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793:, a science journalist who is a former senior fellow for global health at the Council on Foreign Relations, called Redfield "about the worst person you could think of to be heading the CDC at this time" and said "he lets his prejudices interfere with the science, which you cannot afford during a pandemic". William Schaffner, an infectious-disease specialist at Vanderbilt University, said "Bob Redfield's commitment to public health is completely strong," but said that Redfield has had trouble advocating effectively inside the White House. Trump was said to like Redfield but to distrust the CDC.
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distribution of sterile needles to drug users as well as condom use, calling them "false prophets". The book described AIDS as "God's judgment" against homosexuals. At the time of his nomination to head the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Redfield maintained close ties with homophobic activists, although he has publicly supported the use of condoms and denied ever promoting abstinence-only interventions. However, in the 2000s, Redfield was a prominent advocate for the
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927:) and the head of the FDA had taken significant pay cuts on moving into government service, but their salaries are set by Congress while the salary of the CDC Director is not. Within a few days, Redfield asked for and received a pay reduction to $ 209,700 from $ 375,000 because " did not want his compensation to become a distraction from the important work of the CDC".
716:
would not be inoculated until the summer or fall of 2021. Redfield also said that masks could be a more effective protection against COVID-19 than the vaccine. After
Redfield's testimony, Trump told reporters, "I believe he was confused" and said a vaccine could be available in weeks and go "immediately" to the general public.
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Birx DL, Loomis-Price LD, Aronson N, Brundage J, Davis C, Deyton L, Garner R, Gordin F, Henry D, Holloway W, Kerkering T, Luskin-Hawk R, McNeil J, Michael N, Foster Pierce P, Poretz D, Ratto-Kim S, Renzullo P, Ruiz N, Sitz K, Smith G, Tacket C, Thompson M, Tramont E, Yangco B, Yarrish R, Redfield RR,
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Trump publicly contradicted
Redfield on September 16, 2020, on the timeline for a COVID-19 vaccine and the effectiveness of masks compared with inoculation. Redfield told a Senate panel that a limited supply of a COVID-19 vaccine might be available in November or December, but that the general public
856:
the vaccine. Most researchers believe that viral load is a good indicator of vaccine effectiveness. The vaccine later turned out to be ineffective. Many researchers, however, were skeptical of the data, and were unable to reproduce
Redfield's analysis. Craig Hendrix, a US Air Force scientist (now at
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transmitted. He also developed the staging system now in use worldwide for the clinical assessment of HIV infection. Under his clinical leadership at the
University of Maryland the patient base grew from 200 patients to approximately 6,000 in Baltimore and Washington, D.C., and more than 1.3 million
855:
In July 1992, Redfield gave an abstract presentation on the vaccine at the international AIDS conference in
Amsterdam. Based on preliminary results of 15 of the 26 patients who got the vaccine, Redfield said that the viral load of patients getting the vaccine was lower than patients who did not get
708:
On July 14, 2020, Redfield warned that the winter of 2020–2021 would probably be "one of the most difficult times that we've experienced in
American public health". He also said, "If we could get everybody to wear a mask right now, I really do think over the next four, six, eight weeks, we could
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malfunctioned nationwide. Redfield reassured his fellow task force officials that the problem would be quickly solved, according to White House officials. It took about three weeks to sort out the failed test kits, which may have been contaminated during their processing in a CDC lab. Widespread
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On
February 13, 2020, Redfield said that the "virus is probably with us beyond this season, beyond this year, and I think eventually the virus will find a foothold and we will get community-based transmission". This contrasted with statements by President Trump, who, erroneously, told the public
2240:
Citation: "Based on my initial analysis of the data, I came to believe—and still believe today—that it indicates COVID-19 infections more likely were the result of an accidental lab leak than the result of a natural spillover event. This conclusion is based primarily on the biology of the virus
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Redfield served on the board of ASAP, which gay groups criticized for anti-gay, conservative
Christian policies, such as abstinence-only prevention. Redfield also authored the foreword to the book co-written by ASAP leader W. Shepard Smith, "Christians in the Age of AIDS", which discouraged the
750:). This conclusion was based primarily on the biology of the virus itself, including its rapid high contagiousness in human-to-human transmission. He stated that the virus was too capable of spreading between humans to be the result of a natural animal-to-human spillover (zoonotic hypothesis).
398:, where his father was a surgeon and cellular physiologist at the National Heart Institute; Redfield's career in medical research was influenced by this background. His parents had another son and a daughter. His father died when he was four years old. Redfield attended
863:
In 1993, a U.S. Army investigation acknowledged accuracy issues with the HIV vaccine clinical trials, but concluded that their investigations "did not support the allegations of scientific misconduct," and he was subsequently promoted to colonel. Redfield is quoted in
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On
January 8, 2020, Redfield was advised by the head of China's Center for Disease Control and Prevention that SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) was probably contagious among humans. Redfield did not warn the public at that time. The first confirmed case of
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In the political reappraisal of the pandemic, Redfield was heard on March 8, 2023, during a congressional hearing regarding the origins of COVID-19. Redfield reaffirmed his conclusion that the pandemic was caused by a leak from a laboratory
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The 1993 investigation said that Redfield had an "inappropriate" close relationship with the non-governmental group "Americans for a Sound AIDS/HIV Policy" (ASAP), which promoted the gp160 vaccine. The group was founded by
829:, the study of which he had overseen. On the basis of this data, in 1992, the U.S. Senate gave a $ 20 million appropriation for a private company, MicroGeneSys, to develop a therapeutic HIV vaccine based on the protein
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the comprehensive book on the controversy, as saying of his accusers, "I am disappointed in the institutions for not holding the individuals accountable for what I consider conduct unbecoming of an officer."
