History of London - Knowledge

2586: 1965: 421: 1610: 3035: 234: 1212: 1205: 1198: 1815: 693: 1363: 409: 1221: 1833: 2047: 1340:(1600) were established in London by royal charter. The latter, which ultimately came to rule India, was one of the key institutions in London, and in Britain as a whole, for two and a half centuries. Immigrants arrived in London not just from all over England and Wales, but from abroad as well, for example Huguenots from France; the population rose from an estimated 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605. The growth of the population and wealth of London was fuelled by a vast expansion in the use of coastal shipping. 2642: 738: 678: 1404: 2844: 1100: 1954: 6506: 2070: 4137: 1878: 25: 8142: 2499: 2344: 1529: 1784:: while it had many craftsmen in the 17th century, and would later acquire some large factories, its economic prominence was never based primarily on industry. Instead it was a great trading and redistribution centre. Goods were brought to London by England's increasingly dominant merchant navy, not only to satisfy domestic demand, but also for re-export throughout Europe and beyond. 919: 2257: 1403: 1935:. In 1779, he was the Congress's representative of Holland, and got the country's support for the Revolution. On his return voyage back to America, the Royal Navy captured him and charged him with treason after finding evidence of a reason of war between Great Britain and the Netherlands. He was released from the Tower on 21 December 1781 in exchange for General 1669: 2284:. This was the first elected London-wide administrative body, replacing the earlier Metropolitan Board of Works, which had been made up of appointees. The County of London covered broadly what was then the full extent of the London conurbation, although the conurbation later outgrew the boundaries of the county. In 1900, the county was sub-divided into 28 3869: 1733:, that is the area immediately to the east of the city walls, also became heavily populated in the decades after the Great Fire. London's docks began to extend downstream, attracting many working people who worked on the docks themselves and in the processing and distributive trades. These people lived in 4242:

Most of the foreigners who came this way were ambitious and knowledgeable. They were innovators, carrier pigeons for the best of the continental expertise and craftsmanship. There were perhaps as many as four thousand in London in 1600 (out of a population of some one hundred thousand). Many of these

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in England. Its close commercial connections with the Protestant heartlands in northern continental Europe, large foreign mercantile communities, disproportionately large number of literate inhabitants and role as the centre of the English print trade all contributed to the spread of the new ideas of

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and showered the attackers with spears. Undaunted, the attackers pulled the roofs off nearby houses and held them over their heads in the boats. Thus protected, they were able to get close enough to the bridge to attach ropes to the piers and pull the bridge down, thus ending the Viking occupation of

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19th-century London was transformed by the coming of the railways. A new network of metropolitan railways allowed for the development of suburbs in neighbouring counties from which middle-class and wealthy people could commute to the centre. While this spurred the massive outward growth of the city,

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as the answer to housing shortages. During the 1950s and 1960s the skyline of London altered dramatically as tower blocks were erected, although these later proved unpopular. In a bid to reduce the number of people living in overcrowded housing, a policy was introduced of encouraging people to move

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in the southern part of the City. Fanned by an eastern wind the fire spread, and efforts to arrest it by pulling down houses to make firebreaks were disorganised to begin with. On Tuesday night the wind fell somewhat, and on Wednesday the fire slackened. On Thursday it was extinguished, but on the

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Through the 19th and in the early half of the 20th century, Londoners used coal for heating their homes, which produced large amounts of smoke. In combination with climatic conditions this often caused a characteristic smog, and London became known for its typical "London Fog", also known as "Pea

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of Denmark. As English resistance to the sustained and escalating Danish onslaught finally collapsed in 1013, London repulsed an attack by the Danes and was the last place to hold out while the rest of the country submitted to Sweyn, but by the end of the year it too capitulated and Æthelred fled

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and capital of the British Empire. Its population expanded from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later. During this period, London became a global political, financial, and trading capital. In this position, it was largely unrivalled until the latter part of the century, when

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Xenophobia was rampant in London, and increased after the 1580s. Many immigrants became disillusioned by routine threats of violence and molestation, attempts at expulsion of foreigners, and the great difficulty in acquiring English citizenship. Dutch cities proved more hospitable, and many left

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was a dominant figure in local government in the 1920s and 1930s. He became mayor of Hackney and a member of the London County Council in 1922, and for a while was Minister of Transport in Ramsay MacDonald's cabinet. When Labour gained power in London in 1934, Morrison unified the bus, tram and

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London as engraved by J. & C. Walker in 1845 from a map by R Creighton. Many districts in the West End were fully developed, and the East End also extended well beyond the eastern fringe of the City of London. There were now several bridges over the Thames, allowing the rapid development of

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Subsequently, an extensive system of fortifications was built to protect London from a renewed attack by the Royalists. This comprised a strong earthen rampart, enhanced with bastions and redoubts. It was well beyond the City walls and encompassed the whole urban area, including Westminster and

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Greater London's population declined steadily in the decades after World War II, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s. However, it then began to increase again in the late 1980s, encouraged by strong economic performance and an increasingly

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London's expansion beyond the boundaries of the City was decisively established in the 17th century. In the opening years of that century the immediate environs of the City, with the principal exception of the aristocratic residences in the direction of Westminster, were still considered not

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also began to operate in the late 17th century. In 1700, London handled 80% of England's imports, 69% of its exports and 86% of its re-exports. Many of the goods were luxuries from the Americas and Asia such as silk, sugar, tea and tobacco. The last figure emphasises London's role as an

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In 2010, the foundations of a large timber structure, dated to between 4800 BC and 4500 BC were found, again on the foreshore south of Vauxhall Bridge. The function of the mesolithic structure is not known. All these structures are on the south bank at a natural crossing point where the

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and left to gather forces in Wessex. London was then subjected to a systematic siege by Cnut but was relieved by King Edmund's army; when Edmund again left to recruit reinforcements in Wessex the Danes resumed the siege but were again unsuccessful. However, following his defeat at the

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7.9 meters long (26 feet) were said to have been buried so deep into the ground that only 1.2 meters (4 feet) was visible. Other churches in the area were destroyed as well; it was reported to have also destroyed over 600 houses (although most of them were primarily wood) and hit the

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suffix here denoting a trading settlement. Recent excavations have also highlighted the population density and relatively sophisticated urban organisation of this earlier Anglo-Saxon London, which was laid out on a grid pattern and grew to house a likely population of 10–12,000.

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From this point, the City of London began to develop its own unique local government. Following Æthelred's death in 911 it was transferred to Wessex, preceding the absorption of the rest of Mercia in 918. Although it faced competition for political pre-eminence in the united

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Wren proposed to build main thoroughfares north and south, and east and west, to insulate all the churches in conspicuous positions, to form the most public places into large piazzas, to unite the halls of the 12 chief livery companies into one regular square annexed to the

2406:. This was facilitated not only by a continuing expansion of the rail network, including trams and the Underground, but also by slowly widening car ownership. London's suburbs expanded outside the boundaries of the County of London, into the neighbouring counties of 1888:

Many tradesmen from different countries came to London to trade goods and merchandise. Also, more immigrants moved to London making the population greater. More people also moved to London for work and for business making London an altogether bigger and busier city.

459:. London, like Rome, was founded on the point of the river where it was narrow enough to bridge and the strategic location of the city provided easy access to much of Europe. Early Roman London occupied a relatively small area, roughly equivalent to the size of 1493:. Merchants conducted business in the aisles, and used the font as a counter upon which to make their payments; lawyers received clients at their particular pillars; and the unemployed looked for work. St Paul's Churchyard was the centre of the book trade and 2383:; these killed around 700 people and caused great terror, but were merely a foretaste of what was to come. The city of London would experience many more terrors as a result of both World Wars. The largest explosion in London occurred during World War I: the 1798:

was then an insignificant village, but the arrival of the court soon caused it to grow in importance. The palace was rarely favoured by future monarchs, but its construction was another step in the expansion of the bounds of London. During the same reign

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which occurred in August 2011, when thousands of people rioted in several city boroughs and in towns across England. They were the biggest riots in modern English history. In 2011, the population grew over 8 million people for the first time in decades.

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Ogilby & Morgan's map of the City of London (1673). "A Large and Accurate Map of the City of London. Ichnographically describing all the Streets, Lanes, Alleys, Courts, Yards, Churches, Halls, & Houses &c. Actually Surveyed and Delineated by

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In the late 3rd century, Londinium was raided on several occasions by Saxon pirates. This led, from around 255 onwards, to the construction of an additional riverside wall. Six of the traditional seven city gates of London are of Roman origin, namely:

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in large numbers. In addition to those who had specific business at court, increasing numbers of country landowners and their families lived in London for part of the year simply for the social life. This was the beginning of the "London season".

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By the 5th century, the Roman Empire was in rapid decline and in 410 AD, the Roman occupation of Britannia came to an end. Following this, the Roman city also went into rapid decline and by the end of the 5th century was practically abandoned.

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Trade increased steadily during the Middle Ages, and London grew heavily as a result. In 1100, London's population was somewhat more than 15,000. By 1300, it had grown to roughly 80,000. London lost at least half of its population during the

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indicates that the incomers had begun to settle there at least as early as the 6th century and possibly in the 5th. The main focus of this settlement was outside the Roman walls, clustering a short distance to the west along what is now the

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As the capital of a massive empire, London became a magnet for immigrants from the colonies and poorer parts of Europe. A large Irish population settled in the city during the Victorian period, with many of the newcomers refugees from the

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before advancing on London from the north-west. The resolve of the English leadership to resist collapsed and the chief citizens of London went out together with the leading members of the Church and aristocracy to submit to William at

2973:, London was the only region in England, where Remain won the highest share of the vote. The voter turnout was the highest in London since the 1950 general election. However, Britain’s exit from the European Union (EU) in early 2021 ( 1497:

was a centre of public entertainment. Under James I the theatre, which established itself so firmly in the latter years of Elizabeth, grew further in popularity. The performances at the public theatres were complemented by elaborate

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Medieval London was made up of narrow and twisting streets, and most of the buildings were made from combustible materials such as timber and straw, which made fire a constant threat, while sanitation in cities was of low-quality.

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in 2004, estimated that the population would reach 8.1 million by 2016, and continue to rise thereafter. This was reflected in a move towards denser, more urban styles of building, including a greatly increased number of

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chronicled the epidemic in his diary. On 4 September 1665 he wrote "I have stayed in the city till above 7400 died in one week, and of them about 6000 of the plague, and little noise heard day or night but tolling of bells."

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to the St Paul's, and in having no quay or terrace along the river. These plans were not implemented, and the rebuilt city generally followed the streetplan of the old one, and most of it has survived into the 21st century.

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area. By the war's end, just under 30,000 Londoners had been killed by the bombing, and over 50,000 seriously injured, tens of thousands of buildings were destroyed, and hundreds of thousands of people were made homeless.

1359:. This was an early stirring of the villa movement, the taste for residences which were neither of the city nor on an agricultural estate, but at the time of Elizabeth's death in 1603, London was still relatively compact. 4989: 1091:

Over the following centuries, London would shake off the heavy French cultural and linguistic influence which had been there since the times of the Norman conquest. The city would figure heavily in the development of

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was completed on his birthday. However, the first service had been held on 2nd of December 1697; more than 10 years earlier. This Cathedral replaced the original St. Paul's which had been completely destroyed by the

1305:" had a profound effect on the city as nearly all of this property changed hands. The process started in the mid-1530s, and by 1538 most of the larger monastic houses had been abolished. Holy Trinity Aldgate went to 513:

around the landward side of the city. The wall was about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long, 6 metres (20 ft) high, and 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) thick. The wall would survive for another 1,600 years and define the

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The 18th century saw the breakaway of the American colonies and many other unfortunate events in London, but also great change and Enlightenment. This all led into the beginning of modern times, the 19th century.

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between 7 September 1940 and 10 May 1941. During this period, London was subjected to 71 separate raids receiving over 18,000 tonnes of high explosive. One raid in December 1940, which became known as the

1632:. However, the number of lives lost was surprisingly small; it is believed to have been 16 at most. Within a few days of the fire, three plans were presented to the king for the rebuilding of the city, by 1565:

The unsanitary and overcrowded City of London has suffered from the numerous outbreaks of the plague many times over the centuries, but in Britain it is the last major outbreak which is remembered as the

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settlements or significant domestic refuse have been found in London, despite extensive archaeological excavation, arguments for a purely Roman foundation of London are now common and uncontroversial."

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extended its dominance over south-eastern England, initially through overlordship which at times developed into outright annexation. London seems to have come under direct Mercian control in the 730s.

