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river, the 43rd Army Corps sustained significant casualties and already had supply shortages, and as the
Germans got through the more determined soldiers, the rest of the force began retreating. The Latvian Riflemen in particular took heavy losses, including more than half of their troops. In the meantime, the Twelfth Army had been able to complete its evacuation. Many Russian artillery pieces were left behind because of the time constraint and the lack of means to move them. German Colonel Max Hoffman noted that relatively few Russian soldiers were captured, and although they found large quantities of equipment and artillery, most of the Twelfth Army succeeded in escaping the attempted encirclement.
1797:
the ordinary soldiers refused to participate, and
Kerensky removed him from his position as supreme commander. The coup collapsed and Kornilov's key conspirators were imprisoned. As a result of the Kornilov coup, the Bolsheviks gained the majority in the Petrograd and Moscow Soviets, and the soldiers became increasingly anti-officer. Distrust of officers and unwillingness to fight spread throughout the entire Russian Army starting after Kornilov's failed coup, and the Provisional Government's perceived lenient treatment of Kornilov afterwards led to its decline in support among the troops. The Kornilov affair had an important role in the lead up to the
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the cavalry, artillery, machine-gun units, and a few infantry units fought well, but the majority of the infantry were in a poor state and decided to flee instead of holding their positions. Von Hutier had his forces use the new infiltration tactics that he took part in developing, such as moving more fluidly instead of attacking in a straight line, with one unit advancing while another provided cover fire, before later reversing those roles. The advance units also passed many of the defenders and left them to be eliminated by the main force.
1712:
54:
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force before it could withdraw, and the III Reserve Corps would cover their eastern flank. Von Hutier's goal was to encircle the
Russian Twelfth Army before it could abandon the area. Parsky decided that any defense of the city would be ineffective and ordered it to be abandoned, and changed his orders to the 43rd Corps, telling Boldyrev to hold up the German advance as long as possible so the rest of the army could finish the withdrawal.
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1453:, in between Minsk and Riga, but in response to this, several Russian armies were sent into a counterattack. This led the Germans to withdraw and allowed the Russians to re-establish the front line running approximately from Riga to the southeast to Dvinsk, and then south to Minsk. The new positions left German troops on the doorsteps of Riga, and the Stavka tasked the
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against the
Petrograd Soviet and the Bolsheviks, beginning several days after the Riga offensive. He ordered the 3rd Cavalry Corps to take control of Petrograd, which he had ordered to a location near the capital to strengthen the Russian positions there just before the fall of Riga. However, most of
1554:
supported the
Provisional Government, while the ordinary infantry were divided. In the aftermath of the July Days, Kornilov began imposing measures to restore strict discipline in the Russian Army. This included the restoration of the death penalty, the limiting of the powers of soldiers' committees,
1508:
and ended in failure despite some initial success. The troops of the
Northern Front, the closest army group to Petrograd, were more affected by the revolutionary agitation and political disruption in the capital than the rest of the army in early 1917. After the failure of the Kerensky offensive, the
1753:
hoped they could preserve the status they had during the tsarist era. The fall of Riga marked the loss of a major industrial center and put German troops closer to
Petrograd, though the Russian Twelfth Army succeeded in its objective of leaving the area intact and avoided being encircled. It took up
1724:
fought especially hard. The
Germans secured a bridgehead along the Jugla river toward the end of the day despite the Russian resistance. Later on, Kornilov noted that the Russian troops of the Twelfth Army followed a similar pattern that had been present during the Kerensky offensive, which was that
1707:
river. At the same time, their aerial reconnaissance confirmed that large numbers of
Russian troops were leaving the city. By 2 September the German commander, von Hutier, decided to send the VI Corps along the Dvina river to take Riga, while the LI Corps would move northeast to encircle the Russian
1337:
river. Meanwhile, the second German force entered Riga with little resistance. But the fighting in the south and the march to Riga bought enough time for most of the
Russian Twelfth Army to retreat from the city intact. The Germans captured only 9,000 Russian soldiers and overall the casualties were
1525:
by the Provisional Government, began preparations in April 1917 to form a new army near the capital to counter a potential German advance in the Riga area. However, he was reassigned to another part of the front before that plan could be implemented. After being appointed the army supreme commander
1804:
On the German side, the Riga offensive was the first large scale use of stormtrooper-type units. The combination of new infantry and artillery tactics (like the use of gas shells to assist an infantry assault) used by Hutier and Bruchmüller at Riga was repeated shortly after that operation at the
1728:
Meanwhile, the German VI and LX Corps reached Riga by nightfall on 2 September, and commenced their attack the next morning. The remaining Russian troops around the city did not put up much of a resistance, choosing to retreat. The Germans entered and secured the city on 3 September. At the Jugla
1332:
The German Eighth Army began its attack on 1 September, crossing the Dvina river south of the fortified Russian positions around the city. It was then split into two forces, with one attacking a nearby Russian corps that was threatening the bridgehead, while another advanced north along the river
1592:
received reinforcements, being raised to a strength of eight infantry and two cavalry divisions, organized in four corps, while his forces were faced with three corps of the Russian Twelfth Army. Hutier planned to not attack the city directly, but to cross the Dvina river to the south, near
1784:
just north of the Gulf, shortly after the Riga offensive. That operation became one of the earliest examples of an amphibious landing involving air, naval and ground forces in military history. The fall of these islands made Kornilov believe that the Germans planned an attack on
1675:, on the same day. The bombardment targeted the Russian positions in the vicinity of Ikšķile (Uexküll), about 30 kilometres (19 miles) southeast of Riga. With 1,100 German guns, they overwhelmed the relatively few Russian artillery pieces. This was followed by the advance of the
1562:
The front lines near Riga remained unchanged since the initial German advance into Lithuania and Latvia in the summer of 1915. The Russian high command anticipated a German offensive in that area in August 1917. In the early part of that month, German quartermaster-general
1719:
When the German troops attacked the Russian positions on the Jugla river, they met strong resistance. Gas shells, flamethrowers, and aerial attacks were also employed by the German force, but the Russians still fought off their attempts to cross for most of the day. The
1313:
in the summer of 1915, putting them in the vicinity of one of the largest industrial cities of the Russian Empire. The Twelfth Army was then tasked with defending Riga, though the situation on the northern frontier of the Eastern Front remained static until early 1917.
