22:
153:
128:
in
Cambridge. Barnes' sermon, although against clerical pomp and ecclesiastical abuses, was neither particularly unorthodox nor surprising. However, after seeing a churchwarden whose civil suit resulted in the imprisonment of a local man, Fr. Barnes departed from his prepared text to denounce
299:
courtiers in King Henry's council, which raged during the spring of 1540. Barnes was forced to apologise and recant; and Bishop
Gardiner delivered a series of counter-sermons at St Paul's Cross. But a month later Cromwell was made
210:. While at Wittenberg in the summer of 1531, Barnes was commissioned to ascertain the opinion of Luther and other continental divines on the divorce proceedings between Henry VIII and
661:
696:
402:
were shocked and horrified by the executions. Some historians have concluded that Barnes was crucial in having the
English Protestants and Catholics alike understand the
503:
Ryrie, Alec (2007). "Chapter 6: 'A saynt in the deuils name': Heroes and
Villains in the Martyrdom of Robert Barnes". In Freeman, Thomas S.; Mayer, Thomas F. (eds.).
21:
187:
in the Friary, Barnes was allowed visitors. It was subsequently discovered that while incarcerated there, Barnes was secretly a distributor of illegal copies of
558:
152:
604:
676:
681:
443:
The
Metynge of Doctor Barnes and Dr. Powell at Paradise Gate and of theyre communicacion bothe drawen to Smithfylde fro the Towar
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343:
for execution. In a deeply ironic moment, each hurdle carried both a condemned
Lutheran pastor and a condemned Catholic priest.
701:
530:
257:
512:
383:
280:
of the King's marriage to Anne of Cleves in 1540, ultimately brought
Cromwell and all other agents of his policies to ruin.
691:
248:, and he spent the next several years going between England and Germany. He was a vocal defender of King Henry's policy of
125:
686:
666:
133:
by one
Christian against another - inside the parish church of Cambridge University's College of Lawyers. At a time when
379:
656:
621:
541:
241:
In late 1531 Barnes returned to
England, becoming one of the chief intermediaries between the English Court and the
671:
234:
and an advanced reformer, came across a copy of Barnes's work and was so impressed by his description of
Lutheran
312:, and Barnes openly reverted to Lutheranism, but it proved a delusive victory. In July, however, Cromwell was
646:
410:
102:
651:
375:
223:
27:
417:
84:
480:
371:
598:
359:
265:
176:
80:
641:
636:
363:
321:
235:
614:
Luther's English Connection: the Reformation Thought of Robert Barnes and William Tyndale
8:
403:
367:
355:
273:
211:
49:
533:
The Reformation and Robert Barnes: History, Theology and Polemic in Early Modern England
167:, and was subsequently interrogated by Wolsey and four other bishops. He was ordered to
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288:
92:
409:
The feast day of Rev. Barnes and his two companions is commemorated every year on the
149:'s books into England from the Continent, Barnes' remarks immediately drew suspicion.
617:
537:
508:
253:
219:
563:
292:
284:
160:
As a result, in 1526 Barnes was brought before the vice-chancellor for preaching a
575:
252:, in the vain hope that the King would choose Lutheranism for the theology of the
336:
309:
305:
296:
227:
188:
134:
593:
446:
347:
261:
65:
25:"Barnes and his Fellow-Prisoners Seeking Forgiveness", from an 1887 edition of
567:
630:
467:
452:
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his sermon or be burnt; and, after choosing the former, was committed to the
146:
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114:
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172:
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The three Catholic priests executed with Barnes were among the fifty-four
429:
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91:. Barnes returned to Cambridge in the early 1520s, where he graduated
597:
317:
313:
277:
142:
98:
73:
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published Barnes' confession after writing a preface of his own as
441:
Shortly after their executions, a dialogue in verse was published,
110:
95:
in 1523, and, soon after, was made Prior of his Cambridge convent.
101:
says that Barnes was one of the Cambridge men who gathered at the
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199:
130:
69:
46:
399:
180:
168:
164:
88:
53:
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launched a battle to the death between the Crypto-Lutheran,
382:, but in reality for rejecting both the King's title as
238:
that he pleaded with Cromwell to invite the exile home.
316:, the marriage between the King and Anne of Cleves was
113:
discussion in the early 1530s. At the encouragement of
662:
People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar
346:
The two fellow Lutherans pastors; William Jerome and
697:
People executed by the Kingdom of England by burning
320:
and Barnes was convicted of heresy and sentenced to
214:. That year he also published the first edition of
256:. In 1539 Barnes was employed in negotiating with
628:
156:Barnes before Cardinal Wolsey, 1870 illustration
175:, but afterwards conditionally released to the
87:. Sometime after 1514 he was sent to study in
16:16th century martyr in the English Reformation
505:Martyrs and martyrdom in England, c.1400-1700
562:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
608:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). p. 413.
498:
496:
370:and Barnes' companion on the hurdle, Fr.
398:Both Catholics and Lutherans throughout
331:, 1540, Barnes and five other religious
151:
20:
592:
559:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
268:had already in 1538 refused to embrace
629:
551:
549:
526:
524:
493:
502:
384:Supreme Head of the Church of England
206:, where he became good friends with
546:
521:
507:. Boydell Press. pp. 144–165.
283:A denunciation by Barnes of Bishop
258:William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
13:
586:
14:
713:
616:. Northwestern Publishing House.
612:McGoldrick, James Edward (1979).
