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1363:
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appear to increase the energetic cost in these birds' locomotion. This adaptation is key for a species that must move frequently to forage. Fat assimilation in these birds is correlated to changes in liver weight. Most rock ptarmigan have no more than 20 grams of adipose tissue year round. Without food, these reserves can supplement energy for 2 days. The
Svalbard rock ptarmigan, however, gains about 100 grams of adipose tissue. This can serve as an energy source for up to 10 days of starvation.
112:
87:
3204:
1462:
1504:, Nunavut, have shown that during the first year, mating success among males was influenced by comb size and condition, and bigamous males had larger combs than monogamous males. The correlation to size disappeared after the first year, but the correlation to comb condition remained. This is consistent with another study of the same population of
1337:
used in courtship display and aggressive interactions between males. Many studies have shown that there is a strong correlation between the comb size and the level of testosterone in males; one report from 1981 showed that the amount of testosterone is correlated to aggressiveness against other males.
1525:
Rock ptarmigan have a limited capacity for fat storage, which requires overwintering birds to forage frequently. Most of the minuscule mass gained over winter is to the ovary, oviduct and hypertrophy, in preparation for the spring breeding season. Rock ptarmigan maximize assimilation of nutrient poor
1336:
Apart from the red eye combs, male rock ptarmigans have no 'distinct' plumage (other than the black eye stripe) that are more typical for other grouse in temperate regions. Studies on other grouses have shown that much variation in comb size and colour exists between the species, and that the comb is
1087:
On the ground, male ptarmigans defend their space by calling and giving chase to other males. Physical conflicts between territorial males rarely occur, while confrontations between the former toward subordinate males are intensified. Other signals via fanning their tails, extended necks, lowered
1533:
subspecies of rock ptarmigan is the only subspecies that exhibits a significant seasonal mass gain. Larger fat deposits can help them survive during periods of low food availability. However, this alone is not an adequate source of energy to survive during winter. Additional stored fat does not
1563:(1797) the species is named as "White Grouse" with alternatives "White Game, or Ptarmigan". The birds feed, records Bewick, "on the wild productions of the hills, which sometimes give the flesh a bitter, but not unpalatable taste: it is dark coloured, and has somewhat the flavour of the hare."
57:
610:
from white in winter to brown in spring or summer. The breeding male has greyish upper parts with white wings and under parts. In winter, its plumage becomes completely white except for the black outer tail feathers and eye line. It can be distinguished from the winter
1537:
The
Svalbard subspecies inhabits the northern extent of the rock ptarmigans range. During winter, food availability is lower in Svalbard than in other parts of their range, which accounts for the necessary increased fat reserves not found in other sub populations.
2681:
1550:. Hunting of rock ptarmigans was banned in Iceland in 2003 and 2004 due to its declining population. Hunting has been allowed again since 2005, but is restricted to selected days, which are revised yearly and all trade of rock ptarmigan is illegal.
1511:
The rock ptarmigan becomes sexually mature at six months of age and commonly has up to six chicks. Because of this high breeding rate, the size of the population is affected very little by factors such as hunting.
56:
58:
1876:
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Pheasants, partridges, francolins". IOC World Bird List
Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
2539:
Mortensen, Atle; Blix, Arnoldus
Schytte (March 1989). "Seasonal Changes in Energy Intake, Energy Expenditure, and Digestibility in Captive Svalbard Rock Ptarmigan and Norwegian Willow Ptarmigan".
1526:
foods with their elongated ceca. Metabolic requirements can be partially supplemented by fermentation, the energy gain from fermentation alone, however, is not independently significant.
615:
by habitat and markings—the rock ptarmigan prefers higher elevations and more barren habitat. It also has a slender bill and a black eye stripe, which is absent in the willow ptarmigan.
1080:
Aerial courtship rituals involve fast forward flight with rapidly-beating wings followed by an upward glide, tail fanned out. The male, at the peak of the display, belts out a rasping "
1084:", with the sung latter part coinciding with a gliding descent afterwards. The sound is often described as that of a stick being pulled rapidly across the slats of a picket fence.
564:
The rock ptarmigan is 34–36 cm (13–14 in) long with an 8 cm (3.1 in) tail and with a wingspan of 54–60 cm (21–24 in) and a weight of 440–640 g (
1362:
1408:
2435:
Mortensen, A.; Unander, S.; Kolstad, M.; Blix, A. S. (June 1983). "Seasonal
Changes in Body Composition and Crop Content of Spitzbergen Ptarmigan Lagopus mutus hyperboreus".
1385:
1508:
that showed that mating success overall is correlated to comb condition. Exceptions were first-time breeders, in which the size of the comb influenced mating success.
1572:
1077:, single or multiple males also carry out displays on the ground and in the air to assert their territory, including chasing other males while flying.