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river, located near Riga, with Klembovsky preparing to evacuate the bridgehead on 20 August 1917. The next day he also started removing forces from the city itself, even though Kornilov had wanted to hold the city. In preparation for the attack,
1764:
noted that discipline in the army had fallen so severely, especially in the Northern Front, that large numbers of troops in a fortified position with stocks of artillery and other supplies could not put up a strong fight to hold the city.
1080:
1325:, with the goal of pressuring Russia to accept a peace deal. Having anticipated the German attack, the Russian high command and General Klembovsky gave the order to abandon the bridgehead on the opposite side of the
1687:
towards the river, which they crossed with boats and established a bridgehead before then building pontoon bridges. Prince Leopold personally led the crossing of the Dvina river, which faced almost no opposition.
1513:
influence among the entire army accelerated. Despite these disturbances, the majority of the Russian Army was still at the front line and was willing to fight, even after the failed offensive in mid-summer 1917.
1123:
684:
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By this point, Parsky had given the order for the Twelfth Army to evacuate Riga. To cover the withdrawal, he used the 43rd Army Corps, consisting of four divisions under Lieutenant General
1492:, which began a decline in discipline and willingness to fight among the Russian Army. Soldiers started refusing to follow orders from officers and formed their own committees. Regardless,
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1703:, 18 kilometres (11 miles) northeast of the German bridgehead, they began to move to counterattack the German Eighth Army. Meanwhile, the Germans began advancing and reached the
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against the Italians, before being seen on a large scale on the Western Front for the first time in 1918. These would later be called by the Western Allies as "Hutier Tactics."
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towards Riga. Most of the combat took place between with the former, near the Dvina bridgehead, when the Germans struck Russian positions further to the northeast along the
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630:
1667:, the commander of the Eighth Army's artillery. The barrage included explosive and chemical gas shells. The troops that were to be involved in the attack were visited by
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sailors, and Bolshevik agitators tried to overthrow the Provisional Government. The attempt failed because the Provisional Government still had significant support, and
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gap to then turn from the north and capture Minsk, a major Russian communication and transportation center in the region. A force of several German cavalry divisions
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February] 1917, a series of events in Petrograd led to the capital being taken over by revolutionary soldiers and demonstrators in what became known as the
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1534:
from the south towards the capital on the pretext of strengthening the Northern Front and the defenses of Petrograd. The Kerensky offensive coincided with the
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in late August 1917, Kornilov warned that the Germans would capture Riga and then advance on Petrograd if order was not restored in the army.
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The fall of Riga weakened the Russian front line along the Baltic Sea, bringing German forces closer to Petrograd, and was followed by
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and the Provisional Government wanted to continue the war effort, including an offensive that had been planned since 1916. The
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The majority of residents in Riga were indifferent to the arrival of the German troops, while the aristocracy consisting of
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Riga was defended by the Twelfth Army (Gen. Dmitri Parsky) of the Northern Front, which included the following.
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and putting pressure on Russia to sue for peace. Kornilov, Vladislav Klembovsky, and the Twelfth Army commander,
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The German infantry attack was preceded by an artillery bombardment on 1 September 1917, organized by Colonel
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gave the order for an offensive in the direction of Riga in early August 1917, shortly after defeating the
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The Russian supreme commander, Kornilov, noted that along with Riga itself, Russia lost the fortress of
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infantry tactics by the German Army, which had been pioneered by Oskar von Hutier, before their use in
1282:
1213:
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260:
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2415:
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1434:
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998:
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1208:
1113:
906:
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696:
498:
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3434:
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3311:
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690:
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planned an operation to take Riga, aimed at capturing an important industrial city along the
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1008:
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815:
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218:
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8:
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1551:
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967:
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564:
381:
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The German forces, the Eighth Army (Gen. Oskar von Hutier), consisted of the following.
1152:
983:
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2236:
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river near Riga on 20 August 1917. Preparations were made to abandon the city as well.
