175:
consistent. While it can only be assumed that riffles can host a higher level of densities because of higher dissolved oxygen levels, there is a proven positive association between phosphate levels and macroinvertebrates in riffles, indicating that phosphate is an important nutrient for them. Seasonality is important for macroinvertebrate densities, and is characterized by temperature, like summer and winter, or it can be characterized by wetness, like wet and dry seasons. Macroinvertebrates are found in lower abundance during the rainy or wet season due to the high, constant amount of water into the riffle changing the system’s temperature, water velocity, and the aquatic community structure. Also, food, shelter and low flow rates during the dry season make it a more habitable time for higher densities of macroinvertebrates.
88:, to obtain a longitudinal profile. Then, the piecewise linear slope of the river is computed and removed to leave just the rise and fall of the elevation about the channel's trendline. According to the zero-crossing method, riffles are all the locations along the channel whose residual elevation is greater than zero. Because of the prevalence of this method for identifying and mapping riffles, riffles are often thought of as part of a paired sequence, alternating with pools (the lows between the riffles). However, modern topographic maps of rivers with meter-scale resolution reveal that rivers exhibit a diversity of in-channel landforms.
218:. Dam removal has increased in recent times and its effects on riffles vary and are complex, but generally, riffles may redevelop. As these riffles develop, however, they often have a lower biodiversity than the pre-dam ecosystem but benefit aquatic biodiversity in the long term. Following weir removal, riffle fish populations have increased in diversity and density, and these fish have moved upstream to inhabit new riffles that redevelop after dam removal. The importance of riffles in supporting diverse assemblages of aquatic biota within streams and rivers may contribute to the increasing trend of dam removal.
229:, can indirectly affect riffles and riffle quality. Terrestrial vegetation, such as tree branches and leaf litter, contribute to the formation of riffles and stabilization of the ecosystem's channel, and as development reduces this vegetation, riffles may be diminished. Species richness and diversity within riffles are susceptible to anthropogenic land use changes, and management options for restoring these riffles to increase aquatic biodiversity include removing sand and sedimentation and enhancing water flow, to offset impacts from land use change.
38:
167:
1699:
129:, and small woody stems that can be found throughout riffles. In riffles, these patches form at a velocity between 13 and 89 cm/sec, which allows for certain types of litter to be more abundant in riffles because they can stand up to the flow. Leaf litter is most commonly found in riffles, and thus influenced the type of macroinvertebrate functional group is found in riffles, like
84:; these do not have riffles. However, many channels exhibit readily apparent changes in width, bed elevation, and slope. In these cases, scientists realized that the riverbed often tends to rise and fall with distance downstream relative to an average elevation of the river's slope. That led scientists to map the bed elevation down the deepest path in a channel, called the
65:
steeper slope than that over other in-channel landforms. Channel sections with a mean water surface slope of roughly 0.1 to 0.5% exhibit riffles, though they can occur in steeper or gentler sloping channels with coarser or finer bed materials, respectively. Except in the period after a flood (when fresh material is deposited on a riffle), the sediment on the
104:
rely on the highly oxygenated, fairly unsedimented waters present in a riffle. Many species of fish, including rare and endangered species use riffles to spawn in. Not only do fish spawn in and around riffles, they are also productive feeding grounds for fish, and in turn other predators that feed on
64:
Riffles are almost always found to have a very low discharge compared to the flow that fills the channel (approximately 10–20%), and as a result the water moving over a riffle appears shallow and fast, with a wavy, disturbed water surface. The water's surface over a riffle at low flow also has a much
241:
world, a "riffle tank" is one specializing in aquatic life that originates in places with powerful currents like riffles. These are usually emulated with very powerful pumps, shallow 'lowboy' tanks, and larger substrate like cobbles and large gravel. Common inhabitants include North
American native
91:
For a long time, scientists have observed that, all other things being equal, riffles tend to be substantially wider than other in-channel landforms, but only recently has there been high enough quality of river maps to confirm that this is true. The physics mechanism that explains why this happens
1186:
Bushaw-Newton, Karen L.; Hart, David D.; Pizzuto, James E.; Thomson, James R.; Egan, Jennifer; Ashley, Jeffrey T.; Johnson, Thomas E.; Horwitz, Richard J.; Keeley, Melissa; Lawrence, Joy; Charles, Don (2002). "An
Integrative Approach Towards Understanding Ecological Responses to Dam Removal: The
174:
Riffles also create a safe habitat for macroinvertebrates because of the varying depth, velocity, and substrate type found in the riffle. Densities of macroinvertebrates vary riffle to riffle because of seasonality or the habitat surrounding the riffle, but macroinvertebrate makeup is fairly
92:
is called flow convergence routing. This mechanism may be used in river engineering to design self-sustainable riffles, given a suitable sediment supply and flow regime. When an in-channel landform is shallow and narrow, instead of shallow and wide, it is called a nozzle.
