846:, did not of old presuppose either confession or repentance, is absolutely without foundation, and is contradicted by every extant official document of the Roman Catholic Church. Besides the ordinary jubilee indulgence, to be gained only by pilgrims who pay a visit to Rome, or through special concession by certain cloistered religious confined within their monasteries, it has long been customary to extend this indulgence the following year to the faithful throughout the world, though in 2000, the indulgence was extended to the whole world during the jubilee year itself. For this, fresh conditions are appointed, usually including a certain number of visits to local churches and sometimes fasting or other works of charity. Further, the popes have constantly exercised their prerogative of conceding to all the faithful indulgences ad
826:, it is the intention of the Holy See to grant in the most ample manner possible. When first conceded, such an indulgence, and also the privilege annexed of choosing a confessor who had power to absolve from reserved cases, was a much rarer spiritual boon than it has since become. So preeminent was the favor then regarded that the custom arose of suspending all other indulgences during the jubilee year, a practice which, with certain modifications, still exists to the present day. The precise conditions for gaining each jubilee indulgence are determined by the Roman pontiff, and they are usually announced in a special Bull, distinct from that which it is customary to issue on the preceding feast of the
850:(after the model of a jubilee) which are commonly known as "extraordinary jubilees". On these occasions, as at the jubilee itself, special facilities are usually accorded for absolution from reserved cases, though on the other hand, the great indulgence is only to be gained by the performance of conditions much more onerous than those required for an ordinary plenary indulgence. Such extraordinary jubilees are commonly granted by a newly elected pontiff at his accession or on occasions of some unexpected celebration, as was done, for example, at the convening of the
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but, as the Bull of indiction expressly says, was founded on ancient rites and full of symbolic meaning. According to
Burchard, the crowd which assisted at these solemnities numbered 200,000 persons. Although this may be an exaggeration, still it is certain that, in spite of the troubles of the times and the insecurity in Rome itself, the numbers attending this Jubilee were very large."
1444:
558:. However, he was able to announce a jubilee for 1875, but it was celebrated without any external solemnity, with only the clergy present for the inauguration. The holy doors were not opened, and the pilgrims who came were generally in Rome to do homage to the pope, who had not accepted the Italian annexation of Rome by the troops of
426:
announced that the doors in the four major basilicas would be opened simultaneously, and that he himself would open the Holy Door of Saint Peter's. The celebrations around this were "founded on ancient rites and full of symbolic meaning" and the total number attending the initial jubilee events was,
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Pope John Paul II convoked jubilees in 1983 (Holy Year of the
Redemption) and in 2000 (the Great Jubilee). In 2000, he greatly liberalized the conditions for gaining the jubilee indulgence. A visit to only one of the four patriarchal basilicas in Rome was necessary (entering through the holy door).
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The jubilees of 1450 and 1475 were attended by vast crowds of pilgrims, and that of 1450 was unfortunately made famous by a terrible accident in which nearly 200 people were trampled to death in a panic which occurred on the bridge of Sant' Angelo. Following this disaster, great pains were taken to
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Quote: "ll the clergy of the city were invited to the opening of the
Jubilee. The Pope himself performed this ceremony on Christmas Eve, 1499, having taken pains to settle all the details beforehand with his Master of Ceremonies. The ceremonial observed on these occasions was no modern invention,
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as the pilgrimage site. Multiple visits were not required. On the last full day of the jubilee, pilgrims were permitted to enter the holy door at St. Peter's until late into the night, so that no one would be denied the opportunity to gain the indulgence. The requirements of confession, communion,
139:
In Roman
Catholic tradition, a jubilee or Holy Year is a year of forgiveness of sins and also the punishment due to sin. It is a year of reconciliation between adversaries, of conversion and receiving the Sacrament of Reconciliation, "...and consequently of solidarity, hope, justice, commitment to
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to 2021. The jubilee year marks the 100th anniversary of the official proclamation of Our Lady of Loreto as the patroness of pilots and air passengers. It began
December 8, 2019 and was due to end December 10, 2020, the feast of Our Lady of Loreto, but was extended to December 10, 2021 because of
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opened the ceremonial doors for the jubilee year. However, the number of pilgrims was lower than expected due to the wars in northern Italy, so the Pope suspended the declaration of indulgences outside Rome in an attempt to lure the faithful to the city. He then went on to declare a universal or
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which the pilgrims are required to visit. The doors are opened by the pope at the beginning of the jubilee and then sealed up again afterwards. Previously, the rite included the use of a silver hammer (for removing the concrete at the opening) and a silver trowel (for sealing it again after the
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decreed that the jubilee should be celebrated every 25 years, and this has been the normal rule ever since. Paul also permitted foreigners to visit some specified church in their own country, and contribute towards the expense of the Holy Wars, as a substitute for the pilgrimage to Rome.