1343:
1246:
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462:
Prefectures and is a protected species nationwide. Unlike many arctic bird species, ptarmigan do not gain substantial mass to hibernate over winter.
3751:
1445:
3010:
1954:
1477:
2359:
Thomas, Vernon G.; Popko, Richard (1981-07-01). "Fat and protein reserves of wintering and prebreeding rock ptarmigan from south Hudson Bay".
3816:
3112:
1501:
223:
3922:
1073:
Male rock ptarmigans emit a repertoire of guttural snores and rattles, most often directed to other males during breeding season. On open
1231:
3036:
2191:
Stokkan, K. A. (1979), "Testosterone and daylength-dependent development of comb size and breeding plumage of male willow ptarmigan (
3702:
2221:
Wattson, A. & Parr, R. (1981), "Hormone implants affecting territory size and aggressive and sexual behaviour in red grouse",
3764:
2747:
3041:
2661:
2157:
1930:
1837:
1806:
1758:
3769:
3947:
3725:
1726:
1214:
and survives by feeding on rich vegetation on and underneath high cliffs where seabird colonies are located in summer.
2013:
Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural
Protection Board of Western Australia, pp. 21–493.
3873:
3105:
3061:
2018:
1270:
Food sources can vary tremendously depending on the region of their distribution. In Alaska, rock ptarmigans consume
3942:
3881:
3694:
1028:
3821:
2635:
2709:
2052:
17:
3803:
3650:
2293:
Holder, K. & Montgomerie, R. (1993), "Context and consequences of comb displays by male rock ptarmigan",
1675:
1664:
Tyrberg, T. 1998. The date of publication of Montin's description of
Lagopus mutus. Bull. B.O.C. 118(1):56-57
3577:
3098:
2611:
3627:
2984:
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1294:
shrubs during the spring. The greatest variety in its diet occurs during early summer, when it feeds on
2740:
2673:
1559:
3886:
1775:
1641:
3606:
1588:
1052:
1032:
510:
and means "mute", referring to the simple croaking song of the male. It was for a long time misspelt
443:
1461:
111:
3937:
1969:
3795:
2725:
2574:
2093:
Seasonal variation in diet, volatile fatty acid production and size of the cecum of rock ptarmigan
3148:
2691:
2116:
1655:
Montin, Lars. 1781. Tvänner Arter af Snöripan. Physiographiska Sälskapets
Handlingar 1(3):150-155
966:
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206:
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1008:
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718:
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2473:
Lees, John; Nudds, Robert; Stokkan, Karl-Arne; Folkow, Lars; Codd, Jonathan (2010-11-15).
8:
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2513:
2474:
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2310:
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1948:
1179:. Because of the remote habitat in which it lives, it has only a few predators—such as
946:
865:
519:
359:
295:
106:
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2272:
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3663:
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2014:
1936:
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981:
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656:
534:
526:
is of feminine gender, and the species name has to agree with that, the feminine
451:
3808:
1888:"Sounds and Vocal Behavior – Rock Ptarmigan – Lagopus muta – Birds of the World"
41:
3689:
3513:
3316:
3263:
3143:
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2071:
1196:
1056:
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1627:
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1180:
1172:
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970:
907:
869:
811:
780:
632:
477:
312:
96:
91:
1854:"Rock Ptarmigan Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology"
3508:
3483:
3468:
3417:
3248:
3228:
2846:
2810:
2800:
2522:
2342:
2306:
2128:
1981:
1899:
1452:
2698:
2053:"Weichselian and Holocene bird remains from Komarowa Cave, Central Poland"
1920:
3790:
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3562:
3488:
3188:
3071:
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2756:
1291:
1275:
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1184:
1012:
826:
675:
640:
636:
420:
173:
163:
3834:
2417:
2396:
2117:"Diet and Foraging – Rock Ptarmigan – Lagopus muta – Birds of the World"
1699:
3894:
3707:
3376:
3371:
3311:
3273:
3233:
2989:
2942:
2790:
2560:
2456:
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1176:
1108:
1074:
600:
3361:
3356:
3306:
3278:
2932:
2091:
1580:
1305:
1183:—and it can be surprisingly approachable. It has been introduced to
1116:
1105:
1097:
985:
935:
800:
507:
329:
123:
3681:
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2552:
2448:
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1152:
1144:
1140:
1120:
1004:
911:
854:
815:
722:
143:
67:
2475:"Reduced Metabolic Cost of Locomotion in Svalbard Rock Ptarmigan (
3601:
3503:
3498:
3447:
3442:
3253:
3238:
2963:
2881:
2826:
1576:
1354:
896:
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472:
435:
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in Europe. It is the official bird for the
Canadian territory of
183:
3437:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3366:
3326:
2703:
2255:
Brodsky, L. M. (1988), "Mating tactics of male rock ptarmigan,
1970:"Behavior – Rock Ptarmigan – Lagopus muta – Birds of the World"
1488:
1317:
1295:
1283:
1279:
1238:
1222:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1101:
1036:
954:
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881:
834:
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765:
734:
726:
696:
660:
424:
382:
133:
3120:
1773:
3676:
3381:
3336:
2612:"The Official Bird of Nunavut | Nunavut Legislative Assembly"
1377:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1286:
as a staple winter diet. They transition their diets over to
1271:
1168:
1156:
1000:
919:
607:
540:, meaning croaker. The silent initial p was added in 1684 by
450:(雷鳥), which means "thunder bird". It is the official bird of
2172:
Hjorth, I. (1970), "Reproductive behaviour in
Tetraonidae",
3346:
2676:
2595:
2434:
1700:"The Arms, Seals, and Emblems of Newfoundland and Labrador"
1148:
707:
488:
403:
153:
1546:
Rock ptarmigan meat is a popular part of festive meals in
3331:
1829:
1750:
1437:
1131:
and is found in isolated populations in the mountains of
1088:
wings and circling a receptive female are also utilized.
