 146. 2898: 2886: 2884:, p. 527. 2869: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2801: 2799:, p. 526. 2786: 2774: 2772:, p. 525. 2759: 2757:, p. 481. 2747: 2732: 2717: 2705: 2703:, p. 524. 2690: 2678: 2676:, p. 474. 2666: 2664:, p. 521. 2651: 2649:, p. 522. 2634: 2632:, p. 478. 2619: 2617:, p. 195. 2607: 2605:, p. 130. 2595: 2589:978-0820471150 2588: 2568: 2536: 2534:, p. 116. 2524: 2512: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2422: 2420:, p. 159. 2410: 2408:, p. 120. 2398: 2383: 2371: 2369:, p. 113. 2359: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2318:, p. 148. 2308: 2306:, p. 144. 2291: 2289:, p. 124. 2279: 2277:, p. 358. 2267: 2265:, p. 227. 2255: 2243: 2228: 2216: 2201: 2186: 2184:, p. 471. 2169: 2157: 2145: 2143:, p. 316. 2133: 2108: 2106:, p. 124. 2093: 2091:, p. 159. 2081: 2066: 2051: 2039: 2027: 2015: 1989: 1977: 1958: 1946: 1944:, p. 254. 1934: 1922: 1920:, p. 114. 1910: 1908:, p. 502. 1898: 1883: 1866: 1864:, p. 523. 1851: 1839: 1822: 1820:, p. 115. 1809: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1791: 1781: 1769: 1757: 1740: 1730: 1717: 1712:Spiegel Online 1703: 1693: 1683: 1666: 1656: 1652:Martin Kitchen 1644: 1632: 1623: 1611: 1607:Martin Kitchen 1598: 1587: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1557: 1552: 1545: 1542: 1481: 1480:Historiography 1478: 1361: 1358: 1325:Martin Bormann 1282:Carl Goerdeler 1250:Main article: 1247: 1244: 1228:Ettore Bastico 1224:MacGregor Knox 1173:Chief of Staff 1133:The historian 1115:Brian Horrocks 1099:Wilhelm Keitel 1095:The Desert Fox 1085: 1082: 984:Nigel Hamilton 959:Sturmabteilung 928: 925: 912: 909: 858: 855: 804: 801: 768:The historian 723:Main article: 720: 715: 703:The Desert Fox 668:The 1951 film 662:Main article: 659: 656:The Desert Fox 653: 642:The historian 595:, and then in 588:The Desert Fox 554:Main article: 551: 546: 526: 520: 510: 507: 466: 463: 447:Festung Europa 422:British Empire 408: 405: 307:Sieg im Westen 271: 268: 209: 206: 128: 125: 57:to praise the 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8754: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8737:Pseudohistory 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8692: 8684: 8683: 8680: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8638: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8628: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8604: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8579: 8572: 8571: 8567: 8564: 8563: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8551: 8548: 8547: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8536: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8503: 8500: 8496: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8465: 8459: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8438: 8436: 8435: 8431: 8429: 8428: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8416: 8412: 8410: 8409: 8405: 8403: 8402: 8398: 8396: 8395: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8383: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8364: 8360: 8358: 8357: 8353: 8351: 8350: 8345: 8343: 8342: 8338: 8336: 8335: 8331: 8329: 8328: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8317: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8233:Organizations 8231: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8203:United States 8201: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8175: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8158: 8157:Soviet Union 8156: 8152: 8151: 8147: 8146: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8130: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8118:Temple denial 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8093: 8090: 8086: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8066: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8046: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8021: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7990: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7960: 7957: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7942:Islamic State 7940: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7934: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7911: 7908: 7907: 7906: 7905:Book burnings 7903: 7901: 7900:Antiquization 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7876: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7864:Neo-Stalinism 7862: 7860: 7854: 7849: 7846: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7798: 7788: 