742:, which "doesn't imply any intentionality", and that as a virologist, he did not believe it made "biological sense" for the virus to be so "efficient in human to human transmission" from the early outbreak.
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and some advocates for AIDS patients. In his inaugural address to the CDC, Redfield called the agency "science-based and data-driven, and that's why CDC has the credibility around the world that it has".
577:. Scientists interviewed for the film complained afterward that their comments had been taken out of context and misrepresented, and that, unknown at the interview times, the film promoted pseudoscience.
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Holshue, Michelle L.; DeBolt, Chas; Lindquist, Scott; Lofy, Kathy H.; Wiesman, John; Bruce, Hollianne; Spitters, Christopher; Ericson, Keith; Wilkerson, Sara; Tural, Ahmet; Diaz, George (March 5, 2020).
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Redfield served as a member of the President's Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS from 2005 to 2009, and was appointed as chair of the International Subcommittee from 2006 to 2009. He is a past member of the
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On July 23, the CDC called for reopening American schools, in a statement written by a working group at the White House that included Redfield but had minimal representation from other CDC officials.
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In 2018, after Redfield was appointed to the CDC, Democrats and watchdog groups criticized his $ 375,000-a-year salary, which was significantly higher than the $ 219,700 salary of his predecessor,
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as lead author. Redfield's multi-site study was a collaboration between the Department of Defense and the National Institutes of Health, The work did not, however, result in an effective vaccine.
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research, publishing several papers and advocating for strategies to translate knowledge gained from clinical studies to the practical treatment of patients afflicted by chronic viral diseases.
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On April 6, 2020, to justify his belief that social distancing could be effective and that COVID-19 deaths would not be as high as models predicted, Redfield stated on AM 1030 KVOI Radio in
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bring this epidemic under control." Trump, asked about Redfield's statements, said he opposed a mask law and said "masks cause problems too," but also said, "I think masks are good".
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asked Redfield about who was responsible to ensure testing could be performed on individuals who needed to be tested. Redfield could not name a specific individual and looked to Dr.
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Redfield is married to Joyce Hoke, whom he met while delivering babies as a medical student when she was a nursing assistant. They have six children and nine grandchildren.
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817:, he was named entrepreneur of the year at the University of Maryland. In 2016 he was named the inaugural Robert C. Gallo, MD Endowed Professors in Translational Medicine.
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in African and Caribbean nations. His clinical research team won over $ 600 million in research funding. While holding this position, he was interviewed for the 2009
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who worked to contain the HIV/AIDS outbreak by advocating for abstinence before marriage, rather than passing out condoms — a view Redfield says he's since changed.
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Robert Ray Redfield Jr. was born on July 10, 1951. His parents, Robert Ray Redfield (1923–1956, from Ogden) and Betty, née Gasvoda, were both scientists at the
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531:. It is a multidisciplinary research organization dedicated to developing research and treatment programs for chronic human viral infection and disease.
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3123:(October 1985b). "Heterosexually acquired HTLV-III/LAV disease (AIDS-related complex and AIDS). Epidemiologic evidence for female-to-male transmission".
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781:(DOD). The House of Representatives voted unanimously in favor of a bill mandating the release of information on the origin of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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COVID-19 testing in the United States was effectively stalled until February 28, when the faulty test was revised, and the days afterward, when the
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who was in support. At the time a U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel, Redfield was the Army's leading AIDS researcher, and a proponent of the vaccine.
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1211:"Dr. Robert Redfield, Co-Founder of the Institute of Human Virology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, to Become CDC Director"
2664:"Efficacy testing of recombinant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gp160 as a therapeutic vaccine in early-stage HIV-1-infected volunteers"
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727:. The no-sail order was instead set to expire on October 31, 2020. Some of the severest early outbreaks of COVID-19 were on cruise ships.
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2400:"Two Prominent Institute of Human Virology Researchers Honored With Robert C. Gallo, MD Endowed Professorships in Translational Medicine"
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and microbiology, chief of infectious disease, and vice chair of medicine. Redfield is known for his contributions in this period — in
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itself, including its rapid high infectivity for human to human transmission which would then predict rapid evolution of new variants"
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CDC Director Robert Redfield: Because American Public Did Social Distancing, Coronavirus Death Toll Will Be "Much, Much, Much Lower"
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1883:"CDC director predicts this fall and winter will be 'one of the most difficult times we've experienced in American public health'"
705:, director of infectious disease at the NIH, who said, "The system is not geared to what we need right now... that is a failing."
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1760:"How U.S. coronavirus testing stalled: Flawed tests, red tape and resistance to using the millions of tests produced by the WHO"
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was discovered in the U.S. on January 20, 2020, while Redfield was serving as director of the CDC. Redfield was a member of the
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The CDC's actions during the pandemic have led to intense scrutiny of Redfield in congressional hearings and in media reports.