1496:
The male's comb has been the focus of studies regarding
442:(ᐊᕿᒡᒋᖅ), and the official game bird for the province of
2596:
Bewick, Thomas; Beilby, Ralph (1797). "White Grouse".
2472:
1721:] (in Japanese). Seibido Publishing. p. 136.
1613:
499:), "foot", in reference to the bird's feathered legs.
2029:
Dinets, V. (2001) Winter ecology of Willow Ptarmigan
1500:. Studies of a population of male rock ptarmigans in
1221:, the species was far more widespread in continental
2115:Montgomerie, Robert; Holder, Karen (4 March 2020).
1968:Montgomerie, Robert; Holder, Karen (4 March 2020).
1886:Montgomerie, Robert; Holder, Karen (4 March 2020).
1520:
3032:British Association for Shooting and Conservation
2394:
2292:
2114:
1967:
1885:
1673:
1642:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679464A89358137.en
623:The rock ptarmigan has 23 recognized subspecies:
3914:
2598:A History of British Birds, Volume 1: Land Birds
2330:Aspects of morphology in female rock ptarmigan (
1801:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 121.
3011:Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act 2002
2050:
2041:29: 326–327 (in Russian with English summary).
659:, 1909) - Glacier Bay Island and southeastern
522:. However, as the Ancient Greek term λαγώπους
3106:
2741:
2538:
1712:
1298:leaves, as well as the leaves and flowers of
514:, in the erroneous belief that the ending of
2395:Grammeltvedt, R.; Steen, J.B. (1978-01-01).
1780:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
2358:
2220:
1799:The Oxford Dictionary of British Bird Names
1483:Female rock ptarmigan in summer plumage in
1091:
3121:Game animals and shooting in North America
3113:
3099:
3037:Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom
2748:
2734:
2718:
2397:"Fat Deposition in Spitzbergen Ptarmigan (
2051:Tomek, Teresa; Bocheński, Zygmunt (2005).
1953:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
345:
85:
54:
40:
3082:Rarely shot because of declining numbers.
2567:
2512:
2502:
2416:
2326:
2152:, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,
2147:
1774:David, Normand; Gosselin, Michel (2002).
1706:
1640:
1796:
1776:"The grammatical gender of avian genera"
394:
2254:
2190:
2089:
1744:
1418:) pair (♂ left) in winter plumage near
14:
3915:
3042:Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust
2171:
2037:at the northern limit of their range.
1918:
1820:
1818:
1740:
1738:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1068:
3529:
3528:
3094:
2729:
2668:Ptarmigan videos, photos & sounds
2534:
2532:
2468:
2466:
2430:
2428:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2354:
2352:
2085:
2083:
2081:
1747:A Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
2023:
1826:The Birds of the Western Palearctic
3923:IUCN Red List least concern species
1815:
1735:
1628:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1600:
1571:The rock ptarmigan is the official
556:), "wing", "feather", or "pinion".
49:A pair in spring plumage in Norway
24:
3202:
2636:"Anirniliit – those which breathe"
2529:
2463:
2425:
2379:
2349:
2259:: a conditional mating strategy",
2078:
1922:RSPB pocket guide to British birds
1713:Yuzo Nakagawa, ed. (2010-02-01).
1566:
592: oz). It is smaller than the
533:The word ptarmigan comes from the
25:
3964:
3062:Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom
2655:
1667:
1451:Japanese rock ptarmigan chick on
1316:buds from late summer to autumn.
599:The rock ptarmigan is seasonally
2664:(worldwide); with world RangeMap
1587:It is the official game bird of
1515:
1476:
1460:
1444:
1427:
1407:
1384:
1361:
1342:
1245:
1230:
110:
2699:Field Guide: Birds of the World
2670:on the Internet Bird Collection
2628:
2604:
2589:
2320:
2286:
2248:
2214:
2184:
2165:
2141:
2108:
2044:
2007:
1994:
1961:
1912:
1879:
1870:
1846:
1585:ᐊᕐᑭᒡᒋᖅ ᐊᑕᔪᓕᒃ, aqiggiq atajulik.
