1833:
1550:
1577:
2675:
2160:
365:
2203:
conflicting evidence to the theory that St Peter's was deliberately cited above a pagan shrine room. Current research suggests it was very rare for early
English Christian churches to be founded in pagan temples and that when temples were turned into churches, this occurred later, in the late 6th century and onwards. This was also true elsewhere in the Roman Empire; for example in Rome. By this time the former associations of the sites had probably died down. There is more evidence that early English Christian churches met in private homes and that some Roman villas also converted rooms to dedicated places of Christian worship.
67:
74:
1955:
1190:
2191:, immediately adjacent to the church's eastern end. These unearthed an adjoining room covered in yellow panels with a black border, 'with a tessellated floor, suggesting it may have had a higher status than normal, possibly acting as an antechamber for the aedes or shrine-room'. The alignment of the church is close to the lines of the basilica, being off by just two degrees, and it is feasible for the understructure to have utilized the dry solid 2nd century basilica wall fabric for support.
1653:
51:
1546:
whether they indicate a single large fire or a series of smaller conflagrations. Fire destroyed substantial areas of the city in the area north of the Thames but does not seem to have damaged many major public buildings. There is very little evidence to suggest similar burning in the adjacent
Southwark settlement. The Hadrianic fire (or fires) has normally been assumed to be accidental, but it has also been suggested that it could relate to an episode of political turbulence.
2511:
7192:
2553:
1701:
2488:. A 2017 genetic test of human remains in Roman cemeteries states the "presence of people born in London with North African ancestry is not an unusual or atypical result for Londinium." A 2016 study of the isotope analysis of 20 bodies from various periods suggests that at least 12 had grown up locally, with four being immigrants. The average height for male Londoners was 5'6¾" (169cm) and the average height for female Londoners was 5'2¼" (158cm).
1357:
2537:
993:
1473:
608:
2305:
1565:
2038:, Chlorus on one side and on the other a woman kneeling at the city wall welcoming a mounted Roman soldier. Another memorial to the return of Londinium to Roman control was the construction of a new set of forum baths around 300. The structures were modest enough that they were previously identified as parts of the forum and market but are now recognised as elaborate and luxurious baths including a
1517:
2533:, Roman gravel roads can only be identified as such if they were repeatedly relayered or if the spans of gravel can be traced across several sites. The minimal remains from wooden structures are easy to miss, and stone buildings may leave foundations, but as with the great forum they were often dismantled for stone during the Middle Ages and early modern period.
1631:) was erected around 120 that maintained the city garrison northwest of town. The fort was square (with rounded corners) measuring more than 200 m × 200 m (660 ft × 660 ft) and covering more than 12 acres (4.9 ha). Each side had a central gatehouse, and stone towers were erected at the corners and at points along each wall.
790:'s palace and tombstones belonging to the governor's staff have been discovered, and the city was well defended and armed, with a new military camp erected at the beginning of the 2nd century in a fort on the north-western edge of the city, despite being far from any frontier. Despite some corruption to the text, the list of bishops for the
1331:'s rashness—decided him to sacrifice the single city of Londinium to save the province as a whole. Unmoved by lamentations and appeals, Suetonius gave the signal for departure. The inhabitants were allowed to accompany him. But those who stayed because they were women, or old, or attached to the place, were slaughtered by the enemy.
6298:..."Mainly originating in the Eastern Empire, cults like the worship of Isis had started to become fashionable in Rome...Their veneration in the Roman world was a typical consequence of an international society in which soldiers, officials and traders travelled widely across Europe, North Africa and the Near East
1599:). The town had piped water and a "fairly-sophisticated" drainage system. The governor's palace was rebuilt, and an expanded forum was built around the earlier one over a period of 30 years from around 90 to 120 into a square measuring 168 m × 167 m (551 ft × 548 ft). Its three-storey
1423:. Forums elsewhere typically had a civic temple constructed within the enclosed market area; British sites usually did not, instead placing a smaller shrine for Roman services somewhere within the basilica. The first forum in Londinium seems to have had a full temple, but placed outside just west of the forum.
1545:
pottery, which can be dated to c. 120–125. These were found in destroyed warehouse or shop buildings at Regis House and
Bucklersbury. Hadrianic fire horizons tend to be dated to around the 120s to 130s, but it is difficult to prove that they are contemporary, and there remains some uncertainty as to
2366:
records a time of luxury and plenty which is sometimes attributed to reduced taxation. Archaeologists have found evidence that a small number of wealthy families continued to maintain a Roman lifestyle until the middle of the 5th century, inhabiting villas in the southeastern corner of the city and
221:
a military installation was established, and the city was rebuilt. It had probably largely recovered within about a decade. During the later decades of the 1st century, Londinium expanded rapidly, becoming
Britannia's largest city, and it was provided with large public buildings such as a forum and
1487:
A large port complex on both banks near London Bridge was discovered during the 1980s. The bulk of the Roman port was quickly rebuilt after
Boudicca's rebellion when the waterfront was extended with gravel to permit a sturdy wharf to be built perpendicular to the shore. The port was built in four
2644:
them and throwing the heads into the river "Gallemborne". Asclepiodotus's siege was an actual event that occurred in 296, but further skull finds beneath the 3rd-century wall place at least some of the slaughter before its construction, leading most modern scholars to attribute them to
Boudica's
2182:
in 1666, but it stands upon the highest point in the area of old
Londinium and medieval legends tied it to the city's earliest Christian community. However, the east end of St Peter's and its high altar, is also positioned above the area where some basilicas of the period had a pagan shrine room
1802:
was eventually added, perhaps to replace the west gate of the fort. (The names of all these gates are medieval, as they continued to be occasionally refurbished and replaced until their demolition in the 17th and 18th centuries to permit widening the roads.) The wall initially left the riverbank
2648:
In 1947, the city's northwest fortress of the city garrison was discovered. In 1954, excavations of what was thought to have been an early church instead revealed the London
Mithraeum, which was relocated to permit building over its original site. The building erected at the time has since been
2460:
The population of
Londinium is estimated to have peaked around 100 AD when the population is estimated between about 30,000 and 60,000. After about 150 the population may have fallen by as much as two thirds possibly as the regional economic centres developed, and Londinium as the main port for
2222:
on a still-larger scale. It was about 100 m (330 ft) long by about 50 m (160 ft) wide. Excavations by David Sankey of MOLAS established it was constructed out of stone taken from other buildings, including a veneer of black marble. It was probably dedicated to St Paul.
1540:
visited
Londinium in 122. The impressive public buildings from around this period may have been initially constructed in preparation for his visit or during the rebuilding that followed the "Hadrianic Fire". The so-called fire is not mentioned in any historical sources but has been inferred by
883:
settlements or significant domestic refuse have been found in London, despite extensive archaeological excavation, arguments for a purely Roman foundation of London are now common and uncontroversial." The city's Latin name seems to have derived from an originally Brittonic one and significant
2202:
in age. London certainly had a Christian community in 314 when Bishop Restitutus attended the Council of Arles. This community must have had some meeting place, and apart from St Peter's no other location has yet been proposed, either in antiquity or in the modern era. There is, however, some
1720:
wall around the landward side of the city. Along with Hadrian's Wall and the road network, the London Wall was one of the largest construction projects carried out in Roman Britain. The wall was originally about 5 km (3 mi) long, 6 m (20 ft) high, and 2.5 m (8 ft
2656:
Archaeologists began the first intensive excavation of the waterfront sites of Roman London in the 1970s. What was not found during this time has been built over, making it very difficult to study or discover anything new. Another phase of archaeological work followed the deregulation of the
1335:
Excavation has revealed extensive evidence of destruction by fire in the form of a layer of red ash beneath the city at this date. Suetonius then returned to the legions' slower infantry, who met and defeated the Iceni army, slaughtering as many as 70,000 men and camp followers. There is a
2254:
dealt with the problem over the next few years, using Londinium—then known as "Augusta"—as his base. It may have been at this point that one of the existing provinces was renamed Valentia, although the account of Theodosius's actions describes it as a province recovered from the enemy.
2115:
The governor's palace and old large forum seem to have fallen out of use around 300, but in general the first half of the 4th century appears to have been a prosperous time for Britain, for the villa estates surrounding London appear to have flourished during this period. The
1644:
A temple complex with two Romano-British temples was excavated at Empire Square, Long Lane, Southwark in 2002/2003. A large house there may have been a guesthouse. A marble slab with a dedication to the god Mars was discovered in the temple complex. The inscription mentions
247:—the by-product of urban household waste, manure, ceramic tile, and non-farm debris of settlement occupation, which accumulated relatively undisturbed for centuries. Some time between 190 and 225, the Romans built a defensive wall around the landward side of the city. The
2033:
In 296, Chlorus mounted an invasion of Britain that prompted Allectus's Frankish mercenaries to sack Londinium. They were only stopped by the arrival of a flotilla of Roman warships on the Thames, which slaughtered the survivors. The event was commemorated by the golden
2661:
in 1986, which led to extensive new construction in the city's financial district. From 1991, many excavations were undertaken by the Museum of London's Archaeology Service, although it was spun off into the separately-run MOLA in 2011 following legislation to address
5845:
The Saxon Chronicle, with an English Translation, and Notes, Critical and Explanatory. To Which Are Added Chronological, Topographical, and Glossarial Indices; a Short Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Language; a New Map of England during the Heptarchy; Plates of Coins,
238:
visited Londinium in 122. Excavations have discovered evidence of a major fire that destroyed much of the city shortly thereafter, but the city was again rebuilt. By the second half of the 2nd century, Londinium appears to have shrunk in both size and population.
1687:
may have also damaged the city's economy. Although Londinium remained important for the rest of the Roman period, no further expansion occurred. Londinium remained well populated, as archaeologists have found that much of the city after this date was covered in
3775:
1384:, with 3m-high banks and enclosed by 3m deep double ditches. It was built as an emergency solution to protect Londinium's important trade and to help reconstruct the city. It dominated the town and lay over the main road into Londinium controlling traffic from
4202:, although he notes that this remains conjectural: the known roads would not meet at the river if continued in a straight line, there is no evidence textual or archaeological at the moment for a ford at Westminster, and the Saxon ford was further upstream at
978:. Archaeologists have uncovered numerous goods imported from across the Roman Empire in this period, suggesting that early Roman London was a highly cosmopolitan community of merchants from across the empire and that local markets existed for such objects.
2735:. The southwestern tower of the Roman fort northwest of town can still be seen at Noble Street. Occasionally, Roman sites are incorporated into the foundations of new buildings for future study, but these are not generally available to the public.
1588:
During the early 2nd century, Londinium was at its height, having recovered from the fire and again had between 45,000 and 60,000 inhabitants around 140, with many more stone houses and public buildings erected. Some areas were tightly packed with
242:
Although Londinium remained important for the rest of the Roman period, no further expansion resulted. Londinium supported a smaller but stable settlement population as archaeologists have found that much of the city after this date was covered in
201:
Following the foundation of the town in the mid-1st century, early Londinium occupied the relatively small area of 1.4 km (0.5 sq mi), roughly half the area of the modern City of London and equivalent to the size of present-day
2072:
saw the British administration restructured. Londinium is universally supposed to have been the capital of one of them, but it remains unclear where the new provinces were, whether there were initially three or four in total, and whether
1323:; hearing of the rising, he immediately returned along Watling Street with the legions' cavalry. An early historical record of London appears in Tacitus's account of his actions upon arriving and finding the state of the 9th Legion:
189:
around 47–50 AD, but some defend an older view that the city originated in a defensive enclosure constructed during the Claudian invasion in 43 AD. Its earliest securely-dated structure is a timber drain of 47 AD. It sat at a key
2187:). Wheeler proposed that a Christian church might have been established on its site and that this accounted for the later medieval legends. The possible existence of the shrine room is supported by 19th-century excavations under
3668:
Researches into the Ecclesiastical and Political State of Ancient Britain under the Roman Emperors: with Observations upon the Principal Events and Characters Connected with the Christian Religion, during the First Five
6172:
Six Old English Chronicles of Which Two Are Now First Translated from the Monkish Latin Originals: Ethelwerd's Chronicle, Asser's Life of Alfred, Geoffrey of Monmouth's British History, Gildas, Nennius, and Richard of
5621:
Six Old English Chronicles of Which Two Are Now First Translated from the Monkish Latin Originals: Ethelwerd's Chronicle, Asser's Life of Alfred, Geoffrey of Monmouth's British History, Gildas, Nennius, and Richard of
3108:
Six Old English Chronicles of Which Two Are Now First Translated from the Monkish Latin Originals: Ethelwerd's Chronicle, Asser's Life of Alfred, Geoffrey of Monmouth's British History, Gildas, Nennius, and Richard of
5682:
1282:
Two hundred ill-equipped men were sent to defend the provincial capital and Roman colony at Camulodunum, probably from the garrison at Londinium. The Iceni and their allies overwhelmed them and razed the city. The
1388:
and on the river. Several major building projects at this time such as roads, a new quay and a water lifting machine indicate the army had a key role in reconstruction. The fort was in use for less than 10 years.
5458:
5445:
6407:
Brigham, Trevor. 1998. “The Port of Roman London.” In Roman London Recent Archeological Work, edited by B. Watson, 23–34. Michigan: Cushing–Malloy Inc. Paper read at a seminar held at The Museum of London, 16
1641:. When the Romans left in the 4th century, the amphitheatre lay derelict for hundreds of years. In the 11th century, the area was reoccupied, and by the 12th century the first Guildhall was built next to it.
6102:
2009:
and Saxon piracy and of having embezzled recovered treasure. Carausius responded by consolidating his allies and territory and revolting. After fending off Maximian's first assault in 288, he declared a new
1396:, its streets generally adhering to a grid skewed by major roads passing from the bridgehead and by changes in alignment produced by crossings over the local streams. It recovered after about a decade.
900:
deposited a couple of miles upstream of Londinium, suggest the general area was busy and significant. It has been suggested that the area was where several territories intersected. There was probably a
1832:
1175:
After its reconstruction in the 60s AD, the streets largely adhered to a grid. The main streets were 9–10 m (30–33 ft) wide, while side streets were usually about 5 m (16 ft) wide.