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advanced to the south bank of the Thames opposite London, where they defeated an English attack and burned Southwark but were unable to storm the bridge. They moved upstream and crossed the river at

486:(Britannia) there is no surviving evidence to prove it was ever the capital of Roman Britain. Its population was around 60,000 inhabitants. It boasted major public buildings, including the largest 1660:. Wren wished to build the new streets straight and in three standard widths of thirty, sixty and ninety feet. Evelyn's plan differed from Wren's chiefly in proposing a street from the church of 3809: 2638:

was passed, mandating the creating of "smokeless zones" where the use of "smokeless" fuels was required (this was at a time when most households still used open fires); the Act was effective.

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followed in about 1632. The neighbouring streets were built shortly afterwards, and the names of Henrietta, Charles, James, King and York Streets were given after members of the royal family.

2524:. Prior to the bombing, hundreds of thousands of children in London were evacuated to the countryside to avoid the bombing. Civilians took shelter from the air raids in underground stations. 1483: 845:

London. This story presumably relates to Æthelred's return to power after Sweyn's death in 1014, but there is no strong evidence of any such struggle for control of London on that occasion.

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in the city, though public sentiment changed strongly in their favour following a successful opening ceremony and when the anticipated organisational and transport problems never occurred.

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Nonetheless, the new City was different from the old one. Many aristocratic residents never returned, preferring to take new houses in the West End, where fashionable new districts such as

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Southwark. London was not seriously threatened by the royalists again, and the financial resources of the City made an important contribution to the parliamentarians' victory in the war.

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The period saw London rapidly rising in importance among Europe's commercial centres. Trade expanded beyond Western Europe to Russia, the Levant, and the Americas. This was the period of

860:, which from this time steadily supplanted the City itself as the centre of government. Edward's death at Westminster in 1066 without a clear heir led to a succession dispute and the 1790:, a Dutchman, cared little for London, the smoke of which gave him asthma, and after the first fire at Whitehall Palace (1691) he purchased Nottingham House and transformed it into 904:, although according to some accounts there was a subsequent violent clash when the Normans reached the city. Having occupied London, William was crowned king in Westminster Abbey. 4917: 2617:

In the immediate postwar years housing was a major issue in London, due to the large amount of housing which had been destroyed in the war. The authorities decided upon high-rise

1447:, which had recently been drained and laid out in walks, but it was frequented by beggars and travellers, who crossed it in order to get into London. Adjoining Moorfields were 346:

age was uncovered by various archaeological investigations undertaken there since the early 1970s, depicting the use of struck flint. The site appears to have been an isolated

4993: 2207:(MBW) was created to provide London with adequate infrastructure to cope with its growth. One of its first tasks was addressing London's sanitation problems. At the time, raw 4152: 2234:

projects of the 19th century, he oversaw construction of over 2100 km of tunnels and pipes under London to take away sewage and provide clean drinking water. When the

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at the eastern end of the city, where the initial timber fortification was rapidly replaced by the construction of the first stone castle in England. The smaller forts of

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London entered the 20th century at the height of its influence as the capital of one of the largest empires in history, but the new century was to bring many challenges.

2039:. The Rothschilds also had banks in Paris and Vienna. The bank financed numerous large-scale projects, especially regarding railways around the world and the Suez Canal. 7599: 6566: 2125:

the growth of greater London also exacerbated the class divide, as the wealthier classes emigrated to the suburbs, leaving the poor to inhabit the inner city areas.

1347:. During the mostly calm later years of Elizabeth's reign, some of her courtiers and some of the wealthier citizens of London built themselves country residences in 1153:

in the mid-14th century, but its economic and political importance stimulated a quick recovery despite further epidemics. Trade in London was organised into various

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service began in the 1900s. Improvements to London's overground and underground rail network, including large scale electrification were progressively carried out.

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Violence against Jews took place in 1190, after it was rumoured that the new King had ordered their massacre after they had presented themselves at his coronation.

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was passed merging the Scottish and the English Parliaments, thus establishing the Kingdom of Great Britain. A year later, in 1708 Christopher Wren's masterpiece,

719:", which had rampaged across England since 865, wintered in London in 871. The city remained in Danish hands until 886, when it was captured by the forces of King 1024:(completed in 1209), which was built on the site of several earlier timber bridges. This bridge would last for 600 years, and remained the only bridge across the 7604: 1386:

London permanently. Foreigners are estimated to have made up 4,000 of the 100,000 residents of London by 1600, many being Dutch and German workers and traders.

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found no evidence of this). It would have only been a modest church at first and may well have been destroyed after he was expelled from the city by Saeberht's

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dated the timbers to between 1750 BC and 1285 BC. In 2001, a further dig found that the timbers were driven vertically into the ground on the south bank of the

2136:, which opened in 1836. This was soon followed by the opening of great rail termini which eventually linked London to every corner of Great Britain, including 2098:

While the city grew wealthy as Britain's holdings expanded, 19th-century London was also a city of poverty, where millions lived in overcrowded and unsanitary

2862:, to mark the new century. Other Millennium projects were more successful. One was the largest observation wheel in the world, the "Millennium Wheel", or the 1993:

were established in 1750 as a professional police force. Penalties for crime were harsh, with the death penalty being applied for fairly minor crimes. Public

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an act was passed authorising the building of 50 new churches to serve the greatly increased population living outside the boundaries of the City of London.

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The Great Plague was immediately followed by another catastrophe, albeit one which helped to put an end to the plague. On the Sunday, 2 September 1666 the

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During the Georgian period London spread beyond its traditional limits at an accelerating pace. This is shown in a series of detailed maps, particularly

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evening of that day the flames again burst forth at the Temple. Some houses were at once blown up by gunpowder, and thus the fire was finally mastered.

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Edmund ceded to Cnut all of England north of the Thames, including London, and his death a few weeks later left Cnut in control of the whole country.

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was held on the Thames. The frost, which began about seven weeks before Christmas and continued for six weeks after, was the greatest on record. The

5537: 2815:'s government, covering the same area of Greater London. The new authority had similar powers to the old GLC, but was made up of a directly elected 287:, extends over 2000 years. In that time, it has become one of the world's most significant financial and cultural capital cities. It has withstood 2901:

making it the first city to host the modern games three times. However, celebrations were cut short the following day when the city was rocked by

2567:, which were fired from Nazi occupied Europe. These attacks only came to an end when their launch sites were captured by advancing Allied forces. 994:, after the tornado the bridge was rebuilt in stone. The tornado caused 2 deaths and an unknown number of injuries; this tornado is mentioned in 4880: 2673:

a household name of youth fashion around the world. London's role as a trendsetter for youth fashion continued strongly in the 1980s during the

1227:'s map of London in 1593. There is only one bridge across the Thames, but parts of Southwark on the south bank of the river have been developed. 1006:, the latter of the two describing it as "a great spectacle for those watching from afar, but a terrifying experience for those standing near". 711:

attacks dominated most of the 9th century, becoming increasingly common from around 830 onwards. London was sacked in 842 and again in 851. The

5820: 5787: 2269:. At one point, Catholic Irish made up about 20% of London's population; they typically lived in overcrowded slums. London also became home to 955: 938:

The new Norman regime established new fortresses within the city to dominate the native population. By far the most important of these was the

471:. The city was quickly rebuilt as a planned Roman town and recovered after perhaps 10 years; the city grew rapidly over the following decades. 7582: 2285: 1088:

in 1290. They left for France, Holland and further afield; their property was seized, and many suffered robbery and murder as they departed.

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saw London's geographical extent growing more quickly than ever before or since. A preference for lower density suburban housing, typically

7407: 1964: 2777:. The docklands area had become largely derelict by the 1980s, but was redeveloped into flats and offices from the mid-1980s onwards. The 2626:

surrounding London. Living standards also rose, with real earnings rising by approximately 70.% in the 20 years after the end of the war.

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Christopher Wren's plan for a new model London came to nothing, but he was appointed to rebuild the ruined parish churches and to replace

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of parliament whom the King wished to arrest were granted refuge in the City. In August of the same year the King raised his banner at

1310: 755:. The Roman walls were repaired and the defensive ditch re-cut, while the bridge was probably rebuilt at this time. A second fortified 1321:, the leper hospital of St Giles to Lord Dudley, while the king took for himself the leper hospital of St James, which was rebuilt as 7646: 6542: 4916:

Badshah, Nadeem; Sedghi, Amy; Mackay, Hamish; Abdul, Geneva; Sedghi, Nadeem Badshah (now) Amy; Abdul (earlier), Geneva (4 May 2024).

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Following the resumption of Viking attacks in the reign of Æthelred, London was unsuccessfully attacked in 994 by an army under King

1950:(then called Buckingham House) from the Duke of Buckingham. It was enlarged over the next 75 years by architects such as John Nash. 1893:

increased the country's international standing and opened large new markets to British trade, further boosting London's prosperity.

840:

A Norse saga tells of a battle when King Æthelred returned to attack Danish-occupied London. According to the saga, the Danes lined

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as a police force covering the entire urban area. The force gained the nickname of "bobbies" or "peelers" named after Robert Peel.

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The 18th century was a period of rapid growth for London, reflecting an increasing national population, the early stirrings of the

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In the City itself there was a move from wooden buildings to stone and brick construction to reduce the risk of fire. Parliament's

1074: 2253:, the fair attracted 6 million visitors from across the world and displayed Britain at the height of its Imperial dominance. 587:

settlements initially avoided the area immediately around Londinium. However, the discovery in 2008 of an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at

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also released a flood of funds for major enhancements to existing attractions, for example the roofing of the Great Court at the

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Around this time the focus of settlement moved within the old Roman walls for the sake of defence, and the city became known as

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abroad. Sweyn died just five weeks after having been proclaimed king and Æthelred was restored to the throne, but Sweyn's son

61: 8175: 7448: 6491: 6235: 5912: 3725: 3012: 2724: 518:'s perimeters for centuries to come. The perimeters of the present City are roughly defined by the line of the ancient wall. 304: 791:, London's size and commercial wealth brought it a steadily increasing importance as a focus of governmental activity. King 6481: 5025: 4954:"London as a Financial Center Since Brexit: Evidence from the 2022 BIS Triennial Survey | Global Development Policy Center" 3632: 2939: 1905: 1602:

was built to commemorate the fire: for over a century and a half it bore an inscription attributing the conflagration to a

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London took the side of the parliament. Initially the king had the upper hand in military terms and in November he won the

2827:

comfortably regaining his previous post, becoming first elected mayor of London. London was recognised as one of the nine

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of the London Jewish community because he claimed their chanting was audible in a neighboring church. In 1264, during the

958:, the first of whom arrived in about 1070. Its growing self-government was consolidated by the election rights granted by 420: 6294: 5906: 5554: 5511:

Ciecieznski, N. J. "The Stench of Disease: Public Health and the Environment in Late-Medieval English towns and cities".

2610:, at a time when the city had barely recovered from the war. London's rebuilding was slow to begin. However, in 1951 the 1803:, then well outside the boundary of London, but now comfortably inside it, was begun; it was the naval complement to the 1609: 385: 68: 4053: 2069: 521:

Londinium was an ethnically diverse city with inhabitants from across the Roman Empire, including natives of Britannia,

6342: 6125: 5403: 4737: 3939: 3854: 2300: 1466:, which had been discontinued for some years, was revived by order of the king in 1609. The dissolved monastery of the 42: 2630:

Soupers". London was sometimes referred to as "The Smoke" because of this. In 1952, this culminated in the disastrous

2548:, however, remained unscathed; a photograph showing the cathedral shrouded in smoke became a famous image of the war. 7955: 6367: 6100: 6064: 5353: 5339: 5304: 5290: 5168: 5134: 5078: 4460: 4227: 4094: 2867: 2866:, which was erected as a temporary structure, but soon became a fixture, and draws four million visitors a year. The 2199:. Towards the middle of the century, London's antiquated local government system, consisting of ancient parishes and 1757: 1699:. Thus the separation between the middle class mercantile City of London, and the aristocratic world of the court in 184: 108: 2769:

could not accommodate large modern container ships. The principal ports for London moved downstream to the ports of

2708:. However, the integration of the new immigrants was not always easy. Racial tensions emerged in events such as the 7400: 4831: 4813: 3929: 2469: 2438: 1462:

becoming king were interrupted by a severe plague epidemic, which may have killed over thirty thousand people. The

1211: 1204: 1197: 1158: 75: 5920: 5878: 5453: 4990:"Direct Elizabeth line services into central London from Reading, Heathrow, and Shenfield start today - Crossrail" 4848: 4251:

from Danzig, Dirk Tybis from Duisberg, or the Coglone expatriates Herman Hildebrand, Derich Born and Derich Berck.

