Forced circumcision

1491:"take pride in not tolerating uncircumcised men." For this reason, in Gisu society, any boy or man who has been able to escape ritual circumcision (called "imbalu") faces the prospect of being forcibly circumcised. Voice of America, referring to the same practice, reports: "Among the Bagishu, uncircumcised men are treated with contempt; they are not allowed in society and in most cases they are seen as failing to get local women for marriage. This is supported by all the Bagishu including women who often report uncircumcised men to tribal elders. It's considered traditional that no male is to escape the ritual regardless of where he lives, what he does or what kind of security he has." 1436:

In the settlement that was reached, and which was made an order of the Equality Court, the Congress of Traditional Leaders accepted the right of adult males to choose whether to attend traditional circumcision schools according to their religious beliefs. It apologised for the comments made by its former chairman encouraging the ostracism of teenagers who refused to undergo traditional circumcision. The judge declared, "What is important in terms of the Constitution and law is that no one can be forced to submit to circumcision without his consent."

300: 1397:

passed through circumcision and initiation." Post-election violence reportedly "focused on tribal animosities", and included several cases of forced circumcision. AFP reported one Kenyan man's experience: "A group of eight men with pangas (machetes) entered. They asked for my ID They slashed me and they circumcised me by force. I screamed a lot and cried for help..." He complained that police left him in a pool of blood, taking weapons left behind by the Kikuyu gang.

1507:. Linguist and anthropologist Peter Sutton, commenting on forced circumcision and the absence of law enforcement in remote settlements, claims that Australian law has been applied in a patchy way: "Involuntary circumcision has long been widely accepted as being de facto outside the scope of Australian law." Late in 1996, 34-year-old Irwin Brookdale was drinking with a group of 1289:. In 2002, there was a report that non-Muslim army recruits in Turkey had been threatened with forced circumcision. Cases are documented where Syro-Orthodox men serving in the Turkish military forces have been threatened with forced circumcision. In 1991, a young Christian Turk, fleeing from forced circumcision in the Turkish military forces, was granted 1209:, do not circumcise. However, their religious sensitivity on this issue has not prevented hostile rulers from subjecting Mandaean men and boys to forced circumcision. Mandaean communities, especially after the invasion of Iraq, have been subject to "murder, kidnapping, rape, forced conversion, forced circumcision and destruction of religious property." 1495:

these cases, family members of the victims approved of the forced circumcision. Other tribal groups in Uganda and the Ugandan Foundation for Human Rights Initiative regard forced circumcision as a human rights abuse. The Ugandan Government and the President of the Ugandan Law Society condemned the incident, but the victim refused to press charges.

1339:

while another cut me with a razor ... the third man held my head back, ready to pour water down my throat if I screamed. But I couldn't help but scream and he poured the water. I kept screaming aloud and vomited. I couldn't stand the pain." He further reported that one of the clerics urinated on his wound, saying it would stop infection. The

987:) reports that two Roman officers who had taken refuge with Galileans during the war with Rome (early 67 AD) were put under pressure to convert to Judaism. Josephus, declaring that "every one should worship God in accordance with the dictates of his own conscience," claims to have saved the two Gentiles from forced circumcision. After the 1300:(not all of whom are circumcised) in Turkey have for years been subjected to direct state persecution, including compulsory religious instruction at school, forced conversion, forced circumcision, and mistreatment during military service. In 1999, there was a report of the forced circumcision of Yedizi men in Turkish Kurdistan. 2454:

The Yezidi religious minority has suffered similar but perhaps even more severe forms of oppression than the Christian communities. Despised by Muslims as "devil-worshippers" and not protected by any form of official recognition, they constituted the most vulnerable community. Adult men were forcibly

1511:

on the banks of a river in far north Queensland. After he passed out, a woman in the group felt down his pants, found that he was not circumcised and called on her companions to "make a man out of him". They attempted to circumcise him with a broken beer bottle. Brookdale ended up in hospital, one of

1439:

According to South African newspapers, the subsequent trial became "a landmark case around forced circumcision". In October 2009, the Bhisho Equality Court (High Court) ruled that, in South Africa, circumcision is unlawful unless done with the full consent of the initiate. According to Thembela Kepe,

1435:

Despite being medically circumcised, a Christian Xhosa was forcibly recircumcised by his father and community leaders in 2007. He laid a charge of unfair discrimination on the grounds of his religious beliefs, seeking an apology from his father and the Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa.

1338:

reported in detail on this, stating that "almost all" of 3,928 villagers forced to convert to Islam were circumcised. Razors and knives were reused, causing infections. One of those circumcised, Kostantinus Idi, reported: "I could not escape ... One of them held up my foreskin between pieces of wood

952:

evidence suggests that, during this period, Gentiles fled from Galilee to avoid being forcibly circumcised. Recently, Isaac Soon has argued that 1 Macc 2:46 does not refer to circumcision "by force" but that Mattathias circumcised "in strength". He argues that Mattathias did not forcibly circumcise,

923:

Hyrcanus took also Dora and Marissa, cities of Idumea, and subdued all the Idumeans; and permitted them to stay in that country, if they would circumcise their genitals, and make use of the laws of the Jews; and they were so desirous of living in the country of their forefathers, that they submitted

2276:

In the city of Falluja, one of the most ancient seats of Mandaeism in the country, the thirty-five families who composed the community were ordered at gunpoint to adopt Islam shortly after the fall of the Saddam regime. The men were forcibly circumcised and the women were married off to Muslim men.

1409:

In 1999, a woman who was feared throughout the Vaal Triangle district of South Africa, controlled a gang of kidnappers that abducted young people, forcibly circumcising the boys and extorting ransoms from their parents for their release. A local police officer said as many as 10 teenagers had been

1400:

In September 2010, at Malaba, West Kenya, a 21-year-old Teso man was lured to a hotel, drugged, smeared with fermented millet flour and was being led away by several Bukusu to be circumcised when the police intervened. The Teso man, who agreed to a medical circumcision, condemned the Bukusu youths

1536:

The US Department of State reported that irregular Muslim and Mujahedin troops "had routinely performed crude, disfiguring, nonmedical circumcisions on Bosnian Serb soldiers." One 18-year-old Bosnian Serb soldier "was so brutally circumcised that eventually the entire organ required amputation."

1494:

In 2004, a father of seven was seized and forcibly circumcised after his wife told Bagishu tribal circumcisers that he was uncircumcised. A local official said the authorities could not intervene in a cultural ritual. Other forced circumcisions occurred in September 2006 and June 2008. In all

1396:

In late January 2008, a disputed election in which circumcision became an issue between President Mwai Kibaki, a Kikuyu and opposition candidate Raila Odinga, a Luo, "the fact that Odinga was uncircumcised became an issue: He was seen by some Kikuyus as a 'child' unfit to rule because he had not

1252:

There are even accounts of Christian boys being abducted and forcibly circumcised in the nineteenth century. In 1829, nine-year-old Greek boy Alexandros Kitos and other young boys were kidnapped by Ottoman soldiers and sold into slavery in Egypt; all of them were circumcised against their will.

1430:

Xhosa culture allows people to forcibly circumcise boys deemed to be past the age of initiation... Forcing people do undergo the ancient ritual ... has, in recent times, caused concern among human rights organisations... (In) one instance two Rastafarians objected to the procedure on religious

1264:

boys and men were frequent. "In many cases, young Armenian children were spared from deportation by local Turks who took them from their families. The children were coerced into denouncing Christianity and becoming Muslims, and were then given new Turkish names. For Armenian boys, the forced

2931:

Stephanie Beswick, "The Ethnicity of Bondage in the Valley of the Upper Nile: Slavery and the Slave Trade through the Eyes of the Possessed," paper presented at the 6–8 April 2000 meetings of the Sudan Studies Association, Vassar College. See also Michael Coren, "Sudan's Slaves,"

1134:, believing that this would harm the religious feelings of the Muslim warders. The prospect of punishment did not deter him, because "compelling us to undergo an abhorred operation so base and barbarous an act of aggression, that it was impossible to reflect on it with temper." 1392:

announced that it would seek prosecutions against politicians for inciting such violence. In one instance, a cabinet minister had said, "Those who are not circumcised should be taken for a circumcision ceremony." The Commission said this amounted to an incitement to violence.