184:", in which, appealing vaguely to the precedent of past ages, he declared "...the most full, pardon of all their sins", to those who fulfill certain conditions. These are, first, that being truly penitent they confess their sins, and secondly, that they visit the basilicas of
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Catholic parishes all over the world share a similar rite dedicating a door for the purposes of the jubilee year to accommodate its parishioners who do not intend to visit Rome for the occasion. Local parishes' doors include the same indulgence given to the basilica doors.
203:, and the name "jubilee" (though others, such as the "holy year" or "the golden year", have been used, as well) has been applied to such celebrations ever since. Among those who are recorded as among the pilgrims of that first jubilee are
640:) of November 10, 1994. In this writing, he called for a three-year preparation period leading up to the opening of the Great Jubilee in December 1999. The first year, 1997, was to be dedicated to meditation on Jesus, the second to the
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to open those of St. John
Lateran, St. Mary Major, and St. Paul Outside the Walls. In the Great Jubilee, the pope chose to open all the doors personally, while designating cardinals to close all the doors except that of St. Peter's.
260:", and set the time frame for every 50 years. In 1350, a jubilee was held, and although the pope did not return to Rome, Cardinal Gaetani Ceccano was dispatched to represent him. On this occasion, daily visits to the
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convoked a holy year, following which ordinary jubilees have generally been celebrated every 25 or 50 years, with extraordinary jubilees in addition depending on need. Catholic jubilees, particularly in the
124:, who told his hearers that this coincidence was meant by Providence to recall "the mystical virtue of the number fifty, which, as every reader of the sacred page is aware, is the number of remission."
276:, it was proposed to hold a jubilee every 33 years as representing the period of the sojourn of Christ upon earth and also the average span of human life. The next jubilee was held in 1390, and the
858:
To the four basilicas were added the
Sanctuary of Divine Love in Rome, and each diocese was permitted to name a location within the diocese where the indulgence could be gained. For instance, the
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widen the thoroughfares and to provide for the entertainment and comfort of the pilgrims by numerous charitable organizations, of which the
Archconfraternity of the Holy Trinity, founded by Saint
169:, and author of a treatise on the first Christian jubilee, noted that the proclamation of the jubilee owed its origin to the statements of certain aged pilgrims who persuaded Boniface that great
648:. This Jubilee was especially marked by a simplification of the rites and the requirements for achieving the indulgence, as well as a huge effort to involve other Christians in the celebration.
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extraordinary jubilee in 1628 to pray for peace. This was repeated the next year in 1629, bringing material benefits to the city. Finally, Innocent X oversaw the last of his jubilees in 1650.
131:, under the year 1208 (rather than 1200), is this brief entry: "It is said that this year was celebrated as the fiftieth year, or the year of jubilee and remission, in the Roman Court."
581:'s death and resurrection), 1950, 1966 (post-Council jubilee,) 1975, 1983 (for the Holy Year of the Redemption: the 1950th anniversary of Jesus's death and resurrection), and 2000.
199:
The word "jubilee" does not occur in the bull. The pope speaks rather of a celebration which is to occur every 100 years, but writers both Roman and foreign described this year as
59:
is mentioned to occur every 50th year; during which slaves and prisoners would be freed, debts would be forgiven and the mercies of God would be particularly manifest.