1322:
1157:
1070:
962:
901:
831:
523:
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in July 1917, Kornilov returned to the plan and in mid-August decided to transfer the
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4501:
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3635:
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3221:
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1721:
1585:
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955:
664:
558:
195:
791:
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3081:
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2688:
2527:
1793:
1692:
1394:
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1243:
950:
852:
837:
773:
752:
706:
45:
4207:
4187:
3858:
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3409:
3200:
3091:
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2834:
1792:
At some point after his rise to prominence in August 1917, Kornilov decided to
1750:
1711:
1543:
1538:, a series of protests in which soldiers of the rebellious Petrograd garrison,
1390:
738:
435:
4547:
4318:
3606:
3600:
3036:
2953:
2864:
1576:
1518:
1382:
1278:
243:
229:
201:
190:
164:
159:
110:
97:
1704:
1580:
1334:
80:
3768:
3195:
1773:
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1568:
1539:
88:
2215:"The Russian Soldier in 1917: Undisciplined, Patriotic, and Revolutionary"
53:
3979:
3884:
3582:
3010:
2431:
1255:
1250:), took place in early September 1917 and was last major campaign on the
2383:
The German 1918 Offensives: A Case Study in The Operational Level of War
2240:
1830:
1769:
1572:
1510:
1485:
859:
820:
3774:
3541:
2269:
Civil War in South Russia, 1918: The First Year of the Volunteer Army
1745:
observing a parade of German troops in Riga shortly after the battle.
1535:
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1298:
913:
2231:
2214:
1700:
1369:
4034:
1672:
1484:
had the support of the revolutionaries, in an arrangement known as
1349:
in the Baltic. The offensive was also the first large scale use of
2288:
The Imperial Russian Army in Peace, War, and Revolution, 1856–1917
1755:
1413:, and so the army group was split into two on 17 August 1915: the
1786:
1410:
1402:
1326:
300:
2326:
The Russian Army in the Great War: The Eastern Front, 1914–1917
1758:. The offensive had an impact on Russian morale. The newspaper
1450:
1442:
1286:
2400:
4202:
2073:
2071:
1426:
1297:, tasked with guarding the approaches to the Russian capital
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
1579:, decided to abandon the bridgehead on opposite side of the
1405:
and Lithuania. During the retreat the armies of the Russian
2179:]. Foreword by Nikolai Starikov. St.Petersburg: Piter.
2002:
2000:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1942:
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141:
84:
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1930:
2083:
2048:
2036:
2024:
1918:
2111:
2109:
1997:
1978:
1966:
1954:
2345:
European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia
1906:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1865:
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1853:
1851:
1849:
2133:
1409:
moved further apart, leaving a gap in the area around
2121:
2106:
2012:
1877:
1846:
1373:
The new front lines after the Great Retreat in 1915.
1555:and imprisoning those who disobeyed orders. At the
2196:The Splintered Empires: The Eastern Front 1916–17
4545:
1389:from May to July 1915 led to the elimination of
1204:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)
3377:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
1550:. The Cossacks, officer cadets, and members of
1429:, by an order of the Russian high command, the
1441:initially wanted to break through the Vilnius–
2416:
316:
3867:
1659:Russian infantrymen killed by a gas attack.
4569:Battles of the Eastern Front (World War I)
2423:
2409:
1715:The troop movements in the Riga offensive.
1476:was established by liberal parties in the
323:
309:
2304:
2230:
2167:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1900:
1871:
3666:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
2347:. New York; London: Garland Publishing.
2328:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
2290:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
1736:
1710:
1654:
1521:, who had been named as the head of the
1401:saw Russia also abandon much of western
1368:
4043:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
2380:
2151:
2127:
2115:
1309:and southern Latvia during the Russian
14:
4546:
2361:
2342:
2247:
2193:
2100:
2077:
2042:
2030:
1888:
1859:
1776:was weakened. The Germans launched an
3996:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
3332:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
2404:
2323:
2285:
2266:
2212:
2139:
2018:
2006:
1991:
1972:
1960:
1912:
304:
4400:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
1789:(also called Reval) and Petrograd.
4329:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
3123:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
2309:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
24:
3062:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
2271:. University of California Press.
1600:
1472:abdicated on 15 March 1917, and a
25:
4585:
1532:Caucasian Native Cavalry Division
1345:, a German amphibious landing on
330:
3425:Second Battle of the Piave River
3047:Russian invasion of East Prussia
2307:1917: War, Peace, and Revolution
2250:Russia 1917: The Kornilov Affair
1829:is the Russian equivalent of an
1219:1918 Russia–Ukraine negotiations
254:
242:
223:
212:
200:
189:
170:
158:
52:
4496:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
3696:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
2430:
2160:
1772:, and the front line along the
1754:new positions further north in
1517:Amidst this situation, General
4319:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
4178:Deportations from East Prussia
3975:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
1819:
1474:Russian Provisional Government
1269:The battle was fought between
1260:Russian Provisional Government
1040:Battle for Kamianets-Podilskyi
13:
1:
4230:Ukrainian Canadian internment
2252:. London; New York: Longman.
2198:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
1364:
1317:German quartermaster-general
4385:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
3684:Estonian War of Independence
3352:Southern Palestine offensive
1840:
1732:
1650:
27:WWI battle over Riga, Latvia
7:
4339:USA against Austria-Hungary
3738:Turkish War of Independence
3690:Latvian War of Independence
3415:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
3006:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
1671:, the supreme commander of
1523:Petrograd Military District
58:German troops entering Riga
10:
4590:
4422:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
3970:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
3430:Second Battle of the Marne
3317:Second battle of the Aisne
3186:Second Battle of Champagne
3027:German invasion of Belgium
2381:Zabecki, David T. (2006).
1500:was launched in July [
1289:were under the command of
1214:Treaty of Bucharest (1918)
4528:
4487:
4408:
4347:
4309:
4253:
4242:
4203:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
4146:
4118:
4066:
3988:
3962:
3914:
3807:
3800:
3732:Irish War of Independence
3628:
3510:
3475:Armistice of Villa Giusti
3460:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
3385:
3287:
3214:
3115:
3072:First Battle of the Marne
3019:
2981:
2916:
2907:
2850:
2724:
2713:
2679:
2651:
2613:
2565:
2518:
2511:
2438:
2305:Stevenson, David (2017).