264:. The policy was Cromwell's, but
677:People executed under Henry VIII
682:16th-century Protestant martyrs
335:were drawn on hurdles from the
462:Robert Barnes also appears in
1:
702:Protestant martyrs of England
486:
435:
388:State control over the Church
260:for King Henry's marriage to
218:, which essentially outlined
72:in 1495, and was educated at
39:
576:UK public library membership
535:, Boydell & Brewer, 2010
376:hanged, drawn, and quartered
276:, followed by the immediate
222:in an appeal to Henry VIII.
141:were attempting to stop the
7:
692:16th-century English people
474:
411:Lutheran Calendar of Saints
10:
718:
667:People executed for heresy
464:The Mirror & the Light
202:in 1528, and also visited
31:, illustrated by Kronheim.
594:Pollard, Albert Frederick
393:
117:, Barnes preached at the
657:English Lutheran martyrs
418:English Catholic Martyrs
687:People from King's Lynn
672:Executed British people
605:Encyclopædia Britannica
457:Bekenntnis des Glaubens
445:(London, 1540), in the
59:
45:– 30 July 1540) was an
599:"Barnes, Robert"
360:Roman Catholic priests
157:
32:
28:Foxe's Book of Martyrs
568:10.1093/ref:odnb/1472
354:for heresy under the
350:, were, like Barnes,
304:, Gardiner's friend,
272:, and the statute of
155:
24:
647:Protestant Reformers
322:execution by burning
236:political philosophy
652:Doctors of Divinity
481:St Edward's Passage
368:Richard Fetherstone
358:. Meanwhile, three
212:Catherine of Aragon
64:Barnes was born in
556:"Barnes, Robert".
352:burnt at the stake
308:, was sent to the
158:
126:St Edward's Church
103:White Horse Tavern
93:Doctor of Divinity
76:, where he was an
33:
574:(Subscription or
514:978-1-84383-290-4
378:, officially for
254:Church of England
220:Lutheran theology
183:. Although under
709:
609:
601:
580:
579:
571:
553:
544:
528:
519:
518:
500:
293:Crypto-Calvinist
285:Stephen Gardiner
193:Protestant Bible
44:
41:
717:
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708:
707:
706:
627:
626:
589:
587:Further reading
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583:
573:
555:
554:
547:
529:
522:
515:
501:
494:
489:
477:
438:
396:
337:Tower of London
297:Crypto-Catholic
289:St Paul's Cross
287:in a sermon at
228:Thomas Cromwell
224:Stephen Vaughan
189:William Tyndale
139:Cardinal Wolsey
135:King Henry VIII
62:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
715:
705:
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491:
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476:
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472:
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460:
450:
447:British Museum
437:
434:
406:around them.
395:
392:
348:Thomas Gerrard
306:Bishop Sampson
262:Anne of Cleves
226:, an agent of
216:A Supplication
198:He escaped to
61:
58:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
714:
703:
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623:
622:0-8100-0070-9
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577:
569:
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561:
560:
552:
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543:
542:9781843835349
539:
536:
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531:Maas, Korey.
527:
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516:
510:
506:
499:
497:
492:
482:
479:
478:
469:
468:Hilary Mantel
465:
461:
458:
454:
453:Martin Luther
451:
448:
444:
440:
439:
433:
431:
427:
426:Pope Leo XIII
423:
419:
414:
412:
407:
405:
401:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:Edward Powell
369:
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349:
344:
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338:
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311:
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302:earl of Essex
298:
294:
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281:
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271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:Caesaropapism
247:
246:German States
244:
239:
237:
233:
232:Low Countries
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:Martin Luther
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:Austin Friary
174:
170:
166:
163:
154:
150:
148:
147:Martin Luther
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
123:
122:Midnight Mass
120:
119:Christmas Day
116:
115:Thomas Bilney
112:
109:-reading and
108:
104:
100:
96:
94:
90:
86:
85:Austin Friars
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
57:
55:
51:
48:
37:
36:Robert Barnes
30:
29:
23:
19:
613:
603:
557:
532:
504:
463:
456:
442:
415:
408:
397:
380:high treason
356:Six Articles
345:
326:
282:
274:Six Articles
240:
215:
197:
185:house arrest
173:Fleet prison
159:
97:
63:
35:
34:
26:
18:
642:1540 deaths
637:1495 births
430:29 December
404:Reformation
364:Thomas Abel
270:Lutheranism
124:in 1525 at
111:theological
78:Augustinian
66:King's Lynn
43: 1495
631:Categories
578:required.)
487:References
436:Literature
341:Smithfield
333:dissidents
266:Henry VIII
204:Wittenberg
422:Beatified
420:who were
314:attainted
278:annulment
162:heretical
143:smuggling
99:John Foxe
74:Cambridge
596:(1911).
475:See also
432:, 1886.
318:annulled
243:Lutheran
131:lawsuits
50:reformer
459:(1540).
374:, were
329:30 July
230:in the
200:Antwerp
83:of the
70:Norfolk
47:English
620:
572:
540:
511:
400:Europe
394:Legacy
366:, Fr.
362:: Fr .
295:, and
181:London
169:abjure
165:sermon
89:Leuven
81:priest
54:martyr
466:, by
310:Tower
107:Bible
618:ISBN
538:ISBN
509:ISBN
386:and
137:and
105:for
60:Life
52:and
564:doi
428:on
424:by
339:to
327:On
191:'s
179:in
145:of
633::
602:.
548:^
523:^
495:^
413:.
390:.
324:.
195:.
68:,
56:.
40:c.
570:.
566::
517:.
470:.
449:.
38:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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