261:
resilience of the diesel generators and the WR-21 in the ship at the moment was not degrading gracefully; it was degrading catastrophically, so that is what we have had to address." The
Admiral still argued that despite the problems, the Royal Navy has been able to deploy Type 45 destroyers in nine-month cycles to the Gulf region where temperatures are high with little fault. The Royal Navy has also been able to maintain at least two Type 45s at operational readiness.
246:, failed in the mid-Atlantic in 2010 and had to be repaired in Canada, with further repairs for intercooler failure in 2012 in Bahrain. The Type 45's pioneering integrated electric propulsion (IEP) system uses two WR-21s and two Wartsila 2-MW diesel generators to power everything on board, including weapons systems in addition to propulsion and other functions, leaving the ships vulnerable to "total electric failure". The
17:
260:
Former First Sea Lord
Admiral Philip Jones clarified that "WR-21 gas turbines were designed in extreme hot weather conditions to what we call “gracefully degrade” in their performance, until you get to the point where it goes beyond the temperature at which they would operate... we found that the
250:
said: "The Type 45 was designed for world-wide operations, from sub-Arctic to extreme tropical environments, and continues to operate effectively in the Gulf and the South
Atlantic all year round."
466:
239:
intercooler as fitted in the WR-21, on Type 45 destroyers, had a major design flaw, failing to operate in water temperatures beyond 30C. The intercooler of the first Type 45 destroyer,
135:
technologies that deliver low specific fuel consumption across the engine's operating range. It offers a reduction in fuel burn of 30% across the typical ship operating profile.
51:
Developed with government funding input from the United
Kingdom, France and the United States, the WR-21 was designed and manufactured by an international consortium led by
491:
567:
562:
281:
533:
414:
307:
441:
526:
174:
847:
253:
The WR-21 engines will have to be supplemented by one or two additional diesel generators, fitted by cutting open the hull in
370:
519:
247:
335:
360:
590:
90:
878:
853:
499:
143:
cools air entering the high-pressure compressor, reducing the amount of energy required to compress the air.
883:
132:
763:
857:
511:
187:
840:
778:
661:
651:
622:
617:
611:
596:
656:
646:
641:
636:
631:
694:
542:
56:
8:
700:
572:
393:
203:
High-pressure (HP) spool with six-stage compressor and single-stage turbine at 8,100 rpm
773:
768:
501:
The WR-21 Intercooled
Recuperated Gas Turbine Engine - Integration Into Future Warships
109:
72:
826:
723:
718:
706:
627:
606:
601:
578:
366:
83:
79:
40:
21:
804:
799:
734:
545:
240:
236:
155:
52:
339:
746:
125:
60:
872:
584:
365:. ASME 1997 Turbo Asia Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
218:
36:
105:
became interested in the WR-21, leading to Rolls-Royce and DCN involvement.
791:
728:
690:
417:
Royal Navy Will
Retrofit Type 45 Destroyers To Prevent Them Breaking Down
223:
211:
147:
140:
128:
121:
102:
68:
64:
33:
740:
712:
682:
193:
151:
98:
442:"Destroyers will break down if sent to Middle East, admits Royal Navy"
678:
667:
362:
WR-21 Intercooled
Recuperated Gas Turbine System Overview and Update
89:
The original design and development of the WR-21 was carried out by
78:
WR-21 development draws heavily on the technology of the successful
554:
507:. Proceedings of the International Gas Turbine Congress 2003 Tokyo.
254:
169:
541:
282:"Northrop Grumman/Rolls-Royce Team Selected as Preferred Supplier"
55:
as prime contractor. The turbine itself was designed primarily by
197:
94:
59:
with significant marine engineering and test facility input from
16:
467:"Oral evidence: Naval Procurement: Type 26 and Type 45 HC 221"
358:
469:. UK House of Commons Defence Select Committee. 21 July 2016
497:
394:"WR-21 engine selected for Royal Navy type 45 destroyers"
206:
Five-stage free power turbine 3,600 rpm (60 Hz)
439:
39:, designed with a view to powering the latest naval
108:The WR-21 is the propulsion system of Royal Navy
870:
93:(later Northrop Grumman Marine Systems) under a
359:Carl L. Weiler, John Chiprich (October 1997).