1912:

were built for the rich in the West End, new bridges over the Thames encouraged an acceleration of development in

354:, was revealed in the form of a possible barrow, whilst there is limited evidence for a late Iron Age occupation. 7988: 7636: 7587: 7487: 7470: 5215: 2338: 2149: 2031:

was opened and, for the first time in history, London Bridge, in a sense, had a rival. In 1798, Frankfurt banker

1410: 1318: 1065:, the Jewish community was subjected to a steep punitive levy. Then in 1232, Henry III confiscated the principal 255: 3034: 3015:

and his wife, Camilla, as king and queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, took place at

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arrived in London and set up a banking house in the city, with a large sum of money given to him by his father,

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a few miles to the west of London. The City organised a new makeshift army and Charles hesitated and retreated.

1137:. The peasants looted the city and set fire to numerous buildings. Tyler was stabbed to death by the Lord Mayor 1013:, the son of William the Conqueror, began the construction of 'Westminster Hall', which became the focus of the 8048: 7666: 7661: 7631: 7458: 2366: 2270: 1302: 506:

for the city garrison. Political instability and recession from the 3rd century onwards led to a slow decline.

322:, and is today its primary financial district, though it represents only a small part of the wider metropolis. 46: 5577:

Mosley, Stephen. "'A Network of Trust': Measuring and Monitoring Air Pollution in British Cities, 1912–1960".

5254: 2890:, and proposals for major enhancements to the public transport network. However, funding for projects such as 2559:" in early 1944. Towards the end of the war, during 1944/45 London again came under heavy attack by pilotless 1343:

The late 16th and early 17th century saw the great flourishing of drama in London whose preeminent figure was

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in 1067 confirming the city's existing rights, privileges and laws. London was a centre of England's nascent

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Chapters from The Agrarian History of England and Wales: Volume 4, Agricultural Markets and Trade, 1500-1750

330:

Some recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area. At the

7925: 7815: 7656: 7621: 6372: 5944: 4171:

J. G. Pounds (1976). "An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330, Part 1330". p. 430. CUP Archive

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Jørgensen, Dolly. "'All Good Rule of the Citee': Sanitation and Civic Government in England, 1400–1600".

5443: 5229: 4755: 3023: 2902: 2533: 2204: 1943: 1800: 1712:"building with brick not only more comely and durable, but also more safe against future perils of fire" 1661: 1490: 1047: 5433: 4777: 923: 8165: 8083: 7895: 7870: 7865: 7785: 7725: 7443: 6509: 6390: 6037: 4669: 4475:

Jason R. Ali and Peter Cunich. "The Church East and West: Orienting the Queen Anne Churches, 1711-34".

3730: 2316: 1621: 1570:" It occurred in 1665 and 1666 and killed around 60,000 people, which was one fifth of the population. 1555: 1425:

had lost its spire by this time. The two theatres on the foreground (Southwark) side of the Thames are

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The permanent establishment of Christianity in the East Saxon kingdom took place in the reign of King

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London's traditional status as a major port declined dramatically in the post-war decades as the old

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was greatly expanded. A large tram network was constructed by the London County Council, through the

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religious reform. Before the Reformation, more than half of the area of London was the property of

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Many famous buildings and landmarks of London were constructed during the 19th century including:

632:. However, by the early 7th century the London area had been incorporated into the kingdom of the 7920: 7835: 7710: 7528: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6215: 5937: 5701: 5629: 5425: 4429: 3642: 3612: 2898: 2793: 2735: 2689: 2477: 2032: 1514: 1479: 1271:

cloth was shipped undyed and undressed from 14th/15th century London to the nearby shores of the

652: 308: 35: 4918:"Sadiq Khan wins historic third term as London mayor after Andy Burnham takes Manchester – live" 4452: 4425:

Famous Frosts and Frost Fairs in Great Britain: Chronicled from the Earliest to the Present Time

2514:, London, as many other British cities, suffered severe damage, being bombed extensively by the 1832: 1725:

cathedral was the primary symbol of London for at least a century and a half. As city surveyor,

800: 8098: 7968: 7930: 7875: 7775: 7651: 7492: 6441: 6256: 6145: 6115: 6110: 6069: 5674: 5327:(2013) compares London to 20 major world cities on the eve of World War I; pp 15 to 36, 431–49. 4655:

Matt Cook, "'Gay Times': Identity, Locality, Memory, and the Brixton Squats in 1970's London".

3652: 2804:. This left London as the only large metropolis in the world without a central administration. 2751: 2607: 2545: 2489: 2446: 2235: 2137: 1882: 1862: 1787: 1718: 1629: 1567: 966: 947: 692: 350:

within the braided river channel of the River Thames. Later prehistoric activity dating to the

288: 189: 82: 4935: 4519:

The great stink of London: Sir Joseph Bazalgette and the cleansing of the Victorian metropolis

1714:. From then on only doorcases, window-frames and shop fronts were allowed to be made of wood. 1362: 8093: 8073: 8053: 8033: 8008: 7993: 7963: 7885: 7845: 7825: 7750: 6420: 6251: 4393: 3637: 2743: 2304: 2281: 1969: 1847: 1700: 1688: 1418: 1367: 1298: 1070: 1014: 1003: 999: 2402:, by Londoners seeking a more "rural" lifestyle, superseded Londoners' old predilection for 1978:, which became a popular place to debate ideas. Growing literacy and the development of the 885: 648: 8118: 8103: 8088: 8028: 8018: 7940: 7800: 7715: 6415: 6395: 6304: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6155: 6135: 6120: 4719: 2929: 2603: 2480:

around the suburbs and worked to clear slums, build schools, and reform public assistance.

2384: 1928: 1871: 1867: 1776: 1590: 1584: 1505: 1463: 1322: 1093: 1055: 1039: 1035: 873: 849: 792: 727:

and reincorporated into Mercia, then governed under Alfred's sovereignty by his son-in-law

292: 4033: 4016: 3973: 3022:

As of 9 May 2023, London had received around 18,000 refugees from Ukraine, because of the

1675:'s map of London (1673). The development of the West End had recently begun to accelerate. 1077:'s rebels occupied London and killed 500 Jews while attempting to seize records of debts. 8: 8123: 8113: 8063: 7998: 7973: 7890: 7740: 7735: 7702: 7543: 7511: 7433: 6451: 6362: 6352: 6321: 6299: 6220: 6150: 6105: 6059: 6054: 5991: 5796: 4038: 3715: 2977:) only marginally weakened London’s position as an international financial center (IFC). 2653:

Starting in the mid-1960s, and partly as a result of the success of such UK musicians as

2611: 2556: 2118: 2064: 1841: 1668: 1653: 1482:

in London until it moved to Surrey in the Victorian era, and the site is still used as a

1475: 1467: 1434: 1344: 1314: 1279: 1114: 1085: 943: 179: 174: 5234: 4423: 4320: 4201:

Bich Luu Lien, "Taking the Bread Out of Our Mouths: Xenophobia in Early Modern London",

2449:

in 1936. The population of London reached an all-time peak of 8.6 million in 1939.

2016:. Severe damage was caused to Catholic churches and homes, and 285 rioters were killed. 408: 8108: 8038: 7983: 7978: 7905: 7880: 7850: 7745: 7720: 7682: 7641: 7538: 7416: 7376: 6337: 6314: 6032: 6011: 5981: 5968: 5814: 5781: 5717: 5501: 4445: 2989: 2913: 2906: 2828: 2770: 2658: 2635: 2631: 2589: 2457: 2434: 2361:

London's population continued to grow rapidly in the early decades of the century, and

2266: 2250: 2161: 2157: 2141: 2028: 2013: 1990: 1858: 1753: 1509: 1459: 1220: 1188: 1142: 1081: 877: 834: 784: 716: 667: 578: 522: 441: 221: 154: 4898: 3749: 2273:, which was notable for its entrepreneurship in the clothing trade and merchandising. 8058: 7910: 7765: 7760: 7523: 7453: 6471: 6405: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5571: 5399: 5360:

The Flower of All Cities: The History of London from Earliest Times to the Great Fire

5349: 5335: 5300: 5286: 5164: 5130: 5074: 5042: 4642:

Devra L. Davis, "A look back at the London smog of 1952 and the half century since".

4595: 4456: 4410:

A More Beautiful City: Robert Hooke and the Rebuilding of London After the Great Fire

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and regular bombing raids ceased. They began again, but on a smaller scale with the "

2472:(known as London Transport) in 1933., He led the effort to finance and build the new 2437:

during the 1930s, politically extreme parties of both right and left flourished. The

2376:

During World War I, London experienced its first bombing raids carried out by German

2310: 2231: 2227: 1957: 1947: 1791: 1649: 1551: 1455:, then a common on the Great Eastern Road and famous as a rendezvous for the troops. 1414: 931: 853: 637: 460: 296: 8068: 8013: 8003: 7780: 7755: 7577: 7533: 6456: 6165: 6001: 5806: 5802: 5709: 5705: 5615: 5611: 4185: 3607: 2985: 2766: 2739: 2734:

The outward expansion of London was slowed by the war, and the introduction of the

2720: 2688:

From the 1950s onwards London experienced an increase in immigration, largely from

2464: 2430: 2362: 2295: 2277: 1804: 1696: 1684: 1633: 1232: 1138: 865: 848:

Following the extinction of Cnut's dynasty in 1042 English rule was restored under

816: 720: 697: 682: 656: 601: 365:. This bridge either crossed the Thames or went to a now lost island in the river. 3774: 2634:

which lasted for five days and killed over 4,000 people. In response to this, the

2623: 2046: 1508:

acceded to the throne in 1625. During his reign, aristocrats began to inhabit the

1470:, which had been bought and sold by the courtiers several times, was purchased by 8128: 7820: 7626: 7506: 7475: 6446: 6425: 6276: 6271: 5924: 5743: 5670: 5561:

Death and the metropolis: studies in the demographic history of London, 1670–1830

5476: 5432:(2001) 544 pages; Social history of people, neighborhoods, work, culture, power. 5376: 5158: 5124: 5068: 4116: 3662: 3622: 2882: 2855: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2789: 2774: 2728: 2666: 2570:

London suffered severe damage and heavy casualties, the worst hit part being the

2560: 2473: 2388: 2216: 2103: 1924: 1870:. This building is considered one of the finest in Britain and a fine example of 1772: 1657: 1333: 1126: 1122: 1043: 959: 939: 927: 823: 811: 655:, traditionally said to be on the site of an old Roman Temple of Diana (although 362: 204: 5634:

Old and new London : a narrative of its history, its people, and its places

8146: 7692: 6410: 6382: 6006: 5986: 3796: 2981: 2871: 2801: 2778: 2755: 2747: 2674: 2670: 2646: 2641: 2571: 2541: 2403: 2351: 2238:

was completed, the death toll in London dropped dramatically, and epidemics of

2223: 2009: 1979: 1917: 1851: 1680: 1625: 1134: 1050:. However, following John's death in 1217 Louis's supporters reverted to their 982: 804: 742: 737: 677: 593: 515: 315: 284: 5387:

Mort, Frank, and Miles Ogborn. "Transforming Metropolitan London, 1750–1960".

2445:

both gained serious support. Clashes between right and left culminated in the

2242:

and other diseases were curtailed. Bazalgette's system is still in use today.

8159: 7567: 7562: 7518: 7438: 6461: 6047: 5827: 5683: 5568:

A Mighty Capital under Threat: The Environmental History of London, 1800-2000

5472: 4215: 4148: 4143: 4112: 4061: 2954:, the first Muslim mayor of a major Western capital city, who was elected in 2935: 2918: 2800:

led to the GLC's abolition in 1986, with most of its powers relegated to the

2662: 2429:

Like the rest of the country, London suffered severe unemployment during the

2411: 2399: 2129: 2092: 2020: 1932: 1775:

was founded, and the British East India Company was expanding its influence.

1672: 1536: 1518: 1471: 1430: 1395: 1283: 1272: 1130: 1062: 1021: 1010: 991: 841: 625: 617: 588: 483: 425: 338:

in modern west London, evidence of prehistoric activity dating from the late

331: 238: 169: 5866: 5480: 5380: 4237: 4120: 2288:, which formed a more local tier of administration than the county council. 7550: 7501: 6466: 6042: 5875:- A digital archive with personal records from lond during the 18th century 5747: 5688: 5676:

Catalogue of Maps, Plans & Views of London, Westminster & Southwark

5267: 3657: 2843: 2781:

was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the

2716: 2614:

was held, which marked an increasing mood of optimism and forward looking.

2511: 2453: 2321: 2222:

Parliament finally gave consent for the MBW to construct a large system of

2212: 2107: 2075: 2001: 1983: 1913: 1765: 1726: 1641: 1599: 1594: 1571: 1543: 1532: 1494: 1474:

for £13,000. The new hospital, chapel, and schoolhouse were begun in 1611.