2432:. The foundations of the river wall, however, were undermined over time and had completely collapsed by the 11th century. Memory of the earlier settlement survived: it is generally identified as the
1875:
somewhat revived London's fortunes in the early 3rd century. The northwest fort was abandoned and dismantled but archaeological evidence points to renewed construction activity from this period. The
1243:'s disarmament of the allied tribes in 47 or may have assisted the Romans against his tribesmen during that revolt. His will had divided his wealth and lands between Rome and his two daughters, but
679:, a course now marked by the street "London Wall". Cemeteries and suburbs existed outside the city proper. A round temple has been located west of the city, although its dedication remains unclear.
2262:
organised all of the British-based troops and attempted to establish himself as western emperor. The event was obviously important to the Britons, as "Macsen Wledig" would remain a major figure in
1407:
and several shops around it, altogether measuring about 100 m × 50 m (330 ft × 160 ft). The basilica would have functioned as the city's administrative heart, hearing
198:
which turned the city into a road nexus and major port (which was built between 49 and 52 AD), serving as a major commercial centre in Roman Britain until its abandonment during the 5th century.
1541:
evidence of large-scale burning identified by archaeologists on several excavation sites around the City of London. The best dating evidence for this event(s) comes from burnt stocks of unsold
1488:
sections, starting upstream of the London Bridge and working down towards the Walbrook at the centre of Londinium. Expansion of the flourishing port continued into the 3rd century. Scraps of
1668:
By the second half of the 2nd century, Londinium had many large, well-equipped stone buildings, some of which were richly adorned with wall paintings and floor mosaics, and had subfloor
1348:), and the battle shortly thereafter at "a place with narrow jaws, backed by a forest", speaks against the tradition, and no supporting archaeological evidence has been yet discovered.
4338:
An early Roman fort and urban development on Londinium's eastern hill: excavations at Plantation Place, City of London, 1997–2003, L. Dunwoodie et al. MOLA 2015. ISBN 978-1-907586-32-3
4214:
points to routes directed towards the presumed ford from Southwark. Both include maps of the known routes around London and their proposed reconstruction of major connections now-lost.
3919:
of the Thames at the time, with the port in tidal waters and the bridge upstream beyond its reach. This is uncertain, however: in the Middle Ages, the Thames's tidal reach extended to
2343:
subsequently directed the Britons to look to their own defence rather than send another garrison force. Surviving accounts are scanty and mixed with Welsh and Saxon legends concerning
1794:. The wall partially utilised the army's existing fort, strengthening its outer wall with a second course of stone to match the rest of the course. The fort had two gates of its own –
5785:
1025:
during whose principate they were completed, but the number and vicinity of routes completed during the time of Claudius would seem to have made this impractical in Britain's case.)
3320:
5778:
2323:
over the next few decades. Many of London's public buildings had fallen into disrepair by this point, and excavations of the port show signs of rapid disuse. Between 407 and 409,
1434:
has had its foundation dated to this era and is assumed to have been the governor's palace. It boasted a garden, pools, and several large halls, some of which were decorated with
5635:
The Epistle of Gildas the most ancient British Author: who flourished in the yeere of our Lord, 546. And who by his great erudition, sanctitie, and wisdome, acquired the name of
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1970:
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estimated its length from the Tower west to Ludgate at about one mile (1.6 km) and its breadth from the northern wall to the bank of the Thames at around half that.
9681:
3230:
974:
Following its foundation in the mid-1st century, early Roman London occupied a relatively small area, about 350 acres (1.4 km) or roughly the area of present-day
5173:
1411:
and seating the town's local senate. It formed the north side of the forum, whose south entrance was located along the north side of the intersection of the present
9676:
1247:
forbade female inheritance and it had become common practice to treat allied kingdoms as life estates that were annexed upon the ruler's death, as had occurred in
5819:
5812:
1679:
Londinium seems to have shrunk in both size and population in the second half of the 2nd century. The cause is uncertain, but plague is considered likely, as the
55:
A general outline of Roman London in late antiquity, with the modern banks of the Thames. Discovered roads drawn as double lines; conjectural roads, single lines.
7812:
7228:
5471:
6271:..."Altar found reused in a riverside wall recording the rebuilding of a temple of Isis by the governor of Britannia Superior – Marcus Martiannius Pulcher...
3470:
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names, as their original Roman names have been lost because of the lack of written and inscribed sources. (It was customary elsewhere to name roads after the
2393:), but nothing further is said. By the end of the 5th century, the city was largely an uninhabited ruin, its large church on Tower Hill burnt to the ground.
2270:
dynasties claimed descent from him. He was probably responsible for London's new church in the 370s or 380s. He was initially successful but was defeated by
1940:
suggests that a temple of Isis had existed much earlier. The Egyptian goddess was believed to have influence over the sea and hence the safety of seafarers.
1504:. Only two large warehouses are known, implying that Londinium functioned as a bustling trade centre rather than a supply depot and distribution centre like
5297:
2327:, seriously weakening communication between Rome and Britain. Trade broke down, officials went unpaid, and Romano-British troops elected their own leaders.
9651:
5057:
872:). It is possible that the town was preceded by a short-lived Roman military camp, but the evidence is limited and this topic remains a matter of debate.
5808:
694:, where excavations in 1988 and 2021 have revealed an elaborate building with fine mosaics and frescoed walls dating from 72 AD. Inscriptions suggest a
9666:
4920:
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230:) as the provincial capital, and by the mid-2nd century Londinium was at its height. Its forum basilica was one of the largest structures north of the
4210:
notes the known routes broadly direct towards Westminster in a way "inconceivable" if they were meant to be directed towards a ferry at Londinium and
181:
during most of the period of Roman rule. Most twenty-first century historians think that it was originally a settlement established shortly after the
4199:
3651:], Vol. I: "Ab Initiis Æræ Christianæ ad Annum CCCXXIV" ["From the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Year 324"], col. 1429.
1683:
is recorded decimating other areas of Western Europe between 165 and 190. The end of imperial expansion in Britain after Hadrian's decision to build
9656:
5866:
recorded that "The British provinces, which to this time had suffered various defeats and misfortunes, are reduced to Saxon rule" in the year 441;
4647:
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1013:, seven ran to or from Londinium. Most of these were constructed near the time of the city's foundation around 47 AD. The roads are now known by
4600:
3760:
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2148:, Elvanus, and Medwin. None of that is considered credible by modern historians but, although the surviving text is problematic, either Bishop
3252:
2278:. An additional stretch of the river wall near Tower Hill seems to have been built further from the shore at some point over the next decade.
7699:
5273:
3742:
The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon: A history of the early inhabitants of Britain, down to the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity
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At first, hesitated as to whether to stand and fight there. Eventually, his numerical inferiority—and the price only too clearly paid by
759:) status prior to the complete replanning of the city's street plan attending the erection of the great second forum around the year 120.
8283:
8271:
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off Wood Street. A section of the river wall is visible inside the Tower of London. Parts of the amphitheatre are on display beneath the
2358:
Despite remaining on the list of Roman provinces, Romano-Britain seems to have dropped their remaining loyalties to Rome. Raiding by the
393:
3100:
106:
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was later counted as a seventh major gate after its enlargement in 1415, but in William's time it would have been a minor postern gate.
2971:
An early Roman fort and urban development on Londinium's eastern hill : excavations at Plantation Place, City of London, 1997-2003
5606:
5448:, 2001, p105 and p109 - only 2 churches have been found that are sited on a Roman temple, just 0.7% of the total, accessed 26 Sep 2022
947:
ditches have been discovered, but archaeological excavations undertaken since the 1970s by the Department of Urban Archaeology at the
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gates in London's landward wall, but it's not clear whether this included a minor postern gate or another, now unknown, major gate.
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to send troops to deal with the problem. Large efforts were made to improve Londinium's defences around the same time. At least 22
2614:
uncovered a large number of human skulls and almost no other bones in the bed of the Walbrook. The discovery recalls a passage in
66:
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also allowed for large parts of old London to be recorded and preserved while modern updates were made. The construction of the
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1871:). Despite the smaller administrative area, the economic stimulus provided by the wall and by Septimius Severus's campaigns in
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of Britain," but there are several strong indications of this status: 2nd-century roofing tiles have been found marked by the "
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If St Peter's was built in the Roman era, it would make the church contemporaneous to the potential Romano-British church at
2184:
5483:
Examining the evidence for churches in Roman Britain; is this a concrete indication of Romano-British churches? Nathan Day,
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3776:"Two studies on Roman London. A: London's military origins. B: Population decline and ritual landscapes in Antonine London"
952:
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The Roman Forum Site in London, Discoveries before 1985. Peter Marsden, London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1987, p68
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6576:
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Londinium was an ethnically diverse city with inhabitants from across the Roman Empire, including those with backgrounds
1340:, simply because as a mediaeval village it was known as Battle Bridge. Suetonius's flight back to his men, the razing of
1064:
before being diverted north to the new bridge at London. The Romans enabled the road to cross the marshy terrain without
880:
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Depending on the time of its creation, the modesty of Londinium's first forum may have reflected its early elevation to
7875:
7028:
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6496:
6384:
3688:"Nomina Episcoporum, cum Clericis Suis, Quinam, et ex Quibus Provinciis, ad Arelatensem Synodum Convenerint" from the
2674:
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215:
6071:"Map of the walled city of London showing areas devastated by bombing, with sites excavated by the Excavation Council"
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3039:. Cowan, Carrie., Wroe-Brown, Robin., Museum of London. Archaeology Service. : Museum of London Archaeology Service.
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amphitheatre. By the 2nd century, Londinium had grown to perhaps 30,000 or 60,000 people, almost certainly replacing
214:, compelled the Roman forces to abandon the settlement, which was then razed. Following the defeat of Boudica by the
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objected, the Romans flogged her, raped her two daughters, and enslaved their nobles and kinsmen. Boudica then led
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dates it to a few years after 449 and opines that invasion had been the Saxons' intention from the beginning; the
4813:
1879:
rediscovered in 1954 dates from around 240, when it was erected on the east bank at the head of navigation on the
1072:, passed through the town from the bridgehead in a straight line to reconnect with its northern extension towards
7824:
7757:
2696:
Major finds from Roman London, including mosaics, wall fragments, and old buildings, were formerly housed in the
774:). The precise date of this change is unknown, and no surviving source explicitly states that Londinium was "the
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arrived and established tribal areas and kingdoms. The area of the Roman city was administered as part of the
1492:, leather straps, and military stamps on building timbers suggest that the site was constructed by the city's
364:
9074:
3538:. Macmillan & Co., London, 1876. Reprinted by Random House, 1942. Reprinted by the Perseus Project,
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2567:
The first extensive archaeological review of the Roman city of London was done in the 17th century after the
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1821:
in the 190s. The wall survived another 1,600 years and still roughly defines the City of London's perimeter.
1727:) was about 2 m (6 ft 7 in) deep and 3–5 m (9.8–16.4 ft) wide. In the 19th century,
843:
5559:
Sankey, D. (1998). "Cathedrals, granaries and urban vitality in late Roman London". In Watson, Bruce (ed.).
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7058:
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2101:) severed from the territory of Upper Britain. Modern scholars more often list Londinium as the capital of
1376:
After the sack of the city by Boudica and her defeat, a large military fort covering 15,000 m was built at
663:. Londinium's waterfront on the Thames ran from around Ludgate Hill in the west to the present site of the
17:
5321:"A Reassessment of the Second Basilica in London, A. D. 100-400: Excavations at Leadenhall Court, 1984-86"
4924:
4788:
4616:
Roman London and the Walbrook stream crossing : excavations at 1 Poultry and vicinity, City of London
3591:
3508:
Londinium..., cognomento quidem coloniae non insigne, sed copia negotiatorum et commeatuum maxime celebre.
9613:
9538:
9297:
8353:
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7782:
7444:
7086:
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1673:
762:
By this time, Britain's provincial administration had also almost certainly been moved to Londinium from
5683:"The Gallic Chronicle Restored: a Chronology for the Anglo-Saxon Invasions and the End of Roman Britain"
4769:
According to a recovered inscription. The location of the Temple of Jupiter has not been discovered yet.
2901:. Rowsome, Peter., Museum of London Archaeology. London: Museum of London Archaeology. pp. 251–62.
1156:. A minor road led southwest to the city's main cemetery and the old routes to the ford at Westminster.
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9237:
9129:
8899:
8671:
8493:
8401:
8266:
8209:
7195:
7076:
6723:
6281:
5563:. JRA Supplementary Series. Vol. 24. Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology. pp. 78–82.
4618:. Rowsome, Peter., Museum of London Archaeology. London: Museum of London Archaeology. pp. 354–7.
3357:
3137:
2709:
1933:
1915:
1806:
Although the reason for the wall's construction is unknown, some historians have connected it with the
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1328:
1320:
1288:
1215:
1089:
379:
290:
259:
35:
6581:
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2250:
saw a coordinated invasion of Picts, Gaels, and Saxons joined with a mutiny of troops along the wall.
1855:
Septimius Severus defeated Albinus in 197 and shortly afterwards divided the province of Britain into
9593:
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which swept the empire from 165 to 180 may have had an effect. Pottery workshops outside the city in
1157:
827:
779:
452:
447:. There is no evidence such a figure existed. Instead, the Latin name was probably based on a native
330:
182:
5247:
2899:
Roman London and the Walbrook stream crossing: excavations at 1 Poultry and vicinity, City of London
1446:
may originally have been part of the palace's main entrance. Another site dating to this era is the
832:
Unlike many cities of Roman Britain, Londinium was not placed on the site of a native settlement or
9194:
9104:
8613:
8593:
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The Sancrosanct Councils Exacted for the Royal Edition: which the Editors Now Produce in Four Parts
3249:
2359:
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and the present state of the river wall suggests hurried repair work around this time. In 367, the
2215:
2074:
1316:
1308:
1240:
218:
6770:
1977:
showing a woman kneeling in front of a Roman soldier at the city walls, thanking him for bringing
1403:
was constructed in the 70s or 80s and has been excavated, showing it had an open courtyard with a
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Placenames in brackets are either present-day names or counties where the towns formerly existed.