112:
The same concept forms the fundamental idea of the
Christian jubilee. The number 50 was specially associated in the early 13th century with the idea of remission. The
565:
The
Jubilee of 1900, though shorn of much of its splendor by the self-confinement of the pope within the limits of the Vatican, was, nevertheless, carried out by
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Vatican Content Francesco Apostolic Letters w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_letters/documents/papa-francesco_bolla_20150411_misericordiae-vultus.html
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announced a special jubilee on the theme of mercy to be held from December 8, 2015, until November 20, 2016, and formally convoked the holy year through the
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jubilee). The pope would pound on the wall, which would then be set to collapse. This ritual caused injury to bystanders, so for the Great Jubilee of 2000,
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during a certain specified period. (The first four are common to all plenary indulgences.) The statement made by some, that the jubilee indulgence, being
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In the face of great suffering, caused by wars and diseases such as the plague thousands of pilgrims came to Rome at Christmas in 1299. Cardinal
498:, who opened the Jubilee of 1700, is remembered especially for establishing one of Rome's most renowned charitable institutions, the hospice of
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reads "Thou shalt sanctify the fiftieth year, and shalt proclaim remission to all the inhabitants of thy land: for it is the year of jubilee."
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declared a further two-week jubilee in 1829, celebrated in Rome from 28 June to 12 July, and over two locally determined weeks outside Rome.
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was added to the list. The visits to these four churches has remained as one of the conditions for gaining the Roman jubilee indulgence.
196:, at least once a day for a specified time—in the case of the inhabitants of the city for 30 days, in the case of strangers for 15 days.
662:. Furthermore, special jubilees were invoked for various groups within the Church, such as children, athletes, politicians, and actors.
387:, and to permanently move the papal seat to the west bank of the Tiber away from the Roman masses who had evicted his predecessor: the
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502:. Gradually, other similar institutions were opened to offer shelter and assistance to pilgrims, as in 1725, the Holy Year called by
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from proclaiming the Jubilee of 1800, but more than a half a million pilgrims made the journey to Rome for the Jubilee of 1825.
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Boniface VIII had intended that the jubilee should be celebrated only once in 100 years. Before the middle of the 14th century,
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was exacerbated by the many pilgrims making their way to and from Rome; in the city itself 600–800 of the faithful died daily.
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In the 20th century, jubilees were held in 1925, 1933 (in commemoration of the 1900th anniversary of the traditional year of
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granted the indulgence again, though he had not decreed a jubilee year previously. One of the most severe occurrences of
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and inhabited by no more than 30,000 people engaged mainly in stock-rearing, in contrast with the economic centres of
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announced the Jubilee of 1775, but died three months before Christmas and the Holy Door was opened by the new pope,
438:, at a time when symptoms of the great crises which would soon tear the Church apart were already present, with the
407:, 40,000 pilgrims arrived in Rome every day for the jubilee in 1450. With them came plague, and some members of the
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giving notice of the forthcoming celebration. The main conditions, however, which do not usually vary, are five:
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Traditionally, the pope himself opens and closes the doors of St. Peter's Basilica personally, and designates a
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The most distinctive feature in the ceremonial of the jubilee is the unwalling and the final walling up of the "
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took place in the year 1220, 50 years after his martyrdom. The sermon on that occasion was preached by Cardinal
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prayer for the pope, and freedom from all attachment to sin remained in place, as for all plenary indulgences.
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PASTORAL LETTER FOR THE SOLEMNITY OF CHRIST THE KING: 'PRAYER AND PREPARATION FOR THE JUBILEE YEAR OF 2025'
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457:, as many as 300,000 people came to Rome from all over Europe. The following Holy Year was proclaimed by
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used the wealth brought in by pilgrims in the jubilee year of 1450 to convert the medieval city into a
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In Jewish tradition, the jubilee year was a time of joy, the year of remission or universal pardon.