1521:Energy storage and assimilation
1202:The small population living on
446:. In Japan, it is known as the
2334:) during ovarian recrudescence
1790:
1767:
1692:
1658:
1649:
910:, 1921) - central and eastern
559:
13:
1:
2273:10.1016/S0003-3472(88)80003-4
1594:
1541:
1171:—where it occurs only in the
2504:10.1371/journal.pone.0015490
2000:Yamashina, Yoshimaro (1961)
1308:. It also feeds on berries,
1100:species which breeds across
1082:ah-AAH-ah-AAAAH-a-a-a-a-a-a!
470:The ptarmigan's genus name,
465:
430:. It is known simply as the
7:
2985:League Against Cruel Sports
2361:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2060:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia
1925:(Second ed.). London.
1680:) Official Bird of Nunavut"
1331:
1127:. It is widespread in the
618:
438:, where it is known as the
10:
3969:
2327:Modafferi, Ronald (1975).
2072:10.3409/173491505783995743
1560:A History of British Birds
1265:
1260:
825:(Montin, 1781) - northern
3948:Taxa named by Lars Montin
3537:
3461:
3390:
3287:
3214:
3200:
3126:
3080:
3024:
2998:
2977:
2951:
2910:
2819:
2768:
2399:Lagopus mutus hyperboreus
2148:Johnsgard, P. A. (1984),
2090:Gasaway, William (1976).
1745:Jobling, James A (1991).
1635:: e.T22679464A113623562.
1589:Newfoundland and Labrador
1395:) in summer plumage near
544:through the influence of
444:Newfoundland and Labrador
365:
358:
353:
344:
236:
231:
212:
205:
107:Scientific classification
105:
83:
74:
65:
53:
48:
39:
34:
1714:
1096:The rock ptarmigan is a
1092:Distribution and habitat
3943:Birds described in 1776
2477:Lagopus muta hyperborea
2193:Lagopus lagopus lagopus
1797:Lockwood, W.B. (1993).
1674:Government of Nunavut.
1391:Female rock ptarmigan (
1372:) in summer plumage on
1353:) in winter plumage in
1210:overwinters during the
984:, 1950) - northwestern
799:, 1925) - northeastern
643:. (west-central of the
271:Canadian rock ptarmigan
238:some 20–30, including:
3327:Cougar (mountain lion)
3208:
3052:Driven grouse shooting
2662:Stamps: Rock Ptarmigan
2640:www.arctic.uoguelph.ca
2307:10.1006/anbe.1993.1057
2129:10.2173/bow.rocpta1.01
1982:10.2173/bow.rocpta1.01
1919:Harrap, Simon (2012).
1900:10.2173/bow.rocpta1.01
1719:Wild birds at a glance
1615:BirdLife International
596:by about ten percent.
406:
400:Lagopus muta pyrenaica
253:Scandinavian ptarmigan
3856:Paleobiology Database
3206:
2763:in the United Kingdom
1858:www.allaboutbirds.org
1676:"The Rock Ptarmigan (
1368:Male rock ptarmigan (
1349:Male rock ptarmigan (
1328:are eaten by chicks.
706:(Thienemann, 1829) -
398:
354:Rock Ptarmigan range
3179:Snipe (common snipe)
3159:Ring-necked pheasant
3047:Countryside Alliance
2928:European fallow deer
2786:Red-legged partridge
2600:. Beilby and Bewick.