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6368:
6200:
5863:
5839:
5542:"Archaeologists unearth capital's first cathedral: Giant edifice built out of secondhand masonry"
3821:
Wallace, Lacey (2013). "The Foundation of Roman London: Examining the Claudian Fort Hypothesis".
3352:
2724:
2704:. These merged after 1965 into the present Museum of London, sited from 1976 until 2022 near the
2636:
constructed by allied Britons, Asclepiodotus accepted the commander's surrender only to have the
2059:
1709:
683:
6602:
6217:
5619:
Giles, John Allen (ed. & trans.). "The Works of Gildas, Surnamed 'Sapiens,' or the Wise" in
2525:
Many ruins remain buried beneath London, although understanding them can be difficult. Owing to
1790:) and at another road that ran along the Thames to the city's main cemetery and the old ford at
920:
Londinium expanded around the point on the River Thames narrow enough for the construction of a
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320:
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1902:, which roughly formed the shoreline. Large collapsed sections of this wall were excavated at
251:
survived for another 1,600 years and broadly defined the perimeter of the old City of London.
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By the turn of the century, Londinium was perhaps as large as 60,000 people and had replaced
1296:
729:
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1898:
led to the construction of a riverside wall. It ran roughly along the course of present-day
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In 2023 a section of the wall at the City Wall at Vine Street Museum opened to the public.
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2015:
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305:
5933:"'Written in Bone': New Discoveries about the Lives and Burials of Four Roman Londoners"
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1954:
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2800:
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moved the settlement back within the safety of the Roman walls, which gave it the name
2413:
2340:
2188:
2069:
2035:
1998:
1974:
1929:
1412:
1260:
1220:
1168:) did not reach Londinium proper but ran from the bridgehead in the southern suburb at
1068:
by laying down substrates of one to three layers of oak logs. This route, now known as
1010:
1002:
956:
806:
749:) status or may have reflected an administrative concession to a low-ranking but major
352:
285:
9207:
6229:
5410:
Petts, David (5 October 2015). Millett, Martin; Revell, Louise; Moore, Alison (eds.).
4569:
Londinium : a biography : Roman London from its origins to the fifth century
3635:
2852:
Londinium : a biography : Roman London from its origins to the fifth century
2775:
Londinium : a biography : Roman London from its origins to the fifth century
2170:
The location of Londinium's original cathedral is uncertain. The present structure of
9202:
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8809:
8769:
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7955:
7620:
7439:
7343:
7157:
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6646:
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6528:
6510:
6492:
6470:
6441:
6426:
6398:
6380:
6078:
5999:
5954:
5931:
Poinar, Hendrik N.; Eaton, Katherine; Marshall, Michael; Redfern, Rebecca C. (2017).
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3645:
Sacrosancta Concilia ad Regiam Editionem Exacta: quae Nunc Quarta Parte Prodit Actior
3340:
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2195:
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1818:
1684:
1141:
1113:
975:
893:
268:
203:
5782:[The Ecclesiastical History of the English People], Vol. I, Ch. XV
3942:
1603:
was probably visible across the city and was the largest in the empire north of the
9267:
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8053:
7975:
7922:
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7142:
6851:
6687:
6596:
6412:
5944:
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5694:
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5660:
5602:
5513:
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5384:
5332:
5095:
4674:
4228:
4211:
4207:
3830:
3787:
3740:
3194:
3159:
2756:
2689:
2572:
2529:, which consists of a Taplow Terrace deep bed of brickearth, sand, and gravel over
2497:
2470:
2425:
2409:
2324:
2251:
2247:
2235:
2175:
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2125:
2117:
2023:
2011:
1949:
1876:
1849:
1845:
1558:
1420:
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1361:
1312:
1284:
1194:
1125:
968:
948:
897:
885:
676:
625:
545:
448:
423:
6097:
For a map of the locations of bombed sites in the City of London excavated by the
4835:
4705:
Campaign 233: Boudicca's Rebellion AD 60–61: The Britons rise up against Rome
4114:
3440:
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9174:
9154:
9114:
9049:
8999:
8994:
8869:
8819:
8727:
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8541:
8461:
7910:
7735:
7132:
7111:
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6957:
6609:
6350:
5972:
5789:
5269:
3924:
3639:
3487:
3324:
3298:
3279:
3256:
2723:
Much of the surviving wall is medieval, but Roman-era stretches are visible near
2705:
2462:
2332:
2086:
2078:
2077:
represented a fifth province or a renaming of an older one. In the 12th century,
1920:
An inscription found on a third-century stone altar recorded the rebuilding of a
1811:
1680:
1607:; the marketplace rivalled those in Rome and was the largest in the north before
1542:
1493:
1483: 100) excavated along the north bank of the Thames, with warehouses at right
1276:
902:
733:
721:
664:
590:
335:
191:
6051:
Clark, John (1996). "The Temple of Diana". In Bird, Joanna; et al. (eds.).
27:
Settlement established on the current site of the City of London around 43–50 AD
9417:
9059:
8794:
8742:
8714:
8661:
8646:
8626:
8441:
8416:
8373:
8363:
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8078:
8043:
8003:
7764:
7648:
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7463:
7206:
7096:
7068:
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6672:
6031:
5983:
5484:
4881:
British Fortifications through the Reign of Richard III: An Illustrated History
4329:, Old and New London: Volume 2 (1878:273–279). Date accessed: 26 December 2007.
4245:
3216:
2717:
2650:
2584:
2519:
2397:
2385:
records that the Britons fled to Londinium in terror after their defeat at the
2319:
With few troops left in Britain, many Romano-British towns—including Londinium—
2275:
2263:
2259:
2145:
1880:
1815:
1775:
1661:
1529:
1439:
1300:
1264:
1210:
1206:
1121:
1109:
1069:
1045:
1014:
924:
but still deep enough to handle the era's seagoing ships. Its placement on the
906:
889:
787:
656:
629:
595:
432:
186:
6315:
on a flagon, and a third-century altar, record a temple of Isis in London...
5949:
5932:
4679:
4662:
4586:
3791:
3163:
2869:
2792:
2712:, a separate branch dealing with the history of London's ports, opened on the
2649:
demolished, and the temple has been returned to its former location under the
2210:
was discovered: built sometime between 350 and 400, it seems to have mimicked
842:, the area was almost certainly lightly rolling open countryside traversed by
798:
or Adelphius came from Londinium. The city seems to have been the seat of the
9640:
8949:
8919:
8834:
8368:
8345:
8158:
8013:
7998:
7945:
7752:
7547:
7147:
6733:
6484:
6418:
Haverfield, F. "Roman London." The Journal of Roman Studies 1 (1911): 141–72.
5977:
Identifying migrants in Roman London using lead and strontium stable isotopes
5958:
5396:
4688:
4633:
3842:
3799:
3362:
3336:
3054:
2988:
2916:
2466:
2308:
2211:
2112:
in London would have required its provincial governor to outrank the others.
2106:
1860:
1856:
1798:
to the north and another to the west – but these were not along major roads.
1751:
1716:
Some time between 190 and 225, the Romans built the London Wall, a defensive
1652:
1649:('the Londoners'), the earliest known reference naming the people of London.
1554:
1497:
1400:
1256:
1202:
1117:
1022:
933:
928:
permitted easier access for ships sailing upstream. The remains of a massive
910:
876:
799:
717:
667:
in the east, around 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi). The northern wall reached
613:
491:
369:
300:
178:
121:
108:
3407:
3198:
3021:
9427:
9287:
8732:
8681:
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8631:
8483:
8293:
8179:
8123:
8118:
7890:
7774:
7708:
7415:
7367:
7152:
6728:
6176:
5823:
5668:
3546:
3112:
2713:
2596:
2580:
2485:
2355:. Even archaeological evidence of Londinium during this period is minimal.
2271:
1921:
1895:
1657:
1525:
1505:
1443:
1435:
1369:
1081:
964:
921:
839:
775:
695:
641:
633:
621:
295:
195:
162:
6549:. Cambridge Classical Studies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
6423:
Londinium: A Biography: Roman London from its Origins to the Fifth Century
6326:..."As her worship spread around the Mediterranean...Isis became known as
4480:
Marsden, Peter (1975). "The Excavation of a Roman Palace Site in London".
2973:. Harward, Chiz., Pitt, Ken. London: MOLA (Museum of London Archaeology).
2510:
1231:
In 60 or 61 AD, a little more than ten years after Londinium was founded,
1189:
50:
9222:
8844:
8666:
8556:
7950:
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7316:
6856:
6816:
6106:
4274:
3916:
2530:
2481:
2141:
2041:
1962:
1795:
1791:
1743:
1705:
1626:
1608:
1489:
1457:
1430:(Colchester) as the provincial capital. A large building discovered near
1427:
1097:
1061:
1033:
1018:
763:
687:
672:
668:
660:
645:
436:
248:
223:
5760:
2587:'s contention that it had been built over a Roman temple to the goddess
9447:
9387:
9352:
9144:
9079:
9069:
8964:
8849:
8737:
8320:
8288:
8033:
7960:
7792:
7787:
7606:
7599:
7559:
7540:
7504:
7492:
7475:
7451:
7408:
7396:
7379:
7348:
7321:
4451:
London Civic Theatre: City Drama and Pageantry from Roman Times to 1558
3834:
2759:, which was abandoned around the same time. The identification of the "
2591:. The extensive rebuilding of London in the 19th century and following
2552:
2429:
2421:
2299:
2207:
2149:
2019:
1994:
1837:
1799:
1787:
1763:
1739:
1700:
1689:
1501:
1341:
1232:
1165:
1145:
1101:
1073:
1065:
1057:
960:
859:
855:
795:
767:
740:
640:. Just prior to the Roman conquest, the area had been contested by the
637:
476:
244:
227:
7677:
5706:
5344:
5320:
736:', was much frequented by a number of merchants and trading vessels."
9477:
9472:
9357:
9327:
9307:
9184:
9124:
9034:
8984:
8979:
8904:
8864:
8752:
8722:
8531:
8406:
8199:
8083:
8058:
7937:
7640:
7626:
7594:
7564:
7528:
7456:
6759:
6682:
6344:
6286:
he repaired the temple of Isis which had collapsed through old age...
5872:
5752:
5375:
King, Anthony (1983). "The Roman Church at Silchester Reconsidered".
4095:
The History of London: Illustrated by Views of London and Westminster
2637:
2592:
2541:
2379:) did not begin in earnest until some time in the 440s and 450s. The
2344:
2295:
2198:, similarly built adjacent to the Roman Basilica and most likely pre-
1990:
1959:
1872:
1717:
1669:
1638:
1460:, which remained in use prior to its demolition around the year 200.
1408:
1356:
1345:
1292:
1244:
1169:
691:
624:
and a major road nexus shortly after the invasion. It was centred on
521:
324:
6615:
5099:
3150:
Jackson, Kenneth H. (1938). "Nennius and the 28 cities of Britain".
2536:
1472:
992:
9437:
9422:
9412:
9397:
9312:
9302:
9272:
9262:
9257:
9247:
9149:
9064:
8944:
8929:
8859:
8839:
8829:
8824:
8804:
8603:
8184:
8148:
8038:
7965:
7797:
7576:
7552:
7511:
7480:
7420:
7296:
6330:(star of the sea) the divine protector of sailors and fishermen...
5698:
5336:
5283:
Y Cymmrodor: The Magazine of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion
5253:
Y Cymmrodor: The Magazine of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion
5209:
4954:
4098:. Illustrated by John Woods. London: Orr & Co. p. 15.
3185:
Coates, Richard (1998). "A new explanation of the name of London".
2629:
2390:
2243:
2109:
2027:
1986:
1978:
1864:
1779:
1600:
1404:
1248:
1129:
1105:
1093:
1077:
1029:
940:
851:
802:
783:
649:
440:
5296:
R.E.M. Wheeler, The Topography of Saxon London, p296, Antiquity ,
5087:
3653:
The Typographical Society for Ecclesiastical Books (Paris), 1671.
2716:
in 2003. Other finds from Roman London continue to be held in the
1009:
Of the fifteen British routes recorded in the 2nd- or 3rd-century
9457:
9452:
9442:
9407:
9402:
9392:
9337:
9322:
9139:
9134:
9119:
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8691:
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8133:
8128:
8018:
7654:
7634:
7372:
7162:
4223:
3524:
3466:
3271:
3037:
London's Roman amphitheatre : Guildhall Yard, City of London
3001:
2449:
2417:
2239:
2121:
2047:
1841:
1771:
1767:
1747:
1735:
1620:
1537:
1521:
1461:
1447:
1272:
1268:
1252:
1198:
1085:
955:) have suggested the early settlement was largely the product of
925:
863:
847:
834:
725:
620:
The site guarded the Romans' bridgehead on the north bank of the
235:
211:
2896:
1060:) seems to have first crossed the Thames at a natural ford near
607:
9467:
9347:
9277:
9217:
9212:
9179:
8939:
8924:
8874:
8854:
8276:
8153:
8048:
7432:
7403:
7274:
5234:
5174:"Worship of this Egyptian goddess spread from Egypt to England"
4988:
London Roman wall on display after 40 years hidden in basement
4482:
Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society
3534:
Annals of Tacitus, Translated into English, with Notes and Maps
2405:
2363:
2304:
2006:
1937:
1892:
1049:
1037:
944:
459:. Morphologically, this points to a structure of two suffixes:
93:
31:
5459:
The Religious Reuse of Roman Structures in Anglo-Saxon England
5446:
The Religious Reuse of Roman Structures in Anglo-Saxon England
5118:
2226:
From 340 onwards, northern Britain was repeatedly attacked by
1969:
1564:
1476:
A diagram of the Roman structures from the port of Londinium (
932:
base for such a bridge were found in 1981 close by the modern
9252:
8974:
8701:
7993:
6055:. Oxbow Monograph. Vol. 58. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 1–9.
6040:(in Latin), London: G. Bishop & J. Norton, pp. 306–7
5747:. VIII (May 1912 – May 1913) (30) (published 1913): 149–165.