1697:2nd Latvian Rifle Brigade
1669:Prince Leopold of Bavaria
1457:with defending the city.
1305:advanced through most of
1119:Assault on Chongar Bridge
999:Battle of Bobruysk (1918)
870:Second Brusilov offensive
340:
279:
266:
235:
182:
151:
62:
51:
39:
34:
4355:Constantinople Agreement
3648:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
3511:Co-belligerent conflicts
3480:Second Romanian campaign
3450:Third Transjordan attack
3161:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
3067:Battle of Grand Couronné
2366:. Taylor & Francis.
2364:The Great War, 1914–1918
2362:Tucker, Spencer (2001).
2343:Tucker, Spencer (1999).
2324:Stone, David R. (2021).
2286:Reese, Roger R. (2019).
2177:Russia-Shield of Entente
2172:
1812:
1504:June] 1917 with the
1488:. The Soviet issued its
1379:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
1285:. The Russian forces in
1163:Romanian Campaign (1918)
941:Romanian Campaign (1917)
875:Romanian campaign (1916)
647:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
4418:Modus vivendi of Acroma
4370:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
3678:Greater Poland Uprising
3578:National Protection War
3455:Meuse–Argonne offensive
3405:German spring offensive
3400:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
3176:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
3151:Second Battle of Artois
3032:Battle of the Frontiers
2385:. New York: Routledge.
2248:Katkov, George (1980).
1615:6th Siberian Army Corps
1610:2nd Siberian Army Corps
1557:Moscow State Conference
1338:minimal on both sides.
1209:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
402:East Prussia war crimes
4564:Battles of World War I
4443:Paris Peace Conference
4431:Ukraine–Central Powers
4225:Massacres of Albanians
4193:Late Ottoman genocides
4000:Bulgarian occupations
3708:Third Anglo-Afghan War
3672:Hungarian–Romanian War
3490:Naval Victory Bulletin
3485:Armistice with Germany
3435:Hundred Days Offensive
3362:Battle of La Malmaison
3312:Second battle of Arras
3279:Battle of Transylvania
3133:Second Battle of Ypres
3001:Sarajevo assassination
2890:South African Republic
1746:
1716:
1660:
1546:was forced to flee to
1374:
1266:began disintegrating.
1247:
183:Commanders and leaders
4574:September 1917 events
4453:Treaty of St. Germain
4426:Russia–Central Powers
4380:Sykes–Picot Agreement
4208:Pontic Greek genocide
4183:Destruction of Kalisz
4159:Eastern Mediterranean
3720:Polish–Lithuanian War
3502:Armistice of Belgrade
3465:Armistice of Salonica
3395:Operation Faustschlag
3342:Third Battle of Oituz
3264:Baranovichi offensive
3232:Lake Naroch offensive
3206:Battle of Robat Karim
3181:Vistula–Bug offensive
3156:Battles of the Isonzo
3087:First Battle of Ypres
2267:Kenez, Peter (1971).
2194:Buttar, Prit (2017).
1740:
1714:
1695:. These included the
1677:19th Reserve Division
1658:
1377:After the successful
1372:
865:Baranovichi offensive
446:Halich-Lviv offensive
293:9,000-15,000 captured
280:Casualties and losses
111:56.96944°N 24.32333°E
18:Riga Offensive (1917)
4448:Treaty of Versailles
4164:Mount Lebanon famine
4079:in the United States
4047:Russian occupations
3761:Turkish–Armenian War
3702:Polish–Ukrainian War
3642:Ukrainian–Soviet War
3589:Central Asian Revolt
3372:Armistice of Focșani
3102:Battle of Sarikamish
3052:Battle of Tannenberg
2448:Military engagements
2213:Ferro, Marc (1971).
1778:amphibious operation
1303:Imperial German Army
1291:Vladislav Klembovsky
1168:Anti-Hetman Uprising
653:Gorlice breakthrough
219:Vladislav Klembovsky
4515:They shall not pass
4438:Treaty of Bucharest
4395:Treaty of Bucharest
4334:USA against Germany
4311:Declarations of war
4015:German occupations
3928:British casualties
3787:Soviet–Georgian War
3714:Egyptian Revolution
3654:Armeno-Georgian War
3518:Somaliland campaign
3470:Armistice of Mudros
3347:Battle of Caporetto
3337:Battle of Mărășești
3307:Zimmermann telegram
3302:February Revolution
3247:Battle of the Somme
3171:Bug-Narew Offensive
3146:Battle of Gallipoli
3138:Sinking of the RMS
2930:Scramble for Africa
2924:Franco-Prussian War
2580:Sinai and Palestine
2154:, pp. 127–128.
2103:, pp. 173–175.
2080:, pp. 203–207.
2045:, pp. 199–200.
2033:, pp. 184–185.
2009:, pp. 505–507.
1994:, pp. 403–407.
1975:, pp. 394–400.
1963:, pp. 370–372.
1951:, pp. 104–108.
1915:, pp. 168–174.