1139:"The role of anthropogenic vs. natural in-stream structures in determining connectivity and genetic diversity in an endangered freshwater fish, Macquarie perch (Macquaria australasica): Anthropogenic vs. natural in-stream structures in M. australasica"
671:
Wheaton, Joseph M.; Brasington, James; Darby, Stephen E.; Merz, Joseph; Pasternack, Gregory B.; Sear, David; Vericat, Damiá (2010-05-01). "Linking geomorphic changes to salmonid habitat at a scale relevant to fish".
1091:
Salant, Nira L.; Schmidt, John C.; Budy, Phaedra; Wilcock, Peter R. (2012). "Unintended consequences of restoration: Loss of riffles and gravel substrates following weir installation".
806:
Kobayashi, S.; Kagaya, T. (2002-04-01). "Differences in litter characteristics and macroinvertebrate assemblages between litter patches in pools and riffles in a headwater stream".
109:
in the body of water. Water with high and relatively stable levels of dissolved oxygen is typically considered to be a healthy ecosystem because it can generally support greater
581:
56:
in a flowing channel. Colloquially, it is a shallow place in a river where water flows quickly past rocks. However, in geology a riffle has specific characteristics.
1238:
MALONEY, KELLY O.; WELLER, DONALD E. (2010). "Anthropogenic disturbance and streams: land use and land-use change affect stream ecosystems via multiple pathways".
1735:
533:"Bed and width oscillations form coherent patterns in a partially confined, regulated gravel–cobble-bedded river adjusting to anthropogenic disturbances"
1684:
100:
Riffles are very important to the life in a stream, and many aquatic species rely on them in one way or another. Many species of benthic
1360:
419:
254:. Oftentimes, these tanks are lacking in submersed vegetation, instead using botanicals, emersed plants, or no plant material besides
1728:
76:
normally consist of channels – geometric depressions in the valley floor carved by flowing water – and overbank regions that include
1966:
2334:
406:
1721:
1275:"Influence of Habitat and Land Use on the Assemblages of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera in Neotropical Streams"
580:
MacWilliams, Michael L.; Wheaton, Joseph M.; Pasternack, Gregory B.; Street, Robert L.; Kitanidis, Peter K. (2006-10-01).
905:
Righi-Cavallaro, Karina Ocampo; Roche, Kennedy
Francis; Froehlich, Otávio; Cavallaro, Marcel Rodrigo (September 2010).
404:
Carling, Paul A.; Orr, Harriet G. (2000-04-01). "Morphology of riffle–pool sequences in the River Severn, England".
2960:
2491:
1393:
907:"Structure of macroinvertebrate communities in riffles of a Neotropical karst stream in the wet and dry seasons"
2955:
1353:
316:"Revealing the natural complexity of fluvial morphology through 2D hydrodynamic delineation of river landforms"
2516:
509:
2657:
2607:
2501:
2935:
203:
changes. Human interference of stream or river flow decreases sediment sizes, resulting in less riffles.
1273:
Amaral, P. H. M. d.; Silveira, L. S. d.; Rosa, B. F. J. V.; Oliveira, V. C. d.; Alves, R. d. G. (2015).