5230:
5226:
5130:
5106:
3973:
Number 1 Poultry (ONE 94), Museum of London Archaeology, 2013
3502:
2957:
Number 1 Poultry (ONE 94), Museum of London Archaeology, 2013
2632:'s army at "Londonia". Having battered the town's walls with
2401:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2136:
community was founded in the 2nd century under the legendary
2090:
1807:
1612:
1590:
1516:
1336:
long-standing folklore belief that this battle took place at
1236:
1235:
died. He had possibly been installed by the Romans after the
1172:. These roads varied from 12–20 m (39–66 ft) wide.
1041:
771:
712:
572:
207:
4613:
1712:. A line of red Roman brick tiles can be seen near its base.
1615:, Germany) became an imperial capital. The city's temple of
9462:
9029:
8969:
8551:
7927:
7301:
6589:
A map of known and conjectural Roman roads around Londinium
6340:
5877:
5804:
5739:
Anderson, Alan Orr (October 1912). Watson, Mrs W.J. (ed.).
4836:"Roman London Fragments, Cosmetic Cream And Bikini Bottoms"
2098:
1925:
1868:
1755:
1604:
1304:
1133:
929:
786:
of the Province of Britain at Londinium", the remains of a
699:
655:
The Roman city ultimately covered at least the area of the
569:
526:
231:
30:
For the modern city and capital of the United Kingdom, see
5930:
5822:. J.M. Dent & Co. (London), 1903. Hosted at
4708:. Illustrated by Peter Dennis. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
3418:
London's largest Roman mosaic find for 50 years uncovered
3316:
Lives of the English Saints: St. German, Bishop of Auxerre
3231:
Language Contact and the Origins of the Germanic Languages
2727:, in a hotel courtyard at nearby 8–10 Coopers Row, and in
1267:
confiscated the property of both the king and his nobles.
909:
finds suggest this was perhaps where the opposed crossing
8023:
6603:
The eastern cemetery of Roman London: excavations 1983–90
5918:
1692:
which accumulated relatively undisturbed over centuries.
753:
settlement. It had almost certainly been granted colony (
563:
551:
5915:
DNA study finds London was ethnically diverse from start
5850:
Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown (London), 1823.
5470:
The Conversion of Temples in Rome, Feyo L. Schuddeboom,
5088:"An Earlier Roman Riverside wall at the Tower of London"
1863:
halves, with the former controlled by a new governor in
1676:
was built next to the waterfront and had its own bath.
5191:
4747:
The Roman Forum Site in London: Discoveries before 1985
3318:, Ch. X: "Britain in 429, A. D.", p. 92.
3004:
The Roman Forum Site in London: discoveries before 1985
2331:
declared himself emperor over the West and crossed the
1263:
called in all the king's outstanding loans at once and
732:, "Londinium... though undistinguished by the name of '
5251:[On Invectives], Vol. II, Ch. I, in
3476:
Books of History from the Death of the Divine Augustus
2242:
were added to the city walls to provide platforms for
1774:
in the west along at the road that divided for travel
5641:
in 8 vols. T. Cotes for William Cooke (London), 1638.
4990:
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-66365542
4156:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
3996:
Although three of them used the same route into town.
3420:
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-60466187
2325:
large numbers of barbarians overran Gaul and Hispania
1372:, shown as having been of largely wooden construction
581:
566:
554:
6353:...which celebrated Isis's influence over the sea...
5151:"Ancient Roman temple dedicated to the goddess Isis"
2362:, Picts, and Saxons continued, but 6th-century monk
716:
and soon became an important port for trade between
690:
and around the southern end of the Thames bridge in
560:
548:
5639:. Faithfully translated out of the originall Latine
5022:
3975:. Archaeology Data Service, The University of York.
2959:. Archaeology Data Service, The University of York.
2755:, which was demolished in the 3rd century, and the
2206:In 1995 a large and ornate 4th-century building on
1803:undefended: this was corrected in the 3rd century.
557:
9682:Populated places disestablished in the 5th century
6395:London: a companion to its history and archaeology
4857:"Londinium Today: House and baths at Billingsgate"
4149:
4113:
3709:"Living in Roman London: From Londinium to London"
2968:
2416:was not within the Roman walls but to the west in
1936:. An earlier inscription found on a first-century
805:and one of the provincial governors following the
467:was not the immediate source of English "London" (
5593:
5591:
5589:
5512:. Council for British Archaeology. Archived from
2820:
2818:
2816:
2367:importing luxuries. Medieval accounts state that
813:—a common epithet of provincial capitals—by 368.
9638:
7236:
6415:. Roman London. London: HMSO Publications, 1986.
5814:The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation
5027:. John Murray (publishers) Ltd. pp. 27–29.
4566:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4092:Fearnside, William Gray; Harral, Thomas (1838).
4039:(2nd ed.). London: John Baker. p. 54.
3745:. London: Arthur Hall, Virtue & Co. p.
2849:
2772:
1883:about 200 m (660 ft) from the Thames.
1360:A model of London in 85–90 AD on display in the
648:based to the east; it bordered the realm of the
9677:Populated places established in the 1st century
5365:King Lucius of Britain, David Knight, 2008 p98.
5257:George Simpson & Co. (Devizes), 1920.
5094:. 3 (7) (London Archaeologist 3 (7)): 171–176.
4447:
4091:
3593:Introduction to the Study of Latin Inscriptions
3275:
3090:
3061:
1438:. It stood on the east bank of the now-covered
6367:
5586:
5287:George Simpson & Co. (Devizes), 1920.
5221:The medallion is named for its mint mark from
5136:
5124:
5112:
4571:. Unwin, Christina. London. pp. 116–120.
3136:This etymology was first suggested in 1899 by
3034:
2813:
2234:. In 360, a large-scale attack forced Emperor
884:pre-Roman finds in the Thames, especially the
486:. This suggests an alternative Brittonic form
7693:
7222:
6631:
6163:. Translated by J.A. Giles & al. as
5279:The Book of Invectives of Giraldus Cambrensis
5052:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5044:
4443:
4441:
4353:
3123:
3121:
3099:. Translated by J.A. Giles & al. as
896:(perhaps 1st-century BC), both assumed to be
387:
6103:Roman and Medieval London Excavation Council
6075:The Excavation of Roman and Mediaeval London
5472:Journal of Late Antiquity, 22 September 2017
4851:
4849:
4646:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4522:
4520:
4421:Caesar and Christ: The Story of Civilization
4143:
4141:
4120:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
3140:and is generally accepted, as by Haverfield.
2929:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2473:appear to have ended production around 160.
2461:imported goods became less significant. The
2166:church and location above London Roman Forum
490:; alternatively, the local pronunciation in
9652:1st-century establishments in Roman Britain
4921:"Visible Roman London: City wall and gates"
4417:
4327:"Highbury, Upper Holloway and King's Cross"
4008:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3613:
3607:
3506:
3244:
3242:
3240:
2683:
2105:on the assumption that the presence of the
2039:
1722:
1624:
1594:
1451:
905:in that part of the river; other Roman and
867:
754:
744:
7700:
7686:
7229:
7215:
6638:
6624:
6175:. Henry G. Bohn (London), 1848. Hosted at
5680:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5041:
4744:
4599:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4534:
4532:
4501:City of Sin: London in Pursuit of Pleasure
4454:. Cambridge University Press. p. 19.
4438:
4411:
4147:
4014:"Public life: All roads lead to Londinium"
3936:
3759:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3397:The London Archaeologist 1988 Vol 5 No. 14
3309:
3307:
3118:
3111:. Henry G. Bohn (London), 1848. Hosted at
3002:Marsden, Peter Richard Valentine. (1987).
2882:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2805:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2628:besieged the last remnants of the usurper
2412:– Essex, although the Saxon settlement of
1810:invasion of the 180s. Others link it with
1303:, meanwhile, escaped with his treasure to
1000:, highlighting the routes included in the
659:, whose boundaries are largely defined by
510:-mutation in Old English. The list of the
394:
380:
49:
9667:Former populated places in Greater London
5998:. London: Museum of London. p. 108.
5948:
5649:
5647:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5025:London under London: a subterranean guide
5002:"Visible Roman London: Temple of Mithras"
4846:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4740:
4738:
4678:
4517:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4179:
4177:
4138:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3862:. Cambridge University Press. p. 9.
3684:
3682:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3557:
3555:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3472:Ab Excessu Divi Augusti Historiarum Libri
3408:https://thedig.thelibertyofsouthwark.com/
2897:Hill, Julian. and Rowsome, Peter (2011).
2132:in the 12th century, claiming the city's
959:. A timber drain by the side of the main
6527:, London/New York 1997, p. 88–111.
6222:
5738:
5561:Roman London: Recent Archaeological Work
5416:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
5263:
5060:. Museum of London Group. Archived from
4923:. Museum of London Group. Archived from
4915:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4370:. Museum of London Group. Archived from
4111:
3999:
3703:
3701:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3267:
3265:
3237:
3187:Transactions of the Philological Society
2673:
2551:
2535:
2509:
2315:, without speculative provincial borders
2303:
2158:
1968:
1953:
1831:
1814:, the British governor who attempted to
1699:
1651:
1575:
1563:
1548:
1515:
1471:
1355:
1188:
991:
606:
482:would have caused the name to have been
9657:17th-century archaeological discoveries
7707:
6544:
6483:
6469:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
6464:
5834:
5832:
5681:Jones, Michael E.; Casey, John (1988),
5528:
5503:
5318:
5240:
5197:
5085:
5023:Trench, Richard; Hillman Ellis (1985).
4660:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4529:
4498:
4479:
4107:
4105:
4068:Roman London: The Archaeology of London
4064:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4034:
3987:. British Routes. Routes 2, 3, & 4.
3939:"Londinivm Avgvsta: Provincial Capital"
3855:
3849:
3820:
3773:
3304:
3205:
3149:
2824:
2751:Note that this image includes both the
2046:with two southern pools and an eastern
206:. In 60 or 61 AD, the rebellion of the
14:
9647:40s establishments in the Roman Empire
9639:
6309:..."Two inscriptions, a first-century
6166:Geoffrey of Monmouth's British History
6154:
6065:
6059:
6030:
5993:
5798:
5780:Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum
5644:
5558:
5490:
5422:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697731.013.036
5081:
5079:
4877:
4808:
4806:
4772:
4735:
4701:
4302:
4174:
3892:
3738:
3679:
3659:
3567:
3552:
3513:
3478:], Vol. XIV, Ch. XXXIII.
3184:
3102:Geoffrey of Monmouth's British History
1442:, near where it joins the Thames. The
494:may have changed the pronunciation of
7681:
7210:
6645:
6619:
6205:Londinium: London in the Roman Empire
6125:
6050:
5767:
5409:
5102:– via Archaeology Data Service.
4902:
4614:Hill, Julian and Rowsome, P. (2011).
4562:
4560:
4558:
4468:
4368:"Londinium Today: Basilica and forum"
4263:Londinium: London in the Roman Empire
3698:
3455:
3430:
3262:
3006:. Museum of London. London: H.M.S.O.
1580:Reconstruction drawing of Londinium,
1392:The city was eventually rebuilt as a
850:lists it as one of the cities of the
594:
7669:List of Roman place names in Britain
6867:Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings
6489:Ancient Rome: An Illustrated History
5829:
5732:
5539:
5374:
4541:
4102:
4053:
3597:American Book Co. (Cincinnati),1896.
2825:Wallace, Lacey M. (8 January 2015).
2156:seems to have come from Londinium.
2081:listed "Londonia" as the capital of
1637:, constructed in 70, is situated at
1205:, when she was used as a symbol for
1148:) and its roads to points west over
6343:> In the Greco-Roman world >
6120:The History of the Kings of Britain
5971:Janet Montgomery, Rebecca Redfern,
5573:
5076:
5016:
4814:"Londinium Today: The amphitheatre"
4803:
4424:. Simon and Schuster. p. 468.
1943:
1891:From about 255 onwards, raiding by
1028:The road from the Kentish ports of
24:
6538:
6307:Roman Britain (Guy de la Bédoyère)
6296:Roman Britain (Guy de la Bédoyère)
6265:Roman Britain (Guy de la Bédoyère)
5461:, 2001, p108, accessed 26 Sep 2022
5389:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1983.tb00108.x
5298:Volume 8, Issue 31, September 1934
4888:: McFarland & Co. p. 90.
4661:Perring, Dominic (November 2017).
4567:Hingley, Richard (9 August 2018).
4555:
4071:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 5.
3313:Newman, John Henry & al.
3076:], Vol. III, Ch. xx.
2850:Hingley, Richard (9 August 2018).
2773:Hingley, Richard (9 August 2018).
1619:was renovated, public and private
1271:records that when the king's wife
892:, perhaps 4th-century BC) and the
25:
9703:
6564:
6509:, 2000, Oxford University Press,
5981:Journal of Archaeological Science
5255:, Vol. XXX, pp. 130–31.
5058:"Londinium Today: Riverside wall"
4503:. Carlton Books. pp. 24–25.
2292:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
2030:to assassinate and replace him.
2014:and issued coins to that effect.
1909:
1886:
1848:, discovered in the ruins of the
652:on the south bank of the Thames.
73:
9692:Roman auxiliary forts in England
7191:
7190:
7082:Lord Mayor of the City of London
6333:
6318:
6301:
6290:
6274:
6259:
6210:
6194:
6182:
6140:], Vol. V, Ch. iv.
6112:
6099:Society of Antiquaries of London
6091:
6044:
6024:
6012:
5987:
5965:
5924:
5908:
5899:
5887:
5856:
5674:
5627:
5613:
5567:
5552:
5477:
5464:
5451:
5438:
5403:
5368:
5359:
5312:
5303:
5290:
5215:
5203:
5165:
5142:
4878:Lepage, Jean-Denis G.G. (2012).
3531:& William Jackson Brodribb.
3431:White, Kevan (7 February 2016).
2760:
2752:
2557:
2545:
2005:), on charges of having abetted
1989:issued a death sentence against
1734:In addition to small pedestrian
1721:2 in) thick. Its dry moat (
844:numerous streams now underground
809:around 300; it had been renamed
544:
506:, which would also have avoided
363:
72:
65:
6425:, 2018, Bloomsbury Publishing,
6138:History of the Kings of Britain
5624:. Henry G. Bohn (London), 1848.