276:
274:
527:
177:: approximately 190 g/kWh (53 g/MJ)
97:contract placed in December 1991. Later the
63:, with Northrop Grumman responsible for the
498:Commander Colin R English (November 2003).
271:
186:Twin-spool gas generator and free-rotating
534:
520:
412:
150:preheats the combustion air by recovering
492:Rolls-Royce WR-21 Marine gas turbine page
352:
15:
192:Low-pressure (LP) spool with six-stage
871:
120:The WR-21 is the first aeroderivative
515:
440:Richard Norton-Taylor (7 June 2016).
230:
413:Trevithick, Trevor (22 March 2018).
330:
328:
326:
324:
300:
459:
235:In 2009 it was discovered that the
13:
14:
895:
485:
386:
321:
310:. Jane's Navy International. 2000
162:
91:Westinghouse Electric Corporation
854:Rolls-Royce Limited aero engines
848:Joint development aero engines
433:
406:
158:and reducing fuel consumption.
1:
264:
214:between LP and HP compressors
154:from the exhaust, improving
133:exhaust heat recovery system
20:The WR-21 powers Royal Navy
7:
788:Aero-derivative industrial
10:
900:
858:Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust
336:"WR-21 Marine gas turbine"
86:families of gas turbines.
46:
835:
819:
787:
756:
677:
553:
175:Specific fuel consumption
115:
224:Exhaust heat recuperator
180:Main module wet weight:
43:of the partner nations.
879:Aero-derivative engines
308:"WR-21 gamble pays off"
168:Rated power: 25.2
757:Other fan-type engines
226:to combustor inlet air
25:
494:(archived 2013-11-08)
286:defense-aerospace.com
19:
543:Rolls-Royce Holdings
884:Marine gas turbines
846:Symbol ‡ indicates
839:Symbol †indicates
248:Ministry of Defence
231:Operational issues
110:Type 45 destroyers
73:system integration
41:surface combatants
26:
22:Type 45 destroyers
866:
865:
372:978-0-7918-7867-5
288:. 1 November 2000
219:radial combustors
196:and single-stage
80:Rolls-Royce RB211
30:Rolls-Royce WR-21
891:
536:
529:
522:
513:
512:
508:
506:
479:
478:
476:
474:
463:
457:
456:
454:
452:
437:
431:
430:
428:
426:
410:
404:
403:
401:
400:
390:
384:
383:
381:
379:
356:
350:
349:
347:
346:
332:
319:
318:
316:
315:
304:
298:
297:
295:
293:
278:
237:Northrop Grumman
183:
156:cycle efficiency
53:Northrop Grumman
899:
898:
894:
893:
892:
890:
889:
888:
869:
868:
867:
862:
831:
815:
789:
783:
752:
673:
549:
540:
504:
488:
483:
482:
472:
470:
465:
464:
460:
450:
448:
438:
434:
424:
422:
411:
407:
398:
396:
392:
391:
387:
377:
375:
373:
357:
353:
344:
342:
340:Rolls-Royce plc
334:
333:
322:
313:
311:
306:
305:
301:
291:
289:
280:
279:
272:
267:
233:
181:
165:
124:to incorporate
118:
49:
12:
11:
5:
897:
887:
886:
881:
864:
863:
861:
860:
850:
844:
836:
833:
832:
830:
829:
823:
821:
817:
816:
814:
813:
807:
802:
796:
794:
785:
784:
782:
781:
776:
771:
766:
760:
758:
754:
753:
751:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
721:
716:
710:
704:
698:
687:
685:
675:
674:
672:
671:
665:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
625:
620:
615:
609:
604:
599:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
565:
559:
557:
551:
550:
539:
538:
531:
524:
516:
510:
509:
495:
487:
486:External links
484:
481:
480:
458:
432:
405:
385:
371:
351:
320:
299:
269:
268:
266:
263:
232:
229:
228:
227:
221:
215:
209:
208:
207:
204:
201:
184:
182:45,974 kg
178:
172:
164:
163:Specifications
161:
160:
159:
144:
126:gas compressor
117:
114:
48:
45:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
896:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
874:
859:
855:
851:
849:
845:
842:
838:
837:
834:
828:
825:
824:
822:
818:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
795:
793:
786:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
759:
755:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
692:
689:
688:
686:
684:
680:
676:
669:
666:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
558:
556:
552:
547:
544:
537:
532:
530:
525:
523:
518:
517:
514:
503:
502:
496:
493:
490:
489:
468:
462:
447:
443:
436:
420:
418:
409:
395:
389:
374:
368:
364:
363:
355:
341:
337:
331:
329:
327:
325:
309:
303:
287:
283:
277:
275:
270:
262:
258:
256:
251:
249:
245:
244:
238:
225:
222:
220:
216:
213:
210:
205:
202:
199:
195:
191:
190:
189:
188:power turbine
185:
179:
176:
173:
171:
167:
166:
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:
138:
137:
136:
134:
130:
127:
123:
113:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
85:
81:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
44:
42:
38:
37:marine engine
35:
31:
23:
18:
809:
792:gas turbines
628:Trent series
548:and aircraft
546:aero engines
500:
471:. Retrieved
461:
449:. Retrieved
446:The Guardian
445:
435:
423:. Retrieved
416:
408:
397:. Retrieved
388:
376:. Retrieved
361:
354:
343:. Retrieved
312:. Retrieved
302:
290:. Retrieved
285:
259:
252:
242:
234:
200:at 6,200 rpm
119:
107:
88:
77:
50:
29:
27:
790:and marine
683:Turboshafts
618:Spey Junior
212:Intercooler
148:recuperator
141:intercooler
129:intercooler
122:gas turbine
103:French Navy
69:recuperator
65:intercooler
57:Rolls-Royce
34:gas turbine
873:Categories
779:LiftSystem
679:Turboprops
662:Trent 7000
652:Trent 1000
421:. Time Inc
399:2009-11-16
378:30 January
345:2009-11-16
314:2009-11-16
292:30 January
265:References
194:compressor
152:waste heat
99:Royal Navy
852:See also
657:Trent XWB
647:Trent 900
642:Trent 800
637:Trent 700
632:Trent 500
568:Advance 3
563:Advance 2
555:Turbofans
241:HMS
820:Aircraft
695:variants
425:22 April
255:dry dock
101:and the
843:engines
841:Allison
701:AE 2100
693: (
573:AE 3007
473:21 July
198:turbine
95:US Navy
47:History
774:RB3011
769:RB2011
713:MTR390
451:8 June
369:
243:Daring
116:Design
67:, the
32:is a
827:ACCEL
810:WR-21
764:RB529
747:TP400
724:RR500
719:RR300
668:V2500
612:RJ500
607:RB401
602:RB282
597:RB183
585:EJ200
579:BR700
505:(PDF)
217:Nine
84:Trent
856:and
800:MT30
741:T800
735:T406
707:M250
591:F136
475:2016
453:2016
427:2018
380:2016
367:ISBN
294:2016
146:The
139:The
131:and
82:and
71:and
28:The
805:MT7
729:T56
691:501
623:Tay
61:DCN
875::
697:)â€
444:.
338:.
323:^
284:.
273:^
257:.
170:MW
112:.
75:.
812:‡
749:‡
743:‡
737:â€
731:â€
715:‡
709:â€
703:â€
681:/
670:‡
664:)
630:(
614:‡
593:‡
587:‡
581:‡
575:â€
535:e
528:t
521:v
477:.
455:.
429:.
419:"
415:"
402:.
382:.
348:.
317:.
296:.
24:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