290:
141:). While, in general, the population densities are higher in riffles than pools, some groups like flies
2161:
443:"Geospatial organization of fluvial landforms in a gravel–cobble river: Beyond the riffle–pool couplet"
2945:
2897:
2780:
1702:
1346:
133:
being the dominant shredder species found in riffles. Other macroinvertebrates found in riffles are
2930:
2647:
2612:
2454:
2940:
2632:
2397:
1516:
31:
17:
2991:
2882:
2740:
2291:
2176:
1446:
2720:
2567:
2529:
1978:
1917:
1628:
1623:
857:
Logan, P.; Brooker, M. P. (1983-01-01). "The macroinvertebrate faunas of riffles and pools".
790:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Regulations and Standards. p. 3.
215:
214:
have reduced existing riffles by flattening the channel with smaller substrate, resulting in
2950:
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2496:
2256:
2113:
2063:
1857:
1649:
1196:
1036:
964:
866:
815:
736:
681:
645:
634:"Riffle-pool maintenance and flow convergence routing observed on a large gravel-bed river"
596:
544:
497:
454:
370:
327:
632:
Sawyer, April M.; Pasternack, Gregory B.; Moir, Hamish J.; Fulton, Aaron A. (2010-01-15).
8:
2846:
2841:
2642:
2486:
2108:
1961:
1882:
1789:
1025:"Associations between riffle development and aquatic biota following lowhead dam removal"
953:"Associations between riffle development and aquatic biota following lowhead dam removal"
226:
1200:
1040:
968:
870:
819:
740:
685:
649:
600:
548:
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458:
374:
331:
145:
are somewhat less present in riffles, with a low density in riffles compared to pools.
2981:
2872:
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2750:
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2118:
2023:
1927:
1819:
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196:
37:
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772:
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752:
709:
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614:
562:
513:
423:
386:
347:
101:
843:
582:"Flow convergence routing hypothesis for pool-riffle maintenance in alluvial rivers"
474:
2765:
2667:
2572:
2321:
2171:
2166:
2143:
2083:
1912:
1784:
1441:
1369:
1302:
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1247:
1204:
1158:
1150:
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1060:
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918:
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823:
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689:
657:
653:
604:
552:
505:
466:
462:
415:
378:
339:
335:
192:
106:
69:
in a riffle is usually much coarser than on that in any other in-channel landform.
1104:
2986:
2770:
2730:
2725:
2329:
2216:
2211:
1995:
1932:
1902:
1867:
1862:
1829:
1794:
1765:
1669:
1456:
1418:
1403:
222:
279:(Report). Professional Paper 282-B. United States Geological Survey. p. 50.
80:
and terraces. Some channels have shapes and sizes that hardly change along the
2831:
2715:
2695:
2577:
2562:
2449:
2434:
2429:
2389:
2369:
2281:
2123:
2103:
2068:
2000:
1985:
1892:
1814:
1774:
1659:
1526:
1476:
1428:
1388:
1383:
724:
315:
126:
1713:
1048:
976:
748:
276:
2975:
2912:
2907:
2892:
2877:
2826:
2821:
2587:
2552:
2506:
2466:
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2221:
2093:
2053:
1799:
1779:
1664:
1546:
1506:
1451:
1329:
1298:
1259:
1216:
1112:
1056:
984:
932:
886:
835:
756:
701:
618:
566:
517:
427:
390:
361:
Milne, J. A. (1982-04-01). "Bed-material size and the riffle-pool sequence".
166:
1290:
923:
906:
633:
532:
488:
Richards, K. S. (1976-06-01). "Channel width and the riffle-pool sequence".
442:
2902:
2652:
2637:
2627:
2476:
2407:
2276:
2241:
2156:
2098:
1973:
1872:
1834:
1809:
1597:
1408:
1316:
1172:
1120:
1074:
1002:
764:
557:
155:
146:
110:
827:
2811:
2735:
2439:
2402:
2349:
2073:
2058:
2033:
1907:
1613:
1564:
1531:
1521:
1413:
609:
420:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(200004)25:4<353::AID-ESP59>3.0.CO;2-5
238:
160:
42:
2917:
2597:
2481:
2421:
2379:
2251:
2088:
1956:
1897:
1887:
1804:
1654:
1618:
1559:
1486:
1466:
243:
188:
105:
fish. Riffles also serve to aerate the water, increasing the amount of
77:
1137:
Faulks, Leanne K.; Gilligan, Dean M.; Beheregaray, Luciano B. (2011).