1215:

In 2007, the US Committee on International Religious Freedom heard testimony reporting: "Forced conversion is happening in an alarming degree. Boys are being kidnapped, forcibly circumcised—a major sin in the Mandaean religion—and forcibly converted to Islam."

1122:. Of these, more than 300 were forcibly circumcised. Cromwell Massey, who kept a secret diary during his captivity, wrote: "I lost with the foreskin of my yard all those benefits of a Christian and Englishman which were and ever shall be my greatest glory." 1317:, he was able to return home in 1622. The Portuguese Friar Jaono dos Sanctos claimed that, annually in Algiers in the 1620s, more than nine hundred Christian slaves were converted to Islam, "besides about fifty boys yearly circumcised against their wills." 1312:

of North Africa. Rawlins later reported that, after being taken to Algiers, two younger men were "by force and torment ... compelled ... to turn Turks," which means that they were forcibly circumcised. By organizing a successful

1401:

for trying to impose their culture on the Teso. Three weeks previously, village neighbours in Aedomoru sub location in Teso north armed themselves with clubs and prevented a 35-year-old man from being forcibly circumcised.

1661:"And Mattathias and his friends went around and tore down the altars; they forcibly circumcised all the uncircumcised boys that they found within the borders of Israel " (1 Macc. 2:45-46, New Revised Standard Version). 1380:

In Kenya, most tribes circumcise. Luo men from Western Kenya are a significant exception, for which reason they have regularly been subjected to forced circumcision. In August 2002, following a violent incident in

1343:

reported that the forced conversions and forced circumcisions had been condemned by moderate Muslim leaders who said they were contrary to Islamic teachings. The local governor had also investigated the incidents.

2210:

A Muslim man ran the flesh trade there in young boys and girls, most of them lured from Nepal. For two years, Raju was kept locked up, taught to dress as a girl and circumcised. Many of the other boys there were

2455:

circumcised, their unshaven moustaches — symbol of their religious identity — cut, their property destroyed and, inevitably, many of their women abducted, forcibly Islamised and married by Muslim neighbours.

2590:

Mr John Otieko... was cornered by a mob ... stripped naked, frog-marched to a nearby river and covered with clay ... then brought to Mayoni trading centre ... to be circumcised as an excited crowd watched.

936:'s claim, that the Idumaeans were compelled to be circumcised and to adopt Jewish ways, is a simplified account of what these urban Idumaeans experienced." During the short reign of Hyrcanus' eldest son, 2189: 1881:, pp. 430–431, who thinks the ban makes more sense as a punitive measure after the revolt, since it "ran completely counter to the long established Roman policy of guaranteeing Jewish religious liberty." 2593:

Efforts by four traffic police officers who were manning a roadblock on the highway a few metres away from the scene failed when the crowd started stoning them. The victim was then left bleeding at the

2887:, February 2001 (United States Department of State, Washington, DC), non-Muslim Sudanese boys kidnapped off the streets have undergone forced circumcision in government camps and juvenile houses; see 3632:

Peter Tomson, "Transformations of Post-70 Judaism: Scholarly Reconstructions and Their Implications for our Perception of Matthew, Didache, and James," in: Huub van de Sandt, Jürgen Zangenberg, eds,

1212:

In Iraq in 2003, shortly after the fall of the Saddam regime, the 35 families who made up the Mandean community in Falluja were ordered at gunpoint to adopt Islam; the men were forcibly circumcised.

2800: 1038:

Although Greco-Roman writers view circumcision as an identifying characteristic of Jews, they believed the practice to have originated in Egypt, and recorded it among peoples they identified as

2693: 3555:

Angela Nickerson, Richard A. Bryant, Robert Brooks, Zachary Steel, Derrick Silove, "Fear of Cultural Extinction and Psychopathology among Mandaean Refugees: An Exploratory Path Analysis,"

3267:

Shaye J. D. Cohen, "Religion, Ethnicity, and Hellenism in the Emergence of Jewish Identity in Maccabean Palestine", in: Per Bilde, Troels Engberg-Pedersen, Lise Hannestad, Jan Zahle, eds,

3255:(Proceedings of the Biennial Princeton-Prague Symposium on the Current State of Studies on the Historical Jesus; Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2009), pp. 1–15. 928:

Scholars disagree on the interpretation of the sources. For example, Steven Weitzman believes the Idumeans were forcibly circumcised for political, not religious, reasons. According to

1606:"Although the Qur'an speaks against forced conversion, such conversions of Christians and Jews took place under Muslim rule until the early decades of the twentieth century." Lerner, 3562:

Angela Nickerson, Richard A. Bryant, Zachary Steel, Derrick Silove, Robert Brooks, "The impact of fear for family on mental health in a resettled Iraqi refugee community,"

1431:

grounds. The incident has sparked a debate on whether or not traditionalists should still be allowed to force people against their will into the bush to undergo initiation.

2438:

Paper presented at the International colloquium "Ethnic Construction and Political Violence", organized by the Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, Cortona, July 2–3, 1999

2289: 2433: 983:

c.50 which made it clear that circumcision of gentile converts to Christianity was not required. Josephus (who changed his allegiance from the Jews to the Roman

2197: 924:

to the use of circumcision, and the rest of the Jewish ways of living; at which time therefore this befell them, that they were hereafter no other than Jews.

2597:

District Commissioner Ernest Munyi expressed shock at the incident and told police to crack down on traditional surgeons involved in forcible circumcision.

2259: 2804: 2167: 3452:

Thembela Kepe, "'Secrets' that kill: Crisis, custodianship and responsibility in ritual male circumcision in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa,"

1074:

refrained from forcibly circumcising their Gentile slaves and whether Romans avoided selling their slaves to Jews in reaction to the prohibition. The

679: 1035:, the first Christian emperor, freed any slave who was subjected to circumcision; in the year 339, circumcising a slave became punishable by death. 684: 3379:

Michael Glass, "Forced circumcision of men (abridged)" Journal of Medical Ethics (J Med Ethics doi:10.1136/medethics-2013-101626) September 2013,

3283:

Captives: The Story of Britain's Pursuit of Empire and How Its Soldiers and Sailors Were Held Captive by the Dream of Global Supremacy, 1600-1850

3779: 1631:, p. 13; Rutten and Owuor, "Weapons of mass destruction"; Kagwanja, "Courting genocide." Regarding the situation in South Africa, see Ndangam, 976: 841: 266: 2667: 3704: 3548:

Lilian N. Ndangam, "'Lifting the Cloak on Manhood': Coverage of Xhosa Male Circumcision in the South African Press," in: Egodi Uchendu, ed.,

3438:

Peter Kagwanja, "Courting genocide: Populism, ethno-nationalism and the informalisation of violence in Kenya's 2008 post-election crisis,"

2114: 915:

called Idumea; and the Idumeans were forcibly converted to Judaism, by threat of exile or death, depending on the source. As reported by

804: 1460:

boys having been forcibly circumcised in the 1990s and 2000s are known from the context of traditional slavery, still endemic in Sudan.

498: 2611: 903:

parents who had abandoned the rite. Forced circumcision of Gentiles by Jews is attested from the second century BC onwards. In 125 BC

1102:

and regulations requiring the holders of prestigious positions to become Muslims have been regarded as a form of forced conversion.

669: 1440:

traditional leaders allege that the ban on forced circumcision is "a violation of cultural rights enshrined in the Constitution."

962: 2774: 872:-speaking men past the age of circumcision (i.e., 25 years or older) to be overpowered by other men and forcibly circumcised. 659: 2293: 3627:

Hindu-Muslim Relations in British India: A Study of Controversy, Conflict, and Communal Movements in Northern India 1923-1928

2720: 2510: 1808:

5.5.1–2; Martial 7.30.5, 7.35.3–4, 7.82.5–6, 11.94; Margaret Williams, "Jews and Jewish Communities in the Roman Empire," in

215: 3181: 3139: 3050:

Peterson Ssendi, "Ugandan Ethnic Group Criticized for Forced Male Circumcision," Voice of America, Kampala, 23 March 2007,

3063:

Peterson Ssendi, "Ugandan Ethnic Group Criticized for Forced Male Circumcision," Voice of America, Kampala, 23 March 2007,

2825: 2751: 1476:

and many local Christians. During the following period, Islamization led to several Christians being forcibly circumcised.