1329: 1179: 1025: 978: 530: 499: 491: 452: 403: 164: 5191: 5054: 5007: 3990: 651:, and it was under Æthelberht's patronage that Mellitus founded the first 624:

is derived, but who probably also occupied the approximate area of modern

7555: 6170: 6130: 5881:– Explore London's history, culture and religions during the 20th century 5843: 4248: 2878: 2723:

in the early 1970s until the mid-1990s, London was subjected to repeated

2654: 2618: 2114: 2051: 1953: 1897: 1820: 1807:

for former soldiers, which had been founded in 1681. During the reign of

1734: 1637: 1613: 1522: 1288: 1224: 1150: 1051: 970: 901: 857: 633: 584: 554: 550: 526: 510: 479: 378: 5851: 5506:

The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times

4480: 4391: 3842:

http://www.bajrfed.co.uk/bajrpress/londons-oldest-prehistoric-structure/

950:

were also established along the waterfront. King William also granted a

907: 5917: 5889: 5862: 5442:(2008); Social history of people, neighborhoods, work, culture, power. 5408: 4795: 3695: 3001: 2997: 2951: 2863: 2832: 2812: 2807:

In 2000, London-wide government was restored, with the creation of the

2701: 2564: 2188: 2172: 2005: 1795: 1692: 1547: 1489:

The general meeting-place of Londoners in the day-time was the nave of

1444: 1426: 828: 788: 751: 701: 546: 509:

At some time between 180 AD and 225 AD, the Romans built the defensive

366: 358: 351: 339: 4294:

Thomas Betterton and the management of Lincoln's Inn Fields, 1695–1708

2203:, struggled to cope with the rapid growth in population. In 1855, the 1986:

became the centre of the embryonic national press during the century.

1099: 7385: 6073: 6027: 5996: 5976: 5456:

480pp; Social history of people, neighborhoods, work, culture, power.

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Around the start of the 21st century, London hosted the much derided

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Having failed to defeat Britain, Hitler turned his attention to the

1877: 1252: 24: 5586:

Inventing Pollution: Coal, Smoke, and Culture in Britain since 1800

5520:

London, Londoners and the Great Fire of 1666: Disaster and Recovery

4720:"A Complete Guide to London Eye | History, Architecture & More" 4702:"The Millennium Dome 20 years on… revisiting a very British fiasco" 4558:

Jewish Immigrant Entrepreneurship in New York and London, 1880–1914

3855:"Thames Discovery Programme - London's Oldest Foreshore Structure!" 2742:(which by now only covered part of the London conurbation) and the 2705: 2395: 2377: 2260:

The Houses of Parliament from Westminster Bridge in the early 1890s

2184: 1781: 1730: 1452: 1448: 660: 641: 562: 487: 437: 6520: 5884: 4142:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

4104: 6476: 2693: 2682: 2498: 2468:

trolleybus services with the Underground, by the creation of the

2380: 2343: 2239: 2196: 2180: 1994: 1909: 1742: 1738: 1722: 1499: 1292: 1268: 1260: 951: 892: 756: 712: 597: 558: 542: 538: 495: 468: 280: 2905:. More than 50 were killed and 750 injured in three bombings on 872:

and crowned in Westminster Abbey but was defeated and killed by

6552: 5440:

London in the Nineteenth Century: 'A Human Awful Wonder of God'

5192:"Greater London, Inner London Population & Density History" 4881:"Was Boris Johnson as successful as London mayor as he claims?" 4247:. But some were prominent figures in English society: men like 4015:

Jacobs, Joseph. TITLE. JewishEncyclopedia.com. 2018-07-04. URL:

3667: 2974: 2423: 2208: 2200: 2024: 1528: 1356: 1256: 1237: 986: 768: 724: 708: 671: 629: 429: 370: 361:

bridge were found on the Thames's south foreshore, upstream of

335: 276: 5872: 2928:

There was some ambivalence among the public leading up to the

2909:

trains and a fourth on a double decker bus near King's Cross.

2256: 1020:

In 1176, construction began of the most famous incarnation of

5450:

London in the Eighteenth Century: A Great and Monstrous Thing

5126:

Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective

3962:

Number 1 Poultry (ONE 94), Museum of London Archaeology, 2013

3840:

London's Oldest Prehistoric Structure. BAJR. 2018-07-06. URL:

2788:

In the early 1980s political disputes between the GLC run by

2697: 2407: 2245:

One of the most famous events of 19th-century London was the

2167:

The urbanised area continued to grow rapidly, spreading into

2113:

In 1829, the then Home Secretary (and future prime minister)

2088: 1352: 1154: 1080:

London's Jewish community was forced to leave England by the

974: 779:

or "old settlement", a name which survives today as Aldwich.

464: 5600:

Metropolis, London: Histories and Representations since 1800

5496:

Cleansing the city: sanitary geographies in Victorian London

4243:

were transient, of course, not much more than international

4220:

Bloody foreigners : the story of immigration to Britain

2226:. The engineer put in charge of building the new system was 1687:

until it was destroyed by fire in the 1690s, and thereafter

1521:, designed by England's first classically trained architect 1433:. The large church in the foreground is St Mary Overie, now 4972:"London Mayor Khan demands more autonomy after Brexit vote" 4279:

13 (1986): 15–27. "Civic ceremony in early modern London".

2415: 2099: 918: 616:

Early Anglo-Saxon London belonged to a people known as the

503: 4738:"Everything you ever wanted to know about the Great Court" 4275:

Michael Berlin, "Civic ceremony in early modern London".

572: 5837: 4622:

The Spiv and the Architect: Unruly Life in Postwar London

3977: 2502:

Firefighters putting out flames after an air raid during

2370: 2082:

During the 19th century, London was transformed into the

1927:

held its only American prisoner, former President of the

1616:'s plan for the rebuilding of London after the Great Fire 1157:, which effectively controlled the city, and elected the 347: 4915: 4899:"London elections: Sadiq Khan wins second term as mayor" 4609:

London was ours: Diaries and memoirs of the London Blitz

4318: 3974:

DNA study finds London was ethnically diverse from start

2971:

2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum

2128:

The first railway to be built in London was a line from

1683:

were built close to the main royal residence, which was

1652:, and to make a fine quay on the bank of the river from 1042:, who had been called in by the baronial rebels against 474:

Although some sources claim that during the 2nd century

4017:

http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10098-london

1997:

were common in London, and were popular public events.

1593:

broke out at one o'clock in the morning at a bakery in

1451:

Fields, a favourite practising ground for the archers,

7600:

Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

5430:

London in the Twentieth Century: A City and Its People

5156: 4477:

The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians

2681:

eras and into the mid-1990s with the emergence of the

1251:. It existed until 1853, when the Hanseatic cities of 647:

At this time Essex was under the overlordship of King

1729:

oversaw the reconstruction of the City's houses. The

908:

Norman and Medieval London (1066 – late 15th century)

884:

met in London and elected King Edward's young nephew

5102:"Major Cities in the Middle Ages | Middle Ages" 4936:"EU referendum: Most London boroughs vote to remain" 4447:

Spaces of Modernity: London's Geographies, 1680-1780

1620:

The fire destroyed about 60% of the City, including

1313:

built himself a house in part of its precincts. The

745:

noting the re-establishment of the Roman walled city

670:

in the 650s. During the 8th century, the kingdom of

7605:

Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

5544:

Dirty Old London: The Victorian Fight Against Filth

4506:

Dirty Old London: The Victorian Fight Against Filth

4392:Thomas Robert Way; Henry Benjamin Wheatley (1896). 3964:. Archaeology Data Service, The University of York. 2899:

the right to host the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics

49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5737: 5695: 5610:. Vol. 3. Seattle: University of Washington. 5605: 5297:London: A Companion to Its History and Archaeology 5129:. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 200. 5043:http://www.londononline.co.uk/factfile/historical/ 4545:Exiles of Erin: Irish Migrants in Victorian London 4444: 3847: 2456:settled in London during the 1930s, mostly in the 1850:, and London's role at the centre of the evolving 1443:conducive to health. Immediately to the north was 5325:1913: In Search of the World Before the Great War 4796:"7 July London bombings: What happened that day?" 4532:The Great Exhibition of 1851: a nation on display 4058:The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot 4019:. Accessed: 2018-07-04. (Archived by WebCite® at) 3799:. Accessed: 2018-06-23. (Archived by WebCite® at) 2738:. Due to this outward expansion, in 1965 the old 2712:between 10 and 12 April 1981 in the early 1980s. 2387:, when a munitions factory containing 50 tons of 1058:, and Louis was forced to withdraw from England. 822:After Æthelred's death at London in 1016 his son 799:in London and issued laws from there, while King 8157: 5311:London: A Social and Cultural History, 1550–1750 4380:London: rebuilding the city after the great fire 4082: 3901:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2452:Large numbers of Jewish immigrants fleeing from 384:Archaeologist Leslie Wallace notes, "Because no 5669: 5598:Feldman, David, and Gareth Stedman Jones, eds. 5396:Citadel of the Saxons: The Rise of Early London 5318:The Making of a World City: London 1991 to 2021 4688:The Making of a World City: London 1991 to 2021 4421: 4264:The Lord Mayor's Show in Tudor and Stuart Times 3883:. Archived from the original on 7 December 2006 2823:. The first election took place on 4 May, with 1764:to London. They established a silk industry at 4190:London I: The Cities of London and Westminster 3008:, revolutionising east-west travel in London. 2831:. In global perspective, it was emerging as a 1989:18th-century London was dogged by crime. The 1578: 640:converted to Christianity and London received 7401: 6536: 5945: 5527:London Transport: A Hybrid in History 1905-48 5461:London in the Country: The Growth of Suburbia 5122: 5094: 4367:The rebuilding of London after the great fire 3775:"British Archaeology, no 46, July 1999: News" 3767: 1502:at the royal court and at the inns of court. 1117:of 1381, London was invaded by rebels led by 565:is the exception, being of medieval origin). 325: 256: 5313:(Cambridge University Press; 2012) 526 pages 4633:London The Biography by Peter Ackroyd, P.758 4442: 4161:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3797:https://vauxhallhistory.org/vauxhall-bridge/ 2921:formed less than half of the population for 2746:were abolished, and the much larger area of 1389: 5608:Reference Guide to the Literature of Travel 5534:Pollution and Mortality in the 19th Century 5276:London: 2000 Years of a City and its People 5184: 4076: 3600: 2661:, London became a centre for the worldwide 1976:A phenomenon of the era was the coffeehouse 1332:and monopoly trading companies such as the 1282:, London was the principal early centre of 1173: 852:. He was responsible for the foundation of 463:. In around 60 AD, it was destroyed by the 397: 7408: 7394: 6543: 6529: 5952: 5938: 5819:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5786:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5346:City of Cities: The Birth of Modern London 4571:Herbert Morrison: Portrait of a Politician 4296:(Southern Illinois University Press, 1979) 4181: 4179: 4177: 2754:(GLC) to administer it, along with 32 new 2160:(1863). From 1863, the first lines of the 787:from the traditional West Saxon centre of 451:was established as a civilian town by the 263: 249: 7647:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom 5466: 5418:Weightman, Gavin, and Stephen Humphries. 5163:. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. 4832:"London and its Boroughs: Census Profile" 4027: 4025: 3934:. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. 1982:meant that news became widely available. 1891:Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War 1275:, where it was considered indispensable. 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 5566:Luckin, Bill, and Peter Thorsheim, eds. 5309:Bucholz, Robert O., and Joseph P. Ward. 5260:Ball, Michael, and David T. Sunderland. 5066: 4147: 3910:"Time Team – On the banks of the Thames" 3877:"Time Team – On the banks of the Thames" 3033: 2842: 2640: 2584: 2497: 2342: 2255: 2102:. Life for the poor was immortalised by 2068: 2045: 1963: 1952: 1876: 1831: 1813: 1667: 1608: 1527: 1361: 1219: 1098: 1046:and was acclaimed as King of England in 917: 736: 691: 676: 419: 407: 5845:A Chronicle of London from 1089 to 1483 5636:(Cassell, Pelter, & Galpin, 1873) - 5150: 5116: 5055:http://www.demographia.com/dm-lon31.htm 4569:George W. Jones and Bernard Donoughue, 4325:. Bemrose & sons, limited. p. 4174: 3927: 3742: 2835:widely compared to New York and Tokyo. 2527:The heaviest bombing took place during 2391:exploded, killing 73 and injuring 400. 1968:Buckingham Palace in 1837, enlarged by 573:Anglo-Saxon London (5th century – 1066) 8158: 7415: 5838:Archival and academic digital projects 5420:The Making of Modern London, 1914–1939 5060: 4878: 4775: 4214: 4031: 4022: 3991:"Londinium – Excavating London's Past" 3921: 2850:(left), an icon of 21st-century London 1836:A view of London from the east in 1751 1235:set up its main English trading base ( 1054:allegiance, rallying round John's son 620:, from whom the name of the county of 7389: 6524: 5959: 5933: 5606:Edward Godfrey Cox (1949). "London". 5285:(London Topographical Society, 2008) 5262:Economic history of London, 1800–1914 4699: 4192:rev. edition,1962, Introduction p 48. 3726:History of local government in London 3000:through a tunnel in the city between 2544:and destroy many historic buildings. 2350:pictured in 1909, with the church of 2280:was established, administered by the 981:) hit London; it directly struck the 874:William the Bastard, Duke of Normandy 759:was established on the south bank at 6181:Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings 5890:Collage - The London Picture Archive 5734:(thematic bibliography about London) 5698:Notes on London Municipal Literature 4814:"How the 2011 London riots unfolded" 4205:July 2000, Vol. 19 Issue 2, pp. 1–22 3633:Monument to the Great Fire of London 1760:in 1685 led to a large migration of 1695:sprouted courtiers mansions such as 1517:was built about 1629. The piazza of 583:Until recently it was believed that 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 6550: 5852:Roman London - "In their own words" 5281:Barker, Felix & Peter Jackson. 4547:(Manchester University Press, 1979) 2962:, and won a historic third term in 1920:expanded downstream from the City. 1317:went to Lord North, Blackfriars to 922:A depiction of the imprisonment of 13: 7657:History of the politics of England 5623: 5602:(Routledge Kegan & Paul, 1989) 5209: 5057:population list on demographia.com 4992:. 28 December 2022. Archived from 4128: 2912:London was the starting point for 2483: 2000:In 1780, London was rocked by the 1960:as it appeared in the 17th century 1121:. A group of peasants stormed the 977:scale (equivalent to an F4 on the 930:, from a 15th-century manuscript. 14: 8187: 7652:History of the economy of England 6084: 5895: 5592: 5529:(Emerald Group Publishing, 2019). 5278:(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974) 5157:Thirsk, J.; Chartres, J. (1990). 4657:Twentieth Century British History 4644:Environmental health perspectives 4319:Peter Hampson Ditchfield (1908). 2942:, was elected mayor of London in 2396:period between the two World Wars 2230:. In what was one of the largest 2095:began to threaten its dominance. 1758:Revocation of the Edict of Nantes 1168: 826:was proclaimed king there by the 8140: 6505: 6504: 6396:Lord Mayor of the City of London 5848:written in the fifteenth century 5679:. London: Spottiswoode & Co. 5104:. thefinertimes.com. 29 May 2012 5045:population list on London online 4700:Moore, Rowan (1 December 2019). 4620:Richard Quentin Donald Hornsey, 4382:(Phillimore & Company, 2000) 4135: 4054:"The Jewish Community of London" 3024:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2470:London Passenger Transport Board 2439:Communist Party of Great Britain 1749:, generally in slum conditions. 1402: 1210: 1203: 1196: 1159:Lord Mayor of the City of London 1061:In 1224, after an accusation of 819:returned to the attack in 1015. 392: 232: 23: 16:Historical development of London 7637:History of education in England 5801:. Vol. 8. New York. 1907. 5048: 5036: 5026:"Ukrainian migration to the UK" 5018: 5000: 4982: 4964: 4946: 4928: 4909: 4891: 4872: 4854: 4842: 4824: 4806: 4788: 4769: 4748: 4730: 4712: 4693: 4680: 4662: 4649: 4636: 4627: 4614: 4601: 4589: 4576: 4563: 4550: 4537: 4524: 4511: 4498: 4495:(2 vol. 1998) 2:171–75, 297–304 4485: 4469: 4436: 4415: 4402: 4385: 4372: 4359: 4346: 4333: 4312: 4299: 4286: 4269: 4256: 4208: 4195: 4165: 4046: 4009: 3983: 3967: 3931:Late pre-Roman Iron Age (LPRIA) 3810:"Vauxhall Bridge Survey Report" 2838: 2602:Three years after the war, the 2332: 2327: 2058: 2023:was the only crossing over the 1827: 1478:was to be one of the principal 880:. The surviving members of the 644:, its first post-Roman bishop. 34:needs additional citations for 8171:Histories of cities in England 7632:Government in medieval England 6141:1908 Franco-British Exhibition 6079: 5913:The Growth of London 1666–1799 5570:(U of Pittsburgh Press, 2020) 5488: 5422:(Sidgwick & Jackson, 1984) 4879:Walker, Peter (12 June 2019). 3955: 3834: 3815:. James Dilley. Archived from 3802: 3789: 3678:Waterloo International station 3046:'s victory speech, 8 May 1945. 1823:, His Majesties Cosmographer." 1752:In the winter of 1683–1684, a 1303:Dissolution of the Monasteries 856:and spent much of his time at 767:(defensive work of the men of 1: 5879:Exploring 20th-century London 5320:(John Wiley & Sons, 2014) 5073:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 8. 4690:(John Wiley & Sons, 2014) 4624:(U of Minnesota Press, 2010). 4534:(Yale University Press, 1999) 3029: 2903:a series of terrorist attacks 2593: 2211:was pumped straight into the 1708:Rebuilding of London Act 1666 1375: 1104: 8176:History of England by county 7622:English overseas possessions 6373:London Metropolitan Archives 5861:A literary companion to the 5415:(1995), by a leading scholar 5362:(Amberley Publishing, 2019). 5240:Resources in other libraries 4849:My London, and Welcome to It 4776:Oliver, Mark (6 July 2005). 4670:"Official: Livingstone wins" 3648:Royal Observatory, Greenwich 2578: 1295:and other religious houses. 318:is the historic core of the 7: 6401:Wards of the City of London 6247:Metropolitan Board of Works 5742:. London: Longmans, Green. 5738:Reginald R. Sharpe (1894). 5696:Charles Welch (1893–1894). 5513:Health, Culture and Society 5494:Allen, Michelle Elizabeth. 4778:"London wins 2012 Olympics" 4408:Michael Alan Ralph Cooper, 4153:Steelyard, Merchants of the 3689: 2984:railway opened, connecting 2750:was established with a new 2534:Second Great Fire of London 2339:History of London 1900–1939 2205:Metropolitan Board of Works 1579:Great Fire of London (1666) 455:about four years after the 10: 8192: 7449:Economy in the Middle Ages 6391:City of London Corporation 6146:The Battle of Cable Street 6038:Norman and Medieval London 5692:(Harper & Bros., 1892) 5389:Journal of British Studies 5295:Billings, Malcolm (1994), 4530:Jeffrey A., Auerbach, ed. 4451:. Guilford Press. p. 4412:(Sutton Pub Limited, 2003) 4356:(U of Chicago Press, 1988) 4341:The Great Plague in London 4203:Immigrants and Minorities, 3731:Timeline of London history 3588: 3572: 3556: 3540: 3524: 3508: 3492: 3476: 3460: 3444: 3428: 3412: 3396: 3380: 3364: 3348: 3332: 3316: 3300: 3284: 3268: 3252: 3236: 3220: 3204: 3188: 3172: 3156: 3140: 3124: 3108: 3092: 3076: 2897:On 6 July 2005 London won 2606:were held at the original 2487: 2336: 2317:Victoria and Albert Museum 2271:a sizable Jewish community 2062: 1881:The Clock Tower of Wren's 1839: 1582: 1393: 1338:British East India Company 1177: 1145:and the revolt collapsed. 914:Norman and Medieval London 911: 862:Norman conquest of England 795:held many meetings of the 576: 401: 357:In 1993, the remains of a 326:Foundations and prehistory 160:Norman and Medieval London 8137: 7954: 7701: 7675: 7614: 7423: 7374: 7238: 6727: 6559: 6500: 6434: 6381: 6330: 6287: 6234: 6176:1966 FIFA World Cup final 6161:Abdication of Edward VIII 6093: 6020: 5967: 5235:Resources in your library 4586:. Marks and Spencer, 2002 4521:(The History Press, 2013) 4365:Thomas Fiddian Reddaway, 4083:Robin R. Mundill (2010). 4042:. JewishEncyclopedia.com. 3055: 3013:coronation of Charles III 2443:British Union of Fascists 1916:and in the East End, the 1624:, 87 parish churches, 44 1390:Stuart London (1603–1714) 1186: 983:church of St. Mary-le-Bow 771:). The old settlement of 436:) in 296 after defeating 373:west of Vauxhall Bridge. 