7786: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7725: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7639:mass killings 7634: 7630: 7624: 7623: 7619: 7617: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7603: 7602: 7601:Pseudohistory 7598: 7596: 7595: 7591: 7589: 7588: 7584: 7582: 7581: 7577: 7576: 7573: 7569: 7562: 7557: 7555: 7550: 7548: 7543: 7542: 7539: 7527: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7504:In propaganda 7502: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7484: 7482: 7481: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7423: 7418: 7416: 7411: 7409: 7404: 7403: 7400: 7393: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7380: 7377:; session by 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7333: 7327: 7323: 7322: 7316: 7312: 7307: 7303: 7297: 7293: 7292:Mythos Rommel 7288: 7284: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7267: 7256: 7252: 7247: 7243: 7237: 7233: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7139: 7135: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7120: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7097: 7096: 7090: 7086: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7071: 7065: 7061: 7060: 7054: 7043: 7039: 7034: 7030: 7024: 7020: 7019: 7013: 7009: 7003: 6999: 6998: 6992: 6988: 6982: 6978: 6973: 6962: 6958: 6953: 6949: 6943: 6939: 6934: 6933: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6913: 6909: 6908:Berkley Books 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6883: 6878: 6877: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6823: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6801: 6794: 6790: 6784: 6780: 6779: 6773: 6769: 6763: 6759: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6721: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6697:3-548-60385-8 6693: 6689: 6688:Mythos Rommel 6684: 6673: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6642: 6641: 6635: 6631: 6625: 6621: 6616: 6612: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6533: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6491: 6487: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6468: 6464: 6462:0-7006-1015-4 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6406: 6405: 6399: 6395: 6389: 6385: 6384: 6378: 6374: 6368: 6364: 6363: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6312: 6309:. p. 49. 6308: 6303: 6299: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6282: 6271: 6270: 6262: 6257: 6253: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6182: 6178: 6177: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6136: 6135: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6105: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6066: 6065: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6023: 6022: 6015: 6011: 6005: 6001: 6000: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5980: 5979: 5973: 5969: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5921: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5894: 5890: 5884: 5880: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5860: 5859: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5828: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5771: 5767: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5698: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5672: 5671:HarperCollins 5668: 5667: 5662: 5661:Fraser, David 5658: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5519: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5488: 5487: 5481: 5469: 5468: 5462: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5423: 5420:. Cambridge: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5345: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5165: 5164: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5143: 5142: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5040: 5039: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5019: 5018: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4894: 4893: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4852: 4840: 4835: 4828: 4823: 4817:, p. 84. 4816: 4811: 4804: 4799: 4792: 4791:Giordano 2000 4787: 4780: 4779:Giordano 2010 4775: 4768: 4763: 4757:, p. 27. 4756: 4751: 4745:, p. 32. 4744: 4739: 4732: 4731:Marshall 1994 4727: 4720: 4719:Brighton 2009 4715: 4709:, p. 97. 4708: 4703: 4697:, p. 58. 4696: 4691: 4684: 4679: 4672: 4667: 4660: 4655: 4648: 4643: 4636: 4635:Stickler 2005 4631: 4624: 4619: 4612: 4607: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4552: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4519: 4514: 4507: 4502: 4495: 4490: 4483: 4478: 4471: 4466: 4459: 4458:Zabecki 2016a 4454: 4447: 4442: 4435: 4430: 4414: 4407: 4400: 4395: 4388: 4383: 4376: 4371: 4365:, p. 48. 