1807:Battle of Caporetto
1466:February Revolution
1439:Paul von Hindenburg
1417:was established in
1052:The Battle of Irpin
1028:Battle of Berdychiv
897:February Revolution
746:Dniestr–Zolota Lypa
107: /
79:banks of the river
4475:Treaty of Lausanne
4390:Paris Economy Pact
4324:UK against Germany
4254:Entry into the war
4220:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
3939:Ottoman casualties
3749:Franco-Turkish War
3629:Post-War conflicts
3613:Russian Revolution
3595:Invasion of Darfur
3560:Kelantan rebellion
3548:Kurdish rebellions
3524:Mexican Revolution
3357:October Revolution
3322:Kerensky offensive
3297:Capture of Baghdad
3274:Monastir offensive
3259:Brusilov offensive
3097:Battle of Kolubara
2936:Russo-Japanese War
2173:Россия-щит Антанты
1939:, pp. 95–101.
1799:October Revolution
1747:
1717:
1661:
1506:Southwestern Front
1498:Kerensky offensive
1494:Alexander Kerensky
1407:Northwestern Front
1375:
1323:Kerensky offensive
1234:, also called the
963:October Revolution
919:Tarnopol-Offensive
902:Kerensky offensive
832:Brusilov offensive
594:2nd Masurian Lakes
463:Galicia war crimes
397:1st Masurian Lakes
289:25,000 casualties
116:56.96944; 24.32333
70:1–5 September 1917
4541:
4540:
4524:
4523:
4508:The Golden Virgin
4502:Mutilated victory
4483:
4482:
4463:Treaty of Trianon
4458:Treaty of Neuilly
4365:Damascus Protocol
4238:
4237:
4198:Armenian genocide
4155:Allied blockades
4127:Belgian refugees
3910:
3909:
3820:Strategic bombing
3796:
3795:
3781:Franco-Syrian War
3755:Greco-Turkish War
3743:Anglo-Turkish War
3726:Polish–Soviet War
3660:German Revolution
3636:Russian Civil War
3619:Finnish Civil War
3445:Battle of Megiddo
3420:Battle of Goychay
3367:Battle of Cambrai
3327:Battle of Mărăști
3242:Battle of Jutland
3222:Erzurum offensive
3077:Siege of Przemyśl
3057:Siege of Tsingtao
3042:Battle of Galicia
2972:Second Balkan War
2960:Italo-Turkish War
2917:Pre-War conflicts
2903:
2902:
2793:Portuguese Empire
2709:
2708:
2671:German New Guinea
2653:Asian and Pacific
2392:978-1-134-25225-1
2373:978-1-134-81750-4
2354:978-1-135-68425-9
2335:978-0-7006-3308-1
2316:978-0-19-100676-0
2297:978-0-7006-2860-5
2278:978-0-520-31226-5
2259:978-0-582-49101-4
2205:978-1-4728-1986-4
2186:978-5-496-01795-4
2169:Oleynikov, Alexei
2142:, pp. 31–36.
1927:, pp. 91–94.
1665:Georg Bruchmüller
1630:III Reserve Corps
1528:3rd Cavalry Corps
1227:
1226:
885:Christmas Battles
621:2nd Vistula River
487:Laski and Anielin
481:1st Vistula River
299:
298:
207:Georg Bruchmüller
147:
146:
16:(Redirected from
4581:
4554:Latvian Riflemen
4468:Treaty of Sèvres
4360:Treaty of London
4251:
4250:
4029:Northeast France
3960:
3959:
3932:Parliamentarians
3865:
3864:
3827:Chemical weapons
3805:
3804:
3566:Senussi campaign
3536:Muscat rebellion
3530:Maritz rebellion
3498:
3440:Vardar offensive
3269:Battle of Romani
3237:Battle of Asiago
3227:Battle of Verdun
3191:Kosovo offensive
2966:First Balkan War
2914:
2913:
2813:Russian Republic
2722:
2721:
2516:
2515:
2458:Economic history
2425:
2418:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2377:
2358:
2339:
2320:
2301:
2282:
2263:
2244:
2234:
2209:
2190:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2104:
2098:
2081:
2075:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1995:
1989:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1834:
1823:
1722:Latvian Riflemen
1586:Oskar von Hutier
1565:Erich Ludendorff
1552:shock battalions
1482:Petrograd Soviet
1359:spring offensive
1357:during the 1918
1343:Operation Albion
1319:Erich Ludendorff
1271:Oskar von Hutier
1248:Schlacht um Riga
1127:
1108:
1100:Battle for Izyum
1096:
1084:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1024:
984:Battle of Galați
927:
795:
763:Strypa offensive
578:
570:Kozevo offensive
504:2nd East Prussia
459:
356:1st East Prussia
335:
325:
318:
311:
302:
301:
259:
258:
257:
247:
246:
228:
227:
226:
217:
216:
215:
205:
204:
196:Oskar von Hutier
194:
193:
175:
174:
173:
163:
162:
140:Germans capture
122:
121:
119:
118:
117:
112:
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
64:
63:
56:
32:
31:
21:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4520:
4479:
4411:
4404:
4375:Treaty of Darin
4343:
4305:
4261:Austria-Hungary
4247:
4234:
4215:Rape of Belgium
4142:
4114:
4062:
4056:Western Armenia
4051:Eastern Galicia
3984:
3958:
3922:
3921:Civilian impact
3920:
3906:
3863:
3792:
3624:
3554:Ovambo Uprising
3506:
3492:
3381:
3283:
3210:
3128:Battle of Łomża
3111:
3107:Christmas truce
3082:Race to the Sea
3015:
2977:
2899:
2870:Austria-Hungary
2846:
2781:Empire of Japan
2718:
2716:
2705:
2689:U-boat campaign
2675:
2647:
2609:
2561:
2507:
2488:Popular culture
2434:
2429:
2399:
2393:
2374:
2355:
2336:
2317:
2298:
2279:
2260:
2232:10.2307/2493539
2206:
2187:
2174:
2163:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2084:
2076:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1782:several islands
1735:
1699:. Located near
1693:Vasily Boldyrev
1685:203rd Divisions
1653:
1620:43rd Army Corps
1603:
1601:Order of battle
1447:began advancing
1387:Austria-Hungary
1367:
1347:several islands
1236:Battle of Jugla
1228:
1223:
1121:
1102:
1090:
1078:
1054:
1042:
1030:
1018:
951:Kornilov affair
921:
789:
572:
453:
336:
331:
329:
255:
253:
241:
224:
222:
221:
213:
211:
199:
198:
188:
171:
169:
157:
136:
115:
113:
109:
106:
101:
98:
96:
94:
93:
92:
57:
46:First World War
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4587:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4559:1917 in Latvia
4556:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4499:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4420:
4414:
4412:
4410:Peace treaties
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4315:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4296:United Kingdom