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wrote that the idea of a therapeutic vaccine was a radical idea that came to Redfield while reading his children a book about
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In 1992, the Defense Department investigated Redfield after he was accused of misrepresenting the effects of an experimental
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Redfield continued studies of the gp160 vaccine; the results of the 27-author phase II clinical trial were published in the
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Written Statement of Dr. Robert R. Redfield Before the House Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis March 8, 2023
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1425:"CSPI Urges Administration Not to Appoint Dr. Robert Redfield, with History of Scientific Misconduct, as CDC Director"
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2252:"U.S. Government agencies may have been double billed for projects in Wuhan, China, records indicate; probe launched"
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on March 26, 2018. He was appointed to the post by President Donald Trump, after the president's first appointee,
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3068:(March 1985a). "Frequent transmission of HTLV-III among spouses of patients with AIDS-related complex and AIDS".
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2044:"Trump says CDC Director Robert Redfield 'confused' about coronavirus vaccine, mask efficacy. Redfield responded"
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Redfield testified to Congress on March 2, 2020, about the outbreak of COVID-19 in the U.S. Given the lack of
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Advisory Board at the National Institutes of Health, and the Advisory Anti-Infective Agent Committee of the
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This article is about the American virologist and medical researcher. For the American anthropologist, see
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Redfield has received several awards over the course of his career as a physician-scientist, including an
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began loosening rules that had restricted other labs from developing tests. Later investigations by the
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466:(1978–1980), as a U.S. Army officer. Redfield completed clinical and research fellowships at WRAMC, in
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Redfield, RR; Markham PD; Salahuddin SZ; Sarngadharan MG; Bodner AJ; Folks TM; Ballou WR; Wright DC;
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809:, a lifetime services award from the Institute for Advanced Studies in Immunology and Aging, and the
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630:, resigned in scandal. His appointment was considered controversial; he was publicly opposed by the
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1913:"Widespread wearing of masks could get COVID-19 under control within 4-8 weeks, CDC director says"
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860:) said that Redfield committed scientific misconduct by misusing data in studies of the vaccine.
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1665:"CDC director: Novel coronavirus 'is probably with us beyond this season, beyond this year'"
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in human-to-human transmission, suggests that it originated in a laboratory through
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In a March 26, 2021, Redfield said that in his opinion the most likely cause of the
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into 2021 to prevent the spread of COVID-19, but he was overruled by Vice President
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found that the CDC had violated its own protocols in developing the faulty test.
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CDC woes bring Director Redfield's troubled past as an AIDS researcher to light
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1821:"NIH's Dr. Anthony Fauci and CDC's Dr. Robert Redfield testify on Capitol Hill"
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Murray, Sara; Valencia, Nick; Diamond, Jeremy; Glover, Scott (April 20, 2020).
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1695:"Timeline: How Trump was out of step with the CDC during coronavirus response"
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doctrine, which promoted abstinence primarily and condoms only a last resort.
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Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020
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In September 2020, Redfield sought to extend a no-sail order on passenger
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2074:"Covid-19 Live Updates: Trump Again Scorns Science on Masks and Vaccines"
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on patients and healthcare workers requesting testing, Florida Democrat
638:, the ranking Democrat on the Senate health committee, but supported by
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2338:"CDC feels pressure from Trump as rift grows over coronavirus response"
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Redfield, RR; Markham PD; Salahuddin SZ; Wright DC; Sarngadharan MG;
2502:, Center for Science in the Public Interest. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
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One of them is in the lab, and one of them, which is the more likely,
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1552:"25 Days That Changed the World: How Covid-19 Slipped China's Grasp"
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in the 1980s, Redfield led research that demonstrated that the HIV
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Holmes, Kristen; Valencia, Nick and Curt Devine (June 5, 2020). "
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Big Shot: Passion, Politics, and the Struggle for an AIDS Vaccine,
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Redfield stated that the biology of the virus, including its high
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infection and AIDS. In the early years of investigations into the
2879:"C.D.C. Director's Salary Is Reduced to $ 209,700 From $ 375,000"
2185:"US COVID-origins hearing renews debate over lab-leak hypothesis"
2143:"Former CDC director believes coronavirus came from lab in China"
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Big Shot: Passion, Politics, and the Struggle for an AIDS Vaccine
411:
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3023:. IHV, University of Maryland School of Medicine. Archived from
406:
laboratories where investigations focused on the involvement of
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Graduate Together: America Honors the High School Class of 2020
3189:
2660:
1356:"In emotional speech, CDC's new leader vows to uphold science"
70:
from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially
2563:"AIDS Researcher Robert R. Redfield Named to Lead the C.D.C."
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1974:"C.D.C. Calls on Schools to Reopen, Downplaying Health Risks"
1943:"Trump says 'I don't agree' with CDC director's mask message"
1514:"AIDS Researcher Robert R. Redfield Named to Lead the C.D.C."
1208:
1013:"AIDS researcher Robert R. Redfield selected as CDC director"
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2013:"Trump disputes CDC head's vaccine timeline and mask claims"
1852:"Opinion Early Coronavirus Testing Failures Will Cost Lives"
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Georgetown University College of Arts & Sciences alumni
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Directors of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act
3014:
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1572:"First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States"
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in 2000, concluding that the vaccine was ineffective, with
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through most of February that the virus was under control.