4364: 4359: 4353:, p. 90. 4352: 4347: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4270: 4265: 4258: 4254: 4249: 4243:, p. 28. 4242: 4237: 4230: 4229:Connelly 2009 4225: 4218: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4183: 4182:Brighton 2009 4178: 4171: 4166: 4159: 4154: 4147: 4142: 4135: 4130: 4128: 4120: 4115: 4108: 4103: 4101: 4093: 4088: 4081: 4076: 4069: 4064: 4057: 4052: 4044: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4025: 4018: 4013: 4006: 4005:Brighton 2008 4001: 3994: 3989: 3982: 3977: 3970: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3946: 3941: 3934: 3929: 3922: 3917: 3910: 3905: 3898: 3893: 3886: 3881: 3874: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3858:, p. 92. 3857: 3852: 3836: 3829: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3807: 3806:Hartmann 2011 3802: 3795: 3790: 3784:, p. 20. 3783: 3778: 3771: 3766: 3760:, p. 26. 3759: 3754: 3747: 3746:Atkinson 2002 3742: 3736:, p. 79. 3735: 3730: 3723: 3718: 3711: 3706: 3699: 3694: 3687: 3682: 3675: 3670: 3663: 3658: 3651: 3646: 3639: 3634: 3627: 3622: 3615: 3610: 3603: 3598: 3591: 3586: 3584: 3576: 3571: 3565:, p. 97. 3564: 3563:Megargee 2000 3559: 3552: 3547: 3540: 3535: 3528: 3523: 3516: 3511: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3442: 3437: 3431:, p. 83. 3430: 3425: 3418: 3417:Atkinson 2002 3413: 3407:, p. 83. 3406: 3405:Atkinson 2013 3401: 3399: 3392:, p. 51. 3391: 3386: 3380:, p. 60. 3379: 3374: 3367: 3362: 3356:, p. 49. 3355: 3350: 3344:, p. 24. 3343: 3338: 3336: 3328: 3323: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3302:, p. 39. 3301: 3296: 3289: 3288:Hamilton 2012 3284: 3277: 3272: 3265: 3260: 3258: 3251:, p. 54. 3250: 3245: 3243: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3212: 3207: 3205: 3197: 3192: 3190: 3182: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3165: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3146: 3141: 3134: 3129: 3122: 3117: 3110: 3105: 3098: 3093: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3057:, p. 10. 3056: 3051: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3027: 3025: 3017: 3016:Marshall 1994 3012: 3006:, p. 34. 3005: 3004:Marshall 1994 3000: 2993: 2992:Marshall 1994 2988: 2980: 2975: 2974: 2965: 2958: 2957:Connelly 2014 2953: 2951: 2943: 2942:Connelly 2014 2938: 2932:, p. 63. 2931: 2926: 2919: 2914: 2907: 2902: 2896:, p. 61. 2895: 2890: 2883: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2851: 2846: 2839: 2834: 2827: 2822: 2815: 2814:Connelly 2014 2810: 2808: 2806: 2798: 2793: 2791: 2783: 2778: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2756: 2751: 2744: 2743:Chambers 2012 2739: 2737: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2714: 2709: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2687: 2682: 2675: 2670: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2648: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2616: 2611: 2604: 2599: 2591: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2572: 2556: 2555: 2550: 2548: 2540: 2533: 2528: 2521: 2516: 2509: 2504: 2497: 2492: 2485: 2480: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2419: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2380: 2375: 2368: 2363: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2341: 2336: 2329: 2324: 2317: 2312: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2288: 2287:Strawson 2013 2283: 2276: 2275:Atkinson 2013 2271: 2264: 2259: 2253:, p. 25. 2252: 2247: 2241:, p. 72. 2240: 2235: 2233: 2225: 2220: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2198: 2193: 2191: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2166: 2161: 2154: 2149: 2142: 2141:Kubetzky 2010 2137: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2090: 2085: 2078: 2077:Robinson 1997 2073: 2071: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2049:, p. 60. 2048: 2043: 2036: 2031: 2024: 2019: 2003: 1999: 1993: 1986: 1981: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1955: 1950: 1943: 1938: 1931: 1926: 1919: 1914: 1907: 1902: 1895: 1894:Lasserre 2014 1890: 1888: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1849:, p. xv. 1848: 1843: 1837:, p. 26. 1836: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1819: 1818:Brighton 2008 1814: 1810: 1795: 1785: 1778: 1777:Klaus Naumann 1773: 1766: 1765:Klaus Naumann 1761: 1754: 1750: 1747:According to 1744: 1734: 1727: 1721: 1714: 1713: 1707: 1697: 1687: 1670: 1664:hagiography." 