320:Greater London metropolis 200:Modern London (from 1945) 7771:East Riding of Yorkshire 7688:Kingdom of Great Britain 6358:Port of London Authority 6348:London Ambulance Service 6267:Greater London Authority 5773:Chambers's Encyclopaedia 5618:– via Hathi Trust. 5581:(2009) 15#3 pp: 273–302. 5551:Journal of Urban History 5008:"The Coronation Weekend" 4724:www.london-tickets.co.uk 4422:William Andrews (1887). 4354:The great fire of London 4262:Sheila Hannah Williams, 3928:Wallace, Leslie (2015). 3736: 3711:Fortifications of London 3601:Historical sites of note 2809:Greater London Authority 2463:Labour Party politician 2267:Great Famine (1845–1849) 2247:Great Exhibition of 1851 2146:Fenchurch Street station 2054:'s Map of London, 1741–5 2037:Amschel Mayer Rothschild 1908:. New districts such as 1662:St Dunstan's in the East 1491:Old St. Paul's Cathedral 1174:Tudor London (1485–1604) 924:Charles, Duke of Orléans 868:was elected king by the 416:coin from Londinium mint 398:Roman London (47–410 AD) 6216:2012 Summer Paralympics 5807:2027/osu.32435029752870 5710:2027/coo.31924106307261 5702:Bibliographical Society 5700:. Vol. 2. London: 5630:George Walter Thornbury 5616:2027/mdp.39015049531448 5579:Environment and History 5463:(Hamish Hamilton, 1975) 5454:Excerpt and text search 5444:Excerpt and text search 4659:(2013) 24#1 pp: 84–109. 4493:The House of Rothschild 4322:Memorials of Old London 4158:Encyclopædia Britannica 4032:Jacobs, Joseph (1906). 3844:. Accessed: 2018-07-06. 3613:Battersea Power Station 2736:Metropolitan Green Belt 2715:From the beginning of " 2478:Metropolitan Green Belt 2033:Nathan Mayer Rothschild 1622:Old St Paul's Cathedral 1423:Old St Paul's Cathedral 1368:"Woodcut" map of London 1038:London was occupied by 381:flows into the Thames. 7493:Black Death in England 6257:Greater London Council 5923:23 August 2020 at the 5873:London Lives 1690-1800 5830:– Article in the 1908 5740:London and the Kingdom 5536:(UCLA and NBER, 2015) 5515:(2013) 4#1 pp: 91–104. 5123:Tellier, L.N. (2009). 4428:. G. Redway. pp. 4395:Reliques of Old London 4343:(Bracken Books, 1995). 4283:(1986) 13#1 pp: 15–27. 3047: 2950:. He was succeeded by 2851: 2752:Greater London Council 2669:subculture which made 2650: 2599: 2507: 2490:London in World War II 2447:Battle of Cable Street 2355: 2261: 2236:London sewerage system 2079: 2055: 1972: 1961: 1885: 1837: 1824: 1676: 1617: 1539: 1382: 1311:Marquess of Winchester 1228: 1141:in a confrontation at 1110: 1040:Prince Louis of France 935: 746: 705: 689: 445: 417: 279:, the capital city of 190:London in World War II 6421:City of London Police 6252:London County Council 6126:1854 cholera outbreak 5832:Catholic Encyclopædia 5391:(2004) 43#1 pp: 1–14. 5030:Migration Observatory 4836:Migration Observatory 4443:Miles Ogborn (1998). 4309:(Penguin books, 1966) 4089:. London: Continuum. 3857:. thamesdiscovery.org 3638:Palace of Westminster 3037: 2894:remained a struggle. 2846: 2744:London County Council 2665:, exemplified by the 2644: 2588: 2501: 2433:of the 1930s. In the 2346: 2286:metropolitan boroughs 2282:London County Council 2259: 2215:. This culminated in 2072: 2049: 1967: 1956: 1880: 1848:Industrial Revolution 1835: 1817: 1671: 1612: 1531: 1458:The preparations for 1419:Claes Jansz. Visscher 1365: 1265:South Eastern Railway 1263:sold the property to 1223: 1102: 1015:Palace of Westminster 1004:William of Malmesbury 1000:Florence of Worcester 965:On 17 October 1091 a 921: 740: 695: 680: 423: 411: 5909:– From Britannia.com 5885:The Victorian London 5398:(I.B.Tauris; 2018), 5358:Jones, Robert Wynn. 4996:on 28 December 2022. 4646:110.12 (2002): A734. 4596:Air Raid Precautions 4339:Walter George Bell, 2958:, was re-elected in 2930:2012 Summer Olympics 2604:1948 Summer Olympics 2385:Silvertown explosion 2305:Houses of Parliament 2154:King's Cross station 2084:world's largest city 2012:emancipation led by 1929:Continental Congress 1872:Baroque architecture 1868:Great Fire of London 1691:. The rural lane of 1591:Great Fire of London 1585:Great Fire of London 1515:Lincoln's Inn Fields 1241:) in London, called 1094:Early Modern English 1034:In 1216, during the 934:is in the background 850:Edward the Confessor 801:Æthelred the Unready 775:became known as the 653:St. Paul's Cathedral 43:improve this article 7544:Glorious Revolution 7512:English Renaissance 7464:English unification 7434:Prehistoric Britain 6492:Scheduled monuments 6452:Palace of Whitehall 6442:St Paul's Cathedral 6363:London sewer system 6353:London Fire Brigade 6343:Metropolitan Police 6322:London independence 6221:Grenfell Tower fire 6151:Festival of Britain 6060:19th-century London 6055:18th-century London 5992:City of Westminster 5798:Jewish Encyclopedia 5532:Hanlon, W. Walker. 5502:Brimblecombe, Peter 5332:A History of London 5283:Pleasures of London 5251:London: A Biography 5070:The Birds of London 4573:(1973) pp. 189–210. 4039:Jewish Encyclopedia 3822:on 12 December 2013 3716:Geography of London 3653:St Paul's Cathedral 3038:People gathered in 3011:On 6 May 2023, the 2881:, published by the 2612:Festival of Britain 2546:St Paul's Cathedral 2540:engulf much of the 2119:Metropolitan Police 2065:19th-century London 2050:A detailed copy of 2027:, but in that year 1883:St Paul's Cathedral 1863:St Paul's Cathedral 1842:18th-century London 1719:St Paul's Cathedral 1556:Battle of Brentford 1476:Charterhouse School 1435:Southwark Cathedral 1345:William Shakespeare 1048:St Paul's Cathedral 948:Montfichet's Castle 490:north of the Alps, 467:led by their queen 205:London in the 1960s 180:19th-century London 175:18th-century London 58:"History of London" 8147:England portal 7796:Greater Manchester 7683:Kingdom of England 7642:History of English 7459:Anglo-Saxon period 7417:History of England 6368:London Underground 6338:Bow Street Runners 6315:London Green Party 6033:Anglo-Saxon London 5584:Thorsheim, Peter. 5467:Yale, Pat (1998). 5452:(2013) 624 pages; 5323:Emerson, Charles. 4742:The British Museum 4543:Lynn Hollen Lees, 4517:Stephen Halliday, 4222:. London: Abacus. 3995:Rome Across Europe 3980:, 23 November 2015 3048: 2946:and re-elected in 2907:London Underground 2852: 2829:regions of England 2692:countries such as 2659:The Rolling Stones 2651: 2636:Clean Air Act 1956 2632:Great Smog of 1952 2600: 2590:Shaftesbury Avenue 2508: 2476:. He designed the 2356: 2262: 2251:The Crystal Palace 2164:were constructed. 2162:London Underground 2158:St Pancras station 2142:Paddington station 2106:in such novels as 2080: 2056: 2029:Westminster Bridge 2014:Lord George Gordon 1991:Bow Street Runners 1973: 1962: 1906:1746 Map of London 1886: 1838: 1825: 1801:Greenwich Hospital 1689:St. James's Palace 1677: 1618: 1540: 1415:panorama of London 1383: 1370:, formally titled 1229: 1189:Panorama of London 1111: 1071:Second Barons' War 962:in 1199 and 1215. 936: 886:Edgar the Ætheling 878:Battle of Hastings 835:Battle of Assandun 785:Kingdom of England 747: 717:Great Heathen Army 706: 690: 685:, with the legend 649:Æthelberht of Kent 604:. It was known as 579:Anglo-Saxon London 523:continental Europe 482:as the capital of 446: 442:Beaurains treasure 418: 301:aerial bombardment 155:Anglo-Saxon London 8166:History of London 8153: 8152: 7524:English Civil War 7454:Sub-Roman Britain 7383: 7382: 6518: 6517: 6472:Westminster Abbey 6416:Lord Mayor's Show 6310:Liberal Democrats 6295:Political parties 6226:COVID-19 pandemic 6186:Anti-war protests 5961:History of London 5860: 5459:Williams, Guy R. 5413:History of London 5344:Inwood, Stephen. 5330:Inwood, Stephen. 5264:(Routledge, 2002) 5221:History of London 5216:Library resources 5194:. demographia.com 5067:Self, A. (2014). 4611:(IB Tauris, 2011) 4598:homefront website 3721:Geology of London 3706:Culture of London 3701:Economy of London 3683:Westminster Abbey 3618:Buckingham Palace 3598: 3597: 3044:Winston Churchill 3017:Westminster Abbey 2914:countrywide riots 2798:Margaret Thatcher 2725:terrorist attacks 2622:into newly built 2354:in the background 2311:Royal Albert Hall 2276:In 1888, the new 2232:civil engineering 2228:Joseph Bazalgette 2004:, an uprising by 1958:Buckingham Palace 1948:Buckingham Palace 1792:Kensington Palace 1777:Lloyd's of London 1771:At this time the 1703:became complete. 1552:English Civil War 1550:, and during the 1464:Lord Mayor's Show 1323:St James's Palace 1218: 1217: 1125:and executed the 1075:Simon de Montfort 1036:First Barons' War 956:Jewish population 932:Old London Bridge 854:Westminster Abbey 681:A silver coin of 638:Saeberht of Essex 457:invasion of 43 AD 305:terrorist attacks 273: 272: 239:London portal 119: 118: 111: 93: 8183: 8145: 8144: 8143: 7856:Northamptonshire 7583:Second World War 7488:Late Middle Ages 7471:High Middle Ages 7410: 7403: 7396: 7387: 7386: 6545: 6538: 6531: 6522: 6521: 6508: 6507: 6457:Westminster Hall 6411:Livery Companies 6136:Great Exhibition 6106:Peasants' Revolt 6002:County of London 5954: 5947: 5940: 5931: 5930: 5902:Museum of London 5854: 5824: 5818: 5810: 5791: 5785: 5777: 5751: 5733: 5727: 5723: 5721: 5713: 5680: 5619: 5518:Field, Jacob F. 5484: 5394:Naismith, Rory, 5384: 5249:Ackroyd, Peter. 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4820:. 4 August 2021. 4810: 4804: 4803: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4760: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4697: 4691: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4666: 4660: 4653: 4647: 4640: 4634: 4631: 4625: 4618: 4612: 4607:Amy Helen Bell, 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4580: 4574: 4567: 4561: 4554: 4548: 4541: 4535: 4528: 4522: 4515: 4509: 4502: 4496: 4491:Niall Ferguson, 4489: 4483: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4450: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4419: 4413: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4389: 4383: 4376: 4370: 4363: 4357: 4350: 4344: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4316: 4310: 4305:John Summerson, 4303: 4297: 4292:Judith Milhous, 4290: 4284: 4273: 4267: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4212: 4206: 4199: 4193: 4186:Nikolaus Pevsner 4183: 4172: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4124: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4060:. Archived from 4050: 4044: 4043: 4029: 4020: 4013: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3987: 3981: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3906: 3900: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3851: 3845: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3821: 3814: 3806: 3800: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3777:. britarch.ac.uk 3771: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3746: 3673:Vauxhall station 3608:Alexandra Palace 3591: 3575: 3559: 3543: 3527: 3511: 3495: 3479: 3463: 3447: 3431: 3415: 3399: 3383: 3367: 3351: 3335: 3319: 3303: 3287: 3282:550,000–600,000 3271: 3266:350,000–400,000 3255: 3239: 3223: 3207: 3191: 3175: 3159: 3143: 3127: 3111: 3095: 3079: 3050: 3049: 3006:Liverpool Street 2868:National Lottery 2762:positive image. 2740:County of London 2721:Northern Ireland 2645:Young people in 2598: 2595: 2561:V-1 flying bombs 2465:Herbert Morrison 2431:Great Depression 2363:public transport 2296:Trafalgar Square 2278:County of London 2150:Waterloo station 2117:established the 1805:Chelsea Hospital 1697:Burlington House 1685:Whitehall Palace 1634:Christopher Wren 1542:In January 1642 1535:, chronicler of 1406: 1380: 1377: 1372:Civitas Londinum 1233:Hanseatic League 1214: 1207: 1200: 1184: 1183: 1139:William Walworth 1115:Peasants' Revolt 1109: 1106: 944:Baynard's Castle 866:Harold Godwinson 765:Suthringa Geworc 741:A plaque in the 721:Alfred the Great 698:Alfred the Great 657:Christopher Wren 602:Trafalgar Square 435: 265: 258: 251: 237: 236: 185:London 1900–1939 141: 123: 122: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 8191: 8190: 8186: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8180: 8156: 8155: 8154: 8149: 8141: 8139: 8133: 7956:By city or town 7950: 7896:South Yorkshire 7871:Nottinghamshire 7866:North Yorkshire 7786:Gloucestershire 7726:Buckinghamshire 7721:City of Bristol 7697: 7671: 7627:English society 7610: 7609: 7588:Postwar Britain 7578:Interwar period 7573:First World War 7507:Elizabethan era 7476:Norman Conquest 7444:Medieval period 7419: 7414: 7384: 7379: 7370: 7234: 6723: 6555: 6549: 6519: 6514: 6496: 6447:Tower of London 6430: 6426:Bank of England 6377: 6326: 6283: 6277:Mayor of London 6272:London Assembly 6230: 6166:Swinging London 6089: 6016: 5963: 5958: 5925:Wayback Machine 5918:Maritime London 5898: 5840: 5812: 5811: 5794: 5779: 5778: 5776:. London. 1901. 5766: 5725: 5724: 5715: 5714: 5671:Frederick Crace 5626: 5624:Older histories 5595: 5559:Landers, John. 5525:Fowler, James. 5508:(Methuen, 1987) 5491: 5365: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5210:Further reading 5207: 5197: 5195: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5155: 5151: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5065: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4978:. 28 June 2016. 4970: 4969: 4965: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4942:. 24 June 2016. 