1385:, a district commissioner instructed the police to "crack down on traditional surgeons involved in forcible circumcision." 1236: 674: 1169:'s traditional, short, plaited hair (on an otherwise bald head) were routine Muslim conversion tactics for men and boys." 3251:

James H. Charlesworth, "Why Evaluate Twenty-five Years of Jesus Research?" in: James H. Charlesworth, Petr Pokorný, eds,

2938: 2570: 74: 2587:

A man was yesterday forcibly circumcised by traditional surgeons in Mumias-Butere District as police watched helplessly.

1308:

John Rawlins had sailed for 23 years without incident when, in 1621, he and his crew were kidnapped by pirates from the

1011:

relaxed the Jewish tax as applying only to those who professed to be Jews. Sometime between 128 and 132 AD, the emperor

968: 259: 3664:(trans. Miriam Kochan and David Littman; Madison and Teaneck, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1996). 3087: 3025: 2441: 1512:

his assailants was convicted of unlawful wounding and Brookdale was awarded A$ 10,000 compensation for nervous shock.

3697: 2893: 1456:

have been forcefully converted to Islam, and that Christian men and boys have been forcibly circumcised. Examples of

650: 2365:"Armenians in Turkey Today: A critical assessment of the situation of the Armenian minority in the Turkish Republic" 1863:(Harvard University Press, 1997), p. 103, pointing out this depends on a single note on the ban as a cause for the 1095: 857: 2640: 1285:, were subjected to forced circumcision." As a result of the pogrom, the Greek minority eventually emigrated from 1082:(written at the end of the fourth century or later) suggests that Jews might indeed possess uncircumcised slaves. 3732: 3636:(Symposium Series, vol. 45; Atlanta and Leiden: Society of Biblical Literature and Brill: 2008), pp. 91–122. 797: 731: 67: 2263: 1389: 1004: 1639:; Mayatula and Mavundla, "A review on male circumcision procedures"; Crowly and Kesner, "Ritual Circumcision." 868:

teenage boys to so-called circumcision schools ("bush schools"). In South Africa, custom allows uncircumcised

3877: 3571:

Religion in South Asia: Religious Conversion and Revival Movements in South Asia in Medieval and Modern Times

3389:

Martin Goodman, "Galilean Judaism and Judaean Judaism," in: William Horbury, W. D. Davies, John Sturdy, eds,

544: 338: 252: 62: 30: 3311:

Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500-1800

2877:"Sudan: Reports of Catholic residents of Khartoum or elsewhere in Sudan being forcefully converted to Islam" 3892: 3867: 3690: 596: 550: 343: 187: 57: 3583:

Marcel Rutten, Sam Owuor, "Weapons of mass destruction: Land, ethnicity and the 2007 elections in Kenya,"

1420:

In December 2004, 45-year-old Nceba Cekiso was caught and circumcised against his will. The report in the

1173:

reported in 2004 that the Justice and Peace Commission of Lahor spoke out against young non-Muslim men in

3774: 2721:"Boy threatened with death after investigation into circumcision camps. Children kidnapped and mutilated" 318: 2915: 2296:, "USCIRF Hearing: Threats to Iraq's Communities of Antiquity," July 25, 2007 (issued by Judith Ingram). 1754:""In strength" not "by force": Re-reading the circumcision of the uncircumcised ἐν ἰσχύι in 1 Macc 2:46" 1417:

convert was seized by relatives and forcibly circumcised by group of Xhosa tribal elders and relatives.

3810: 3753: 1126:

captives were, in addition to being circumcised, made to wear female clothes. James Bristow, a teenage

845: 790: 757: 726: 489: 471: 205: 1098:, forced conversion to Islam through violence or threat of violence did not play a key role. However, 2515: 1556: 1079: 1020: 1003:(c.90) also applied this tax to those who were circumcised, even if they claimed they were not Jews. 711: 379: 20: 3887: 3872: 3520:

V. Mayatula, T. R. Mavundla, "A review on male circumcision procedures among South African blacks,"

3260: 2671: 3085:

Godfrey Kimono and Ronnie Kijjambu, "Mujoroto now a 'total man,'" New Vision Uganda, 27 June 2008,

2879:, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, 19 October 2001, and references therein; see also Akol, 2636: 1055: 526: 348: 220: 2846: 2328: 1529:"was extremely violent, producing some two million refugees, over 100,000 killed, and evidence of 3748: 3517:(Italian Texts and Studies on Religion; Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2001). 2248:

Nickerson et al., "The impact of fear"; see also Nickerson et al., "Fear of Cultural Extinction."

3674:

Alfred de Zayas, "The Istanbul Pogrom of 6–7 September 1955 in the Light of International Law,"

3653:

Steven Weitzman, "Forced Circumcision and the Shifting Role of Gentiles in Hasmonean Ideology,"

3341:(Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, vol. 89; Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr , 1996). 3288:

I. P. Crowley, K. M. Kesner, "Ritual Circumcision (Umkhwetha) amongst the Xhosa of the Ciskei,"

1031:

253) says that in his time only Jews were permitted to practice circumcision. Legislation under

948:. In this case, too, sources indicate that the residents were subjected to forced circumcision. 3815: 3503: 3304:

A Surgical Temptation: The Demonization of the Foreskin and the Rise of Circumcision in Britain

3271:(Studies in Hellenistic Civilization; Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1990), pp. 204–223. 1551: 1382: 1043: 988: 240: 2889: 1265:

conversion meant they each had to endure painful circumcision as required by Islamic custom."

3841: 3794: 3789: 3758: 3417:

Catherine Hezser, "Slaves and Slavery in Rabbinic and Roman Law," in: Catherine Hezser, ed.,

3223:

Milica Z. Bookman, "War and Peace: The Divergent Breakups of Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia,"

3076:"Culture vs law: On forced circumcision," Sunday Vision, 29 June 2008 accessed 6 October 2010 3064: 3051: 2990: 2120: 1566: 1526: 1508: 1143: 1063: 402: 3355:(The College Press NIV Commentary; Joplin, Montana: College Press Publishing Company, 1997). 3825: 3727: 3634:

Matthew, James, and Didache: Three Related Documents in Their Jewish and Christian Settings

2615: 1928:, p. 469, takes Origen as meaning that circumcision was "a solely Jewish rite" by his time. 1546: 1469: 1220: 980: 476: 384: 235: 91: 38: 1954:, regarded the Jews as of Egyptian descent, in what was apparently their understanding of 230: 8: 3882: 3529:

Manhood at a Price: Socio-Medical Perspectives on Xhosa Traditional Circumcision—Volume 1

3175:, US Department of State Dispatch, vol. 3, no. 52, 28 December 1992, quoted in Kohlmann, 953:

but instead re-established circumcision among Jewish inhabitants of Judea "in strength".

721: 591: 844:. Forced circumcisions have occurred in a wide range of situations, most notably in the 1783: 1414: 1158: 1111: 1039: 716: 481: 283: 86: 2876: 2305:

The Greek War of Independence the struggle for freedom from Ottoman oppression pg. 110

1877:

mentions nothing about circumcision in his account of the revolt. See also Smallwood,

2645: 1864: 1787: 1775: 1561: 1290: 1257: 929: 886: 619: 540: 430: 333: 52: 3613:

The Politics of Suffering: Indigenous Australia and the End of the Liberal Consensus

1094:

literature spanning the entire history of Islam. Scholars conclude that, during the

3669:

Between Rites and Rights: Excision in Women's Experiential Texts and Human Contexts

3218:

Children of Armenia: A Forgotten Genocide and the Century-long Struggle for Justice

1869: 1765: 1473: 1232: 1091: 1067: 972: 833: 772: 762: 601: 108: 3531:(Institute of Social and Economic Research; Grahamstown: Rhodes University, 1998). 3232:

Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan, and the Struggle with the Musalman Powers of the South

3173:

Fourth Report on War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia: Part II—Torture of Prisoners

2728: 2520: 1146:, and other prisoners were forcibly circumcised. In 1784, when Tipu returned from 3510: 3477:(Studies in Religion, Secular Beliefs, and Human Rights, 2; Leiden: Brill, 2006). 3297:

Violent Belongings: Partition, Gender, and National Culture in Postcolonial India

3185: 3143: 3011: 2116:

Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan and the struggle with the Musalman powers of the south