2575:"Umhverfisráðuneyti"
2004:. Tokyo News Service
969:., 1789) - northern
934:., 1824) - southern
880:, USA) and southern
419:) is a medium-sized
3174:Sharp-tailed grouse
3144:Hungarian partridge
2495:2010PLoSO...515490L
2418:10.14430/arctic2676
2150:Grouse of the world
2033:and Rock Ptarmigan
1208:Russian High Arctic
1069:Sounds and displays
895:, 1926) - northern
849:, 1926) - southern
77:Conservation status
3398:American alligator
3209:
2541:Ornis Scandinavica
2437:Ornis Scandinavica
2223:Ornis Scandinavica
2121:Birds of the World
1974:Birds of the World
1892:Birds of the World
693:Karaginskiy Island
691:(Red'kin, 2005) -
502:The species name,
476:, is derived from
407:
337:Svalbard ptarmigan
320:Scottish ptarmigan
303:Japanese ptarmigan
3910:
3909:
3843:Open Tree of Life
3531:Taxon identifiers
3522:
3521:
3494:Waterfowl hunting
3342:White-tailed deer
3207:Waterfowl hunters
3088:
3087:
2872:Northern shoveler
2857:Pink-footed goose
2806:Eurasian woodcock
2159:978-0-8032-2558-9
1932:978-1-4729-3229-7
1839:978-0-19-854099-1
1808:978-0-19-866196-2
1760:978-0-19-854634-4
1548:Icelandic cuisine
1193:Kerguelen Islands
1129:Arctic Cordillera
1064:
1044:L. m. yunaskensis
1040:
1020:
988:
973:
958:
938:
923:
899:
884:
857:
838:
818:
803:
788:
768:
753:
738:
710:
699:
683:
663:
648:
631:(Turner, 1882) -
393:
392:
387:
373:
338:
334:
321:
317:
304:
300:
287:
283:
272:
268:
254:
250:
100:
59:
16:(Redirected from
3960:
3903:
3902:
3890:
3889:
3877:
3876:
3864:
3863:
3851:
3850:
3838:
3837:
3825:
3824:
3812:
3811:
3809:NHMSYS0000530421
3799:
3798:
3786:
3785:
3773:
3772:
3760:
3759:
3747:
3746:
3734:
3733:
3721:
3720:
3711:
3710:
3698:
3697:
3685:
3684:
3672:
3671:
3659:
3658:
3646:
3645:
3636:
3635:
3623:
3622:
3610:
3609:
3607:79B161B7017DD7ED
3597:
3596:
3584:
3583:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3526:
3525:
3474:Big-game hunting
3259:Northern pintail
3115:
3108:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3057:Glorious Twelfth
3016:Hunting Act 2004
2938:Reeves's muntjac
2892:Common goldeneye
2877:Northern pintail
2750:
2743:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2516:
2506:
2479:) during Winter"
2470:
2461:
2460:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2392:
2377:
2376:
2367:(7): 1205–1211.
2356:
2347:
2346:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2295:Animal Behaviour
2290:
2284:
2283:
2261:Animal Behaviour
2252:
2246:
2245:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2087:
2076:
2075:
2057:
2048:
2042:
2027:
2021:
2011:
2005:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1944:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1611:
1498:sexual selection
1480:
1467:In the northern
1464:
1448:
1431:
1414:Rock ptarmigan (
1411:
1388:
1365:
1351:L. m. islandorum
1346:
1252:Distribution in
1249:
1237:Distribution in
1234:
1204:Franz Josef Land
1061:Aleutian Islands
1046:
1026:
1017:Aleutian Islands
994:
979:
964:
951:Commander Island
944:
929:
905:
890:
878:Aleutian Islands
863:
844:
824:
809:
794:
774:
772:L. m. kurilensis
759:
744:
742:L. m. islandorum
731:Franz Josef Land
716:
714:L. m. hyperborea
705:
690:
680:Aleutian Islands
669:
654:
645:Aleutian Islands
630:
613:willow ptarmigan
594:willow ptarmigan
591:
590:
586:
583:
577:
576:
572:
569:
520:masculine gender
379:
371:
349:
336:
332:
327:
325:L. m. hyperborea
319:
315:
310:
302:
298:
293:
286:Alpine ptarmigan
285:
281:
278:
270:
266:
260:
252:
248:
245:
218:
115:
114:
94:
89:
88:
61:
60:
44:
32:
31:
21:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3938:Holarctic birds
3913:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3898:
3893:
3885:
3880:
3872:
3867:
3859:
3854:
3846:
3841:
3833:
3830:Observation.org
3828:
3820:
3815:
3807:
3802:
3794:
3789:
3781:
3776:
3768:
3763:
3755:
3750:
3742:
3737:
3729:
3724:
3716:
3714:
3706:
3701:
3693:
3688:
3680:
3675:
3667:
3662:
3654:
3649:
3641:
3639:
3631:
3626:
3618:
3613:
3605:
3600:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3576:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3533:
3523:
3518:
3457:
3386:
3317:Bison (buffalo)
3283:
3210:
3198:
3149:Prairie chicken
3122:
3119:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3020:
2994:
2973:
2969:European rabbit
2947:
2906:
2862:Eurasian wigeon
2815:
2776:Common pheasant
2764:
2754:
2708:
2682:Rock Ptarmigan-
2658:
2653:
2644:
2642:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2620:
2618:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2553:10.2307/3676703
2537:
2530:
2471:
2464:
2449:10.2307/3676018
2433:
2426:
2393:
2380:
2373:10.1139/z81-172
2357:
2350:
2325:
2321:
2291:
2287:
2253:
2249:
2235:10.2307/3675905
2219:
2215:
2189:
2185:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2113:
2109:
2088:
2079:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2031:Lagopus lagopus
2028:
2024:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1966:
1962:
1946:
1945:
1933:
1917:
1913:
1904:
1902:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1795:
1791:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1753:. p. 124.