5599:"Roman London: A Brief History"
4994:
4982:
4968:"Timeline of Romans in Britain"
4960:
4939:
4871:
4828:
4763:
4722:
4695:
4654:
4607:
4492:
4398:
4386:
4341:
4332:
4320:
4286:
4268:
4255:
4239:
4217:
4189:
4085:
4028:
3990:
3978:
3966:
3957:
3941:. Roman Britain. Archived from
3930:
3909:
3883:
3814:
3767:
3732:
3723:
3673:T. Cadell (London), 1843.
3629:
3620:
3600:
3584:
3496:
3424:
3412:
3400:
3391:
3376:
3345:
3330:
3222:
3178:
3143:
3130:
3074:History of the Kings of Britain
3028:
2621:History of the Kings of Britain
2455:
2438:counted among the 28 cities of
682:Substantial suburbs existed at
428:History of the Kings of Britain
9662:Archaeological sites in London
6827:1908 Franco-British Exhibition
6461:. London: B.T. Batsford, 1985.
3889:Hingley, start of Introduction
3711:. London: The Museum of London
3283:
2995:
2962:
2950:
2937:
2890:
2843:
2829:. Cambridge University Press.
2766:
2745:
2281:
2053:
2026:), however, led his treasurer
2018:'s sack of his Gallic base at
1827:
1695:
1511:
1351:
1195:rediscovery of Tacitus's works
838:. Prior to the arrival of the
728:wrote that at the time of the
13:
1:
9672:History of the City of London
6454:Eyre and Spottiswoode, London
6142:
5413:Christianity in Roman Britain
5377:Oxford Journal of Archaeology
4035:Margary, Ivan Donald (1967).
3823:Oxford Journal of Archaeology
3539:
3480:
3211:This is the argument made by
3078:
2738:
2610:In the 1860s, excavations by
2583:found no evidence supporting
2491:
2337:Roman withdrawal from Britain
2120:was rededicated, probably to
1581:
1477:
1104:) and thence northeast along
185:, on the current site of the
8272:Frontiers and fortifications
7238:Major towns of Roman Britain
7059:London Metropolitan Archives
6373:Roman Britain: A New History
6324:Ancient Rome (Nigel Rodgers)
6122:, p. 19. Penguin, 1966.
5870:described a revolt of Saxon
5852:(in Old English and English)
5848:, p. 15., "An. CCCCLV."
5786:Vol. V, Ch. XXIIII
5633:Habington, Thomas (trans.).
5576:"The status of Roman London"
5540:Keys, David (3 April 1995).
5504:Denison, Simon (June 1995).
5485:The Post Hole, December 2019
5285:, Vol. XXX, p. 16.
3780:Journal of Roman Archaeology
3327:James Toovey (London), 1844.
3104:, Vol. III, Ch. XX
2603:led to the discovery of the
2502:Museum of London Archaeology
2448:traditionally attributed to
1906:and the Tower in the 1970s.
1197:revived English interest in
1080:) and the legionary base at
684:St Martin-in-the-Fields
675:near the former site of the
514:included in the 9th-century
183:Claudian invasion of Britain
7:
8331:Decorations and punishments
7087:Wards of the City of London
6933:Metropolitan Board of Works
6585:(archived 13 December 2010)
6349:The first festival was the
6230:"Museum of London Act 1965"
5876:but his dating is obscure;
4789:"Londinium Today: The fort"
4418:Will Durant (7 June 2011).
3923:and today it still reaches
2969:Dunwoodie, Lesley. (2015).
2669:
2605:Roman house at Billingsgate
2593:the German bombing campaign
2422:Viking invasions of England
2218:in the imperial capital at
1704:A surviving section of the
1674:Roman house at Billingsgate
1120:ran north from the city to
821:
602:
589:, and its pronunciation in
10:
9708:
9238:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
7813:historiography of the fall
7077:City of London Corporation
6832:The Battle of Cable Street
6724:Norman and Medieval London
6612:, Museum of London Archive
6547:The Origin of Roman London
6545:Wallace, Lacey M. (2014).
6525:The Towns of Roman Britain
6393:Billings, Malcolm (1994),
6361:
6282:Marcus Martiannius Pulcher
6168:, Vol. V, Ch. IV
6134:Historia Regnum Britanniae
5862:The near-contemporary 452
5816:, Vol. 1, Ch. 15
5667:'s translation, hosted at
5086:Parnell, Geoffrey (1978).
4749:. H.M. Stationery Office.
4152:London, City of the Romans
4148:Merrifield, Ralph (1983).
4112:Sheppard, Francis (1998).
3859:The Origin of Roman London
3536:, Book XIV, § 33
3358:Collins English Dictionary
3070:Historia Regnum Britanniae
2854:. London. pp. 27–32.
2827:The Origin of Roman London
2777:. London. pp. 27–32.
2710:Museum of London Docklands
2495:
2410:Kingdom of the East Saxons
2285:
2140:and his missionary saints
2068:Following the revolt, the
2057:
1965:from his mint at Londinium
1947:
1934:Marcus Martiannius Pulcher
1916:Temple of Isis and Serapis
1913:
1742:, it had four main gates:
1623:were erected, and a fort (
1321:Roman conquest of Anglesey
1307:, probably via Londinium.
1289:Quintus Petillius Cerialis
1216:Boadicea and Her Daughters
1201:, particularly during the
1182:
1178:
985:
825:
816:
644:based to the west and the
520:precisely notes London in
291:Norman and Medieval London
36:Londinium (disambiguation)
29:
9619:External wars and battles
9486:
9380:
9193:
8785:
8778:
8700:
8612:
8517:
8392:
8344:
8222:
8172:
8111:
8102:
7984:
7936:
7856:
7773:
7743:
7734:
7716:
7666:
7587:
7336:
7312:
7285:
7258:
7251:
7244:
7186:
7120:
7067:
7016:
6973:
6920:
6862:1966 FIFA World Cup final
6847:Abdication of Edward VIII
6779:
6706:
6653:
6573:, History of World Cities
6467:London in the Roman World
6465:Perring, Dominic (2022).
6452:Roman London: A.D. 43–457
6131:Galfredus Monemutensis .
6053:Interpreting Roman London
5950:10.1017/S0068113X17000216
5838:Anonymous. Translated by
4680:10.1017/S0068113X17000113
4663:"London's Hadrianic War?"
4065:Perring, Dominic (1991).
3792:10.1017/S1047759400003378
3774:Perring, Dominic (2011).
3406:The Liberty of Southwark
3164:10.1017/S0003598X00013405
3067:Galfredus Monemutensis .
2945:London in the Roman World
1496:. Major imports included
1265:the provincial procurator
1239:'s failed revolt against
828:Roman conquest of Britain
705:
433:long published as derived
331:Modern London (from 1945)
158:
150:
145:
137:
100:
89:
60:
48:
7044:Port of London Authority
7034:London Ambulance Service
6953:Greater London Authority
6459:The Port of Roman London
6252:
6105:during this period, see
5884:dates the revolt to 455.
5820:Vol. 5, Ch. 24
5229:); it was discovered in
5004:. Museum of London Group
4859:. Museum of London Group
4816:. Museum of London Group
4791:. Museum of London Group
4448:Anne Lancashire (2002).
4250:From the Gracchi to Nero
4016:. Museum of London Group
3915:It may have spanned the
3856:Wallace, Leslie (2015).
3250:The 28 Cities of Britain
2335:, an act considered the
2152:or Adelphius at the 314
1750:in the northeast at the
1635:Londinium's amphitheatre
1553:A model of the expanded
1329:the divisional commander
1309:Gaius Suetonius Paulinus
1297:ambushed and annihilated
1291:, coming south from the
1241:Publius Ostorius Scapula
981:
219:Gaius Suetonius Paulinus
9614:Roman–Iranian relations
8089:Optimates and populares
6902:2012 Summer Paralympics
6582:Encyclopædia Britannica
6067:Grimes, William Francis
5246:Giraldus Cambriensis .
4499:Emerson, Giles (2003).
4206:. Against such doubts,
3963:Wacher, pp. 88–90.
3739:Wright, Thomas (1852).
3671:, pp. 272 ff.
3384:Encyclopædia Britannica
3199:10.1111/1467-968X.00027
3138:d'Arbois de Jubainville
3127:Haverfield, p. 145
3035:Bateman, Nick. (2008).
2729:St Alphege Gardens
2725:Tower Hill tube station
2562:St Alphege Gardens
2420:. It was not until the
2396:Over the next century,
2126:"archbishops" of London
1710:Tower Hill tube station
1467:
1140:connected Londinium to
710:Londinium grew up as a
632:, but extended west to
472:
406:
81:Location within England
9624:Civil wars and revolts
8890:Sextus Pompeius Festus
8537:Conflict of the Orders
7896:Legislative assemblies
7572:Viroconium Cornoviorum
7392:Durovernum Cantiacorum
6943:Greater London Council
6218:Ch. II, § 2.
5773:Beda Venerabilis [
5487:, accessed 26 Sep 2022
4552:Hall & Merrifield.
4037:Roman Roads in Britain
3675:(in Latin and English)
3614:
3608:
3507:
2763:" remains conjectural.
2693:
2684:
2564:
2549:
2522:
2518:being excavated at 56
2445:History of the Britons
2316:
2172:St Peter upon Cornhill
2167:
2164:St Peter upon Cornhill
2040:
1982:
1966:
1852:
1738:gates like the one by
1723:
1713:
1665:
1660:floor from Londinium (
1625:
1595:
1585:
1573:
1561:
1533:
1484:
1464:were legal but taxed.
1452:
1373:
1364:, depicting the first
1333:
1228:
1006:
988:Roman roads in Britain
868:
794:indicates that either
755:
745:
617:
517:History of the Britons
418:is unknown. Following
413:etymology of the name
321:London in World War II
34:. For other uses, see
9333:Simplicius of Cilicia
9085:Quintus Curtius Rufus
8314:Siege in Ancient Rome
7923:Executive magistrates
7107:City of London Police
6938:London County Council
6812:1854 cholera outbreak
6608:3 August 2020 at the
6450:Home, Gordon (1948),
5994:Werner, Alex (1998).
5882:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
5657:, Ch. 22 ff
5609:on 12 September 2009.
3729:Hingley, Introduction
3486: 105. Hosted at
3323:21 March 2016 at the
3259:" at Britannia. 2000.
3255:15 April 2016 at the
2733:Guildhall Art Gallery
2677:
2659:London Stock Exchange
2642:ritually decapitating
2555:
2539:
2513:
2506:Amphitheatre (London)
2387:Battle of Crecganford
2382:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2307:
2162:
1972:
1957:
1835:
1703:
1655:
1579:
1568:Stela mentioning the
1567:
1552:
1519:
1475:
1432:Cannon Street Station
1359:
1325:
1311:had been leading the
1233:the king of the Iceni
1192:
1092:ran northeast across
995:
610:
596:[ɫɔnˈdɪniʊ̃ː]
538:The pronunciation of
463:. However, the Roman
177:, was the capital of
9343:Stephanus Byzantinus
9248:Eusebius of Caesaria
9110:Sidonius Apollinaris
8800:Ammianus Marcellinus
8139:Tribune of the plebs
7524:Ratae Corieltauvorum
7500:Noviomagus Reginorum
6207:, p. 111. 1982.
6161:Geoffrey of Monmouth
5693:(November): 367–98,
5319:Brigham, T. (1990).
5092:London Archaeologist
4702:Fields, Nic (2011).
3293:Composed after 830.
3097:Geoffrey of Monmouth
2618:'s pseudohistorical
2616:Geoffrey of Monmouth
2612:Augustus Pitt Rivers
2601:London Coal Exchange
2516:Romano-Celtic temple
2353:Ambrosius Aurelianus
2329:Constantine III
2321:declined drastically
2240:semi-circular towers
2064:Bishops of Londinium
1985:In 286, the emperor
1279:against Roman rule.
792:314 Council of Arles
512:28 Cities of Britain
420:Geoffrey of Monmouth
122:51.51250°N 0.09056°W
9519:Distinguished women
9170:Velleius Paterculus
9010:Nicolaus Damascenus
8990:Marcellus Empiricus
8379:Republican currency
7356:Corinium Dobunnorum
7178:Scheduled monuments
7138:Palace of Whitehall
7128:St Paul's Cathedral
7049:London sewer system
7039:London Fire Brigade
7029:Metropolitan Police
7008:London independence
6907:Grenfell Tower fire
6837:Festival of Britain
6746:19th-century London
6741:18th-century London
6678:City of Westminster
6505:Sheppard, Francis,
6438:A History of London
6377:Thames & Hudson
6369:de la Bédoyère, Guy
6268:Upper Thames street
6236:. National Archives
5741:"Gildas and Arthur"
5655:The Ruin of Britain
5510:British Archaeology
5178:National Geographic
5137:de la Bédoyère 2013
5125:de la Bédoyère 2013
5113:de la Bédoyère 2013
5064:on 21 February 2015
4947:William FitzStephen
4927:on 19 February 2015
4745:P. Marsden (1987).
4374:on 21 February 2015
4265:, 1982, pp. 107–108
3945:on 20 February 2015
3937:Togodumnus (2011).
3665:Thackery, Francis.
3626:Wacher, p. 85.
3443:on 13 February 2018
3437:roman-britain.co.uk
3433:"LONDINIVM AVGVSTA"
3248:Ford, David Nash. "
2373:Anglo-Saxon England
2130:Jocelyne of Furness
2124:. A list of the 16
2103:Maxima Caesariensis
2060:Celtic Christianity
2016:Constantius Chlorus
1928:by the governor of
1729:Charles Roach Smith
996:A map of the known
730:uprising of Boudica
702:was located there.