904:
2887:
2836:
2806:
2775:
2705:
2617:
2374:
2261:
2246:
2186:
2133:
2128:
2028:
1951:
1941:
1839:
1491:
1481:
1436:
693:
247:
725:"The Topographic Design of River Channels for Form-Process Linkages"
59:
2557:
2524:
2201:
2043:
2010:
1587:
1461:
1338:
255:
251:
200:
130:
66:
53:
579:
2867:
2816:
2344:
2339:
2301:
2206:
2078:
2015:
1574:
1536:
1471:
1398:
184:
151:
142:
114:
85:
788:
Ambient
Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria for Dissolved Oxygen
723:
Brown, Rocko A.; Pasternack, Gregory B.; Lin, Tin (2016-04-01).
2662:
2534:
2354:
2306:
2296:
2266:
2191:
1946:
1877:
1849:
1748:
1554:
1501:
1185:
134:
73:
314:
Wyrick, J. R.; Senter, A. E.; Pasternack, G. B. (2014-04-01).
125:
Litter patches are a collection of leaves, coarse particulate
2760:
2745:
2700:
2444:
2417:
2364:
2231:
2226:
2196:
2181:
1990:
1760:
1744:
81:
2790:
2755:
2311:
2271:
2236:
1592:
207:
1272:
670:
631:
2710:
2151:
1582:
1136:
510:
10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<883:CWATRS>2.0.CO;2
277:
River channel patterns: Braided, meandering, and straight
211:
1090:
531:
Brown, Rocko A.; Pasternack, Gregory B. (2017-01-11).
313:
170:
A raft in a Class II- riffle on the Middle Fork Salmon
1189:
Journal of the
American Water Resources Association
1023:Cook, Danielle R.; Sullivan, S. MaĹľeika P. (2018).
951:Cook, Danielle R.; Sullivan, S. MaĹľeika P. (2018).
722:
60:Topographic, sedimentary and hydraulic indicators
2973:
440:
120:
1743:
805:
530:
441:Wyrick, J. R.; Pasternack, G. B. (2014-05-15).
291:"LakeSuperiorStreams - Riffles, runs and pools"
1729:
1354:
1237:
274:
1022:
950:
856:
785:
95:
1685:List of rivers that have reversed direction
1736:
1722:
1361:
1347:
403:
250:, and so called 'hillstream' loaches like
1306:
1162:
1064:
992:
922:
608:
556:
275:Leopold, Luna; Wolman, M. Gordon (1957).
487:
178:
165:
36:
2335:International scale of river difficulty
1029:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
957:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
14:
2974:
946:
944:
942:
900:
898:
896:
801:
799:
797:
1717:
1342:
1132:
1130:
1086:
1084:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
407:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
360:
199:worldwide through infrastructure and
27:Shallow landform in a flowing channel
1368:
1093:Journal of Environmental Management
939:
893:
794:
24:
1209:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb04366.x
1127:
1081:
1009:
383:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1982.tb01723.x
25:
3003:
1698:
1697:
1252:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2010.02522.x
1155:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00183.x
2492:Flooded grasslands and savannas
1394:Drainage system (geomorphology)
1323:
1266:
1231:
1179:
850:
779:
716:
674:River Research and Applications
664:
625:
163:) are also located in riffles.
1404:Strahler number (stream order)
658:10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.06.021
573:
524:
481:
467:10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.12.040
434:
397:
354:
340:10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.12.013
307:
283:
268:
13:
1:
1105:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.05.013
911:Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia
261:
121:Macroinvertebrates in riffles
2658:Universal Soil Loss Equation
2608:Hydrological transport model
2502:Storm Water Management Model
879:10.1016/0043-1354(83)90179-3
7:
295:www.lakesuperiorstreams.org
159:) and aquatic worms (Class
10:
3008:
2162:Antecedent drainage stream
246:, tropical gobies such as
232:
195:, but humans have altered
183:Riffles provide important
29:
2926:
2898:River valley civilization
2860:
2799:
2781:Riparian-zone restoration
2681:
2543:
2515:
2416:
2388:
2320:
2142:
2009:
1926:
1848:
1759:
1693:
1642:
1606:
1573:
1545:
1427:
1376:
1279:Journal of Insect Science
1143:Evolutionary Applications
1049:10.1007/s10661-018-6716-1
977:10.1007/s10661-018-6716-1
749:10.1007/s00267-015-0648-0
96:Importance to Environment
2961:Countries without rivers
2936:Rivers by discharge rate
2648:Runoff model (reservoir)
2613:Infiltration (hydrology)
1330:Setting up a Riffle Tank
1187:Manatawny Creek Study".