4934: 4933: 4929: 4914: 4910: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4877: 4873: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4774: 4770: 4763:Mayor of London 4758: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4718: 4717: 4713: 4698: 4694: 4685: 4681: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4654: 4650: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4619: 4615: 4606: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4581: 4577: 4568: 4564: 4556:Andrew Godley, 4555: 4551: 4542: 4538: 4529: 4525: 4516: 4512: 4503: 4499: 4490: 4486: 4479:(2005): 56–73. 4474: 4470: 4463: 4441: 4437: 4420: 4416: 4407: 4403: 4390: 4386: 4378:Timothy Baker, 4377: 4373: 4369:(Arnold, 1951). 4364: 4360: 4352:Peter Ackroyd, 4351: 4347: 4338: 4334: 4317: 4313: 4304: 4300: 4291: 4287: 4274: 4270: 4261: 4257: 4230: 4213: 4209: 4200: 4196: 4184: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4151:, ed. (1911). " 4136: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4097: 4086:The King's Jews 4081: 4077: 4067: 4065: 4064:on 25 July 2016 4052: 4051: 4047: 4030: 4023: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3998: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3972: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3926: 3922: 3908: 3894: 3893: 3886: 3884: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3794: 3790: 3780: 3778: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3692: 3687: 3663:Tower of London 3643:Parliament Hill 3623:Croydon Airport 3603: 3594: 3589: 3578: 3573: 3562: 3557: 3546: 3541: 3530: 3525: 3514: 3509: 3498: 3493: 3482: 3477: 3466: 3461: 3450: 3445: 3434: 3429: 3418: 3413: 3402: 3397: 3386: 3381: 3370: 3365: 3354: 3349: 3338: 3333: 3322: 3317: 3306: 3301: 3290: 3285: 3274: 3269: 3258: 3253: 3242: 3237: 3226: 3221: 3210: 3205: 3194: 3189: 3178: 3173: 3162: 3157: 3146: 3141: 3130: 3125: 3114: 3109: 3098: 3093: 3082: 3077: 3064:1–A few farmers 3032: 2883:Mayor of London 2856:Millennium Dome 2841: 2825:Ken Livingstone 2821:London Assembly 2802:London boroughs 2790:Ken Livingstone 2756:London boroughs 2729:Provisional IRA 2667:Swinging London 2619:blocks of flats 2608:Wembley Stadium 2596: 2581: 2496: 2488:Main articles: 2486: 2484:In World War II 2474:Waterloo Bridge 2404:terraced houses 2341: 2335: 2330: 2217:The Great Stink 2104:Charles Dickens 2067: 2061: 2019:Up until 1750, 1937:Lord Cornwallis 1925:Tower of London 1900:'s 1741–45 map 1844: 1830: 1773:Bank of England 1658:Tower of London 1604:"popish frenzy" 1587: 1581: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1427:The Bear Garden 1412: 1407: 1398: 1392: 1378: 1336:(1555) and the 1334:Muscovy Company 1182: 1176: 1171: 1127:Lord Chancellor 1123:Tower of London 1107: 940:Tower of London 928:Tower of London 916: 910: 824:Edmund Ironside 812:Sweyn Forkbeard 581: 575: 433: 406: 400: 395: 363:Vauxhall Bridge 328: 275:The history of 269: 231: 139: 132: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8189: 8179: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8151: 8150: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7960: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7946:Worcestershire 7943: 7938: 7936:West Yorkshire 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7861:Northumberland 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7841:City of London 7838: 7833: 7831:Leicestershire 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7791:Greater London 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7731:Cambridgeshire 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7707: 7705: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7693:United Kingdom 7690: 7685: 7679: 7677: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7618: 7616: 7612: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7596: 7595: 7593:Social history 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 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6731: 6729: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6569: 6563: 6561: 6557: 6556: 6548: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6525: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6489: 6487:Fortifications 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6387: 6385: 6383:City of London 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6240: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6195:Olympic Games 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6009: 6007:Greater London 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5987:City of London 5984: 5979: 5973: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5957: 5956: 5949: 5942: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5915: 5910: 5907:London History 5904: 5897: 5896:External links 5894: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5876: 5870: 5849: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5825: 5792: 5764: 5735: 5693: 5681: 5666: 5665: 5638: 5637: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5603: 5594: 5593:Historiography 5591: 5590: 5589: 5582: 5575: 5564: 5557: 5547: 5542:Jackson, Lee. 5540: 5530: 5523: 5516: 5509: 5499: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5464: 5457: 5448:White, Jerry. 5446: 5438:White, Jerry. 5436: 5423: 5416: 5406: 5404:978-1788312226 5392: 5385: 5363: 5356: 5342: 5328: 5321: 5314: 5307: 5293: 5279: 5265: 5258: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5183: 5169: 5149: 5135: 5115: 5093: 5079: 5059: 5047: 5035: 5017: 4999: 4981: 4963: 4945: 4927: 4908: 4890: 4871: 4853: 4841: 4823: 4805: 4802:. 3 July 2015. 4787: 4768: 4747: 4729: 4711: 4692: 4679: 4661: 4648: 4635: 4626: 4613: 4600: 4588: 4582:Maureen Hill, 4575: 4562: 4549: 4536: 4523: 4510: 4497: 4484: 4468: 4461: 4435: 4414: 4401: 4384: 4371: 4358: 4345: 4332: 4311: 4298: 4285: 4268: 4255: 4228: 4216:Winder, Robert 4207: 4194: 4173: 4164: 4149:Chisholm, Hugh 4127: 4125:; see p. 88–99 4095: 4075: 4045: 4021: 4008: 3997:. 30 July 2015 3982: 3966: 3954: 3941:978-1107047570 3940: 3920: 3868: 3846: 3833: 3801: 3788: 3766: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3576: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3544: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3512: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3448: 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2485: 2482: 2352:St Mary-le-Bow 2337:Main article: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2298: 2138:Euston station 2063:Main article: 2060: 2057: 2010:Roman Catholic 1980:printing press 1918:Port of London 1852:British Empire 1840:Main article: 1829: 1826: 1630:Royal Exchange 1628:halls and the 1626:livery company 1583:Main article: 1580: 1577: 1484:medical school 1480:public schools 1409: 1408: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1394:Main article: 1391: 1388: 1216: 1215: 1208: 1201: 1193: 1192: 1178:Main article: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1169:Modern history 1167: 1135:Lord Treasurer 912:Main article: 909: 906: 807:there in 978. 805:Laws of London 743:City of London 704:, erected 1899 696:The statue of 636:. In 604 King 596:, between the 577:Main article: 574: 571: 516:City of London 432:(inscribed as 402:Main article: 399: 396: 394: 391: 327: 324: 316:City of London 291:, devastating 285:United Kingdom 271: 270: 268: 267: 260: 253: 245: 242: 241: 228: 227: 226: 225: 215: 214: 210: 209: 208: 207: 202: 197: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 144: 143: 134: 133: 126: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8188: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8148: 8136: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8044:Milton Keynes 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7957: 7953: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7926:West Midlands 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6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6049: 6048:Stuart London 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5950: 5948: 5943: 5941: 5936: 5935: 5932: 5926: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5833: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5816: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5719: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5684:Walter Besant 5682: 5678: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5587: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5573: 5572:online review 5569: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5524: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5473:Lonely Planet 5470: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5355: 5354:0-333-78287-9 5351: 5347: 5343: 5341: 5340:0-333-67153-8 5337: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5316:Clark, Greg. 5315: 5312: 5308: 5306: 5305:1-85626-153-0 5302: 5298: 5294: 5292: 5291:0-90208-754-1 5288: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5273: 5272:Peter Jackson 5269: 5268:Barker, Felix 5266: 5263: 5259: 5256: 5255:First chapter 5252: 5248: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5193: 5187: 5172: 5170:9780521368810 5166: 5162: 5161: 5153: 5138: 5136:9782760522091 5132: 5128: 5127: 5119: 5103: 5097: 5082: 5080:9781408194041 5076: 5072: 5071: 5063: 5056: 5051: 5044: 5039: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4912: 4905:. 8 May 2021. 4904: 4900: 4894: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4862:"London 2012" 4857: 4851:27 April 2012 4850: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4764: 4757: 4756:"London Plan" 4751: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4683: 4676:. 5 May 2000. 4675: 4671: 4665: 4658: 4652: 4645: 4639: 4630: 4623: 4617: 4610: 4604: 4597: 4592: 4585: 4579: 4572: 4566: 4559: 4553: 4546: 4540: 4533: 4527: 4520: 4514: 4507: 4504:Lee Jackson, 4501: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4464: 4462:9781572303652 4458: 4454: 4449: 4448: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4418: 4411: 4405: 4398:. p. 10. 4397: 4396: 4388: 4381: 4375: 4368: 4362: 4355: 4349: 4342: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4315: 4308: 4302: 4295: 4289: 4282: 4281:Urban History 4278: 4277:Urban History 4272: 4265: 4259: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4229:9780349115665 4225: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4204: 4198: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4168: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4144:public domain 4131: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4096:9781847251862 4092: 4088: 4087: 4079: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4028: 4026: 4018: 4012: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3963: 3958: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3924: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3898: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3856: 3850: 3843: 3837: 3818: 3811: 3805: 3798: 3792: 3776: 3770: 3755: 3754:Fulham Palace 3751: 3745: 3741: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 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2933: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2919:White British 2915: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2710:Brixton Riots 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2663:youth culture 2660: 2656: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2553:Eastern front 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2520:as a part of 2519: 2518: 2513: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2412:Hertfordshire 2409: 2405: 2401: 2400:semi-detached 2397: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2258: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2130:London Bridge 2126: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2077: 2071: 2066: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2021:London Bridge 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1971: 1966: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1933:Henry Laurens 1930: 1926: 1923:In 1780, the 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1843: 1834: 1822: 1816: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1674: 1673:Richard Blome 1670: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1538: 1537:Stuart London 1534: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1519:Covent Garden 1516: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1472:Thomas Sutton 1469: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1405: 1397: 1396:Stuart London 1387: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1284:Protestantism 1281: 1276: 1274: 1273:Low Countries 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1231:In 1475, the 1226: 1222: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1187:Wyngaerde's " 1185: 1181: 1166: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131:Simon Sudbury 1129:, Archbishop 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1101: 1097: 1095: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1063:ritual murder 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1022:London Bridge 1018: 1016: 1012: 1011:William Rufus 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 992:London Bridge 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 933: 929: 925: 