458:, where he completed his postgraduate medical training and
4149:
Take Me to the World: A Sondheim 90th Birthday Celebration
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Conduct Unbecoming: Gays and Lesbians in the U.S. Military
1729:"How coronavirus testing fumbles squandered valuable time"
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2531:"Research Misconduct Allegations Shadow New CDC Director
2840:"New C.D.C. Director's $ 375,000 Salary Under Scrutiny"
2601:"Army clears Redfield—but fails to resolve controversy"
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Collins, Michael; Jackson, David (September 16, 2020).
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at the WRAMC for the next decade, working in virology,
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House Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic
2273:"Trump's CDC chief faces increasingly harsh scrutiny"
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rgp160 Phase II Vaccine Investigators (March 2000).
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813:'s Physician Recognition Award. In 2012, along with
2778:"Why Trump's new CDC director is an abysmal choice"
2489:
CDC Director Robert Redfield: Too Smooth to be True
2975:"AIDS Researcher Top Candidate to Lead the C.D.C."
2809:"Meet Trump's New, Homophobic Public Health Quack"
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5005:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention people
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493:. He collaborated with teams at the forefront of
4981:
1241:"Institute of Human Virology Annual Report 2017"
384:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
5020:Georgetown University School of Medicine alumni
3959:Special Inspector General for Pandemic Recovery
3916:Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups
1055:
891:
4184:U.S. Deaths Near 100,000, An Incalculable Loss
2963:
2041:
512:In 1996, Redfield, his HIV research colleague
3247:
2525:
2523:
2463:
2461:
1456:"Dr. Robert Redfield appointed CDC director"
1010:
923:. Azar (a former president of a division of
538:, Redfield served as a tenured professor of
500:Redfield retired from the Army in 1996 as a
16:American medical researcher and CDC director
3964:COVID-19 Congressional Oversight Commission
3126:Journal of the American Medical Association
3071:Journal of the American Medical Association
3040:Medical Institute of Sexual Health (2007).
2929:"CDC director downplays coronavirus models"
2182:
2113:"CDC director overruled on cruise ship ban"
1757:
1453:
1395:"Dr. Robert Redfield appointed to lead CDC"
1392:
915:, and higher than that of Redfield's boss,
389:
3954:Pandemic Response Accountability Committee
3254:
3240:
3214:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2520:
2458:
1277:"House of Numbers: Anatomy of An Epidemic"
624:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
380:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
188:March 26, 2018 – January 20, 2021
176:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
158:
63:about living persons that is unsourced or
5040:University of Maryland, Baltimore faculty
3842:Biden administration COVID-19 action plan
2679:
2656:
2654:
2481:
2295:
1971:
1603:
1321:Catsoulis, Jeanette (September 4, 2009).
1320:
1279:. Knowledge Matters, LLC. April 20, 2011.
1149:
1147:
1072:Medical Institute of Sexual Health (2007)
994:"Young Ogden surgeon is dead in Maryland"
632:Center for Science in the Public Interest
622:Redfield became the Director of the U.S.
536:University of Maryland School of Medicine
529:University of Maryland School of Medicine
508:University of Maryland School of Medicine
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
2747:"Concerns About Robert Redfield for CDC"
2598:
2540:," NPR. Retrieved June 11, 2020. (Also
1663:Howard, Jacqueline (February 14, 2020).
1119:
906:
609:
588:Office of AIDS Research Advisory Council
427:Georgetown University School of Medicine
4565:University of Illinois Hospital strikes
3987:Families First Coronavirus Response Act
2806:
2775:
2434:Kalenderian, Michael (March 12, 2020).
2429:
2427:
2425:
2270:
2183:Lenharo, Mariana; Wolf, Lauren (2023).
2092:from the original on September 17, 2020
2054:from the original on September 17, 2020
2023:from the original on September 17, 2020
2010:
1549:
1447:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1289:
1154:Thomas, Patricia (September 18, 2001).
1083:"Robert Redfield - Director of the CDC"
988:
986:
984:
982:
820:
688:Department of Health and Human Services
546:, in particular, for research into the
441:
378:who served as the Director of the U.S.
4982:
4098:iHeart Living Room Concert for America
3263:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
2972:
2876:
2837:
2831:
2740:
2738:
2651:
2560:
2511:
2011:Vazquez, Maegan (September 16, 2020).
1849:
1662:
1511:
1153:
1144:
1122:"Alumni in the Field: Robert Redfield"
962:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
930:
921:Secretary of Health and Human Services
673:During February 2020, the CDC's early
653:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
4325:Congressional insider trading scandal
4253:Nicole Kidman AMC Theatres commercial
3235:
2939:from the original on December 3, 2020
2744:
2723:from the original on January 25, 2020
2702:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2304:"Inside Trump's coronavirus meltdown"
2111:Swan, Jonathan (September 29, 2020).
1722:
1720:
1640:from the original on January 20, 2021
1480:
1454:Goldschmidt, Debra (March 21, 2018).
1393:Goldschmidt, Debra (March 21, 2018).
580:
3849:State and local government responses
3015:Institute of Human Virology (2008).