729:Environmental Management
589:Water Resources Research
2633:River Continuum Concept
2398:Agricultural wastewater
1517:River channel migration
924:10.4322/actalb.02203007
32:Riffle (disambiguation)
2956:River name etymologies
2883:Hydraulic civilization
2741:Floodplain restoration
2517:Point source pollution
2292:Sedimentary structures
1447:Bar (river morphology)
558:10.5194/esurf-5-1-2017
537:Earth Surface Dynamics
171:
45:
2568:Discharge (hydrology)
2530:Industrial wastewater
2011:Sedimentary processes
1629:Erosion and tectonics
1624:Degradation (geology)
1291:10.1093/jisesa/iev042
828:10.1007/s102010200004
786:Gary Chapman (1986).
216:habitat fragmentation
179:Anthropogenic threats
169:
40:
2673:Volumetric flow rate
2257:Riffle-pool sequence
1650:Deposition (geology)
1377:Large-scale features
610:10.1029/2005WR004391
258:on the substrate.
30:For other uses, see
2847:Whitewater kayaking
2842:Whitewater canoeing
2643:Runoff curve number
2487:Flood pulse concept
1201:2002JAWRA..38.1581B
1041:2018EMnAs.190..339C
969:2018EMnAs.190..339C
871:1983WatRe..17..263L
820:2002Limno...3...37K
741:2016EnMan..57..929B
686:2010RivRA..26..469W
650:2010Geomo.114..143S
601:2006WRR....4210427M
549:2017ESuD....5....1B
502:1976GSAB...87..883R
459:2014Geomo.213...48W
375:1982Sedim..29..267M
332:2014Geomo.210...14W
227:development of land
2873:Aquatic toxicology
2786:Stream restoration
2751:Infiltration basin
2603:Hydrological model
2119:Sediment transport
1942:Estavelle/Inversac
1820:Subterranean river
1680:Sediment transport
1634:River rejuvenation
1607:Regional processes
1240:Freshwater Biology
197:aquatic ecosystems
172:
102:macroinvertebrates
46:
2969:
2968:
2946:Whitewater rivers
2852:Whitewater slalom
2683:River engineering
2583:Groundwater model
2544:River measurement
2472:Flood forecasting
2287:Sedimentary basin
2144:Fluvial landforms
2049:Bed material load
1825:River bifurcation
1711:
1710:
1512:River bifurcation
1332:, by Cliff Zoller
193:aquatic organisms
16:(Redirected from
2999:
2931:Rivers by length
2766:River morphology
2668:Wetted perimeter
2573:Drainage density
2084:Headward erosion
1913:Perennial stream
1785:Blackwater river
1738:
1731:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1701:
1700:
1442:Avulsion (river)
1370:River morphology
1363:
1356:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1195:(6): 1581–1599.