4293:
4288:
4286:Ottoman Empire
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4248:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4190:
4188:Sack of Dinant
4185:
4180:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4152:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4136:United Kingdom
4133:
4124:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4096:
4090:POW locations
4088:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4045:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4006:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3925:
3923:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3890:United Kingdom
3887:
3885:Ottoman Empire
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3862:
3861:
3859:Trench warfare
3856:
3855:
3854:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3811:
3809:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3575:
3572:Volta-Bani War
3569:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3410:Zeebrugge Raid
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3201:Battle of Loos
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3092:Black Sea raid
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2994:Historiography
2985:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2948:Bosnian Crisis
2945:
2942:Tangier Crisis
2939:
2933:
2927:
2920:
2918:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2875:Ottoman Empire
2872:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2852:Central Powers
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2835:British Empire
2830:United Kingdom
2827:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2808:Russian Empire
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2726:Entente Powers
2719:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2694:North Atlantic
2685:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2605:Central Arabia
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2567:Middle Eastern
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2524:
2522:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2468:Historiography
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2378:
2372:
2359:
2353:
2340:
2334:
2321:
2315:
2302:
2296:
2283:
2277:
2264:
2258:
2245:
2225:(3): 483–512.
2210:
2204:
2191:
2185:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2120:
2105:
2082:
2047:
2035:
2023:
2021:, p. 285.
2011:
1996:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1949:Stevenson 2017
1941:
1937:Stevenson 2017
1929:
1925:Stevenson 2017
1917:
1905:
1903:, p. 243.
1901:Oleynikov 2016
1893:
1891:, p. 151.
1876:
1874:, p. 260.
1872:Oleynikov 2016
1864:
1862:, p. 598.
1844:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1751:Baltic Germans
1734:
1731:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1602:
1599:
1544:Vladimir Lenin
1460:In March [
1415:Northern Front
1395:Polish salient
1366:
1363:
1295:Northern Front
1240:Battle of Riga
1232:Riga offensive
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1198:Peace treaties
1195:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1085:
1076:Lozova station
1073:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
980:
979:
975:
974:
973:
972:
965:
960:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
916:
911:
910:
909:
899:
893:
892:
888:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
828:
823:
818:
812:
811:
807:
806:
801:
796:
784:
777:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
749:
748:
743:
742:
741:
736:
726:
721:
716:
715:
714:
712:Novogeorgievsk
709:
704:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
661:
660:
655:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
617:
616:
611:
601:
596:
591:
586:
585:
584:
579:
567:
555:
549:
548:
544:
543:
538:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
489:
484:
477:
472:
467:
466:
465:
460:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
406:
405:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
352:
346:
345:
341:
338:
337:
328:
327:
320:
313:
305:
297:
296:
295:
294:
286:
282:
281:
277:
276:
273:
269:
268:
264:
263:
251:
238:
237:
236:Units involved
233:
232:
209:
185:
184:
180:
179:
167:
154:
153:
149:
148:
145:
144:
138:
132:
131:
130:German victory
128:
124:
123:
78:
76:
72:
71:
68:
60:
59:
49:
48:
37:
36:
35:Riga offensive
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4586:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4301:United States
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4241:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3918:
3913:
3903:
3902:United States
3900:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3852:Convoy system
3850:
3849:
3848:
3847:Naval warfare
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3607:Kaocen revolt
3605:
3602:
3601:Easter Rising
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:Great Retreat
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:Battle of Cer
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2954:Agadir Crisis
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2842:United States
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2759:French Empire
2757:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2712:
2702:
2701:Mediterranean
2699:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2681:Naval warfare
2678:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2557:Italian Front
2555:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2545:Eastern Front
2543:
2541:
2540:Western Front
2538:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:Puppet states
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2219:Slavic Review
2216:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2130:, p. 27.
2129:
2124:
2118:, p. 69.
