486:
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29:
462:. Others who wished to practice in England had to take a licence from the RCP or acquire an apothecary's qualification. Grant refused to take out a London licence from the RCP, and so cut himself off from a lucrative source of income. He campaigned all his life for reform to both the RCP and the
403:
demolish his claim that the four
Cuvierian branches of the animal kingdom could be reduced to one. The relation between the ideas of Geoffroy and Cuvier can be expressed thus: whereas with Cuvier structure determines function, with Geoffroy function determines structure. The issue between them,
298:
Grant then became
Professor of Comparative Anatomy at University College London, a post he held from 1827 until his death in 1874. Grant's pay was ÂŁ39 per annum. He was involved in radical and democratic causes, campaigning for a new Zoological Society museum run professionally rather than by
412:
Grant first went public on the subject of evolution in 1826. Here he speculated that 'transformation' might affect all organisms. He noted that successive strata seemed to show a progressive, natural succession of fossil animals. These forms "have evolved from a primitive model" by "external
381:
Geoffroy's comparative anatomy featured the comparison of the same organ or group of bones through a range of animals. He argued (1818–22) for the 'unity of composition' of all vertebrates. One of his major discoveries was the homology of the opercular plates of the
390:
of mammals. Geoffroy's methods worked well for vertebrates, but when he compared vertebrates to invertebrates by turning invertebrates upside down and partly inside out – "every animal is either inside or outside its vertebral column" – he met his
275:, and published a paper on this discovery. This discovery was in fact Darwin's and Darwin lost interest in Grant as a mentor after this event. Darwin himself made a presentation on 27 March announcing this and his observations on
496:
Grant died at home at 2 Euston Grove, Euston Square, London, still occupying the chair at UCL, a forgotten anachronism. In his will he bequeathed his estate, of less than ÂŁ1,500, to UCL. He was buried on the eastern side of
212:
means a hypothetical primitive living organism or unit of organic life). Following
Geoffroy, Grant arranged life into a chain, or an escalator, which was kept moving upwards by the appearance of spontaneously emerging
413:
circumstances": this is a clear
Lamarckian statement. Also, Grant accepted a common origin for plants and animals, and the basic units of life ('monads'), he proposed, were spontaneously generated. This is both
447:, all of whom were anti-establishment in their day. The main idea of the radical reformers was that government should take over or at least oversee the licensing powers of the medical corporations.
248:
joined in the autumn of 1826 on starting his second year of medical studies at
Edinburgh University. Darwin became Grant's keenest student and assisted him with collecting specimens.
282:
Darwin contributed to Grant's investigations into the 'unity of plan' of animals which culminated with Grant's announcement to the
Wernerian Society that he had identified the
71:(demolished to create Chambers Street), the son of Alexander Grant WS, and his wife, Jane Edmond. He was educated at the High School in Edinburgh then studied Medicine at
307:
who attacked him for supporting "the reptile press" and its "blasphemous derision of the truths of
Christianity" and succeeded in getting him voted out of a post at the
322:. When Darwin returned from his voyage, Grant was one of those to offer to examine his specimens, but was turned down: they do not seem to have had further contact.
202:
as well as from fishing boats, and becoming an expert on the biology of sponges and sea-slugs. He considered that the same laws of life affected all organisms, from
396:
932:
512:, in the new Jodrell Chair of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy. Lankester did, however, retain, reorganise and expand the college zoology museum, now known as the
290:, demonstrated with a pinned-out sea-slug. This showed a homology between these simple creatures and mammals, tying them into his controversial chain of life.
879:
p. 109. For 'philosophical' here read naturalistic or materialistic, rather than vitalistic. The lectures "eschewed all natural theology" (Desmond)
338:, a phrenologist who later turned his energies to asylum reform and neurological psychiatry. Grant took these ideas to London, where he introduced
1093:
255:, eggs and larvae, which won him an international reputation, with the papers being translated into French. Grant took Darwin as a guest to the
1133:
1088:
729:
477:
for 1833–4. Reviewers agreed that Grant's course was the first 'comprehensive and accessible' exposition of philosophical anatomy in
English.
366:, but a working-out of existing potential in a given type. For him, the environment causes a direct induction of organic change. This opinion
473:
and its radical programme with fulsome praise of Grant, and printed the text of all 60 lectures of Grant's comparative anatomy course in the
1103:
183:
Grant travelled widely, visiting universities in France, Germany, Italy and
Switzerland. He came into contact with the French zoologist
331:
44:
425:
Grant was a 'progressive' in both social and scientific terms. He was widely and probably correctly regarded as a materialist or
1138:
1123:
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1083:
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330:
On his frequent trips to the continent Grant became close friends with
Geoffroy, a leading French comparative anatomist. The
99:, he was open to ideas in biology that were considered subversive in the climate of opinion prevailing in Britain after the
504:
The second half of Grant's long professional life was not successful, and his style of teaching zoology was swept aside by
463:
417:
and materialism. The programme went further than either Geoffroy or Lamarck, but was not a complete theory of evolution.