1274: 1059: 992: 438: 389: 328: 182: 3475:

Religion, Secular Beliefs, and Human Rights: 25 Years after the 1981 Declaration

1090:

Forced conversions, involving forced circumcision, are echoed in a vast body of

3862: 1331: 1235:, it was reported that forced circumcisions taking place were conducted by the 1071: 1016: 853: 614: 210: 170: 3211:

Burden of Nationality: Memoirs of an African Aidworker/Journalist, 1970s-1990s

3010:"Bagisu flee circumcision", The Monitor, Kampala, 25 August 2004. Accessed at 2942: 2574: 2168:"Christian minorities in Pakistan: little freedom and rising Islamic pressure" 3856: 2364: 1779: 1770: 1753: 1679: 1309: 1119: 1032: 937: 904: 531: 175: 96: 3713: 3400:(Cambridge Medieval Textbooks; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993). 3091: 3029: 1480: 1457: 1135: 912: 869: 865: 821: 583: 452: 447: 416: 299: 225: 144: 103: 1334:

to convert them forcibly to Islam from December 1999 to January 2001. The

2431: 2292:

Hearing on Threats to Iraq's Communities of Antiquity, 25 July 2007; see

1874: 1816:(Brill, 1976), p. 431; Jack N. Lightstone, "Roman Diaspora Religion," in 1484: 1123: 1047: 949: 892: 849: 606: 574: 569: 521: 323: 165: 3662:

The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam—From Jihad to Dhimmitude

3784: 1955: 1422: 1357: 896: 559: 411: 139: 134: 79: 3365:

Mary C. Fuller, "John Rawlins," in: Ivo Kamps, Jyotsna G. Singh, eds,

3278:(Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1999). 19:

This article is about male circumcision. For female circumcision, see

1530: 1504: 1198: 1147: 1127: 1115: 996: 941: 564: 291: 129: 124: 1503:

Traditional circumcision is still practised in some tribal areas of

3391:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 3 – The Early Roman Period

3367:

Travel Knowledge: European "Discoveries" in the Early Modern Period

2668:"'Forced circumcision': the latest weapon in Kenya's ethnic strife" 1449: 1368:

took revenge on the Sultan of Aden, who had forcibly circumcised a

1365: 1174: 1000: 984: 916: 767: 421: 397: 3276:

The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties

1842:

23 §113; see also Goodman, "Galilean Judaism," p. 602; Donaldson,

1810:

Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire

1150:, he brought back tens of thousands of Mangalorean Catholics from 3332:

Paul and the Gentiles: Remapping the Apostle's Convictional World

2913:

Lobban, "Slavery in the Sudan." The article is available online:

2803:. Centre for Constitutional Rights. November 2009. Archived from 1801: 1261: 1228: 1202: 1177:

being converted and circumcised against their will. In 2005, the

1166: 1075: 1051: 1015:

seems to have temporarily banned circumcision, on pain of death.

1012: 945: 933: 837: 3393:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 596–617. 3682: 3543:

Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj

3405:

Manhood and Morality: Sex, Violence, and Ritual in Gisu Society

3348:(trans. Carol Volk; New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). 1951: 1597:, p. 265; Tomson, "Transformations of Post-70 Judaism," p. 120. 1488: 1369: 1314: 1297: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1186: 1151: 1024: 967:

Greeks and Romans regarded circumcision as a mutilation of the

875: 3067:

accessed 12 June 2008 but no longer available at that address.

3023:"Man forced into circumcision" New Vision, 13 September 2006. 2991:"Ugandan Ethnic Group Criticized for Forced Male Circumcision" 1873:, the historical credibility of which is often cast in doubt. 3606:

Saracens, Demons, & Jews: Making Monsters in Medieval Art

3463:(Oxford and New York: Oxford International Publishers, 2004). 1619:

On occurrences of forced circumcision in Kenya, see Glazier,

1453: 1224: 1206: 1182: 1078:(compiled about 200 AD) is silent on this point, whereas the 1008: 861: 829: 3608:, (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2003). 3536:

Identity and Religion: Foundations of Anti-Islamism in India

2290:

United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

1162: 975:

until the second century of the Christian era. There was a

908: 900: 512: 160: 3433:

The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development

3065:

http://www.voanews.com/english/Africa/2007-03-23-voa58.cfm

3052:

http://www.voanews.com/english/Africa/2007-03-23-voa58.cfm

1742:

Charlesworth, "Why Evaluate Twenty-five Years," pp. 10-11.

1007:

was put to death in 95 for adopting Jewish customs. In 96

3671:(Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press, 2007). 3374:

Circumcision among the Ama-Xhosa: A Medical Investigation

2434:"The nature and uses of violence in the Kurdish conflict" 1330:

Thousands of Christians were forcibly circumcised in the

1260:, forced conversions (involving forced circumcisions) of 1131: 1099: 825: 3484:(Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press, 1987). 3384:

Land and the Uses of Tradition among the Mbeere of Kenya

3239:

The Great Stem of Souls: Reconstructing Mandaean History

2573:. The Nation, Nairobi, Kenya. 2002-08-23. Archived from 2119:(1974 ed.). Delhi: ADABIYAT-I DELLI. Archived from 1256:

It is well established that, both before and during the

3269:

Religion and Religious Practice in the Seleucid Kingdom

3026:"New Vision Online : Man forced into circumcision" 2432:

Martin van Bruinessen, Utrecht University (July 1999).

1861:

Judeophobia: Attitudes toward Jews in the Ancient World

1448:

There is ample evidence that, for years, Christians of

1161:"orced circumcision, shaving facial and head hair (for 3622:(Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 2008). 3615:(Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press, 2009). 3461:

Al-Qaida's Jihad in Europe: The Afghan-Bosnian Network

3435:(Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 2006). 3386:(Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1985). 2828:. IOL: News for South Africa and the World. 2009-08-11 2801:"Traditional circumcision: Custom vs the Constitution" 3491:(London: Jewish Historical Society of England, 1967). 3414:(New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). 3014:

26 August 2004 but now available only by subscription

1140:

The Captivity, Sufferings, and Escape of James Scurry

880: 1814:

The Jews under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian

1533:, impaling, dismemberment and forced circumcision." 1189:

in the context of sex trade in large Indian cities.

1096:

Islamic conquest of the Middle East and North Africa

832:

context, the term is used especially in relation to

3545:(New Delhi: A. P. H. Publishing Corporation, 2006). 3501:Richard Lobban, "Slavery in the Sudan since 1989," 3421:(Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr , 2003), pp. 133–176. 1720:

Cohen, "Religion, Ethnicity, and Hellenism," p. 216

3419:Rabbinic Law in its Roman and Near Eastern Context 3140:"Court awards A$ 10,000 for wrongful circumcision" 2885:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2000 2370:. The EU Office of Armenian Associations of Europe 2260:"The Rape of Basra: Cleansing the Iraqi Mandaeans" 3362:(Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2008). 3346:The Singular Beast: Jews, Christians, and the Pig 3142:. Agence France Press. 1997-10-08. Archived from 1114:, 7,000 British soldiers were held imprisoned by 3854: 2508: 2362: 2349:Zayas, "The Istanbul Pogrom"; see also Vryonis, 1857:The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World 1138:, also a prisoner of war, confirms in his book, 3580:(Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2006). 3334:(Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press: 1997). 3320:(Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2007). 2988: 2775:"Wife held after husband's forced circumcision" 2718: 2196:. Gulf-Times.com. 10 April 2005. Archived from 2190:"Former sex worker's tale spurs rescue mission" 2001:, p. 42; see also Hezser, "Slaves and Slavery." 3299:(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008). 3246:Who Is a Refugee? A Comparative Case Law Study 3241:(Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006). 3012:http://allafrica.com/stories/200408250493.html 2749: 2504: 2502: 1062:might circumcise their male slaves as well as 977:circumcision controversy in Early Christianity 899:(ca. 166 BC) forcibly circumcised the sons of 842:circumcision controversy in early Christianity 3698: 3594:(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004). 3369:(New York: Palgrave Press, 2001), p. 60. 3306:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005). 2772: 1988:Lightstone, "Roman Diaspora Judaism," p. 363. 1347: 919:, circumcision was required of the Idumeans: 846:compulsory conversion of non-Muslims to Islam 798: 260: 3601:(New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2009). 3426:Trent 1475: Stories of a Ritual Murder Trial 3376:(Braamfontein: Skotaville Publishers, 1990). 3253:Jesus Research: An International Perspective 3248:(The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1997). 3213:(Nairobi: Kenya Paulines Publication, 2006). 1058:; circumcision was a marker of "the Other". 995:, was levied against all Jews. According to 876:History and contemporary forced circumcision 3599:God's Battalions: The Case for the Crusades 2826:"Forced circumcision: Son takes parents on" 2571:"Man Forcibly Circumcised As Crowd Watches" 2543:, Book 3, Chapter 35; see also Strickland, 2499: 2277:Those who resisted were summarily executed. 2025:Religion, Secular Beliefs, and Human Rights 1812:(Routledge, 2000), p. 325; Mary Smallwood, 1758:Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 1515: 1181:discussed a case of forced circumcision of 1157:According to Kativa Daiya, during the 1947 1154:and subjected them to forced circumcision. 3705: 3691: 3552:(Dakar: Codesria, 2008), pp. 209–228. 3498:(New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2002). 3264:(New York: Oxford University Press. 2006). 2752:"Rastafarian circumcised against his will" 2466:Fuller, "John Rawlins"; see also DiPiero, 2329:"Armenians in Turkey 1915-1918 1,5000,000" 1608:Religion, Secular Beliefs and Human Rights 971:, but the practice is little discussed in 805: 791: 267: 253: 3592:Jews and Blacks in the Early Modern World 3428:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992). 3179:, p. 30. The report is available online: 2612:"Six ministers on violence List of Shame" 1769: 1070:, it is an open question whether Jews of 3507:, vol. 23 (2001), no. 2, pp. 31–39. 2609: 2511:"Terror attacks in the name of religion" 2262:. The Arab Washingtonian. Archived from 1520: 1085: 3648:I Refuse to Die: My Journey for Freedom 3585:Journal of Contemporary African Studies 3468:Captives of Tipu: Survivors' Narratives 3440:Journal of Contemporary African Studies 3407:(London and New York: Routledge, 1999). 3220:(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009). 2781:. Independent Online News, south Africa 2641:"Forced circumcision reported in Kenya" 2257: 2112: 2106: 1670:Flavius Josephus Antiquities 13.257–258 1019:exempted Jews from the ban, as well as 963:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire 3855: 3650:(New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002). 3482:The Jews in Roman Imperial Legislation 3327:(Durham: Duke University Press, 2002). 2936:, Toronto, Ontario, 25 November 2003: 2847:"Judgment in forced circumcision case" 2700:. West Media Limited. 2 September 2010 2670:. AFP. 29 January 2008. Archived from 2440:. Universiteit Utrecht. Archived from 1627:, p. 149, passim; Karimi and Ochieng, 1483:Suzette Heald and other scholars, the 1066:and Jewish male infants. According to 16:Circumcision performed without consent 3686: 3538:(New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2004). 3313:(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003). 2635: 1950:Several Greco-Roman writers, such as 1859:(Routledge, 1983, 2003), p. 150, and 1247: 216:Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes 3550:Masculinities in Contemporary Africa 2418:, p. 150, n. 203; see also Jwaideh, 2288:Testimony of Dr Suhaib Nashi at the 1751: 1694:XIII 9:1, 254 ff; see, e.g., Cohen, 1525:According to Milica Z. Bookman, the 3587:, vol. 27 (2009), pp. 305–324. 3566:, vol. 44 (2010), pp. 229–235. 3559:, vol. 15 (2009), pp. 227–236. 3557:CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics 3456:, vol. 70 (2010), pp. 729–735. 3442:, vol. 27 (2009), pp. 365–387. 3292:, vol. 66 (1990), pp. 318–321. 3227:, vol. 31 (1994), pp. 175–187. 2694:"Police save man from forceful cut" 2029:The Decline of Eastern Christianity 1130:, revenged himself by circumcising 1118:and Tipu Sultan in the fortress of 13: 3678:, vol. 2 (2007), pp. 137–154. 3261:Islam and the Abolition of Slavery 1364:, relates how a Christian king of 881:Hasmonean Kingdom (140 BCE–37 BCE) 828:and boys against their will. In a 14: 3904: 3657:, vol. 92 (1999), pp. 37–59. 3524:, vol. 20 (1997), pp. 16–20. 3398:England in the Thirteenth Century 3360:An Introduction to Islam for Jews 2916:"Slavery in the Sudan since 1989" 2894:United States Department of State 2719:Sibusiso Bubesi (14 March 1999). 2614:. AfricaFiles.org. Archived from 2363:Dr Tessa Hofmann (October 2002). 1325: 1303: 1219:In 2014, after the exodus of the 1201:, residing almost exclusively in 3712: 3515:The Mandaeans: The Last Gnostics 3258:William Gervase Clarence-Smith, 3234:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1893). 2481:Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters 1711:Weitzman, "Forced Circumcision." 1650:Circumcision among the Ama-Xhosa 1165:men), and shaving off the Hindu 732:Category:Men's organizations 298: 3676:Genocide Studies and Prevention 3564:Journal of Psychiatric Research 3445:Joseph Karimi, Philip Ochieng, 3166: 3157: 3132: 3119: 3106: 3079: 3070: 3057: 3044: 3017: 3004: 2982: 2969: 2956: 2907: 2869: 2860: 2839: 2818: 2793: 2766: 2743: 2712: 2686: 2660: 2629: 2603: 2563: 2558:Land and the Uses of Traditions 2550: 2534: 2509:Murdoch, Lindsay (2001-01-27). 2486: 2473: 2460: 2425: 2408: 2395: 2382: 2356: 2343: 2321: 2308: 2299: 2282: 2251: 2242: 2229: 2216: 2182: 2160: 2147: 2134: 2093: 2080: 2063: 2046: 2017: 2004: 1991: 1982: 1965: 1944: 1931: 1914: 1901: 1884: 1849: 1832: 1823: 1794: 1745: 1736: 1723: 1714: 1705: 1621:Land and the Uses of Traditions 1404: 1142:(1824), that English soldiers, 956: 848:and the forced circumcision of 3470:(London: Jonathan Cape, 1929). 3318:Encyclopedia of Body Adornment 2989:Peterson Ssendi (2007-03-23). 2883:, pp. 25-72. According to the 2849:. Legalbrief Today. 2009-10-14 2773:Myolisi Gophe (2 April 2005). 2750:Melanie Peters (4 July 2004). 1684: 1673: 1664: 1655: 1642: 1613: 1600: 1587: 1578: 1472:ordered the murders of Bishop 1390:Kenyan Human Rights Commission 864:, as well as the abduction of 1: 3643:(New York: Greekworks, 2005). 