2117:
2112:
2110:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2039:
2032:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1873:
1868:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1794:launch a coup
1790:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:Novoye Vremya
1757:
1752:
1744:
1739:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1657:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1577:Dmitri Parsky
1574:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1519:Lavr Kornilov
1515:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1433:. The German
1432:
1428:
1424:
1423:Western Front
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:Great Retreat
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1311:Great Retreat
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:Dmitri Parsky
1276:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:Eastern Front
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:Naval warfare
1180:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1148:Hetman's coup
1146:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
977:
976:
971:
970:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
958:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
925:
920:
917:
915:
912:
908:
905:
904:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
890:
889:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
854:
851:
849:
848:Kostiuchnówka
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
834:
833:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
809:
808:
805:
802:
800:
797:
793:
788:
785:
783:
782:
778:
776:
775:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
747:
744:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
730:
729:Riga-Schaulen
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
702:2nd Przasnysz
700:
699:
698:
695:
694:
693:
692:
691:Great Retreat
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
649:
648:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
605:
602:
600:
599:1st Przasnysz
597:
595:
592:
590:
589:Humin-Bolimów
587:
583:
580:
576:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
561:
560:
556:
554:
551:
550:
546:
545:
542:
541:Lupovsky Pass
539:
537:
536:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
494:
490:
488:
485:
483:
482:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
464:
461:
457:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
412:
411:
407:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
358:
357:
353:
351:
348:
347:
343:
342:
339:
334:
333:Eastern Front
326:
321:
319:
314:
312:
307:
306:
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292:
291:
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284:
283:
278:
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230:Dmitri Parsky
220:
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90:
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55:
50:
47:
43:
42:Eastern Front
38:
33:
30:
19:
4513:
4506:
4494:
4101: /
4033:
3868:Conscription
3832:Cryptography
3769:Iraqi Revolt
3196:Siege of Kut
3139:
2717:participants
2666:German Samoa
2600:South Arabia
2382:
2363:
2344:
2325:
2306:
2287:
2268:
2249:
2222:
2218:
2195:
2176:
2161:Bibliography
2152:Zabecki 2006
2147:
2135:
2128:Zabecki 2006
2123:
2116:Zabecki 2006
2038:
2026:
2014:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1932:
1920:
1908:
1896:
1867:
1826:
1821:
1803:
1791:
1774:Gulf of Riga
1767:
1759:
1748:
1727:
1718:
1690:
1662:
1624:
1604:
1569:Max Hoffmann
1567:and Colonel
1561:
1540:Baltic Fleet
1516:
1480:, while the
1459:
1455:Twelfth Army
1376:
1351:stormtrooper
1340:
1331:
1316:
1283:Twelfth Army
1268:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1009:
956:
945:
830:
787:Death Island
779:
772:
689:
645:
631:1st Courland
557:
533:
491:
479:
408:
377:Gross-Bresau
354:
288:
152:Belligerents
40:Part of the
29:
4131:Netherlands
4108:Switzerland
3989:Occupations
3980:Spanish flu
3757:(1919–1922)
3751:(1918–1921)
3745:(1918–1923)
3734:(1919–1921)
3728:(1919–1921)
3722:(1919–1920)
3698:(1918–1920)
3692:(1918–1920)
3686:(1918–1920)
3668:(1918–1920)
3650:(1918–1920)
3644:(1917–1921)
3638:(1917–1921)
3585:(1916-1918)
3583:Arab Revolt
3574:(1915–1917)
3568:(1915–1917)
3556:(1914-1917)
3550:(1914–1917)
3544:(1914–1921)
3538:(1913–1920)
3526:(1910–1920)
3520:(1900–1920)
3493: [
3011:July Crisis
2932:(1880–1914)
2595:Mesopotamia
2473:Home fronts
2432:World War I
2101:Katkov 1980
2078:Buttar 2017
2043:Buttar 2017
2031:Katkov 1980
1889:Tucker 2001
1860:Tucker 1999
1597:(Uexküll).
1590:Eighth Army
1490:Order No. 1
1470:Nicholas II
1281:'s Russian
1275:Eighth Army
1258:before the
1256:World War I
1173:Motovilivka
1122: [
1103: [
1091: [
1079: [
1055: [
1043: [
1031: [
1019: [
1010:Faustschlag
922: [
816:Lake Naroch
790: [
719:Vistula-Bug
685:Kraupishken
680:3rd Osowiec
636:2nd Bolimów
626:2nd Osowiec
573: [
559:Carpathians
535:Bzura-Rawka
519:Krzywopłoty
475:1st Osowiec
454: [
451:Jarosławice
426:Zolota Lypa
416:1st Kraśnik
392:Abschwangen
362:Stallupönen
285:4,200-5,000
135:Territorial
114: /
4548:Categories
4348:Agreements
4148:War crimes
4024:Luxembourg
3917:Casualties
2788:Montenegro
2623:South West
2503:Technology
2493:Propaganda
2483:Opposition
2140:Kenez 1971
2019:Reese 2019
2007:Ferro 1971
1992:Reese 2019
1973:Reese 2019
1961:Reese 2019
1913:Stone 2021
1831:army group
1770:Ust-Dvinsk
1743:Wilhelm II
1705:Mazā Jugla
1588:'s German
1573:Baltic Sea
1509:spread of
1486:dual power
1478:State Duma
1468:. Emperor
1435:Tenth Army
1393:'s entire
1365:Background
1273:'s German
1187:Baltic Sea
1141:Sevastopol
994:Bessarabia
860:2nd Kekava
826:Stolovichy
821:1st Kekava
431:Gnila Lipa
387:Tannenberg
350:Wierzbołów
102:24°19′24″E
99:56°58′10″N
91:(Uexküll).
81:Mazā Jugla
4245:Diplomacy
3952:Olympians
3875:Australia
3842:Logistics
3775:Vlora War
3704:(1918–19)
3680:(1918–19)
3674:(1918–19)
3662:(1918–19)
3609:(1916–17)
3591:(1916–17)
3542:Zaian War
3532:(1914–15)
3252:first day
3140:Lusitania
2968:(1912–13)
2962:(1911–12)
2950:(1908–09)
2944:(1905–06)
2926:(1870–71)
2715:Principal
2575:Gallipoli
2478:Memorials
2463:Geography
2453:Aftermath
2171:(2016).