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were enjoined, besides those to the basilicas of St. Peter and St. Paul outside the Walls.
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The Holy Year could not be celebrated in 1850 because of the unsettled situation in the
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The difficult situation in which the Church found herself during the hegemonic rule of
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1457:"Pope Francis extends Loreto jubilee to 2021", Catholic News Agency, August 18, 2020
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serve God with joy and in peace with our brothers and sisters". A jubilee can be
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simplified the rite considerably, opening and closing the doors with his hands.
666:, celebrated in Rome in August, brought over two million young people together.
339:, was the most famous. In 1450, Rome was a largely rural area surrounded by the
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The jubilee was closed by the pope on January 6, 2001, by the closing of the
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in 2000 and a Jubilee Pilgrimage in the Footsteps of Saint Paul in 2001 to
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were invited to celebrate the jubilee together with Catholics as a sign of
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proclaimed a Marian year in 1987, again four years after the 1983 Jubilee.
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1380:, paragraph 2. published 18 June 1829 (in Italian), accessed 12 June 2024
1316:. Washington D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. pp. 94–95.
1280:. Washington D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. pp. 21–48.
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thus replaced St John Lateran as the main papal headquarters. The nearby
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had been granted to all pilgrims in Rome about a hundred years before.
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was rebuilt, along with new fortifications encircling what is now the
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1407:"Pope announces special Catholic Church Holy Year on theme of mercy"
1338:"How awful was Catholic life under those immoral Renaissance Popes!"
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as a possible pilgrimage site. Most dioceses simply named the local
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Pope John Paul II named some of his voyages jubilee pilgrimages: to
256:, to change this. In 1343, Clement VI assented and issued the bull "
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has asked for 2024 to be seen as a year of prayerful preparation.
687:), which outlined the pope's vision for the future of the church.
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in 1423 (33 years after the last proclaimed jubilee in 1390), but
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330:, the first two dated 1950, third one 1975, and the last one 2000
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The ninth jubilee was solemnly opened on December 24, 1524, by
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In August 2020, Pope Francis approved the extension of the
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died of the infection while the Pope himself fled Rome for
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for 2015–2016. The next jubilee year will be celebrated in
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42:
1447:, published 19 November 2023, accessed 27 November 2023
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used the occasion of the 1950 Jubilee to declare a new
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Special year of remission of sins and universal pardon
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Plague and Pleasure: The Renaissance World of Pius II
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Plague and Pleasure: The Renaissance World of Pius II
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729:, which will also be the 1700th anniversary of the
403:, which Pope Nicholas made his home. According to
1263:. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1215:"What is a Holy Year?", Vatican, 17 February 1997
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148:if it is proclaimed for some outstanding event.
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1482:Vatican.Va: Jubilee year in the Gospel of Luke
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677:and the promulgation of the apostolic letter
176:On February 22, 1300, Boniface published the
144:if it falls after the set period of years or
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626:for the year 2000 with his apostolic letter
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1310:White, Arthur (2014). "The Four Horsemen".
1274:White, Arthur (2014). "The Four Horsemen".
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591:for the Vatican City. With the encyclical
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283:In 1400 so many people came to Rome that
1391:Apostolic constitution Mirificus Eventus
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854:, or again at times of great calamity.
562:, rather than to obtain an indulgence.
129:Chronicle of Alberic of Three Fountains
79:to a sacred site, normally the city of
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480:from the Holy Year 1675, issued under
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1135:Pope Alexander VI: The Jubilee (1500)
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725:A jubilee year will be celebrated in
442:. The 1550 Jubilee was proclaimed by
165:, the contemporary and counsellor of
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1208:
1201:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
875:List of Roman Catholic jubilee years
783:disruptions due to the coronavirus.
691:Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy, 2016
359:, the population was centred on the
66:, the tradition dates to 1300, when
1227:"The Jubilee Bull of Boniface VIII"
1115:Christian views on the Old Covenant
862:added the chapel in the airport at
24:
1362:Power and religion in Baroque Rome
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1191:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
298:Another jubilee was proclaimed by
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83:. The Catholic Church declared an
41:is a special year of remission of
25:
1513:
1465:
1267:
1251:Weber, Nicholas Aloysius (1908).