1743:
1736:
1729:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1684:
1682:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1612:
1601:
1597:
1569:
1567:Provincial bird
1544:
1523:
1518:
1492:
1481:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1432:
1423:
1412:
1403:
1389:
1380:
1374:Mount Tsubakuro
1370:L. m. japonicum
1366:
1357:
1347:
1334:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1241:
1235:
1165:Altay Mountains
1161:Pamir Mountains
1094:
1071:
992:L. m. townsendi
962:L. m. rupestris
927:L. m. reinhardi
903:L. m. pyrenaica
874:Unalaska Island
703:L. m. helvetica
687:L. m. gerasimov
667:L. m. evermanni
628:L. m. atkhensis
621:
588:
584:
581:
579:
574:
570:
567:
565:
562:
535:Scottish Gaelic
468:
335:
328:
318:
311:
301:
294:
284:
279:
276:L. m. helvetica
269:
261:
258:L. m. rupestris
251:
246:
227:
220:
214:
201:
109:
101:
90:
86:
79:
55:
35:Rock ptarmigan
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3966:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3891:
3878:
3865:
3852:
3839:
3826:
3813:
3800:
3787:
3774:
3761:
3748:
3735:
3722:
3718:rock-ptarmigan
3712:
3699:
3690:Fauna Europaea
3686:
3673:
3660:
3647:
3637:
3624:
3611:
3598:
3585:
3574:
3559:
3543:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3514:Upland hunting
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3134:Bobwhite quail
3130:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2897:Common moorhen
2894:
2889:
2887:Common pochard
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2820:Quarry species
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2796:Rock ptarmigan
2793:
2788:
2783:
2781:Grey partridge
2778:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2710:"Lagopus muta"
2706:
2689:
2679:
2671:
2665:
2657:
2656:External links
2654:
2652:
2651:
2627:
2616:assembly.nu.ca
2603:
2588:
2577:(in Icelandic)
2566:
2528:
2489:(11): e15490.
2462:
2424:
2378:
2348:
2319:
2301:(3): 457–470,
2285:
2267:(2): 335–342,
2247:
2213:
2203:(1): 106–115,
2183:
2164:
2158:
2140:
2107:
2077:
2043:
2022:
2006:
2002:Birds in Japan
1993:
1960:
1931:
1911:
1878:
1869:
1845:
1838:
1814:
1807:
1789:
1766:
1759:
1734:
1728:978-4415305325
1727:
1705:
1691:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1579:, Canada. Its
1568:
1565:
1543:
1540:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1494:
1493:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1441:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1416:L. m. millaisi
1413:
1406:
1404:
1393:L. m. millaisi
1390:
1383:
1381:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1330:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1229:
1197:Crozet Islands
1093:
1090:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1057:Yunaska Island
1041:
1021:
989:
977:L. m. saturata
974:
959:
942:L. m. ridgwayi
939:
924:
900:
885:
858:
842:L. m. nadezdae
839:
831:Kola Peninsula
819:
807:L. m. millaisi
804:
792:L. m. macruros
789:
769:
766:Honshu (Japan)
757:L. m. japonica
754:
739:
711:
700:
684:
664:
649:
620:
617:
561:
558:
542:Robert Sibbald
467:
464:
411:rock ptarmigan
391:
390:
389:
388:
374:
363:
362:
356:
355:
351:
350:
342:
341:
340:
339:
322:
308:L. m. millaisi
305:
291:L. m. japonica
288:
273:
255:
234:
233:
229:
228:
221:
210:
209:
203:
202:
195:
193:
189:
188:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
103:
102:
84:
81:
80:
75:
72:
71:
66:Display song,
63:
62:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
18:Rock Ptarmigan
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3965:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3594:Lagopus_mutus
3590:
3586:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:Bison hunting
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3453:Snowshoe hare
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:Gray squirrel
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:Mountain goat
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3297:Bighorn sheep
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:Greater scaup
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:Spruce grouse
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3169:Ruffed grouse
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Mourning dove
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3067:Deer stalking
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:Game Act 1831
3004:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:European hare
2957:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2902:Eurasian coot
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:Greylag goose
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:Golden plover
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2721:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2686:photo gallery
2685:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2599:
2592:
2576:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2533:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
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2332:Lagopus mutus
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1975:
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1679:
1678:Lagopus mutus
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1638:
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1555:Thomas Bewick
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1549:
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1535:
1532:
1527:
1516:Ecophysiology
1513:
1509:
1507:
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1490:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1469:Japanese Alps
1463:
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888:L. m. pleskei
886:
883:
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875:
871:
867:
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861:L. m. nelsoni
859:
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853:and northern
852:
848:
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823:
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677:
676:- Attu Island
673:
668:
665:
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658:
653:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:Tanaga Island
629:
626:
625:
624:
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614:
609:
606:
602:
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551:
548:, especially
547:
543:
539:
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506:, comes from
505:
500:
498:
494:
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482:
479:
478:Ancient Greek
475:
474:
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461:
457:
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449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
426:
422:
418:
417:
412:
405:
401:
397:
385:
384:
378:
377:Lagopus mutus
375:
370:
367:
366:
364:
361:
357:
352:
348:
343:
331:
326:
323:
314:
309:
306:
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292:
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265:
259:
256:
244:
241:
240:
239:
235:
230:
225:
219:
217:
211:
208:
207:Binomial name
204:
200:
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194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
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155:
152:
149:
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142:
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138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
113:
108:
104:
98:
93:
92:Least Concern
82:
78:
73:
69:
64:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3900:Lagopus-muta
3569:Lagopus muta
3539:Lagopus muta
3538:
3509:Wolf hunting
3484:Deer hunting
3469:Bear hunting
3418:Fox squirrel
3391:Other quarry
3269:Ross's goose
3249:Lesser scaup
3229:Canada goose
3163:
2952:Other quarry
2847:Canada goose
2811:Common snipe
2801:Black grouse
2795:
2757:Game animals
2713:
2697:
2693:Lagopus muta
2692:
2684:Lagopus muta
2683:
2643:. Retrieved
2639:
2630:
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2615:
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2591:
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2569:
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2250:
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2226:
2222:
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2192:
2186:
2177:
2173:
2167:
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2143:
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2120:
2110:
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2063:
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1914:
1903:. Retrieved
1891:
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1677:
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1626:
1621:Lagopus muta
1620:
1584:
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1536:
1528:
1524:
1510:
1505:
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1453:Mount Ontake
1434:
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1269:
1219:last ice age
1216:
1201:
1095:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1072:
1043:
1033:Newfoundland
1024:L. m. welchi
1023:
1001:Kiska Island
991:
976:
961:
941:
926:
902:
887:
860:
841:
821:
806:
791:
781:Kuril Island
771:
756:
741:
713:
702:
686:
678:of the west
666:
652:L. m. dixoni
651:
627:
622:
598:
563:
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549:
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532:
530:is correct.
527:
523:
515:
511:
503:
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484:
480:
471:
469:
447:
439:
431:
416:Lagopus muta
415:
414:
410:
408:
399:
386:, see below)
381:
376:
372:Montin, 1781
369:Tetrao mutus
368:
324:
307:
290:
282:, 1829)
275:
267:, 1789)
257:
249:, 1781)
242:
237:
216:Lagopus muta
215:
213:
198:L. muta
197:
196:
184:
29:
3791:NatureServe
3739:iNaturalist
3563:Wikispecies
3489:Fox hunting
3072:Deer forest
2867:Tufted duck
2837:Wood pigeon
2039:Ornitologia
1573:territorial
1502:Scarpa Lake
1312:seeds, and
1292:lingonberry
1288:crowberries
1276:dwarf birch
1217:During the
1212:polar night
1185:New Zealand
1119:) on rocky
1115:(including
997:Elliot D.G.
893:Serebrovski
847:Serebrovski
827:Scandinavia
764:, 1907) -
721:, 1845) -
641:Atka Island
637:Adak Island
601:camouflaged
560:Description
333:, 1845
316:, 1923
299:, 1907
296:H. L. Clark
280:(Thienemann
232:Subspecies
174:Phasianidae
164:Galliformes
70:, Scotland
3953:Game birds
3917:Categories
3895:Xeno-canto
3377:Polar bear
3372:Dall sheep
3312:Brown bear
3302:Black bear
3274:Snow goose
3234:Canvasback
3224:Black duck
3127:Game birds
2990:Animal Aid
2943:Water deer
2791:Red grouse
2769:Game birds
2645:2019-02-22
2621:2019-02-22
2443:(2): 144.
2134:2021-02-16
1987:2021-02-16
1905:2021-02-16
1863:2020-09-26
1685:2010-12-04
1595:References
1542:In culture
1422:, Scotland
1195:, and the
1177:Mount Haku
1055:, 1951) -
1049:Gabrielson
1031:, 1885) -
1013:Rat Island
999:, 1896) -
982:Salomonsen
967:Gmelin J.F
868:, 1884) -
822:L. m. muta
814:, 1923) -
779:, 1924) -
762:Clark A.H.
749:, 1822) -
672:Elliot D.G
243:L. m. muta
3362:Pronghorn
3357:Mule deer
3307:Razorback
3279:Wood duck
3216:Waterfowl
3164:Ptarmigan
2978:Opponents
2933:Sika deer
2674:Ptarmigan
2547:(1): 22.
2180:: 183–596
2102:300121471
1949:cite book
1941:929856386
1715:ひと目でわかる野鳥
1617:(2017) .