3578:Culture and Customs of Uganda 3449:(Nairobi: Transafrica. 1980). 3182:"Fourth Report on War Crimes" 2964:Culture and Customs of Uganda 2420:The Kurdish National Movement 1818:A Companion to Roman Religion 1572: 1105: 979:but this was resolved at the 3641:The Mechanism of Catastrophe 3489:The Jews of Medieval Norwich 3088:"Mujoroto now a 'total man'" 2866:Kepe, "'Secrets' that kill." 2545:Saracens, Demons, & Jews 2351:The Mechanism of Catastrophe 2073:, pp. 32-33; see also Oddy, 1752:Soon, Isaac T (2020-03-01). 1696:The Beginnings of Jewishness 1498: 1487:(alternatively, Bagishu) of 1320: 1281:men, including at least one 597:Paternal rights and abortion 551:Violence against LGBT people 7: 3775:Religious male circumcision 3573:(New Delhi: Manohar, 1991). 3454:Social Science and Medicine 3412:Jewish Slavery in Antiquity 3285:(New York: Pantheon, 2002). 2170:. AsiaNews.it. 9 March 2004 1999:Jewish Slavery in Antiquity 1540: 1352: 1242: 727:Category:Men's movement 231:Masculist views on violence 10: 3909: 3655:Harvard Theological Review 3353:New Testament Introduction 3290:British Journal of Urology 3202: 3177:Al-Qaida's Jihad in Europe 1820:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 362. 1731:New Testament Introduction 1635:, pp. 211-213; Meintjies, 1348:Africa south of the Sahara 960: 884: 490:Circumcision controversies 472:Discrimination against men 339:Mythopoetic men's movement 206:Discrimination against men 18: 3834: 3804:Ethical and legal aspects 3803: 3767: 3741: 3720: 3496:Religious Freedom in Asia 3237:Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley, 3225:Journal of Peace Research 3163:Bookman, "War and Peace." 3127:The Politics of Suffering 2541:The Travels of Marco Polo 2516:The Sydney Morning Herald 2494:Religious Freedom in Asia 2331:. The History Place. 2000 2056:, p. 58; see also Misra, 2035:, p. 28; Clarence-Smith, 1973:The Jews under Roman Rule 1926:The Jews under Roman Rule 1909:The Jews under Roman Rule 1896:The Jews under Roman Rule 1879:The Jews under Roman Rule 1557:Female genital mutilation 1463: 1277:in September 1955, "many 1268: 1080:Mekhilta de-Rabbi Ishmael 895:relates the story of how 712:Index of masculism topics 380:Sex differences in humans 344:Men's liberation movement 97:Involuntary penis removal 75:Forced genital mutilation 21:Female genital mutilation 3604:Debra Higgs Strickland, 2403:Between Rites and Rights 2054:An Introduction to Islam 2039:, p. 39, passim; Misra, 1771:10.1177/0951820720902086 1516:Other geographical areas 1443: 1375: 1110:In the aftermath of the 527:False accusation of rape 319:Fathers' rights movement 3447:The Kenyatta Succession 3344:Claudine Fabre-Vassas, 3339:Paul and the Mosaic Law 3103:accessed 6 October 2010 3054:accessed 5 October 2010 3041:accessed 5 October 2010 2237:The Great Stem of Souls 2113:Bowring, Lewin (1893). 1939:The History of the Jews 1892:The History of the Jews 1692:Antiquities of the Jews 1629:The Kenyatta Succession 1595:Paul and the Mosaic Law 1413:In 2004, a 22-year-old 1192: 1112:1780 Battle of Pollilur 758:International Men's Day 153:Sexual assault and rape 3742:History and prevalence 3629:(Leiden: Brill, 1975). 3504:Arab Studies Quarterly 3372:Lumpka Sheila Funani, 3330:Terence L. Donaldson, 2920:Arab Studies Quarterly 2353:, pp. 224-226, passim. 2075:Religion in South Asia 1552:Ethics of circumcision 1433: 1388:In November 2005, the 1383:Butere/Mumias District 989:First Roman-Jewish War 973:Roman literary sources 926: 241:Violence against women 80:Involuntary castration 2881:Burden of Nationality 2314:See, e.g., Bobelian, 2140:See, e.g., Naravane, 2071:A Surgical Temptation 2058:Identity and Religion 2041:Identity and Religion 1924:, p. 103. Smallwood, 1894:, p. 150; Smallwood, 1844:Paul and the Gentiles 1698:, pp. 110-111; Taus, 1567:Religious intolerance 1527:breakup of Yugoslavia 1521:Breakup of Yugoslavia 1509:Australian Aborigines 1428: 1341:Sydney Morning Herald 1336:Sydney Morning Herald 1144:Mangalorean Catholics 1086:Asia and North Africa 1005:Titus Flavius Clemens 921: 403:Hegemonic masculinity 349:Men's rights movement 221:Men's rights movement 3878:Violence against men 3618:Esther Rogoff Taus, 3302:Robert J. L. Darby, 3112:See, e.g., DeMello, 2977:Manhood and Morality 2556:See, e.g., Glazier, 2294:USCIRF press release 2222:See, e.g., Lupieri, 2031:, pp. 88-91; Stark, 1800:Juvenal 14.103–104; 1410:snatched every day. 981:Council of Jerusalem 702:Lists and categories 477:Violence against men 385:Human male sexuality 236:Sentencing disparity 92:Malicious castration 39:Violence against men 3893:Human rights abuses 3868:Circumcision debate 3590:Jonathan Schorsch, 3274:Shaye J. D. Cohen, 3244:Jean-Yves Carlier, 2392:, pp. 128-129, 132. 2316:Children of Armenia 2023:See, e.g., Lerner, 1975:, p. 430; Schäfer, 1729:See, e.g., Fiensy, 1064:adult male converts 818:Forced circumcision 722:Category:Masculists 592:Reproductive rights 504:Forced circumcision 3780:Early Christianity 3733:Surgical procedure 3667:Chantal J. Zabus, 3646:Koigi wa Wamwere, 3569:Geoffrey A. Oddy, 3527:Graeme Meintjies, 3494:Edward P. Lipton, 3410:Catherine Hezser, 3358:Reuven Firestone, 3337:James D. G. Dunn, 3230:Lewin B. Bowring, 3216:Michael Bobelian, 2993:. Voice of America 2200:on 18 January 2012 2155:Violent Belongings 1637:Manhood at a Price 1623:, p. 25; Wamwere, 1248:The Ottoman Empire 1159:partition of India 991:, a head tax, the 944:gained control of 940:(104–103 BC), the 717:Category:Masculism 499:Genital mutilation 482:Male expendability 87:Male expendability 3850: 3849: 3768:Religious aspects 3625:Gene R. Thursby, 3424:R. Po-Chia Hsia, 3351:David A. Fiensy, 3309:Robert C. Davis, 2674:on 6 October 2012 2646:Los Angeles Times 2479:Quoted in Davis, 2027:, p. 142; Ye'or, 1865:Bar Kokhba revolt 1633:Lifting the Cloak 1593:See, e.g., Dunn, 1562:Forced conversion 1547:Children's rights 1452:and elsewhere in 1291:asylum in Germany 1258:Armenian genocide 930:Shaye J. D. Cohen 887:Hasmonean Kingdom 815: 814: 780: 779: 739: 738: 693: 692: 627: 626: 620:Toxic masculinity 541:Domestic violence 431:Gender neutrality 365:Topics and issues 356: 355: 277: 276: 53:Domestic violence 3900: 3707: 3700: 3693: 3684: 3683: 3639:Speros Vryonis, 3541:M. S. Naravane, 3534:Amalendu Misra, 3466:A. W. Lawrence, 3325:White Men Aren't 3323:Thomas DiPiero, 3197: 3196: 3194: 3193: 3184:. Archived from 3170: 3164: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3151: 3136: 3130: 3123: 3117: 3110: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3099: 3090:. Archived from 3083: 3077: 3074: 3068: 3061: 3055: 3048: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3037: 3028:. Archived from 3021: 3015: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2986: 2980: 2973: 2967: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2950: 2941:. Archived from 2939:"Sudan's Slaves" 2930: 2928: 2927: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2901: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2854: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2833: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2727:. Archived from 2716: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2654: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2623: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2583: 2582: 2567: 2561: 2554: 2548: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2528: 2519:. Archived from 2506: 2497: 2490: 2484: 2477: 2471: 2468:White Men Aren't 2464: 2458: 2457: 2451: 2449: 2429: 2423: 2416:Who Is a Refugee 2412: 2406: 2399: 2393: 2390:Who Is a Refugee 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2369: 2360: 2354: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2325: 2319: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2297: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2273: 2271: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2240: 2233: 2227: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2207: 2205: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2164: 2158: 2151: 2145: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2128: 2110: 2104: 2101:Captives of Tipu 2097: 2091: 2084: 2078: 2077:, p. 42, passim. 