2705:"Political Battle Over an AIDS Drug"
2422:
2348:from the original on August 10, 2020
2301:
2283:from the original on August 11, 2020
2123:from the original on October 1, 2020
2110:
1992:from the original on August 12, 2020
1675:from the original on August 15, 2020
1550:Buckley, Chris (December 30, 2020).
1342:
1101:from the original on October 1, 2020
979:
666:from its start on January 29, 2020.
374:(born July 10, 1951) is an American
25:
2992:from the original on April 28, 2018
2858:from the original on April 28, 2018
2819:from the original on March 10, 2020
2757:from the original on April 28, 2018
2735:
2639:from the original on April 28, 2018
2398:University of Maryland, Baltimore.
2367:University of Maryland, Baltimore.
1953:from the original on August 9, 2020
1923:from the original on August 8, 2020
1893:from the original on August 6, 2020
1862:from the original on March 14, 2020
1831:from the original on April 22, 2020
1801:from the original on August 9, 2020
1788:
1739:from the original on August 8, 2020
1435:from the original on April 12, 2020
1374:from the original on March 30, 2018
1353:
1209:University of Maryland, Baltimore.
1132:from the original on March 13, 2020
833:, which went into clinical trials.
13:
4535:Michigan graduate students' strike
4212:We Are One: A Global Film Festival
3906:White House Coronavirus Task Force
3877:Eastern States Multi-state Council
3832:Trump administration communication
2807:Garrett, Laurie (March 23, 2018).
2788:from the original on March 4, 2020
2446:from the original on June 12, 2020
2436:"Trumps CDC Director is not great"
2369:"Past Founders Week Award Winners"
2326:
2271:Diamond, Dan (February 26, 2020).
2153:from the original on July 25, 2021
1880:
1850:Dalton, Clayton (March 14, 2020).
1717:
1705:from the original on June 30, 2020
1531:from the original on July 19, 2020
1493:from the original on April 9, 2020
1405:from the original on April 8, 2020
1323:"AIDS Seen From a Different Angle"
1052:Institute of Human Virology (2008)
664:White House Coronavirus Task Force
14:
5051:
4515:Hunts Point Produce Market strike
4219:Global Goal: Unite for Our Future
3174:
2973:Kaplan, Sheila (March 18, 2018).
2918:RealClearPolitics. April 7, 2020.
2897:from the original on May 12, 2018
2838:Kaplan, Sheila (April 27, 2018).
2703:Meier, Barry (November 2, 1993).
2561:Kaplan, Sheila (March 21, 2018).
2529:Taylor, Marisa (March 21, 2018).
2410:from the original on May 13, 2018
2404:University of Maryland, Baltimore
2379:from the original on May 13, 2018
2373:University of Maryland, Baltimore
2314:from the original on May 16, 2020
1972:Goodnough, Abby (July 24, 2020).
1770:from the original on May 10, 2020
1758:Whoriskey, Peter; Satija, Neena.
1512:Kaplan, Sheila (March 21, 2018).
1462:from the original on June 5, 2020
1257:from the original on May 13, 2018
1221:from the original on May 13, 2018
1215:University of Maryland, Baltimore
1023:from the original on May 16, 2018
605:
4963:
2776:Garrett, Laurie (May 14, 2018).
2478:", CNN. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
942:
344:
319:
301:
30:
4425:2022–2023 pediatric care crisis
3882:Midwest Governors Regional Pact
3047:. The Institute. Archived from
3045:National Advisory Board Members
2958:Transcript - The Situation Room
2951:
2921:
2909:
2870:
2800:
2769:
2696:
2554:
2512:Shilts, Randy (June 23, 2005).
2505:
2391:
2360:
2264:
2244:
2231:
2176:
2135:
2104:
2066:
2035:
2004:
1965:
1935:
1905:
1874:
1843:
1813:
1782:
1751:
1687:
1656:
1620:
1576:New England Journal of Medicine
1562:
1543:
1505:
1474:
1417:
1386:
1354:Sun, Lena H. (March 29, 2018).
1314:
1283:
1269:
1233:
1202:
1011:CBS/AP Staff (March 22, 2018).
452:Walter Reed Army Medical Center
5035:Trump administration personnel
4170:A Parks and Recreation Special
4126:Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate
4091:Home Movie: The Princess Bride
4053:MusiCares COVID-19 Relief Fund
3857:California government response
2877:Kaplan, Sheila (May 8, 2018).
2745:Strub, Sean (March 20, 2018).
2487:Lurie, Peter (June 4, 2020). "
1189:
1176:
1113:
1075:
1004:
784:
550:and therapeutic treatments of
1:
4560:St. Paul Park refinery strike
4550:Saint Vincent Hospital strike
4485:Allegheny Technologies strike
4480:Alabama aluminum plant strike
2302:Luce, Edward (May 14, 2020).
1481:Choma, Russ (March 7, 2020).
1308:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70316-0
967:
874:Journal of Infectious Disease
848:which he then discussed with
767:National Institutes of Health
592:National Institutes of Health
421:from Georgetown University's
396:National Institutes of Health
382:and the Administrator of the
4995:American medical researchers
4570:Virginia Volvo Trucks strike
4384:African-American communities
4370:United States Capitol attack
4233:The Disney Holiday Singalong
3862:New York government response
3326:misinformation and hesitancy
2336:Sun, Lena H.; Dawsey, Josh.