1660: 1653: 1648: 1641: 1636: 1627: 1620: 1615: 1608: 1602: 1592: 1588: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1541: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1525: 1523: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1494:Mythos Rommel 1490: 1487: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1454: 1453:Mythos Rommel 1449: 1446: 1442: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1424:Richard Overy 1419: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1406: 1396: 1395:Klaus Naumann 1391: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1336:Sönke Neitzel 1332: 1330: 1326: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1305: 1303: 1297: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1259: 1253: 1243: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1219: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169:Klaus Naumann 1166: 1165:Wolf Heckmann 1162: 1158: 1152: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1081: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1065:Rick Atkinson 1062: 1054: 1053:Rick Atkinson 1049: 1045: 1041: 1039: 1034: 1033: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1009: 1005: 1002: 997: 993: 988: 985: 981: 976: 975:Robert Citino 972: 968: 963: 961: 960: 955: 951: 943: 939: 934: 924: 922: 918: 908: 906: 902: 898: 892: 890: 885: 883: 882: 877: 867: 863: 854: 852: 851:Wolf Heckmann 848: 844: 840: 836: 831: 829: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 800: 798: 794: 790: 789: 782: 780: 775: 771: 770:Mark Connelly 766: 764: 760: 756: 755: 746: 742: 741: 736: 731: 726: 719: 714: 712: 708: 704: 698: 696: 692: 691: 686: 682: 681: 675: 673: 672: 665: 657: 652: 650: 645: 639: 637: 630: 628: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 606: 600: 598: 594: 589: 584: 582: 581:Patrick Major 578: 573: 569: 568:Desmond Young 566:by Brigadier 565: 564: 557: 550: 545: 543: 538: 534: 533: 524: 519: 517: 506: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 479: 476: 472: 462: 458: 454: 452: 451:Atlantic Wall 448: 444: 435: 434:Atlantic Wall 430: 426: 423: 419: 414: 404: 400: 396: 394: 393:John Strawson 389: 388: 382: 378: 374: 370: 365: 363: 359: 354: 353: 348: 347: 346:Daily Express 342: 341:British media 337: 335: 331: 327: 322: 320: 317:(head of the 316: 312: 309: 308: 303: 295: 291: 286: 281: 277: 267: 265: 262:According to 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 241:Antony Beevor 237: 235: 231: 227: 226: 221: 217: 216: 205: 203: 199: 193: 188: 182: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 160:Mythos Rommel 156: 154: 150: 142: 138: 134: 133:Desmond Young 124: 122: 117: 115: 114: 109: 108: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 82: 80: 76: 72: 68: 63: 62: 56: 51: 49: 45: 41: 37: 34: 33: 28: 27:Rommel legend 24: 19: 8717:Erwin Rommel 8635: 8568: 8560: 8552: 8544: 8498:Legal status 8484:Munin Verlag 8474:Arndt Verlag 8439: 8432: 8425: 8413: 8406: 8399: 8392: 8380: 8375:Folk og Land 8373: 8361: 8354: 8348: 8339: 8332: 8325: 8319:Publications 8295:Nippon Kaigi 8148: 8113:Nakba denial 8002: / 7987: 7983:LGBT erasure 7970: 7947:Saudi Arabia 7931: 7857: / 7810:Cuba de ayer 7808: 7785:Sonderaktion 7784: 7759: 7751: / 7748: 7742: 7620: 7613: 7599: 7592: 7585: 7578: 7525: 7485: 7478: 7463:Army Group B 7448:Afrika Korps 7429:Erwin Rommel 7389: 7359: 7349: 7320: 7310: 7291: 7271: 7258:. 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Retrieved 4306:the original 4301: 4291: 4284: 4276: 4264: 4248: 4236: 4224: 4212: 4204:the original 4199: 4189: 4177: 4170:Barnett 1989 4165: 4153: 4146:Coetzee 2013 4141: 4114: 4092:Neitzel 2005 4087: 4075: 4063: 4051: 4031: 4024: 4012: 4000: 3988: 3976: 3964: 3952: 3940: 3928: 3916: 3904: 3892: 3880: 3875:, p. 6. 3873:Beckett 2014 3851: 3839:. Retrieved 3828: 3801: 3789: 3777: 3765: 3753: 3741: 3729: 3717: 3705: 3693: 3681: 3669: 3657: 3645: 3633: 3621: 3609: 3597: 3590:Naumann 2009 3570: 3558: 3546: 3539:Beckett 2014 3534: 3527:Creveld 1977 3522: 3510: 3498:. Retrieved 3494:the original 3489: 3479: 3469:22 September 3467:. Retrieved 3463:the original 3458: 3448: 3436: 3424: 3412: 3385: 3373: 3361: 3349: 3322: 3295: 3283: 3271: 3234:Zabecki 2016 3164:Naumann 2009 3140: 3135:, p. 9. 3128: 3116: 3104: 3092: 3055:Kitchen 2009 3050: 3038: 3011: 2999: 2987: 2972: 2964: 2937: 2925: 2913: 2901: 2889: 2845: 2833: 2821: 2777: 2750: 2708: 2681: 2669: 2610: 2598: 2578: 2571: 2559:. 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