336:London in the 1960s
311:19th-century London
306:18th-century London
210:under their queen,
118: /
45:
9293:Phlegon of Tralles
9100:Seneca the Younger
8574:Naming conventions
8304:Personal equipment
7837:Later Roman Empire
7288:Britannia Inferior
7261:Britannia Superior
7054:London Underground
7024:Bow Street Runners
7001:London Green Party
6719:Anglo-Saxon London
6421:Hingley, Richard,
6234:legislation.gov.uk
5921:, 23 November 2015
5775:The Venerable Bede
5223:Augusta Treverorum
3985:Antonine Itinerary
3835:10.1111/ojoa.12015
3529:Alfred John Church
3289:Historia Brittonum
2694:
2565:
2550:
2523:
2478:continental Europe
2317:
2189:Gracechurch Street
2183:(also known as an
2168:
2070:Diocletian Reforms
2003:Classis Britannica
1983:
1967:
1930:Britannia Superior
1853:
1836:Ulpius Silvanus's
1714:
1666:
1609:Augusta Treverorum
1586:
1574:
1562:
1534:
1485:
1394:planned Roman town
1374:
1229:
1221:Thomas Thornycroft
1011:Antonine Itinerary
1007:
1003:Antonine Itinerary
998:Roman road network
967:has been dated by
957:private enterprise
879:notes "Because no
807:Diocletian Reforms
724:on the continent.
618:
286:Anglo-Saxon London
127:51.51250; -0.09056
43:
9632:
9631:
9594:Pontifices maximi
9376:
9375:
9233:Diogenes Laërtius
9055:Pliny the Younger
8810:Asconius Pedianus
8770:Romance languages
8642:Civil engineering
8384:Imperial currency
8257:Political control
8218:
8217:
7852:
7851:
7675:
7674:
7621:Calleva Atrebatum
7440:Isurium Brigantum
7332:
7331:
7204:
7203:
7158:Westminster Abbey
7102:Lord Mayor's Show
6996:Liberal Democrats
6981:Political parties
6912:COVID-19 pandemic
6872:Anti-war protests
6647:History of London
6593:London: A History
6517:, 9780192853691,
6507:London: A History
6476:978-0-19-878900-0
6436:Inwood, Stephen.
6411:Hall, Jenny, and
6084:978-1-317-60471-6
5809:Lionel Cecil Jane
5788:. 731. Hosted at
5745:The Celtic Review
5582:on 24 April 2008.
5431:978-0-19-969773-1
5034:978-0-7195-4080-6
4895:978-0-7864-5918-6
4842:. 10 August 2015.
4756:978-0-11-290442-7
4715:978-1-84908-313-3
4625:978-1-907586-04-0
4578:978-1-350-04730-3
4510:978-1-84222-901-9
4461:978-0-521-63278-2
4431:978-1-4516-4760-0
4167:978-0-520-04922-2
4131:978-0-19-822922-3
4116:London: A History
4078:978-0-415-62010-9
4046:978-0-319-22942-2
3869:978-1-107-04757-0
3228:Peter Schrijver,
3046:978-1-901992-71-7
2980:978-1-907586-32-3
2908:978-1-907586-04-0
2861:978-1-350-04730-3
2836:978-1-316-19483-6
2784:978-1-350-04730-3
2761:governor's palace
2702:Guildhall Museums
2575:'s renovation of
2546:governor's palace
2544:of the presumed "
2371:that established
2288:Sub-Roman Britain
2272:Theodosius I
1993:, admiral of the
1981:'s rule to an end
1819:Septimius Severus
1752:roads to Eboracum
1520:A bronze head of
1421:Fenchurch Streets
1299:. The procurator
1223:, 1860s, cast by
1114:Caistor St Edmund
894:Wandsworth Shield
437:eponymous founder
404:
403:
370:London portal
168:
167:
16:(Redirected from
9699:
9584:Magistri equitum
9499:Cities and towns
9492:
9418:Constantinopolis
9228:Diodorus Siculus
9160:Valerius Maximus
9095:Seneca the Elder
9015:Nonius Marcellus
8783:
8782:
8336:Hippika gymnasia
8299:Infantry tactics
8205:Consular tribune
8195:Magister equitum
8144:Military tribune
8109:
8108:
8069:Pontifex maximus
8064:Princeps senatus
8054:Magister militum
7820:Byzantine Empire
7741:
7740:
7702:
7695:
7688:
7679:
7678:
7659:
7645:
7631:
7617:
7613:Northamptonshire
7603:
7580:
7568:
7556:
7544:
7532:
7520:
7508:
7496:
7484:
7472:
7460:
7448:
7436:
7428:Isca Dumnoniorum
7424:
7412:
7400:
7388:
7376:
7364:
7352:
7325:
7305:
7278:
7256:
7255:
7231:
7224:
7217:
7208:
7207:
7194:
7193:
7143:Westminster Hall
7097:Livery Companies
6822:Great Exhibition
6792:Peasants' Revolt
6688:County of London
6640:
6633:
6626:
6617:
6616:
6597:Internet Archive
6560:
6502:
6491:. Lorenz Books.
6480:
6413:Ralph Merrifield
6390:
6355:
6337:
6331:
6322:
6316:
6305:
6299:
6294:
6288:
6278:
6272:
6263:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6226:
6220:
6214:
6208:
6198:
6192:
6186:
6180:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6129:
6123:
6116:
6110:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6048:
6042:
6041:
6028:
6022:
6016:
6010:
6009:
5991:
5985:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5952:
5928:
5922:
5912:
5906:
5903:
5897:
5891:
5885:
5864:Gallic Chronicle
5860:
5854:
5853:
5836:
5827:
5807:. Translated by
5802:
5796:
5795:
5790:Latin Wikisource
5771:
5765:
5764:
5753:10.2307/30070428
5736:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5721:on 13 March 2020
5717:, archived from
5678:
5672:
5665:Thomas Habington
5661:John Allen Giles
5651:
5642:
5631:
5625:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5605:. Archived from
5603:Museum of London
5595:
5584:
5583:
5578:. Archived from
5571:
5565:
5564:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5537:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5506:"News: In Brief"
5501:
5488:
5481:
5475:
5468:
5462:
5455:
5449:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5372:
5366:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5316:
5310:
5307:
5301:
5294:
5288:
5272:. Translated by
5267:
5261:
5260:
5249:De Inuectionibus
5244:
5238:
5219:
5213:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5153:. HERITAGE DAILY
5146:
5140:
5134:
5128:
5122:
5116:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5083:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5054:
5039:
5038:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5009:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4964:
4958:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4917:
4900:
4899:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4853:
4844:
4843:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4810:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4785:
4770:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4742:
4733:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4682:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4645:
4637:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4598:
4590:
4564:
4553:
4550:
4539:
4536:
4527:
4524:
4515:
4514:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4477:
4466:
4465:
4445:
4436:
4435:
4415:
4409:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4364:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4311:
4300:
4290:
4284:
4272:
4266:
4259:
4253:
4243:
4237:
4221:
4215:
4193:
4187:
4181:
4172:
4171:
4155:
4145:
4136:
4135:
4119:
4109:
4100:
4099:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4062:
4051:
4050:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4010:
3997:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3934:
3928:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3890:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3758:
3750:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3705:
3696:
3686:
3677:
3676:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3611:
3604:
3598:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3565:
3559:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3527:. Translated by
3522:
3511:
3510:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3488:Latin Wikisource
3485:
3482:
3464:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3439:. Archived from
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3389:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3349:
3343:
3334:
3328:
3311:
3302:
3299:Latin Wikisource
3296:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3260:
3246:
3235:
3226:
3220:
3215:and accepted by
3209:
3203:
3202:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3147:
3141:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3116:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3032:
3026:
3025:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2928:
2920:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2873:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2822:
2811:
2810:
2804:
2796:
2770:
2764:
2749:
2690:Museum of London
2687:
2678:A reconstructed
2664:the Rose Theatre
2640:rush upon them,
2573:Christopher Wren
2527:London's geology
2498:Museum of London
2442:included in the
2436:
2426:Alfred the Great
2377:Adventus Saxonum
2258:In 382, Emperor
2252:Count Theodosius
2248:Great Conspiracy
2176:Christopher Wren
2174:was designed by
2154:Council of Arles
2138:King Lucius
2128:was recorded by
2118:London Mithraeum
2045:
2012:Britannic Empire
1950:Carausian Revolt
1944:Carausian Revolt
1877:London Mithraeum
1850:London Mithraeum
1726:
1630:
1598:
1583:
1559:Museum of London
1500:, jewellery and
1482:
1479:
1455:
1378:Plantation Place
1362:Museum of London
1257:Roman financiers
1185:Boudica's Revolt
1005:
969:dendrochronology
949:Museum of London
898:votive offerings
886:Battersea Shield
871:
758:
748:
677:Museum of London
616:
598:
585:
579:
578:
575:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
424:pseudohistorical
396:
389:
382:
368:
367:
316:London 1900–1939
272:
254:
253:
173:, also known as
133:
132:
130:
129:
128:
123:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
96:, United Kingdom
76:
75:
69:
53:
46:
42:
21:
9707:
9706:
9702:
9701:
9700:
9698:
9697:
9696:
9637:
9636:
9633:
9628:
9490:
9488:
9482:
9372:
9208:Aëtius of Amida
9189:
9175:Verrius Flaccus
9155:Valerius Antias
9115:Silius Italicus
9050:Pliny the Elder
8995:Marcus Aurelius
8870:Cornelius Nepos
8820:Aurelius Victor
8774:
8696:
8608:
8542:Secessio plebis
8513:
8388:
8340:
8214:
8168:
8098:
7980:
7932:
7848:
7769:
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7319:
7308:
7299:
7281:
7272:
7247:
7240:
7235:
7205:
7200:
7182:
7133:Tower of London
7116:
7112:Bank of England
7063:
7012:
6969:
6963:Mayor of London
6958:London Assembly
6916:
6852:Swinging London
6775:
6702:
6649:
6644:
6610:Wayback Machine
6567:
6557:
6541:
6539:Further reading
6499:
6477:
6457:Milne, Gustav.
6433:, 9781350047310
6387:
6364:
6359:
6358:
6351:Navigium Isidis
6338:
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6325:
6323:
6319:
6308:
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6211:
6199:
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6187:
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6159:
6155:
6149:
6145:
6130:
6126:
6118:Thorpe, Lewis.
6117:
6113:
6096:
6092:
6085:
6064:
6060:
6049:
6045:
6032:Camden, William
6029:
6025:
6017:
6013:
6006:
5992:
5988:
5973:Rebecca Gowland
5970:
5966:
5929:
5925:
5913:
5909:
5905:Sheppard, 35-36
5904:
5900:
5892:
5888:
5861:
5857:
5851:
5837:
5830:
5803:
5799:
5793:
5772:
5768:
5737:
5733:
5724:
5722:
5679:
5675:
5663:'s revision of
5652:
5645:
5632:
5628:
5618:
5614:
5597:
5596:
5587:
5572:
5568:
5557:
5553:
5546:The Independent
5538:
5529:
5519:
5517:
5502:
5491:
5482:
5478:
5469:
5465:
5456:
5452:
5443:
5439:
5432:
5408:
5404:
5373:
5369:
5364:
5360:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5304:
5295:
5291:
5270:Gerald of Wales
5268:
5264:
5258:
5245:
5241:
5237:, in the 1920s.
5220:
5216:
5208:
5204:
5200:, pp. 426.
5196:
5192:
5182:
5180:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5156:
5154:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5135:
5131:
5127:, pp. 235.
5123:
5119:
5111:
5107:
5100:10.5284/1070656
5084:
5077:
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5065:
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5055:
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4608:
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4416:
4412:
4403:
4399:
4391:
4387:
4377:
4375:
4366:
4365:
4354:
4349:pp. 66–68.
4346:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4312:
4303:
4291:
4287:
4273:
4269:
4260:
4256:
4244:
4240:
4222:
4218:
4194:
4190:
4185:pp. 32–33.
4182:
4175:
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4139:
4132:
4110:
4103:
4090:
4086:
4079:
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3768:
3752:
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3733:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3699:
3687:
3680:
3674:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3640:Gabriel Cossart
3636:Labbé, Philippe
3634:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3605:
3601:
3590:Egbert, James.
3589:
3585:
3577:
3568:
3563:pp. 64–66.
3560:
3553:
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3523:
3514:
3501:
3497:
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3465:
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3365:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3335:
3331:
3325:Wayback Machine
3312:
3305:
3294:
3280:Theodor Mommsen
3270:
3263:
3257:Wayback Machine
3247:
3238:
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3206:
3183:
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2837:
2823:
2814:
2798:
2797:
2785:
2771:
2767:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2706:Barbican Centre
2672:
2508:
2494:
2463:Antonine Plague
2458:
2434:
2302:
2284:
2212:St Ambrose
2087:Britannia Prima
2079:Gerald of Wales
2066:
2056:
2036:Arras Medallion
1999:Britannic fleet
1975:Arras Medallion
1952:
1946:
1918:
1912:
1889:
1830:
1812:Clodius Albinus
1698:
1681:Antonine Plague
1543:Terra Sigilatta
1514:
1480:
1470:
1354:
1277:a failed revolt
1187:
1181:
1138:Devil's Highway
1001:
990:
984:
830:
824:
819:
722:Roman provinces
708:
661:its former wall
611:
605:
591:Classical Latin
583:
547:
543:
409:
400:
362:
270:
263:
236:Emperor Hadrian
126:
124:
120:
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5:
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8795:Aelius Donatus
8791:
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8776:
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8773:
8772:
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8763:Ecclesiastical
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8046:
8044:Vigintisexviri
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8004:Cursus honorum
8001:
7996:
7990:
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7958:
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7846:
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7827:
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7803:Western Empire
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7697:
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7673:
7672:
7667:
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7663:
7661:
7660:
7649:Venta Icenorum
7646:
7632:
7618:
7604:
7591:
7589:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7581:
7569:
7557:
7545:
7536:Venta Belgarum
7533:
7521:
7509:
7497:
7485:
7473:
7464:Lindum Colonia
7461:
7449:
7437:
7425:
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7389:
7377:
7365:
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7338:
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7309:
7307:
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7293:
7291:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7266:
7264:
7253:
7249:
7248:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7234:
7233:
7226:
7219:
7211:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7198:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7180:
7175:
7173:Fortifications
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7073:
7071:
7069:City of London
7065:
7064:
7062:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7020:
7018:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7010:
7005:
7004:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6977:
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6899:
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6887:
6881:Olympic Games
6879:
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6854:
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6708:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6700:
6695:
6693:Greater London
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6673:City of London
6670:
6665:
6659:
6657:
6651:
6650:
6643:
6642:
6635:
6628:
6620:
6614:
6613:
6600:
6586:
6574:
6566:
6565:External links
6563:
6562:
6561:
6555:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6521:
6503:
6498:978-0754834205
6497:
6485:Rodgers, Nigel
6481:
6475:
6462:
6455:
6448:
6434:
6419:
6416:
6409:
6405:
6391:
6386:978-0500291146
6385:
6363:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6332:
6317:
6300:
6289:
6273:
6257:
6256:
6254:
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6247:
6221:
6209:
6193:
6181:
6153:
6124:
6111:
6090:
6083:
6058:
6043:
6023:
6011:
6004:
5986:
5975:, Jane Evans,
5964:
5923:
5907:
5898:
5893:Sheppard, 35,
5886:
5855:
5828:
5797:
5766:
5731:
5699:10.2307/526206
5673:
5643:
5626:
5612:
5585:
5574:Riddell, Jim.