892:Christian group affiliations
684:Food and Drug Administration
680:Food and Drug Administration
600:Food and Drug Administration
596:Fogarty International Center
423:College of Arts and Sciences
41:biography of a living person
7:
4389:Native American communities
4133:The Disney Family Singalong
4119:Saturday Night Live at Home
4070:30 Rock: A One-Time Special
3949:Paycheck Protection Program
3827:Federal government response
2611:(5123, 1 August): 824–825.
1248:Institute of Human Virology
998:The Ogden Standard-Examiner
950:
646:
525:Institute of Human Virology
402:, and at college worked in
68:must be removed immediately
10:
5056:
4495:Columbia University strike
4303:2020 presidential election
3042:"Robert R. Redfield. M.D."
2209:10.1038/d41586-023-00701-1
1296:Lancet Infectious Diseases
1126:Georgetown Health Magazine
1120:El-Asmar, Jupiter (2019).
650:
425:in 1973. He then attended
18:
4959:
4854:
4731:
4600:
4591:
4490:Bath shipbuilders' strike
4470:
4442:
4433:
4418:Zoom Video Communications
4293:
4286:
4061:
4033:
4024:
3974:
3867:Texas government response
3807:
3798:
3789:
3759:
3721:Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
3706:
3348:
3341:
3269:
3220:
3210:
3202:
3197:
796:
759:gain-of-function research
640:Kathleen Kennedy Townsend
436:
365:
355:
340:
332:
314:
296:
291:
272:
245:
240:
236:
224:
212:
202:
192:
181:
173:
169:
157:
150:
4038:Center for COVID Control
3944:2020 Oval Office address
3741:Northern Mariana Islands
3143:10.1001/jama.254.15.2094
3088:10.1001/jama.253.11.1571
3017:"Dr. Robert R. Redfield"
807:New York Medical College
699:Debbie Wasserman Schultz
477:Redfield continued as a
390:Early life and education
4575:Warrior Met Coal strike
4555:St. Charles Bend strike
4413:The Walt Disney Company
4247:Ratatouille the Musical
3911:COVID-19 Advisory Board
3811:Pre-pandemic exercises
2625:10.1126/science.8346432
614:Redfield speaks on the
372:Robert Ray Redfield Jr.
250:Robert Ray Redfield Jr.
4048:COVID Tracking Project
2494:June 12, 2020, at the
2474:June 11, 2020, at the
2080:. September 17, 2020.
886:evangelical Christians
840:And The Band Played On
619:
55:Please help by adding
4530:Mercy Hospital strike
3726:Immigration detention
3027:on September 17, 2008
2547:June 5, 2020, at the
2536:June 5, 2020, at the
1588:10.1056/NEJMoa2001191
907:CDC director's salary
779:Department of Defense
613:
400:Georgetown University
333:Years of service
277:Georgetown University
174:18th Director of the
5025:HIV/AIDS researchers
5000:American virologists
4505:HarperCollins strike
4315:2021 hospital crisis
4112:Saturday Night Seder
4012:American Rescue Plan
3896:Eviction moratoriums
3837:Operation Warp Speed
3181:CDC Director profile
1636:. January 29, 2020.
821:HIV vaccine research
765:have been funded by
442:Army medical service
429:and was awarded his
83:"Robert R. Redfield"
61:Contentious material
4970:COVID-19 portal
4457:Restaurant industry
4258:93rd Academy Awards
3887:Western States Pact
3873:Regional responses
3751:U.S. Virgin Islands
3198:Government offices
3133:(18). Chicago, IL:
3078:(11). Chicago, IL:
2960:CNN. April 7, 2020.
2617:1993Sci...261..824C
2342:The Washington Post
2201:2023Natur.615..380L
1917:FOX TV Digital Team
931:COVID-19 prevention
748:lab leak hypothesis
468:infectious diseases
419:Bachelor of Science
404:Columbia University
386:from 2018 to 2021.
4693:Robert R. Redfield
4545:Oregon Tech strike
4510:Heaven Hill strike
4462:Stock market crash
4379:Racial disparities
4269:Stars in the House
4191:Dear Class of 2020
4077:Acting for a Cause
3776:Theodore Roosevelt
2978:The New York Times
2883:The New York Times
2844:The New York Times
2709:The New York Times
2567:The New York Times
2542:Kaiser Health News
2149:. March 26, 2021.
2078:The New York Times
1978:The New York Times
1827:. March 12, 2020.
1556:The New York Times
1517:The New York Times
1431:. March 21, 2018.
1292:"House of Numbers"
1000:. January 5, 1956.
620:
581:Advisory positions
569:HIV/AIDS denialist
483:medical researcher
431:Doctor of Medicine
417:Redfield earned a
327:United States Army
266:Bethesda, Maryland
152:Robert R. Redfield
4977:
4976:
4955:
4954:
4937:Michael Osterholm
4877:Kizzmekia Corbett
4718:Rochelle Walensky
4587:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4520:John Deere strike
4406:programs affected
4282:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4177:Rise Up New York!