1841:Citations
1733:Aftermath
1651:Offensive
1536:July Days
1511:Bolshevik
1307:Lithuania
1299:Petrograd
1192:Black Sea
1136:Salt Lake
968:Zhmerynka
931:Krechowce
914:July Days
880:Schmarden
843:Mamornița
758:Grubeshov
697:Bug-Narew
614:Kalvarija
565:Rafajlowa
553:Cârlibaba
529:Łowczówek
493:San River
382:Gumbinnen
261:12th Army
4533:Category
4120:Refugees
4086:Italians
4075:Germans
4035:Ober Ost
3815:Aviation
2909:Timeline
2880:Bulgaria
2661:Tsingtao
2638:Togoland
2585:Caucasus
2520:European
2512:Theatres
1780:to take
1679:and the
1673:Ober Ost
1645:LX Corps
1640:LI Corps
1635:VI Corps
1530:and the
1421:and the
1355:the West
1264:its army
1158:Dibrivka
1071:Bakhmach
1004:Rarańcza
946:2nd Riga
734:1st Riga
641:Pakosław
524:Limanowa
499:Mołotków
470:Augustów
267:Strength
249:8th Army
75:Location
4271:Germany
4171:Germany
4099:Germany
4019:Belgium
4004:Albania
3963:Disease
3943:Sports
3895:Ireland
3808:Warfare
3801:Aspects
2989:Origins
2982:Prelude
2885:Senussi
2865:Germany
2860:Leaders
2798:Romania
2739:Belgium
2734:Leaders
2633:Kamerun
2615:African
2550:Romania
2528:Balkans
2443:Outline
2241:2493539
1787:Tallinn
1741:Kaiser
1595:Ikšķile
1548:Finland
1411:Vilnius
1403:Belarus
1383:Germany
1238:or the
989:Finland
799:Smorgon
724:Jastków
670:Rokitna
658:Syniava
582:Makivka
441:Gorodek
421:Komarow
410:Galicia
372:Kaushen
275:192.000
165:Germany
137:changes
89:Ikšķile
44:of the
4291:Russia
4266:France
4094:Canada
4009:Serbia
3880:Canada
3837:Horses
3789:(1921)
3783:(1920)
3777:(1920)
3771:(1920)
3763:(1920)
3716:(1919)
3710:(1919)
3656:(1918)
3621:(1918)
3615:(1917)
3603:(1916)
3597:(1916)
3562:(1915)
2974:(1913)
2956:(1911)
2938:(1905)
2895:Darfur
2820:Serbia
2803:Russia
2766:Greece
2754:France
2744:Brazil
2590:Persia
2533:Serbia
2389:
2370:
2351:
2332:
2313:
2294:
2275:
2256:
2239:
2202:
2183:
1756:Wenden
1701:Ropaži
1451:Dvinsk
1443:Kaunas
1437:under
1431:Stavka
1397:, the
1391:Russia
1301:. The
1287:Latvia
1244:German
1153:Kaniów
1131:Sivash
1114:Crimea
1088:Donbas
957:Albion
907:Zboriv
804:Zurnvo
675:Tarłów
665:Konary
514:Kraków
272:60.000
177:Russia
127:Result
4488:Other
4281:Japan
4276:Italy
4103:camps
3947:Rugby
3497:]
2776:Japan
2771:Italy
2749:China
2643:North
2237:JSTOR
2175:[
1827:front
1813:Notes
1681:202nd
1581:Dvina
1449:near
1427:Minsk
1335:Jugla
1327:Dvina
1126:]
1107:]
1095:]
1083:]
1064:Narva
1059:]
1047:]
1035:]
1023:]
1016:Keila
936:Krevo
926:]
853:Kowel
838:Lutsk
794:]
781:Vilno
774:Rovno
753:Rasna
739:Kovno
707:Narew
609:Memel
604:Łomża
577:]
458:]
367:Orlau
83:near
4068:POWs
3387:1918
3289:1917
3215:1916
3116:1915
3020:1914
2825:Siam
2628:East
2387:ISBN
2368:ISBN
2349:ISBN
2330:ISBN
2311:ISBN
2292:ISBN
2273:ISBN
2254:ISBN
2200:ISBN
2181:ISBN
1683:and
1502:O.S.
1462:O.S.
1419:Riga
1385:and
1277:and
1262:and
1230:The
978:1918
891:1917
810:1916
768:Prut
547:1915
509:Łódź
436:Rawa
344:1914
142:Riga
87:and
85:Riga
67:Date
2227:doi
1425:in
1381:by
1293:'s
1254:of
4550::
3495:It
2235:.
2223:30
2221:.
2217:.
2108:^
2085:^
2050:^
1999:^
1980:^
1879:^
1848:^
1825:A
1801:.
1361:.
1246::
1124:ru
1105:uk
1093:uk
1081:uk
1057:uk
1045:uk
1033:uk
1021:et
924:de
792:lv
575:ru
456:ru
3919:/
2424:e
2417:t
2410:v
2395:.
2376:.
2357:.
2338:.
2319:.
2300:.
2281:.
2262:.
2243:.
2229::
2208:.
2189:.
1833:.
1242:(
324:e
317:t
310:v
20:)
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