5566:
5551:
5527:
5516:on 13 May 2013
5489:
5476:
5463:
5457:Tyler W Bell,
5450:
5444:Tyler W Bell,
5437:
5430:
5402:
5383:(2): 225–237.
5367:
5358:
5337:10.2307/526290
5311:
5302:
5289:
5262:
5239:
5214:
5202:
5190:
5164:
5141:
5139:, pp. 98.
5129:
5117:
5115:, pp. 86.
5105:
5075:
5040:
5033:
5015:
4993:
4981:
4970:. Channel4.com
4959:
4945:In the 1170s,
4938:
4901:
4894:
4870:
4845:
4827:
4802:
4771:
4762:
4755:
4734:
4721:
4714:
4694:
4653:
4624:
4606:
4577:
4554:
4540:
4528:
4516:
4509:
4491:
4467:
4460:
4437:
4430:
4410:
4397:
4385:
4352:
4340:
4331:
4319:
4301:
4285:
4267:
4254:
4246:H. H. Scullard
4238:
4216:
4188:
4173:
4166:
4137:
4130:
4101:
4084:
4077:
4052:
4045:
4027:
3998:
3989:
3977:
3965:
3956:
3929:
3908:
3891:
3882:
3868:
3848:
3829:(3): 275–291.
3813:
3766:
3731:
3722:
3697:
3678:
3658:
3628:
3619:
3599:
3595:, p. 447.
3583:
3566:
3551:
3512:
3495:
3454:
3423:
3411:
3399:
3390:
3386:, 11th edition
3375:
3344:
3329:
3303:
3261:
3236:
3234:(2013), p. 57.
3221:
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2889:
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2783:
2765:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2718:British Museum
2671:
2668:
2577:St Paul's
2520:Gresham Street
2493:
2490:
2457:
2454:
2349:Hengest, Horsa
2339:since Emperor
2283:
2280:
2276:Battle of Save
2268:medieval Welsh
2266:, and several
2264:Welsh folklore
2260:Magnus Maximus
2178:following the
2055:
2052:
1948:Main article:
1945:
1942:
1911:
1910:Temple of Isis
1908:
1888:
1887:Riverside wall
1885:
1881:River Walbrook
1829:
1826:
1760:to Camulodunum
1697:
1694:
1662:British Museum
1530:British Museum
1513:
1510:
1469:
1466:
1440:River Walbrook
1353:
1350:
1346:St Albans
1301:Catus Decianus
1227:in 1902.)
1211:British Empire
1207:Queen Victoria
1183:Main article:
1180:
1177:
1110:Venta Icenorum
1070:Watling Street
986:Main article:
983:
980:
890:Chelsea Bridge
875:Archaeologist
864:tribal capital
823:
820:
818:
815:
751:Romano-British
707:
704:
657:City of London
630:River Walbrook
604:
601:
542:in English is
408:
405:
402:
401:
399:
398:
391:
384:
376:
373:
372:
359:
358:
357:
356:
346:
345:
341:
340:
339:
338:
333:
328:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
275:
274:
265:
264:
257:
216:Roman governor
187:City of London
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
102:
98:
97:
91:
87:
86:
80:
71:
70:
64:
63:
62:
61:
58:
57:
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9704:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9644:
9642:
9635:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9496:
9494:
9485:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9385:
9383:
9379:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9200:
9198:
9196:
9192:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8950:Julius Paulus
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8885:Fabius Pictor
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8792:
8790:
8788:
8784:
8781:
8777:
8771:
8768:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8720:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8707:
8705:
8703:
8699:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8622:Amphitheatres
8620:
8619:
8617:
8615:
8611:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8563:
8560:
8559:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8524:
8522:
8520:
8516:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8473:
8470:
8469:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8399:
8397:
8395:
8391:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8359:Deforestation
8357:
8355:
8352:
8351:
8349:
8347:
8343:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8309:Siege engines
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8291:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8278:
8275:
8274:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8242:Establishment
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8225:
8221:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8177:
8175:
8173:Extraordinary
8171:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8159:Promagistrate
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8116:
8114:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8101:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7991:
7989:
7987:
7983:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7946:Twelve Tables
7944:
7943:
7941:
7939:
7935:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7898:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7859:
7855:
7843:
7840:
7839:
7838:
7835:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7821:
7818:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7805:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7776:
7772:
7766:
7763:
7759:
7756:
7755:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7745:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7733:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7718:
7715:
7710:
7703:
7698:
7696:
7691:
7689:
7684:
7683:
7680:
7670:
7665:
7658:
7656:
7650:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7636:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7622:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7608:
7605:
7601:
7596:
7593:
7592:
7590:
7586:
7578:
7573:
7570:
7566:
7561:
7558:
7554:
7549:
7548:Venta Silurum
7546:
7542:
7537:
7534:
7530:
7525:
7522:
7518:
7513:
7510:
7506:
7501:
7498:
7494:
7489:
7486:
7482:
7477:
7474:
7470:
7465:
7462:
7458:
7453:
7450:
7446:
7441:
7438:
7434:
7429:
7426:
7422:
7417:
7414:
7410:
7405:
7402:
7398:
7393:
7390:
7386:
7381:
7378:
7374:
7369:
7366:
7362:
7357:
7354:
7350:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7339:
7335:
7323:
7318:
7315:
7314:
7311:
7303:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7290:
7289:
7284:
7276:
7271:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7263:
7262:
7257:
7254:
7250:
7243:
7239:
7232:
7227:
7225:
7220:
7218:
7213:
7212:
7209:
7197:
7189:
7188:
7185:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7148:London Bridge
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7119:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7070:
7066:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7015:
7009:
7006:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6991:Conservatives
6989:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6972:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6919:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6778:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6761:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6735:
6734:Stuart London
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6705:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6641:
6636:
6634:
6629:
6627:
6622:
6621:
6618:
6611:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6575:
6572:
6569:
6568:
6558:
6556:9781107047570
6552:
6548:
6543:
6542:
6534:
6533:0-415-17041-9
6530:
6526:
6523:John Wacher:
6522:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6472:
6468:
6463:
6460:
6456:
6453:
6449:
6447:
6446:0-333-67153-8
6443:
6439:
6435:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6417:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6404:
6403:1-85626-153-0
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6365:
6354:
6352:
6346:
6342:
6336:
6329:
6321:
6314:
6313:
6304:
6293:
6287:
6283:
6277:
6269:
6262:
6258:
6235:
6231:
6225:
6219:
6213:
6206:
6202:
6197:
6191:
6185:
6178:
6174:
6169:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6141:
6139:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6115:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6094:
6086:
6080:
6077:. Routledge.
6076:
6072:
6068:
6062:
6054:
6047:
6039:
6038:
6033:
6027:
6021:
6015:
6007:
6001:
5997:
5996:London Bodies
5990:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5968:
5960:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5927:
5920:
5916:
5911:
5902:
5896:
5890:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5874:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5849:
5847:
5841:
5835:
5833:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5815:
5810:
5806:
5801:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5781:
5776:
5770:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5735:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5677:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5656:
5650:
5648:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5581:
5577:
5570:
5562:
5555:
5547:
5543:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5486:
5480:
5473:
5467:
5460:
5454:
5447:
5441:
5433:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5414:
5406:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5371:
5362:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5315:
5306:
5299:
5293:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5243:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5218:
5211:
5206:
5199:
5194:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5133:
5126:
5121:
5114:
5109:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5080:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5036:
5030:
5026:
5019:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4969:
4963:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4942:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4897:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4874:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4815:
4809:
4807:
4790:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4766:
4758:
4752:
4748:
4741:
4739:
4731:
4725:
4717:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4698:
4690:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4657:
4649:
4643:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4602:
4596:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4535:
4533:
4523:
4521:
4512:
4506:
4502:
4495:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4463:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4444:
4442:
4433:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4414:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4350:
4344:
4335:
4328:
4323:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4279:Roman History
4276:
4271:
4264:
4261:John Morris,
4258:
4252:, 1982, p. 90
4251:
4247:
4242:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4169:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4153:
4144:
4142:
4133:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4117:
4108:
4106:
4097:
4096:
4088:
4080:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4048:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4015:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3993:
3986:
3981:
3974:
3969:
3960:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3886:
3871:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3762:
3756:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3735:
3726:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3672:
3670:
3662:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3623:
3616:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3594:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3548:
3537:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3489:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3394:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3364:
3363:HarperCollins
3360:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3338:
3337:Bishop Ussher
3333:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3310:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3290:
3281:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3233:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3200:
3196:
3193:(2): 203–29.
3192:
3188:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3158:(45): 44–55.
3157:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3133:
3124:
3122:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3013:0-11-290442-4
3009:
3005:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2946:
2940:
2932:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2885:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2808:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2753:garrison fort
2748:
2744:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2680:Roman kitchen
2676:
2667:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2626:Asclepiodotus
2623:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:Brockley Hill
2464:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2369:the invasions
2365:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2309:Roman Britain
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2085:, having had
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2048:swimming pool
2044:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1900:Thames street
1897:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:to Viroconium
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1578:
1572:('Londoners')
1571:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1524:found in the
1523:
1518:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:mosaic floors
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1386:London Bridge
1383:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:Ermine Street
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
979:
977:
972:
970:
966:
963:excavated at
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
934:London Bridge
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
912:
911:Julius Caesar
908:
904:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
878:
877:Lacey Wallace
873:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:Roman legions
837:
836:
829:
814:
812:
808:
804:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
718:Roman Britain
715:
714:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
615:
614:Roman Britain
609:
600:
597:
592:
588:
587:
577:
541:
536:
534:
530:
528:
523:
519:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:British Latin
489:
485:
481:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:reconstructed
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:
397:
392:
390:
385:
383:
378:
377:
375:
374:
371:
366:
361:
360:
355:
354:
350:
349:
348:
347:
343:
342:
337:
334:
332:
329:
326:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
301:Stuart London
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
277:
276:
273:
267:
266:
261:
256:
255:
252:
250:
246:
240:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
217:
213:
209:
205:
199:
197:
193:
188:
184:
180:
179:Roman Britain
176:
172:
164:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
140:
136:
131:
103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
68:
59:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
9687:Roman London
9634:
9564:Institutions
9432:
9428:Leptis Magna
9381:Major cities
9288:Philostratus
9075:Quadrigarius
8895:Rufus Festus
8758:Contemporary
8479:Romanization
8402:Architecture
8009:Collegiality
7858:Constitution
7709:Ancient Rome
7652:
7638:
7624:
7610:
7416:Isca Augusta
7368:Deva Victrix
7344:Caesaromagus
7286:
7269:
7259:
7168:The Monument
7153:Tower Bridge
6877:7/7 bombings
6802:Great Plague
6771:21st century
6756:World War II
6729:Tudor London
6714:Roman London
6713:
6662:
6592:
6580:
6577:Roman London
6571:Roman London
6546:
6524:
6519:google books
6506:
6488:
6466:
6458:
6451:
6437:
6422:
6394:
6372:
6348:
6335:
6328:Stella Maris
6327:
6320:
6311:
6303:
6292:
6285:
6276:
6261:
6238:. Retrieved
6233:
6224:
6212:
6204:
6201:Morris, John
6196:
6188:Merrifield,
6184:
6171:
6165:
6156:
6137:
6133:
6127:
6119:
6114:
6093:
6074:
6061:
6052:
6046:
6036:
6026:
6014:
5995:
5989:
5980:
5976:
5967:
5940:
5936:
5926:
5910:
5901:
5895:google books
5889:
5871:
5858:
5844:
5840:James Ingram
5813:
5800:
5779:
5769:
5744:
5734:
5723:, retrieved
5719:the original
5690:
5686:
5676:
5654:
5638:
5634:
5629:
5620:
5615:
5607:the original
5580:the original
5569:
5560:
5554:
5545:
5518:. Retrieved
5514:the original
5509:
5479:
5466:
5453:
5440:
5412:
5405:
5380:
5376:
5370:
5361:
5328:
5324:
5314:
5305:
5292:
5282:
5278:
5265:
5252:
5248:
5242:
5217:
5205:
5198:Rodgers 2017
5193:
5181:. Retrieved
5167:
5155:. Retrieved
5144:
5132:
5120:
5108:
5091:
5066:. Retrieved
5062:the original
5024:
5018:
5006:. Retrieved
4996:
4984:
4972:. Retrieved
4962:
4950:
4941:
4929:. Retrieved
4925:the original
4880:
4873:
4861:. Retrieved
4839:
4830:
4818:. Retrieved
4793:. Retrieved
4765:
4746:
4728:Merrifield,
4724:
4704:
4697:
4670:
4666:
4656:
4615:
4609:
4568:
4500:
4494:
4485:
4481:
4450:
4420:
4413:
4404:Merrifield,
4400:
4392:Merrifield,
4388:
4376:. Retrieved
4372:the original
4347:Merrifield,
4343:
4334:
4322:
4313:Merrifield,
4293:
4288:
4278:
4270:
4262:
4257:
4249:
4241:
4227:
4219:
4191:
4183:Merrifield,
4151:
4115:
4094:
4087:
4067:
4036:
4030:
4018:. Retrieved
3992:
3980:
3968:
3959:
3947:. Retrieved
3943:the original
3932:
3911:
3903:Merrifield,
3885:
3873:. Retrieved
3858:
3851:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3783:
3779:
3769:
3741:
3734:
3725:
3713:. Retrieved
3689:
3667:
3661:
3648:
3644:
3631:
3622:
3602:
3592:
3586:
3578:Merrifield,
3561:Merrifield,
3545:. Hosted at
3533:
3498:
3475:
3471:
3445:. Retrieved
3441:the original
3436:
3426:
3414:
3402:
3393:
3383:
3378:
3366:. Retrieved
3356:
3347:
3332:
3315:
3288:
3229:
3224:
3207:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3132:
3107:
3101:
3092:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3036:
3030:
3003:
2997:
2970:
2964:
2952:
2944:
2939:
2898:
2892:
2851:
2845:
2826:
2774:
2768:
2747:
2722:
2714:Isle of Dogs
2695:
2655:
2647:
2619:
2609:
2597:World War II
2581:Ludgate Hill
2566:
2524:
2486:North Africa
2475:
2459:
2456:Demographics
2443:
2433:
2395:
2380:
2376:
2357:
2318:
2257:
2225:
2205:
2193:
2169:
2114:
2067:
2032:
2002:
1984:
1919:
1890:
1854:
1844:killing the
1823:
1805:
1733:
1715:
1678:
1667:
1658:Roman mosaic
1646:
1643:
1633:
1587:
1569:
1535:
1526:River Thames
1498:fine pottery
1486:
1444:London Stone
1425:
1398:
1391:
1375:
1370:River Thames
1338:King's Cross
1334:
1326:
1317:20th Legions
1281:
1230:
1214:
1203:19th century
1174:
1158:Stane Street
1152:near modern
1082:Deva Victrix
1027:
1008:
973:
965:No 1 Poultry
938:
922:Roman bridge
919:
917:took place.