1581:Inuktitut
1282:buds and
1117:Greenland
1106:Subarctic
1098:sedentary
1059:(central
1015:(western
986:Greenland
947:Stejneger
936:Greenland
932:Brehm C.L
876:(eastern
866:Stejneger
801:Greenland
719:Sundevall
674:., 1896)
538:tarmachan
508:Neo-Latin
466:Etymology
432:ptarmigan
421:game bird
330:Sundevall
192:Species:
130:Kingdom:
124:Eukaryota
3796:2.106130
3783:22679464
3757:11041289
3620:22679464
3615:BirdLife
3548:Wikidata
3462:See also
3423:Gray fox
3289:Big game
3194:Woodcock
3025:See also
2923:Roe deer
2918:Red deer
2761:shooting
2523:21125015
2483:PLOS ONE
2315:54251015
2281:53162941
2174:Viltrevy
2035:L. mutus
1832:. 1997.
1583:name is
1575:bird of
1531:Svalbard
1420:Glen Coe
1401:Scotland
1397:Torridon
1332:Breeding
1306:locoweed
1153:Bulgaria
1145:Pyrenees
1141:Scotland
1029:Brewster
1005:Amchitka
949:1884) -
912:Pyrenees
855:Mongolia
816:Scotland
797:Schiøler
723:Svalbard
657:Grinnell
619:Taxonomy
605:feathers
552:(πτερόν
524:lagṓpous
518:denotes
360:Synonyms
170:Family:
144:Chordata
140:Phylum:
134:Animalia
120:Domain:
97:IUCN 3.1
68:Glenshee
3928:Lagopus
3887:1461451
3731:rocpta1
3708:5227679
3682:rocpta1
3656:bob3300
3643:rocpta1
3602:Avibase
3554:Q205930
3504:Fishing
3499:Whaling
3448:Red fox
3443:Raccoon
3433:Opossum
3322:Caribou
3264:Redhead
3254:Mallard
3239:Gadwall
2964:Red fox
2882:Gadwall
2827:Mallard
2714:Avibase
2561:3676703
2514:2981580
2491:Bibcode
2457:3676018
2343:5164107
2243:3675905
2209:4085405
2197:The Auk
1577:Nunavut
1506:L. muta
1485:Kvaløya
1455:, Japan
1435:L. muta
1355:Iceland
1318:Insects
1310:bistort
1284:catkins
1266:Feeding
1261:Ecology
1206:in the
1175:and on
1109:Eurasia
1053:Lincoln
908:Hartert
897:Siberia
851:Siberia
812:Hartert
751:Iceland
587:⁄
573:⁄
516:Lagopus
483:(λαγώς
473:Lagopus
440:aqiggiq
436:Nunavut
423:in the
313:Hartert
247:(Montin
226:, 1781)
185:Lagopus
180:Genus:
160:Order:
150:Class:
95: (
3933:Grouse
3861:368617
3848:504006
3770:677542
3715:GNAB:
3582:rocpta
3438:Rabbit
3413:Coyote
3408:Bobcat
3403:Badger
3382:Whales
3367:Muskox
3189:Turkey
3139:Chukar
2704:Flickr
2581:30 May
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1326:snails
1322:larvae
1296:willow
1280:willow
1274:buds,
1239:Europe
1223:Europe
1191:, the
1167:, and
1163:, the
1159:, the
1155:, the
1147:, the
1143:, the
1137:Sweden
1133:Norway
1125:tundra
1102:Arctic
1063:, USA)
1051:&
1037:Canada
1019:, USA)
955:Russia
916:France
882:Alaska
870:Unimak
835:Russia
785:Russia
777:Kuroda
735:Russia
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727:Norway
697:Russia
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661:Alaska
647:, USA)
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554:pterón
550:pteron
495:(πούς
460:Toyama
458:, and
456:Nagano
448:raichō
428:family
425:grouse
383:lapsus
264:Gmelin
224:Montin
3882:WoRMS
3822:64668
3752:IRMNG
3695:96457
3677:eBird
3669:3RXRB
3640:BOW:
3633:10359
3337:Moose
2688:VIREO
2557:JSTOR
2453:JSTOR
2411:(4).
2311:S2CID
2277:S2CID
2239:JSTOR
2205:JSTOR
2056:(PDF)
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1378:Japan
1314:birch
1301:Dryas
1272:aspen
1169:Japan
1157:Urals
920:Spain
747:Faber
608:moult
546:Greek
512:mutus
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485:lagṓs
481:lagos
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3817:NCBI
3778:IUCN
3765:ITIS
3703:GBIF
3628:BOLD
3347:Wolf
2911:Deer
2832:Teal
2759:and
2677:RSPB
2583:2013
2519:PMID
2339:OCLC
2195:)",
2154:ISBN
2098:OCLC
2015:ISBN
1955:link
1937:OCLC
1927:ISBN
1834:ISBN
1803:ISBN
1755:ISBN
1723:ISBN
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1529:The
1438:eggs
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