357:"it has led away a part of the captives into its own country, and a part it has destroyed by cruel tortures; it has either entirely destroyed the churches of God or appropriated them for the rites of its own religion. They destroy the altars, after having defiled them with their uncleanness. They circumcise the Christians, and the blood of the circumcision they either spread upon the altars or pour into the vases of the baptismal font. When they wish to torture people by a base death, they perforate their navels, and dragging forth the extremity of the intestines, bind it to a stake; then with flogging they lead the victim around until the viscera having gushed forth the victim falls prostrate upon the ground. Others they bind to a post and pierce with arrows. Others they compel to extend their necks and then, attacking them with naked swords, attempt to cut through the neck with a single blow. What shall I say of the abominable rape of the women? To speak of it is worse than to be silent."
136:, and most historians tend to consider Fulcher's version as closer to the original speech, while Robert's version is seen as embellished and more "dramatic", and in parts informed by the later success of the First Crusade. Both Robert's and Fulcher's account of the speech include a description of the terrible plight of the Christians in the East under the recent conquests of the Turks and the promise of remission of sins for those who go to their aid. Robert's version, however, includes a more vivid description of the atrocities committed by the conquerors, describing the
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107:'s speech that of an eye-witness, even though written from memory, twelve or more years later. Outside of this part, however, the author proposes not to write about his own observations but as a chronicler, having agreed to rewrite, at the request of his abbot, the
117:, in a less "rustic" style. Robert introduced into the narrative of the First Crusade a Benedictine interpretation, and one that included apocalyptic elements.
171:", culminating in "Oh, most valiant soldiers and descendants of invincible ancestors, be not degenerate, but recall the valour of your progenitors."
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Gabriele, Matthew (2016). "From prophecy to apocalypse: the verb tenses of
Jerusalem in Robert the Monk's Historia of the First Crusade".
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series, appearing in 1866. A modern critical edition of the work was published in 2013. An
English translation appeared in the
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O fortissimi milites et invictorum propago parentum, nolite degenerari, sed virtutis priorum vestrorum reminiscimini.
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Robert's version also describes the spontaneous reaction of Urban's audience, bursting into cries of
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283:"Charlemagne's Road, God's Threshing Floor; Comprehending the Role of Hungary in the First Crusade"
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Bull, Marcus (2014). "Robert the Monk and His Source(s)". In Bull, Marcus; Kempf, Damien (eds.).
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The text is dated to 1107 by Starck (2012) but somewhat later, to ca. 1116–1122, by
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Georg Strack, "The Sermon of Urban II in
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According to Robert, Urban addressed his call explicitly to the race of the
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510:, Crusade Texts in Translation, vol. 11, Aldershot: Ashgate (2005).
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99:). Robert asserts in his prologue that he had been present at the
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Recueil des
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Writing the Early
Crusades: Text, Transmission and Memory
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56 (2012), 30–45, DOI 10.1179/1366069112Z.0000000002 (
465:. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1886. pp. 721–882.
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