874:
862:) was their
833:
831:
810:
761:
738:
711:
709:
681:
654:
642:Catuvellauni
636:and east to
634:Ludgate Hill
619:
539:
537:
532:
525:
515:
507:
503:
499:
495:
487:
483:
477:
464:
460:
456:
426:
414:
410:
351:
296:Tudor London
281:Roman London
280:
241:
200:
196:River Thames
175:Roman London
174:
170:
169:
163:Roman Empire
40:
18:Roman London
9559:Geographers
9243:Dioscorides
9223:Cassius Dio
8845:Cassiodorus
8748:Renaissance
8354:Agriculture
8326:Auxiliaries
8267:Engineering
8104:Magistrates
7956:Citizenship
7951:Mos maiorum
7886:Late Empire
7361:Cirencester
7317:Camulodunum
6857:London Plan
6817:Great Stink
6797:Black Death
6787:Coronations
6240:26 February
6190:p. 57.
6173:Cirencester
6146: 1136
6020:Ch. I.
5943:: 253–277.
5622:Cirencester
5274:W.S. Davies
5068:17 February
5008:19 February
4931:19 February
4863:20 February
4820:21 February
4795:18 February
4394:p. 62.
4378:25 February
4275:Cassius Dio
4198:, cited by
4020:22 February
3949:16 February
3917:tidal limit
3905:p. 40.
3875:16 February
3786:: 249–282.
3715:17 February
3580:p. 68.
3543: 2011
3368:12 February
3353:"Londinium"
3339:, cited in
3109:Cirencester
3082: 1136
2947:, pp. 51-63
2638:Venedotians
2482:Middle East
2435:Cair Lundem
2313:AD 410
2282:5th century
2274:at the 388
2200:Constantine
2054:4th century
2042:frigidarium
1904:Blackfriars
1828:3rd century
1796:Cripplegate
1792:Westminster
1744:Bishopsgate
1706:London Wall
1696:London Wall
1647:Londiniensi
1570:Londiniensi
1528:in London (
1512:2nd century
1508:near Rome.
1494:legionaries
1458:Huggin Hill
1428:Camulodunum
1413:Gracechurch
1352:1st century
1150:the bridges
1098:Camulodunum
1062:Westminster
1034:Richborough
1019:Old English
764:Camulodunum
688:Westminster
673:Cripplegate
669:Bishopsgate
646:Trinovantes
469:Old English
451:place name
269:History of
249:London Wall
224:Camulodunum
125: /
101:Coordinates
9641:Categories
9448:Mediolanum
9388:Alexandria
9353:Themistius
9318:Porphyrius
9145:Tertullian
9080:Quintilian
9070:Propertius
8965:Lactantius
8915:Fulgentius
8850:Censorinus
8672:Sanitation
8657:Metallurgy
8614:Technology
8579:Demography
8527:Patricians
8494:Spectacles
8452:Literature
8447:Hairstyles
8284:Technology
8034:Praefectus
7986:Government
7976:Litigation
7961:Auctoritas
7906:Centuriate
7793:Principate
7788:Pax Romana
7748:Foundation
7607:Bannaventa
7600:Wendlebury
7560:Verulamium
7541:Winchester
7505:Chichester
7493:Carmarthen
7476:Luguvalium
7452:Lactodurum
7445:Aldborough
7409:Gloucester
7397:Canterbury
7385:Dorchester
7380:Durnovaria
7349:Chelmsford
7322:Colchester
7121:Structures
6922:Government
6842:Great Smog
6807:Great Fire
6515:0192853694
6431:1350047317
6177:Wikisource
6150:(in Latin)
6005:090481890X
5824:Wikisource
5794:(in Latin)
5669:Wikisource
5259:(in Latin)
4949:mentioned
4730:p. 50
4587:1042078915
4315:p. 53
4212:Merrifield
3925:Teddington
3655:(in Latin)
3609:P·P·BR·LON
3547:Wikisource
3492:(in Latin)
3447:1 February
3297:Hosted at
3295:(in Latin)
3113:Wikisource
3086:(in Latin)
2870:1042078915
2793:1042078915
2739:References
2653:building.
2634:siegeworks
2607:in 1848.
2569:Great Fire
2558:Roman wall
2540:The known
2496:See also:
2492:Excavation
2430:Lundenburh
2424:that King
2400:, Saxons,
2389:(probably
2300:Lundenburh
2286:See also:
2208:Tower Hill
2196:Silchester
2180:Great Fire
2150:Restitutus
2058:See also:
2020:Gesoriacum
1995:Roman navy
1914:See also:
1840:depicting
1838:Tauroctony
1800:Aldersgate
1788:Silchester
1784:to Calleva
1764:Colchester
1740:Tower Hill
1690:dark earth
1670:hypocausts
1621:bathhouses
1591:townhouses
1399:The first
1342:Verulamium
1285:9th Legion
1259:including
1166:Chichester
1162:Noviomagus
1146:Silchester
1102:Colchester
1090:Great Road
1074:Viroconium
1066:subsidence
1058:Canterbury
1054:Durovernum
971:to 47 AD.
961:Roman road
913:describes
860:Canterbury
856:Durovernum
826:See also:
796:Restitutus
780:Procurator
768:Colchester
746:municipium
638:Tower Hill
245:dark earth
228:Colchester
154:43 – 50 AD
141:Roman city
110:51°30′45″N
9604:Quaestors
9534:Empresses
9524:Dynasties
9514:Dictators
9489:and other
9478:Volubilis
9473:Vindobona
9433:Londinium
9358:Theodoret
9328:Procopius
9308:Polyaenus
9283:Pausanias
9185:Vitruvius
9130:Symmachus
9125:Suetonius
9035:Petronius
9020:Obsequens
8985:Macrobius
8980:Lucretius
8905:Frontinus
8880:Eutropius
8865:Columella
8815:Augustine
8805:Appuleius
8753:Neo-Latin
8728:Classical
8719:Versions
8627:Aqueducts
8569:Patronage
8489:Sexuality
8462:Mythology
8437:Education
8427:Cosmetics
8252:Campaigns
8247:Structure
8200:Decemviri
8059:Imperator
7758:overthrow
7641:Wiltshire
7627:Hampshire
7595:Alchester
7565:St Albans
7529:Leicester
7488:Moridunum
7457:Towcester
7337:Surviving
7270:Londinium
7092:Guildhall
6929:Historic
6766:1945–2000
6760:The Blitz
6751:1900–1939
6683:Middlesex
6668:Lundenwic
6663:Londinium
6655:Evolution
6408:November.
6345:Festivals
6339:See also
6280:See also
6037:Britannia
5959:0068-113X
5937:Britannia
5873:foederati
5725:6 January
5715:163877146
5687:Britannia
5548:. London.
5397:1468-0092
5353:162318121
5325:Britannia
5183:3 October
5157:3 October
4974:24 August
4886:Jefferson
4840:Londonist
4689:0068-113X
4673:: 37–76.
4667:Britannia
4642:cite book
4634:778916833
4595:cite book
4406:pp. 63–64
4292:Tacitus,
3843:1468-0092
3808:160758496
3800:1047-7594
3755:cite book
3669:Centuries
3484: AD
3172:163506021
3152:Antiquity
3055:276334521
2989:920542650
2943:Perring,
2925:cite book
2917:778916833
2878:cite book
2801:cite book
2757:Mithraeum
2688:) at the
2651:Bloomberg
2645:forces.
2571:of 1666.
2542:floorplan
2414:Lundenwic
2345:Vortigern
2296:Lundenwic
2244:ballistae
2216:cathedral
2134:Christian
1991:Carausius
1960:Carausian
1873:Caledonia
1639:Guildhall
1481: AD
1448:bathhouse
1409:law cases
1368:over the
1293:Fosse Way
1245:Roman law
1170:Southwark
976:Hyde Park
692:Southwark
612:A map of
540:Londinium
522:Old Welsh
500:Lundeiniu
496:Londinium
488:Londonion
480:-mutation
465:Londinium
457:Londinion
449:Brittonic
443:, son of
431:, it was
415:Londinium
325:The Blitz
204:Hyde Park
171:Londinium
113:0°05′26″W
44:Londinium
9609:Tribunes
9599:Praetors
9549:Generals
9529:Emperors
9438:Lugdunum
9423:Eboracum
9413:Carthage
9398:Aquileia
9313:Polybius
9303:Plutarch
9273:Libanius
9263:Josephus
9258:Herodian
9150:Tibullus
9065:Priscian
9040:Phaedrus
9000:Manilius
8945:Jordanes
8930:Hydatius
8860:Claudian
8840:Catullus
8830:Boëthius
8825:Ausonius
8743:Medieval
8715:Alphabet
8687:Theatres
8662:Numerals
8647:Concrete
8637:Circuses
8604:Bagaudae
8594:Adoption
8589:Marriage
8562:Assembly
8467:Religion
8442:Folklore
8422:Clothing
8417:Calendar
8374:Currency
8364:Commerce
8262:Strategy
8224:Military
8210:Triumvir
8190:Dictator
8185:Interrex
8164:Governor
8149:Quaestor
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8094:Province
8084:Tetrarch
8074:Augustus
8039:Vicarius
8029:Officium
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7876:Republic
7798:Dominate
7765:Republic
7726:Timeline
7577:Wroxeter
7553:Caerwent
7512:Petuaria
7481:Carlisle
7421:Caerleon
7297:Eboracum
7252:Capitals
7196:Category
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6974:Politics
6949:Current
6698:Timeline
6606:Archived
6487:(2017).
6371:(2013).
6347:> ...
6312:graffito
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6216:Grimes,
6069:(1968).
6034:(1607),
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5979:, 2016,
5818:, &
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5520:30 March
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4538:Brigham.
4488:: 1–102.
4208:Sheppard
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3694:Thackery
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3253:Archived
3022:16415134
2670:Displays
2666:fiasco.
2630:Allectus
2471:Highgate
2406:Frisians
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2341:Honorius
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2075:Valentia
2028:Allectus
2024:Boulogne
2007:Frankish
1987:Maximian
1979:Allectus
1865:Eboracum
1780:Wroxeter
1718:ragstone
1685:his wall
1601:basilica
1536:Emperor
1462:Brothels
1405:basilica
1382:Cornhill
1249:Bithynia
1209:and the
1130:Eboracum
1106:Pye Road
1094:Old Ford
1078:Wroxeter
1030:Rutupiae
941:Claudian
915:in 54 BC
852:Cantiaci
822:Founding
800:diocesan
788:governor
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720:and the
650:Cantiaci
628:and the
626:Cornhill
603:Location
435:from an
353:Timeline
344:See also
260:a series
258:Part of
90:Location
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9539:Fiction
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9120:Statius
9105:Servius
9090:Sallust
9045:Plautus
9025:Orosius
9005:Martial
8960:Juvenal
8935:Hyginus
8920:Gellius
8779:Writers
8710:History
8692:Thermae
8682:Temples
8632:Bridges
8599:Slavery
8547:Equites
8519:Society
8499:Theatre
8472:Deities
8432:Cuisine
8412:Bathing
8394:Culture
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8232:History
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8129:Praetor
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8014:Emperor
7901:Curiate
7871:Kingdom
7866:History
7842:History
7825:decline
7783:History
7753:Kingdom
7736:History
7721:Outline
7655:Norfolk
7635:Cunetio
7588:Extinct
7469:Lincoln
7373:Chester
7163:Big Ben
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6440:(1998)
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4224:Tacitus
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3642:(eds.)
3606:Latin:
3525:Tacitus
3467:Tacitus
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3276:attrib.
3272:Nennius
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2122:Bacchus
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817:History
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756:colonia
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504:Lundein
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194:at the
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151:Founded
146:History
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9554:Gentes
9491:topics
9487:Lists
9468:Smyrna
9348:Strabo
9278:Lucian
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9218:Arrian
9213:Appian
9203:Aelian
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8940:Jerome
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8900:Florus
8875:Ennius
8855:Cicero
8835:Caesar
8733:Vulgar
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8484:Romans
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8079:Caesar
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