4163:Saving Our Selves
4084:Digital Drag Fest
4020:
4019:
3815:Crimson Contagion
3785:
3784:
3230:
3229:
3224:Rochelle Walensky
3221:Succeeded by
3206:Brenda Fitzgerald
2935:. April 7, 2020.
2599:Cohen, J (1993).
2260:. March 17, 2023.
2195:(7952): 380–381.
1949:. July 17, 2020.
1919:. July 15, 2020.
1650:National Archives
1169:978-1-891620-88-1
1162:. PublicAffairs.
957:HIV/AIDS research
736:laboratory escape
732:COVID-19 pandemic
628:Brenda Fitzgerald
616:COVID-19 pandemic
544:clinical research
491:clinical research
472:tropical medicine
464:internal medicine
448:medical residency
369:
368:
231:Rochelle Walensky
219:Brenda Fitzgerald
144:
143:
136:
118:
44:needs additional
5047:
4968:
4967:
4942:Kimberly Prather
4841:Gretchen Whitmer
4698:Todd T. Semonite
4688:Gustave F. Perna
4668:Nancy Messonnier
4598:
4597:
4525:Kellogg's strike
4500:Frito-Lay strike
4440:
4439:
4291:
4290:
4263:74th Tony Awards
4156:Together at Home
4031:
4030:
3853:state responses
3805:
3804:
3796:
3795:
3676:Washington, D.C.
3346:
3345:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3233:
3232:
3212:Director of the
3203:Preceded by
3195:
3194:
3170:
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3060:
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3034:
3032:
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2997:
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2868:
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2865:
2863:
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2824:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2742:
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2732:
2730:
2728:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2658:
2649:
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2646:
2644:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2558:
2552:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2503:
2500:Beyond the Curve
2485:
2479:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
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2419:
2417:
2415:
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2229:
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2158:
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2128:
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2101:
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2097:
2070:
2064:
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2039:
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2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
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1963:
1962:
1960:
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1939:
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1928:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1887:Business Insider
1878:
1872:
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1869:
1867:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1789:Willman, David.
1786:
1780:
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1312:
1311:
1290:Burki T (2009).
1287:
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1091:National Journal
1087:
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1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1008:
1002:
1001:
990:
815:William Blattner
771:State Department
675:coronavirus test
574:House of Numbers
521:William Blattner
456:Washington, D.C.
348:
325:
323:
322:
307:
305:
304:
292:Military service
263:
259:
257:
241:Personal details
227:
215:
186:
164:Redfield in 2018
162:
148:
147:
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
117:
76:
57:reliable sources
34:
33:
26:
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5054:
5050:
5049:
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5046:
5045:
5044:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4962:
4951:
4887:Eric Feigl-Ding
4850:
4766:Dave A. Chokshi
4733:
4727:
4593:
4579:
4466:
4429:
4355:Open the States
4345:Microsoft Teams
4274:
4240:WrestleMania 36
4198:#Graduation2020
4057:
4026:
4016:
3970:
3800:
3781:
3755:
3708:
3707:Territories and
3702:
3349:States and D.C.
3337:
3265:
3260:
3226:
3217:
3208:
3177:
3054:
3052:
3051:on July 2, 2007
3030:
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2701:
2697:
2659:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2597:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2559:
2555:
2549:Wayback Machine
2538:Wayback Machine
2528:
2521:
2510:
2506:
2496:Wayback Machine
2486:
2482:
2476:Wayback Machine
2466:
2459:
2449:
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2432:
2423:
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2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2334:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2308:Financial Times
2300:
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2265:
2250:
2249:
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2181:
2177:
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2156:
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2095:
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2057:
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2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1941:
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1910:
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1814:
1804:
1802:
1795:Washington Post
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1764:Washington Post
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1725:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1661:
1657:
1643:
1641:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1582:(10): 929–936.
1567:
1563:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1360:Washington Post
1352:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1319:
1315:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1190:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1152:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1056:
1051:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1009:
1005:
992:
991:
980:
970:
953:
945:
937:Tucson, Arizona
933:
909:
894:
878:Deborah L. Birx
823:
811:Surgeon General
803:honorary degree
799:
787:
655:
649:
618:in January 2020
608:
583:
523:co-founded the
510:
444:
439:
392:
320:
318:
302:
300:
264:
261:
255:
253:
252:
251:
225:
213:
187:
182:
165:
153:
140:
129:
123:
120:
77:
75:
54:
35:
31:
24:
21:Robert Redfield
17:
12:
11:
5:
5053:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4975:
4974:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4947:Caitlin Rivers
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4897:Scott Gottlieb
4894:
4892:Céline Gounder
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4867:Carl Bergstrom
4864:
4862:Yaneer Bar-Yam
4858:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4836:J. B. Pritzker
4833:
4828:
4823:
4821:Lori Lightfoot
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4771:Bill de Blasio
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4737:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4540:Nabisco strike
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4476:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4398:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4362:
4357:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4299:
4297:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4226:A Killer Party
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3931:
3921:Hospital ships
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3808:
3802:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3771:
3768:Grand Princess
3763:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3716:American Samoa
3712:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3624:South Carolina
3621:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3575:
3570:
3568:North Carolina
3565:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3333:Misinformation
3330:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3219:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3183:
3176:
3175:External links
3173:
3172:
3171:
3116:
3061:
3037:
3004:
3003:
2962:
2950:
2920:
2908:
2869:
2830:
2813:Foreign Policy
2799:
2768:
2734:
2695:
2681:10.1086/315308
2674:(3): 881–889.