127:
He became one of the foremost naturalists of the early 19th century at Edinburgh and subsequently the first Professor of
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chair of comparative anatomy for life (1827–1874); he was elected FRS in 1836; he became Fullerian Professor of
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983:
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were fertile ground for Geoffroy's ideas, and Scottish radicals became Geoffroyan disciples. These included
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47:
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Darwin visited Grant in 1831 to get advice on storing specimens immediately before setting out on
163:
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had argued in 1816 that the climate does not directly cause the differences between human races.
96:
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labels as 'Geoffroyism'. It is definitely not what Lamarck believed (for Lamarck, a change in
113:
in his doctoral dissertation, a work which introduced the idea of evolution in poetical form.
347:
251:
During that winter and spring Grant published twenty papers in Edinburgh journals, mostly on
188:
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455:
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75:. Having obtained his MD at Edinburgh in 1814, Grant gave up medical practice in favour of
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978:
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Robert Edmond Grant is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of African snake,
8:
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342:(the basic Geoffroyan technique) to his UCL students. He also advanced Lamarck and
267:. On 24 March 1827 Grant announced to the society that black spores often found in
593:
Quick, T. 'A Capital Scot: Microscopes and Museums in Robert E. Grant's Zoology',
241:
100:
904:
Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002
628:
Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002
315:, vehemently opposed to Grant's evolution theory, succeeded in supplanting him.
263:'s room, with membership restricted to MDs; there Darwin saw a demonstration by
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568:
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363:
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195:
167:
136:
104:
76:
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715:
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The Politics of Evolution: morphology, medicine, and reform in radical London
521:
434:
84:
757:
The Politics of evolution: morphology, medicine and reform in radical London
656:
Robert E. Grant: The Social Predicament of a Pre-Darwinian Transmutationist
505:
430:
414:
387:
312:
59:(11 November 1793 – 23 August 1874) was a British anatomist and zoologist.
993:
199:
92:
88:
450:
When Grant came to London he was not eligible to become a Fellow of the
109:
1008:
987:
833:
Grant R.E. 1826. Observations on the Nature and Importance of Geology.
822:
The Cuvier–Geoffroy Debate: French biology in the decades before Darwin
439:
367:
162:
1837–8, and in 1847 Dean of the UCL Medical Faculty. In 1853 he became
155:
783:
The Growth of Biological Thought: diversity, evolution and inheritance
303:
into a research institution run along French lines. He was opposed by
144:
68:
404:
however, was religious, political and social as well as scientific.
287:
283:
276:
698:
Darwin's backyard : how small experiments led to a big theory
538:
Huxley: vol 1 The Devil's disciple, vol 2 Evolution's high priest.
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399:
in Paris before the Académie des Sciences (15 February 1830) saw
252:
198:, collecting specimens around the shores near a house he took at
80:
28:
268:
359:
272:
220:
In 1824 Grant gave lectures on invertebrates, covering their
956:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
853:
Chapter 3: Reforming the management of medicine and science.
562:
Tabular View of the Primary Divisions of the Animal Kingdom
304:
50:
346:, whose ideas were of similar vein, and included ideas of
864:
On the Present State of the Medical Profession in England
952:
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).
187:
who promulgated a view on evolution similar to that of
755:
On Grant and Darwin see especially Desmond A. 1989.
572:
616:Edinburgh and Leith Post Office Directory 1793-94
433:in his account of biology. He was a supporter of
1065:
695:
910:. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006.
634:. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006.
299:aristocratic amateurs; and tried to turn the
135:. He is noted for his influence on the young
469:Wakley responded to Grant's support for the
293:
685:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
87:, living on a legacy from his father. As a
728:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
595:British Journal for the History of Science
930:
794:Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Étienne 1818–22.
353:
933:"British India Office Wills and Probate"
579:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
484:
420:
27:
567:
454:(RCP) because he was not a graduate of
178:
116:In 1824 he was elected a Fellow of the
1094:Academics of University College London
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228:. He was also elected a fellow of the
1134:19th-century Scottish medical doctors
1089:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
452:Royal College of Physicians of London
362:, and his theory was not a theory of
235:
194:Grant studied marine life around the
407:
332:Edinburgh extramural medical schools
480:
464:Royal College of Surgeons of London
67:Grant was born at Argyll Square in
13:
1104:Fullerian Professors of Physiology
14:
1160:
1046:Fullerian Professor of Physiology
971:
954:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
661:Journal of the History of Biology
597:49 (2) (2016), pp. 173–204.
977:
809:The Growth of Biological Thought
700:(First ed.). New York, NY.