920: 915: 905: 903: 898: 894: 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 846: 843: 842:London Bridge 838: 836: 831: 830: 825: 820: 818: 813: 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 780: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 753: 744: 739: 735: 733: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 703: 699: 694: 688: 684: 679: 675: 673: 669: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 645: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 626:Hertfordshire 623: 619: 618:Middle Saxons 614: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 590: 589:Covent Garden 586: 580: 570: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 534: 532: 528: 524: 519: 517: 512: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 484:Roman Britain 481: 477: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 443: 439: 431: 427: 426:Constantius I 422: 415: 410: 405: 393:Early history 390: 387: 382: 380: 374: 372: 368: 364: 360: 355: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 332:Fulham Palace 323: 321: 317: 312: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 266: 261: 259: 254: 252: 247: 246: 244: 243: 240: 235: 230: 229: 224: 223: 219: 218: 217: 216: 212: 211: 206: 203: 201: 198: 195: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 170:Stuart London 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 147: 146: 145: 142: 136: 135: 130: 125: 124: 121: 113: 110: 102: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: – 59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 8023: 7989:Christchurch 7921:Warwickshire 7840: 7836:Lincolnshire 7711:Bedfordshire 7551:Georgian era 7534:Protectorate 7529:Commonwealth 7502:Tudor period 7239:21st century 6728:20th century 6560:19th century 6482:The Monument 6467:Tower Bridge 6191:7/7 bombings 6116:Great Plague 6085:21st century 6070:World War II 6043:Tudor London 6028:Roman London 5960: 5844: 5797: 5772: 5739: 5697: 5687: 5675: 5633: 5607: 5599: 5585: 5578: 5567: 5560: 5550: 5543: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5512: 5505: 5495: 5468: 5460: 5449: 5439: 5429: 5426:White, Jerry 5419: 5412: 5395: 5388: 5367: 5359: 5345: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5310: 5296: 5282: 5275: 5261: 5250: 5230:Online books 5220: 5196:. Retrieved 5186: 5174:. Retrieved 5159: 5152: 5140:. Retrieved 5125: 5118: 5106:. Retrieved 5096: 5084:. Retrieved 5069: 5062: 5050: 5038: 5029: 5020: 5011: 5002: 4994:the original 4984: 4975: 4966: 4957: 4948: 4939: 4930: 4922:the Guardian 4921: 4911: 4902: 4893: 4885:The Guardian 4884: 4874: 4866:Olympics.com 4865: 4856: 4844: 4835: 4826: 4817: 4808: 4799: 4790: 4782:The Guardian 4781: 4771: 4762: 4750: 4741: 4732: 4723: 4714: 4706:The Guardian 4705: 4695: 4687: 4686:Greg Clark, 4682: 4674:The Guardian 4673: 4664: 4656: 4651: 4643: 4638: 4629: 4621: 4616: 4608: 4603: 4591: 4583: 4578: 4570: 4565: 4557: 4552: 4544: 4539: 4531: 4526: 4518: 4513: 4505: 4500: 4492: 4487: 4476: 4471: 4446: 4438: 4424: 4417: 4409: 4404: 4394: 4387: 4379: 4374: 4366: 4361: 4353: 4348: 4340: 4335: 4321: 4314: 4306: 4301: 4293: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4263: 4258: 4249:George Gisze 4241: 4219: 4210: 4202: 4197: 4189: 4167: 4156: 4130: 4085: 4078: 4066:. Retrieved 4062:the original 4048: 4037: 4011: 3999:. Retrieved 3994: 3985: 3969: 3957: 3945:. Retrieved 3930: 3923: 3913: 3885:. Retrieved 3880: 3871: 3859:. Retrieved 3849: 3836: 3824:. Retrieved 3817:the original 3804: 3791: 3779:. Retrieved 3769: 3757:. Retrieved 3753: 3744: 3658:Tower Bridge 3021: 3010: 2979: 2968: 2934: 2927: 2911: 2896: 2876: 2853: 2839:21st century 2806: 2794:Conservative 2787: 2764: 2760: 2733: 2717:The Troubles 2714: 2690:Commonwealth 2687: 2652: 2628: 2616: 2601: 2582: 2569: 2557:Little Blitz 2550: 2526: 2515: 2512:World War II 2509: 2462: 2454:Nazi Germany 2451: 2428: 2393: 2375: 2369:; the first 2367:LCC Tramways 2360: 2357: 2333:1900 to 1939 2328:20th century 2322:Tower Bridge 2290: 2275: 2263: 2244: 2221: 2213:River Thames 2166: 2156:(1850), and 2127: 2123: 2112: 2108:Oliver Twist 2097: 2081: 2076:South London 2059:19th century 2041: 2018: 2002:Gordon Riots 1999: 1988: 1984:Fleet Street 1974: 1941: 1922: 1914:South London 1901: 1895: 1887: 1859:Act of Union 1857:In 1707, an 1856: 1845: 1828:18th century 1786: 1770: 1766:Spitalfields 1751: 1727:Robert Hooke 1721:. His domed 1716: 1711: 1705: 1678: 1646: 1642:Robert Hooke 1619: 1603: 1600:The Monument 1595:Pudding Lane 1588: 1572:Samuel Pepys 1568:Great Plague 1564: 1560: 1544:five members 1541: 1533:Samuel Pepys 1504: 1495:Fleet Street 1488: 1468:Charterhouse 1460:King James I 1457: 1441: 1384: 1371: 1342: 1330:mercantilism 1327: 1315:Charterhouse 1297: 1277: 1246: 1242: 1236: 1230: 1180:Tudor London 1163: 1147: 1112: 1090: 1079: 1060: 1033: 1030: 1028:until 1739. 1026:River Thames 1019: 1008: 979:Fujita scale 964: 937: 890: 881: 869: 847: 839: 827: 821: 809: 796: 781: 776: 772: 764: 750: 748: 707: 686: 668:Sigeberht II 665: 663:successors. 646: 615: 609: 605: 582: 567: 535: 531:North Africa 520: 508: 502:and a large 500:amphitheatre 475: 473: 448: 447: 404:Roman London 383: 375: 356: 329: 313: 274: 220: 165:Tudor London 150:Roman London 137: 120: 105: 96: 86: 79: 72: 65: 53: 41:Please help 36:verification 33: 8099:Southampton 7969:Bournemouth 7931:West Sussex 7876:Oxfordshire 7776:East Sussex 7556:Regency era 7539:Restoration 6171:London Plan 6131:Great Stink 6111:Black Death 6101:Coronations 5726:|work= 5489:Environment 5409:Porter, Roy 4818:The Week UK 4307:Inigo Jones 3947:16 February 3907:(Original: 3887:28 February 3218:50–100,000 3186:80–100,000 3056:Population 2879:London Plan 2655:the Beatles 2597: 1949 2565:V-2 rockets 2115:Robert Peel 2052:John Rocque 2006:Protestants 1902:(see below) 1898:John Rocque 1821:John Ogilby 1788:William III 1735:Whitechapel 1701:Westminster 1681:St. James's 1654:Blackfriars 1638:John Evelyn 1614:John Evelyn 1523:Inigo Jones 1379: 1561 1319:Lord Cobham 1307:Lord Audley 1289:monasteries 1280:Reformation 1278:During the 1225:John Norden 1151:Black Death 1113:During the 1108: 1300 1052:Plantagenet 902:Berkhamsted 897:Wallingford 858:Westminster 803:issued the 634:East Saxons 585:Anglo-Saxon 555:Bishopsgate 551:Cripplegate 527:Middle East 511:London Wall 496:bath houses 424:A medal of 379:River Effra 138:History of 8160:Categories 8094:Shrewsbury 8074:Portsmouth 8054:Nottingham 8034:Manchester 8009:Folkestone 7994:Colchester 7964:Birmingham 7886:Shropshire 7846:Merseyside 7826:Lancashire 7751:Derbyshire 6435:Structures 6236:Government 6156:Great Smog 6121:Great Fire 5867:archæology 5863:prehistory 5795:"London". 4958:www.bu.edu 4245:sales reps 4105:2010282921 3826:9 December 3750:"Timeline" 3696:Ale silver 3586:8,615,246 3570:8,174,100 3554:7,657,300 3538:7,322,400 3522:6,829,300 3506:6,805,000 3490:7,452,520 3474:7,992,616 3458:8,196,978 3442:8,615,245 3426:8,110,480 3410:7,386,848 3394:7,160,525 3378:6,506,954 3362:5,572,012 3346:2,363,000 3330:1,655,000 3202:25–50,000 3170:20–25,000 3154:10–20,000 3138:20–25,000 3122:10–12,000 3106:10–20,000 3090:45–60,000 3030:Population 3019:, London. 3002:Paddington 2998:Abbey Wood 2952:Sadiq Khan 2864:London Eye 2833:World city 2813:Tony Blair 2771:Felixstowe 2702:Bangladesh 2249:. Held at 2189:Shoreditch 2173:Paddington 1944:George III 1809:Queen Anne 1796:Kensington 1754:frost fair 1693:Piccadilly 1548:Nottingham 1445:Moorfields 1309:, and the 1299:Henry VIII 1143:Smithfield 1133:, and the 996:chronicles 870:witangemot 829:witangemot 789:Winchester 752:Lundenburh 702:Winchester 687:ÆLFRED REX 547:Aldersgate 480:Colchester 428:capturing 367:Dendrology 359:Bronze Age 352:Bronze Age 342:and early 340:Mesolithic 99:March 2024 69:newspapers 8119:Worcester 8104:St Albans 8089:Sheffield 8084:Rochester 8049:Newcastle 8029:Maidstone 8019:Liverpool 7941:Wiltshire 7801:Hampshire 7716:Berkshire 7703:By county 6551:Years in 6406:Guildhall 6243:Historic 6080:1945–2000 6074:The Blitz 6065:1900–1939 5997:Middlesex 5982:Lundenwic 5977:Londinium 5969:Evolution 5869:of London 5815:cite book 5782:cite book 5728:ignored ( 5718:cite book 5481:16041426W 5381:16456334W 4584:The Blitz 4121:24816680M 4113:466343661 4034:"England" 3914:Channel 4 3881:Channel 4 3628:Hyde Park 3040:Whitehall 2994:Shenfield 2892:Crossrail 2860:Greenwich 2848:The Shard 2811:(GLA) by 2783:North Sea 2767:Docklands 2624:new towns 2579:1945–2000 2572:Docklands 2538:firestorm 2529:The Blitz 2522:The Blitz 2517:Luftwaffe 2504:The Blitz 2494:The Blitz 2420:Middlesex 2348:Cheapside 2219:of 1858. 2193:Southwark 2177:Belgravia 2169:Islington 2134:Greenwich 1970:John Nash 1946:acquired 1942:In 1762, 1762:Huguenots 1747:Limehouse 1650:Guildhall 1506:Charles I 1431:The Globe 1349:Middlesex 1293:nunneries 1248:Steelyard 1191:in 1543" 1119:Wat Tyler 1082:expulsion 1067:synagogue 1056:Henry III 1044:King John 1009:In 1097, 960:King John 888:as king. 793:Athelstan 773:Lundenwic 761:Southwark 729:Ealdorman 622:Middlesex 606:Lundenwic 478:replaced 476:Londinium 461:Hyde Park 449:Londinium 414:Carausius 344:Neolithic 297:civil war 194:The Blitz 8124:Worthing 8114:Wetherby 8064:Plymouth 7999:Coventry 7974:Brighton 7891:Somerset 7741:Cornwall 7736:Cheshire 7676:Polities 7425:Timeline 7377:Timeline 6510:Category 6331:Services 6288:Politics 6263:Current 6012:Timeline 5921:Archived 5768:"London" 5748:7021560M 5673:(1878). 5553:(2010). 5434:Excerpts 5375:. 1998. 5373:Let's Go 5253:(2009) ( 5012:Royal.uk 4940:BBC News 4903:BBC News 4800:BBC News 4481:In JSTOR 4238:60417612 4218:(2005). 3897:cite web 3759:8 August 3690:See also 3314:959,300 3298:700,000 3250:200,000 3234:120,000 3042:to hear 2986:Heathrow 2944:May 2008 2938:, later 2792:and the 2706:Pakistan 2675:new wave 2536:, saw a 2458:East End 2441:and the 2435:East End 2381:airships 2378:zeppelin 2371:motorbus 2303:and the 2201:vestries 2185:Finsbury 2152:(1848), 2148:(1841), 2144:(1838), 2140:(1837), 2093:New York 2008:against 1995:hangings 1904:and his 1782:entrepot 1731:East End 1510:West End 1453:Mile End 1449:Finsbury 1421:, 1616. 1086:Edward I 732:Æthelred 642:Mellitus 563:Moorgate 488:basilica 438:Allectus 334:site in 283:and the 222:Timeline 213:See also 129:a series 127:Part of 8109:Torquay 8079:Reading 8039:Margate 7984:Chester 7979:Bristol 7906:Suffolk 7881:Rutland 7851:Norfolk 7746:Cumbria 6477:Big Ben 6021:Periods 5563:(1993). 5498:(2008). 5348:(2005) 5334:(1998) 5198:13 June 5176:13 June 5142:13 June 5108:13 June 5086:13 June 4976:Reuters 4266:(1959). 4146:: 4001:15 July 3861:13 June 3781:13 June 3590:8615246 3574:8174100 3558:7657300 3542:7322400 3526:6829300 3510:6805000 3494:7452520 3478:7992616 3462:8196978 3446:8615245 3430:8110480 3414:7386848 3398:7160525 3382:6506954 3366:5572012 3350:2363000 3334:1655000 3074:50–100 2990:Reading 2969:In the 2775:Tilbury 2727:by the 2694:Jamaica 2683:Britpop 2649:in 1966 2510:During 2301:Big Ben 2240:cholera 2197:Lambeth 2181:Holborn 1910:Mayfair 1743:Stepney 1739:Wapping 1723:baroque 1710:stated 1656:to the 1500:masques 1269:Woollen 1261:Hamburg 1243:Stalhof 1103:London 987:rafters 985:; four 973:on the 967:tornado 952:charter 926:in the 893:Normans 876:at the 864:. 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From 281:England 83:scholar 8059:Oxford 8024:London 7911:Surrey 7766:Durham 7761:Dorset 7615:Topics 6553:London 6300:Labour 6094:Events 5828:London 5746: 5689:London 5662:Vol. 6 5658:Vol. 5 5654:Vol. 4 5650:Vol. 3 5646:Vol. 2 5642:Vol. 1 5588:(2009) 5555:online 5546:(2014) 5538:online 5522:(2018) 5479: 5469:London 5402: 5379: 5368:London 5352: 5338: 5303: 5289: 5270:& 5218:about 5167: 5133: 5077: 4560:(2001) 4508:(2014) 4459: 4236: 4226: 4140: 4119: 4111: 4103: 4093: 4068:2 July 3938: 3668:Tyburn 3593: 3577: 3561: 3545: 3529: 3513: 3497: 3481: 3465: 3449: 3433: 3417: 3401: 3385: 3369: 3353: 3337: 3321: 3318:959300 3305: 3302:700000 3289: 3286:600000 3273: 3270:400000 3257: 3254:200000 3241: 3238:120000 3225: 3222:100000 3209: 3193: 3190:100000 3177: 3161: 3145: 3129: 3113: 3097: 3081: 2975:Brexit 2819:and a 2506:, 1941 2424:Surrey 2224:sewers 2209:sewage 2025:Thames 1357:Surrey 1257:Bremen 1253:Lübeck 1238:kontor 1155:guilds 969:rated 769:Surrey 763:, the 725:Wessex 713:Danish 709:Viking 683:Alfred 672:Mercia 630:Surrey 608:, the 594:Strand 529:, and 525:, the 453:Romans 430:London 371:Thames 336:Fulham 307:, and 289:plague 277:London 140:London 131:on the 85: 78: 71: 64: 56: 8069:Poole 8014:Leeds 8004:Dover 7781:Essex 7756:Devon 7667:Riots 5762:Index 4759:(PDF) 3820:(PDF) 3813:(PDF) 3737:Notes 3206:50000 3174:25000 3158:20000 3142:25000 3126:12000 3110:20000 3094:60000 2817:Mayor 2719:" in 2698:India 2685:era. 2408:Essex 2100:slums 2089:Paris 1353:Essex 975:TORRO 882:witan 797:witan 661:pagan 498:, an 465:Iceni 386:LPRIA 309:riots 90:JSTOR 76:books 8129:York 7821:Kent 7662:Wars 7366:2024 7361:2023 7356:2022 7351:2021 7346:2020 7341:2019 7336:2018 7331:2017 7326:2016 7321:2015 7316:2014 7311:2013 7306:2012 7301:2011 7296:2010 7291:2009 7286:2008 7281:2007 7276:2006 7271:2005 7266:2004 7261:2003 7256:2002 7251:2001 7246:2000 7230:1999 7225:1998 7220:1997 7215:1996 7210:1995 7205:1994 7200:1993 7195:1992 7190:1991 7185:1990 7180:1989 7175:1988 7170:1987 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