2650:
2588:
2553:
2519:
2504:
2480:
2457:
2421:
2390:
2359:
2325:
2294:
2263:
2243:
2230:
2175:
2134:
2103:
2065:
2034:
2003:
1964:
1934:
1904:
1881:Bendix, Aria.
1873:
1842:
1812:
1781:
1750:
1716:
1686:
1655:
1633:whitehouse.gov
1619:
1561:
1542:
1504:
1473:
1446:
1416:
1385:
1341:
1328:New York Times
1313:
1282:
1268:
1232:
1201:
1188:
1175:
1168:
1143:
1112:
1074:
1054:
1034:
1003:
977:
976:
969:
966:
965:
964:
959:
952:
949:
944:
941:
932:
929:
908:
905:
893:
890:
822:
819:
798:
795:
791:Laurie Garrett
786:
783:
648:
645:
607:
606:CDC leadership
604:
582:
579:
564:heterosexually
518:epidemiologist
509:
506:
481:physician and
443:
440:
438:
435:
391:
388:
367:
366:
363:
362:
357:
353:
352:
342:
338:
337:
334:
330:
329:
316:
315:Branch/service
312:
311:
298:
294:
293:
289:
288:
274:
270:
269:
249:
247:
243:
242:
238:
237:
234:
233:
228:
222:
221:
216:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
179:
178:
171:
170:
167:
166:
163:
155:
154:
151:
142:
141:
65:poorly sourced
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5052:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5030:Living people
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4958:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4927:Lauren Meyers
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4917:Marc Lipsitch
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4907:Akiko Iwasaki
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4786:Eric Garcetti
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4730:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4703:Moncef Slaoui
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4678:Peter Navarro
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4638:Anthony Fauci
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4590:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4447:Meat industry
4445:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4308:postal voting
4306:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4105:Make It Work!
4102:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4043:Covid Act Now
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4023:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3736:Navajo Nation
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:West Virginia
3686:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3554:New York City
3552:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3534:New Hampshire
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3475:Massachusetts
3473:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3386:S.F. Bay Area
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3207:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3137:: 2904–2906.
3136:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3082:: 1571–1573.
3081:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3055:September 15,
3050:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3031:September 15,
3026:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3010:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2969:
2967:
2959:
2954:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2917:
2912:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2655:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2593:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2546:
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4826:Phil Murphy
4796:Larry Hogan
4781:Mike DeWine
4751:Greg Abbott
4723:Jeff Zients
4643:Pete Gaynor
4633:Rick Bright
4613:Scott Atlas
4340:Foster care
3975:Legislation
3746:Puerto Rico
3709:other areas
3681:White House
3509:Mississippi
3398:Connecticut
3316:Vaccination
3277:early cases
3186:Appearances
2581:December 3,
1699:www.cnn.com
1429:cspinet.org
1302:(12): 735.
1136:December 3,
1105:December 3,
913:Tom Frieden
827:HIV vaccine
785:Assessments
755:infectivity
474:, by 1982.
460:internships
454:(WRAMC) in
446:Redfield's
214:Preceded by
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4922:Syra Madad
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4855:Scientists
4816:Ned Lamont
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4806:Jim Kenney
4801:Jay Inslee
4756:Kate Brown
4746:Eric Adams
4683:Mike Pence
4658:Ashish Jha
4401:Television
4335:Face masks
4002:HEROES Act
3934:USNS
3926:USNS
3799:Government
3671:Washington
3544:New Mexico
3539:New Jersey
3376:California
3218:2018–2021
2127:October 1,
1774:August 10,
1709:August 10,
968:References
850:Jonas Salk
740:SARS-CoV-2
725:Mike Pence
651:See also:
560:retrovirus
516:and viral
487:immunology
376:virologist
297:Allegiance
256:1951-07-10
124:April 2020
94:newspapers
4741:Amy Acton
4732:State and
4663:Ron Klain
4623:Joe Biden
4618:Alex Azar
4452:Recession
4330:Education
4140:Volume II
4007:HEALS Act
3992:CARES Act
3820:Event 201
3791:Responses
3693:Wisconsin
3634:Tennessee
3504:Minnesota
3453:Louisiana
3342:Locations
3273:Timeline
3159:113563960
3151:0098-7484
3104:116006679
3096:0098-7484
2986:0362-4331
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2862:April 27,
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2576:0362-4331
2450:March 12,
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2225:257426722
2157:August 2,
2147:CNN Video
2086:0362-4331
2048:USA TODAY
1996:August 9,
1986:0362-4331
1957:August 9,
1927:August 9,
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1866:March 15,
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925:Eli Lilly
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410:in human
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273:Education
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184:In office
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4435:Economic
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3801:response
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3644:timeline
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3559:timeline
3549:New York
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3490:timeline
3480:timeline
3468:timeline
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3403:Delaware
3393:Colorado
3381:timeline
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3321:mandates
3299:by state
3121:Gallo RC
3066:Gallo RC
2990:Archived
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2937:Archived
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2895:Archived
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3112:2983127
3021:Faculty
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1334:June 4,
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