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1477:Vatican.Va: Jubilee in the Bible
1472:Vatican.Va: What is a holy year?
1395:Motu Proprio Summi Dei Beneficio
1257:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
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685:Upon Entering the New Millennium
601:or "Little Holy Year" for 1954.
278:Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
262:Archbasilica of St. John Lateran
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697:Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy
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85:Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy
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1:
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272:In virtue of an ordinance of
229:in Canto XXXI of "Paradiso".
182:Antiquorum habet fida relatio
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774:Miscellaneous jubilee events
749:" in each of the four great
494:presided over that of 1675.
7:
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629:Tertio Millennio Adveniente
560:Victor Emmanuel II of Italy
554:and the temporary exile of
306:, in 1450, reverted to the
163:Giacomo Gaetani Stefaneschi
10:
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405:Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini
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1409:. Reuters. Archived from
741:Ceremonial of the jubilee
268:Jubilees of 1390 and 1423
223:, who mentions it in the
49:and universal pardon. In
1120:
597:, he declared the first
518:inside the ruins of the
453:In 1575, in the time of
375:were separate villages.
369:San Giovanni in Laterano
355:. Wolves frequented the
213:Charles, Count of Valois
32:Jubilee (disambiguation)
1254:"Pope Clement VI"
656:Eastern Orthodox Church
609:"Great Jubilee" of 2000
512:Leonard of Port Maurice
157:First Christian jubilee
1497:Jubilee (Christianity)
903:1400: Pope Boniface IX
780:Jubilee Year of Loreto
717:), on April 11, 2015.
680:Novo Millennio Ineunte
488:
440:Protestant Reformation
383:capital, to found the
331:
310:period, while in 1470
293:Second plague pandemic
75:, generally involve a
1502:Christian terminology
1260:Catholic Encyclopedia
1198:Catholic Encyclopedia
1111:(disambiguation page)
852:First Vatican Council
573:20th-century jubilees
516:Stations of the Cross
475:
326:
245:(among others) urged
1413:on December 31, 2015
1193:Holy Year of Jubilee
818:which, as stated by
711:Misericordiae Vultus
675:St. Peter's Basilica
450:actually opened it.
373:Santa Maria Maggiore
64:Western Christianity
30:For other uses, see
1074:: Pope John Paul II
701:On March 13, 2015,
644:, and the third to
393:St Peter's Basilica
319:Subsequent jubilees
1393:and prorogated by
1360:Peter Rietbergen,
1229:. Facsimile Finder
1062:1975: Pope Paul VI
1047:1933: Pope Pius XI
992:Pope Benedict XIII
883:Pope Boniface VIII
844:a culpa et a paena
820:Pope Boniface VIII
814:This is a plenary
810:Jubilee indulgence
504:Pope Benedict XIII
500:San Michele a Ripa
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417:Apennine Mountains
397:Castel Sant'Angelo
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167:Pope Boniface VIII
101:Jubilee (biblical)
68:Pope Boniface VIII
1323:978-0-8132-2681-1
1287:978-0-8132-2681-1
1067:Pope John Paul II
1002:1775: decreed by
998:Pope Benedict XIV
982:Pope Innocent XII
980:1700: decreed by
958:Pope Clement VIII
952:Pope Gregory XIII
940:1550: decreed by
930:Pope Alexander VI
918:1475: decreed by
893:1390: decreed by
756:Pope John Paul II
731:Council of Nicaea
715:The Face of Mercy
620:Pope John Paul II
603:Pope John Paul II
589:pontifical anthem
508:Pope Benedict XIV
459:Pope Clement VIII
455:Pope Gregory XIII
424:Pope Alexander VI
239:Bridget of Sweden
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363:near the
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1344:25 March
1098:See also
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152:History
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219:, and
209:Giotto
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1121:Notes
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361:Tiber
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