2067: 2061: 2050: 2044: 2043:, p. 91, passim. 2033:God's Battalions 2021: 2015: 2014:, p. 378, n. 24. 2008: 2002: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1969: 1963: 1948: 1942: 1935: 1929: 1918: 1912: 1905: 1899: 1888: 1882: 1870:Historia Augusta 1853: 1847: 1836: 1830: 1827: 1821: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1773: 1749: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1703: 1688: 1682: 1677: 1671: 1668: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1646: 1640: 1617: 1611: 1604: 1598: 1591: 1585: 1582: 1479:As discussed by 1474:James Hannington 1068:Catherine Hezser 1021:Egyptian priests 834:Paul the Apostle 807: 800: 793: 763:Minister for Men 752: 751: 706: 705: 640: 639: 602:No-fault divorce 369: 368: 313: 312: 302: 279: 278: 269: 262: 255: 109:Groom kidnapping 26: 25: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3830: 3799: 3763: 3737: 3721:Medical aspects 3716: 3711: 3681: 3620:Torah for Today 3576:Kefa M. Otiso, 3511:Edmondo Lupieri 3459:Evan Kohlmann, 3431:Wadie Jwaideh, 3403:Suzette Heald, 3316:Margo DeMello, 3209:Jacob J. Akol, 3205: 3200: 3191: 3189: 3180: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3149: 3147: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3124: 3120: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3062: 3058: 3049: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3009: 3005: 2996: 2994: 2987: 2983: 2974: 2970: 2961: 2957: 2948: 2946: 2937: 2925: 2923: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2899: 2897: 2888: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2852: 2850: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2831: 2829: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2810: 2808: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2771: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2748: 2744: 2734: 2732: 2731:on 5 March 2016 2717: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2677: 2675: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2652: 2650: 2634: 2630: 2621: 2619: 2608: 2604: 2580: 2578: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2555: 2551: 2539: 2535: 2526: 2524: 2507: 2500: 2491: 2487: 2478: 2474: 2465: 2461: 2447: 2445: 2430: 2426: 2413: 2409: 2400: 2396: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2357: 2348: 2344: 2334: 2332: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2287: 2283: 2269: 2267: 2266:on 23 June 2011 2256: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2234: 2230: 2221: 2217: 2203: 2201: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2152: 2148: 2139: 2135: 2126: 2124: 2111: 2107: 2098: 2094: 2085: 2081: 2068: 2064: 2051: 2047: 2022: 2018: 2012:Jews and Blacks 2009: 2005: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1970: 1966: 1949: 1945: 1937:Peter Schäfer, 1936: 1932: 1919: 1915: 1906: 1902: 1889: 1885: 1855:Peter Schäfer, 1854: 1850: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1799: 1795: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1700:Torah for Today 1689: 1685: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1647: 1643: 1625:I Refuse to Die 1618: 1614: 1605: 1601: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1543: 1523: 1518: 1501: 1466: 1446: 1407: 1378: 1355: 1350: 1328: 1323: 1306: 1275:Istanbul Pogrom 1271: 1250: 1245: 1195: 1108: 1088: 993:Fiscus Judaicus 965: 959: 889: 883: 878: 811: 782: 781: 749: 741: 740: 703: 695: 694: 689: 660:Fathers' rights 637: 629: 628: 611: 580: 537: 509: 486: 458: 439:Men in feminism 435: 426: 407: 390:Gender equality 366: 358: 357: 329:HimToo movement 310: 273: 183:Sexual violence 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3906: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3717: 3710: 3709: 3702: 3695: 3687: 3680: 3679: 3672: 3665: 3658: 3651: 3644: 3637: 3630: 3623: 3616: 3611:Peter Sutton, 3609: 3602: 3597:Rodney Stark, 3595: 3588: 3581: 3574: 3567: 3560: 3553: 3546: 3539: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3508: 3499: 3492: 3487:V. D. Lipman, 3485: 3480:Amnon Linder, 3478: 3473:Natan Lerner, 3471: 3464: 3457: 3450: 3443: 3436: 3429: 3422: 3415: 3408: 3401: 3396:Alan Harding, 3394: 3387: 3382:Jack Glazier, 3380: 3377: 3370: 3363: 3356: 3349: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3321: 3314: 3307: 3300: 3295:Kativa Daiya, 3293: 3286: 3281:Linda Colley, 3279: 3272: 3265: 3256: 3249: 3242: 3235: 3228: 3221: 3214: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3165: 3156: 3131: 3118: 3105: 3078: 3069: 3056: 3043: 3016: 3003: 2981: 2968: 2955: 2906: 2868: 2859: 2838: 2817: 2792: 2779:The Cape Argus 2765: 2742: 2711: 2685: 2659: 2639:(2008-01-09). 2628: 2610:Savula, Ayub. 2602: 2562: 2549: 2533: 2498: 2485: 2472: 2459: 2424: 2407: 2394: 2381: 2355: 2342: 2320: 2307: 2298: 2281: 2250: 2241: 2239:, pp. 149-150. 2228: 2215: 2181: 2159: 2146: 2133: 2105: 2092: 2079: 2062: 2045: 2016: 2003: 1990: 1981: 1964: 1943: 1930: 1913: 1900: 1883: 1848: 1831: 1822: 1793: 1764:(3): 149–167. 1744: 1735: 1722: 1713: 1704: 1683: 1672: 1663: 1654: 1641: 1612: 1599: 1586: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1542: 1539: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1500: 1497: 1481:anthropologist 1465: 1462: 1445: 1442: 1406: 1403: 1377: 1374: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1327: 1326:Maluku Islands 1324: 1322: 1319: 1305: 1304:The Arab world 1302: 1270: 1267: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1194: 1191: 1107: 1104: 1087: 1084: 1072:late antiquity 1017:Antoninus Pius 969:male genitalia 958: 955: 950:Archaeological 882: 879: 877: 874: 813: 812: 810: 809: 802: 795: 787: 784: 783: 778: 777: 776: 775: 770: 765: 760: 750: 747: 746: 743: 742: 737: 736: 735: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 704: 701: 700: 697: 696: 691: 690: 688: 687: 682: 680:United Kingdom 677: 672: 666: 663: 662: 656: 655: 654: 653: 645: 644: 638: 635: 634: 631: 630: 625: 624: 623: 622: 617: 615:Reverse sexism 610: 609: 604: 599: 594: 588: 587: 586: 579: 578: 572: 567: 562: 555: 554: 553: 548: 536: 535: 529: 524: 517: 516: 515: 508: 507: 501: 494: 493: 492: 485: 484: 479: 474: 468: 465: 464: 460: 459: 457: 456: 450: 443: 442: 441: 434: 433: 427: 425: 424: 419: 414: 408: 406: 405: 400: 394: 393: 392: 387: 382: 374: 373: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 354: 353: 352: 351: 346: 341: 336: 334:Men's movement 331: 326: 321: 311: 308: 307: 304: 303: 295: 294: 288: 287: 275: 274: 272: 271: 264: 257: 249: 246: 245: 244: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 211:Reverse sexism 208: 200: 199: 198:Related topics 195: 194: 193: 192: 191: 190: 180: 179: 178: 173: 168: 155: 154: 150: 149: 148: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 119: 118: 114: 113: 112: 111: 106: 101: 100: 99: 89: 84: 83: 82: 72: 71: 70: 65: 60: 47: 46: 42: 41: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3905: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3843: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3811:Controversies 3809: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3696: 3694: 3689: 3688: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3497: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3413: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3188:on 2011-06-22 3187: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3160: 3146:on 2012-03-01 3145: 3141: 3135: 3128: 3122: 3115: 3109: 3094:on 2012-09-14 3093: 3089: 3082: 3073: 3066: 3060: 3053: 3047: 3032:on 2011-06-05 3031: 3027: 3020: 3013: 3007: 2992: 2985: 2978: 2972: 2965: 2959: 2945:on 2010-06-28 2944: 2940: 2935: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2863: 2848: 2842: 2827: 2821: 2807:on 2011-07-19 2806: 2802: 2796: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2753: 2746: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2648: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2618:on 2011-07-16 2617: 2613: 2606: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2577:on 2016-03-04 2576: 2572: 2566: 2559: 2553: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2523:on 2022-01-22 2522: 2518: 2517: 2512: 2505: 2503: 2495: 2489: 2482: 2476: 2469: 2463: 2456: 2444:on 2011-06-05 2443: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2404: 2398: 2391: 2385: 2366: 2359: 2352: 2346: 2330: 2324: 2317: 2311: 2302: 2295: 2291: 2285: 2278: 2265: 2261: 2258:C.G. Häberl. 