682:Dictionary of National Biography
489:Grave of Robert Edmond Grant in
271:shells were the eggs of a skate
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924:
895:
890:Outlines of Comparative Anatomy
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843:
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814:
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279:larvae to the Plinian Society.
244:for student naturalists, which
16:British anatomist and zoologist
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762:
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689:
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648:
619:
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185:Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
1:
1139:19th-century Scottish writers
1124:Proto-evolutionary biologists
664:. Vol. 17, No. 2. pp. 189-223
528:
429:: there was no place for the
374:is what changes the animal).
1099:Fellows of the Royal Society
1084:Burials at Highgate Cemetery
744:Huxley, the Devil's disciple
676:"Grant, Robert Edmond"
309:Zoological Society of London
240:Grant was a stalwart of the
21:Robert E. Grant (politician)
7:
10:
1165:
994:"Rocky Road: Robert Grant"
964:. ("Grant, R.E.", p. 106).
230:Royal Society of Edinburgh
164:Swiney lecturer in geology
118:Royal Society of Edinburgh
18:
1119:Scientists from Edinburgh
1052:
1043:
1035:
1030:
1009:"Grant Museum of Zoology"
877:The Politics of Evolution
851:The Politics of Evolution
770:The Politics of Evolution
746:, Joseph, London. p. 164.
654:Desmond, Adrian. (1984).
386:of fishes with the inner
294:University College London
224:; these were in place of
173:
133:University College London
1149:Academics from Edinburgh
1023:Fullerian Professorships
835:Edinburgh New Philos. J.
696:Costa, James T. (2017).
603:
325:
320:the Voyage of the Beagle
206:to man (in this context
19:Not to be confused with
811:p. 462 & following.
759:. Chicago. pp. 398–406.
514:Grant Museum of Zoology
62:
931:Robert Edmond, Grant.
796:Philosophie anatomique
785:. Harvard. p262 et seq
540:Joseph, London 1994–7.
493:
397:Geoffroy-Cuvier debate
354:Background on Geoffroy
35:
522:Gonionotophis grantii
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421:Radicalism and Wakley
348:recapitulation theory
189:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
33:Grant in 1852 aged 59
31:
888:Grant R.E. 1835–41.
336:William A. F. Browne
179:Edinburgh and travel
139:and his espousal of
73:Edinburgh University
1144:Scottish zoologists
984:Robert Edmond Grant
892:. Balliere, London.
222:comparative anatomy
129:Comparative Anatomy
120:his proposer being
39:Robert Edmond Grant
1056:Thomas Rymer Jones
982:Works by or about
866:. Renshaw, London.
569:Desmond, Adrian J.
494:
265:John James Audubon
259:which was held in
236:Darwin as disciple
95:, and politically
36:
1129:Victorian writers
1062:
1061:
1053:Succeeded by
1031:Academic offices
962:978-1-4214-0135-5
862:Grant R.E. 1841.
849:Desmond A. 1989.
768:Desmond A. 1989.
742:Desmond A. 1994.
586:978-0-226-14374-3
499:Highgate Cemetery
491:Highgate Cemetery
408:Grant's programme
257:Wernerian society
160:Royal Institution
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1039:Peter Mark Roget
1036:Preceded by
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798:. 2 vols, Paris.
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508:'s disciple
506:T. H. Huxley
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1079:1874 deaths
1074:1793 births
200:Prestonpans
103:. He cited
93:freethinker
89:materialist
1109:Lamarckism
1068:Categories
1050:1837–1838
988:Wikisource
938:22 October
535:Desmond A.
529:References
440:The Lancet
384:gill cover
368:Ernst Mayr
156:Physiology
1014:25 August
999:25 August
840:, 270–84.
824:. Oxford.
724:cite book
716:959869358
460:Cambridge
145:evolution
69:Edinburgh
772:. p. 86.
571:(1989).
545:Moore J.
516:at UCL.
443:and the
376:Lawrence
340:homology
288:molluscs
284:pancreas
277:sea-slug
141:Geoffroy
110:Zoönomia
79:and the
427:atheist
393:nemesis
253:sponges
166:to the
158:at the
97:radical
81:zoology
960:
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583:
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548:Darwin
475:Lancet
471:Lancet
456:Oxford
395:. The
372:habits
305:Tories
269:oyster
215:monads
174:Career
45:FRCPEd
908:(PDF)
807:Mayr
632:(PDF)
604:Notes
360:deist
326:Views
273:leech
209:monad
204:monad
1016:2007
1001:2007
958:ISBN
940:2021
912:ISBN
730:link
712:OCLC
702:ISBN
636:ISBN
581:ISBN
552:ISBN
191:'s.
91:and
63:Life
51:FRSE
986:at
458:or
445:BMA
286:in
152:UCL
131:at
107:'s
83:of
57:FGS
54:FZS
48:FRS
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