2254: 2245: 2238: 2232: 2225: 2224:The Mandaeans 2219: 2212: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2169: 2163: 2156: 2150: 2143: 2137: 2123:on 2018-10-25 2122: 2118: 2117: 2109: 2102: 2096: 2089: 2083: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2020: 2013: 2007: 2000: 1994: 1985: 1978: 1974: 1968: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1940: 1934: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1910: 1904: 1897: 1893: 1887: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1845: 1841: 1835: 1829:Acts 15: 5-21 1826: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1797: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1748: 1739: 1732: 1726: 1717: 1708: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1676: 1667: 1658: 1651: 1645: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1616: 1609: 1603: 1596: 1590: 1584:Glass (2013). 1581: 1577: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1470:Kabaka Mwanga 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1424: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1345: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1318: 1316: 1311: 1310:Barbary Coast 1301: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1240: 1238: 1237:Islamic State 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120:Seringapatnam 1117: 1113: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1060:Diaspora Jews 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 964: 954: 951: 947: 943: 939: 938:Aristobulus I 935: 931: 925: 920: 918: 914: 910: 906: 905:John Hyrcanus 902: 898: 894: 888: 873: 871: 867: 866:South African 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 808: 803: 801: 796: 794: 789: 788: 786: 785: 774: 773:Men's studies 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 755: 754: 753: 745: 744: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 709: 708: 707: 699: 698: 686: 685:United States 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 667: 665: 664: 661: 658: 657: 652: 649: 648: 647: 646: 642: 641: 633: 632: 621: 618: 616: 613: 612: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 589: 585: 582: 581: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 557: 556: 552: 549: 546: 542: 539: 538: 533: 532:Rape of males 530: 528: 525: 523: 519: 518: 514: 511: 510: 505: 502: 500: 496: 495: 491: 488: 487: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 469: 467: 466: 462: 461: 454: 453:Anti-feminism 451: 449: 445: 444: 440: 437: 436: 432: 429: 428: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 409: 404: 401: 399: 396: 395: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 376: 375: 371: 370: 362: 361: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 316: 315: 314: 306: 305: 301: 297: 296: 293: 290: 289: 285: 281: 280: 270: 265: 263: 258: 256: 251: 250: 248: 247: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 203: 202: 201: 197: 196: 189: 186: 185: 184: 181: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 162: 159: 158: 157: 156: 152: 151: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 122: 121: 120: 116: 115: 110: 107: 105: 102: 98: 95: 94: 93: 90: 88: 85: 81: 78: 77: 76: 73: 69: 66: 64: 61: 59: 56: 55: 54: 51: 50: 49: 48: 44: 43: 40: 37: 36: 32: 28: 27: 22: 3888:Men's health 3873:Men's rights 3842:Circumcision 3820: 3759:Perspectives 3714:Circumcision 3675: 3668: 3661: 3654: 3647: 3640: 3633: 3626: 3619: 3612: 3605: 3598: 3591: 3584: 3577: 3570: 3563: 3556: 3549: 3542: 3535: 3528: 3521: 3514: 3502: 3495: 3488: 3481: 3474: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3446: 3439: 3432: 3425: 3418: 3411: 3404: 3397: 3390: 3383: 3373: 3366: 3359: 3352: 3345: 3338: 3331: 3324: 3317: 3310: 3303: 3296: 3289: 3282: 3275: 3268: 3259: 3252: 3245: 3238: 3231: 3224: 3217: 3210: 3190:. 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IOL News 2735:10 October 2653:2010-10-05 2622:2010-10-07 2581:2010-10-07 2527:2010-10-05 2211:castrated. 2194:Gulf Times 2127:2011-05-20 2099:Lawrence, 2010:Schorsch, 1956:the Exodus 1838:Josephus, 1690:Josephus, 1573:References 1423:Cape Argus 1358:Marco Polo 1221:Christians 1179:Gulf Times 1124:Adolescent 1116:Haidar Ali 1106:South Asia 1048:Phoenician 961:See also: 942:Hasmoneans 907:conquered 897:Mattathias 885:See also: 636:By country 560:Homophobia 412:Effeminacy 140:Fratricide 135:Mariticide 68:management 3129:, p. 112. 2934:Frontpage 2758:9 October 2704:8 October 2678:5 October 2547:, p. 159. 2496:, p. 124. 2448:3 October 2414:Carlier, 2405:, p. 233. 2388:Carlier, 2374:3 October 2335:5 October 2270:5 October 2235:Buckley, 2204:5 October 2174:5 October 2144:, p. 175. 2090:, p. 288. 2060:, p. 172. 1941:, p. 185. 1920:Schäfer, 1911:, p. 470. 1898:, p. 467. 1890:Schäfer, 1846:, p. 323. 1788:218947076 1780:0951-8207 1702:, p. 104. 1610:, p. 142. 1531:gang rape 1505:Australia 1499:Australia 1468:In 1885, 1415:Rastafari 1360:, in his 1321:Indonesia 1199:Mandaeans 1171:Asia News 1148:Mangalore 1092:scholarly 1056:Ethiopian 997:Suetonius 670:Australia 565:Gayphobia 309:Movements 292:Masculism 188:Estimates 176:Male rape 171:Statutory 130:Patricide 125:Androcide 3835:Category 3125:Sutton, 3116:, p. 64. 2979:, p. 13. 2649:. Limuru 2560:, p. 25. 2492:Lipton, 2483:, p. 22. 2470:, p. 69. 2422:, p. 20. 2103:, p. 35. 2088:Captives 2086:Colley, 1997:Hezser, 1806:Historia 1733:, p. 19. 1648:Funani, 1541:See also 1450:Khartoum 1366:Ethiopia 1353:Ethiopia 1332:Moluccas 1262:Armenian 1243:Anatolia 1227:and the 1185:boys in 1183:Nepalese 1175:Pakistan 1052:Colchian 1001:Domitian 985:Flavians 917:Josephus 838:polemics 836:and his 830:biblical 768:Movember 748:See also 422:Machismo 398:Misandry 284:a series 282:Part of 31:a series 29:Part of 3785:Judaism 3749:History 3203:Sources 2975:Heald, 2962:Otiso, 2890:"Sudan" 2698:West FM 2401:Zabus, 2153:Daiya, 2142:Battles 2069:Darby, 1867:in the 1802:Tacitus 1652:, p. v. 1426:noted, 1362:Travels 1229:Yazidis 1203:Baghdad 1167:Brahmin 1076:Mishnah 1013:Hadrian 946:Galilee 934:Ptolemy 860:men in 854:Turkana 820:is the 117:Killing 58:outline 3821:Forced 3816:Ethics 2922:. 2001 2594:scene. 1952:Strabo 1786: 1778: 1489:Uganda 1464:Uganda 1370:bishop 1315:mutiny 1298:Yazidi 1287:Turkey 1283:priest 1269:Turkey 1197:Iraqi 1187:Mumbai 1152:Kanara 1054:, and 1044:Syrian 1025:Origen 1023:, and 913:Romans 901:Jewish 463:Issues 372:Topics 45:Issues 3863:Abuse 3795:Jesus 3790:Islam 2368:(PDF) 2037:Islam 1784:S2CID 1458:Dinka 1454:Sudan 1444:Sudan 1376:Kenya 1279:Greek 1231:from 1225:Mosul 1223:from 1207:Basra 1100:taxes 1009:Nerva 870:Xhosa 862:Kenya 675:Italy 651:India 2875:See 2787:2010 2760:2010 2737:2010 2706:2010 2680:2010 2450:2010 2376:2010 2337:2010 2272:2010 2206:2010 2176:2010 1840:Life 1776:ISSN 1485:Gisu 1296:The 1205:and 1193:Iraq 1163:Sikh 1132:dogs 1040:Arab 1027:(d. 909:Edom 856:and 850:Teso 513:Rape 161:Rape 3826:Law 3728:HIV 1766:doi 1029:ca. 932:, " 858:Luo 826:men 824:of 3859:: 3513:, 2918:. 2892:. 2777:. 2723:. 2696:. 2643:. 2584:. 2513:. 2501:^ 2452:. 2436:. 2274:. 2208:. 2192:. 1804:, 1782:. 1774:. 1762:29 1760:. 1756:. 1372:. 1293:. 1239:. 1050:, 1046:, 1042:, 999:, 852:, 286:on 33:on 3706:e 3699:t 3692:v 3195:. 3153:. 3101:. 3039:. 3000:. 2952:. 2929:. 2903:. 2856:. 2835:. 2814:. 2789:. 2762:. 2739:. 2708:. 2682:. 2656:. 2625:. 2530:. 2378:. 2339:. 2226:. 2178:. 2130:. 1790:. 1768:: 891:R 806:e 799:t 792:v 577:) 558:( 547:) 543:( 534:) 520:( 506:) 497:( 455:) 446:( 268:e 261:t 254:v 23:.

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