1183:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1068:
1020:
1007:
1006:
996:
948:
937:
936:
926:
902:
891:
890:
854:
848:
847:
803:
792:
791:
783:
777:
776:
720:
714:
713:
694:10.1002/rra.1305
668:
662:
661:
629:
623:
622:
612:
586:
577:
571:
570:
560:
528:
522:
521:
485:
479:
478:
438:
432:
431:
401:
395:
394:
358:
352:
351:
311:
305:
304:
302:
301:
287:
281:
280:
272:
147:Nonbiting midges
107:dissolved oxygen
21:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2941:Drainage basins
2922:
2856:
2795:
2771:Retention basin
2731:Erosion control
2726:Detention basin
2677:
2593:Hjulström curve
2545:
2539:
2511:
2455:Non-water flood
2412:
2384:
2330:Helicoidal flow
2316:
2217:Fluvial terrace
2212:Floating island
2138:
2013:
2005:
1996:Rhythmic spring
1930:
1922:
1903:Stream gradient
1844:
1830:River ecosystem
1795:Channel pattern
1763:
1755:
1742:
1712:
1707:
1689:
1670:Helicoidal flow
1638:
1602:
1569:
1541:
1457:Channel pattern
1429:Alluvial rivers
1423:
1419:River sinuosity
1372:
1367:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1271:
1267:
1236:
1232:
1184:
1180:
1135:
1128:
1089:
1082:
1021:
1010:
949:
940:
903:
894:
855:
851:
804:
795:
784:
780:
721:
717:
669:
665:
630:
626:
584:
578:
574:
529:
525:
486:
482:
439:
435:
402:
398:
359:
355:
312:
308:
299:
297:
289:
288:
284:
273:
269:
264:
242:fish including
235:
225:, specifically
223:land use change
189:food production
181:
123:
98:
62:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3005:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2832:Stone skipping
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2716:Drop structure
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2696:Balancing lake
2693:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2623:Playfair's law
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2578:Exner equation
2575:
2570:
2565:
2563:Bradshaw model
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2450:Urban flooding
2442:
2437:
2435:Crevasse splay
2432:
2430:100-year flood
2426:
2424:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2390:Surface runoff
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2370:Stream capture
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2282:Rock-cut basin
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2124:Suspended load
2121:
2116:
2114:Secondary flow
2111:
2106:
2104:Retrogradation
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2069:Dissolved load
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
2001:Spring horizon
1998:
1993:
1988:
1986:Mineral spring
1983:
1982:
1981:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1967:list in the US
1964:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1893:Stream channel
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1815:Drainage basin
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1775:Alluvial river
1771:
1769:
1757:
1756:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1675:Playfair's law
1672:
1667:
1662:
1660:Exner equation
1657:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1598:Current ripple
1595:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1527:Slip-off slope
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1477:Meander cutoff
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1389:Drainage basin
1386:
1384:Alluvial plain
1380:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1322:
1265:
1246:(3): 611–626.
1230:
1178:
1149:(4): 589–601.
1126:
1080:
1008:
938:
917:(3): 306–316.
892:
865:(3): 263–270.
859:Water Research
849:
793:
778:
735:(4): 929–942.
715:
680:(4): 469–486.
663:
644:(3): 143–160.
624:
595:(10): W10427.
572:
523:
496:(6): 883–890.
480:
433:
414:(4): 369–384.
396:
369:(2): 267–278.
353:
306:
282:
266:
265:
263:
260:
234:
231:
206:Specifically,
180:
177:
127:organic matter
122:
119:
97:
94:
61:
58:
41:Riffle on the
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3004:
2993:
2992:Water streams
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:Surface water
2911:
2909:
2908:Sacred waters
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:Riparian zone
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:Body of water
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2827:Riverboarding
2825:
2823:
2822:River surfing
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:and modelling
2542:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2507:Return period
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2467:Flood control
2465:
2463:
2462:Flood barrier
2460:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:Palaeochannel
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2054:Granular flow
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1800:Channel types
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1780:Braided river
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1655:Water erosion
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1547:Bedrock river
1544:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1507:Riparian zone
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1452:Braided river
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1331:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1004:
1000:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
947:
945:
943:
934:
930:
925:
920:
916:
912:
908:
901:
899:
897:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
853:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
802:
800:
798:
789:
782:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
719:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
667:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
638:Geomorphology
635:
628:
620:
616:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
583:
576:
568:
564:
559:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
527:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
484:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:Geomorphology
444:
437:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:
400:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:Sedimentology
357:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:Geomorphology
317:
310:
296:
292:
286:
278:
271:
267:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
230:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
176:
168:
164:
162:
158:
157:
153:
148:
144:
140:
139:Ephemeroptera
136:
132:
128:
118:
116:
112:
108:
103:
93:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
57:
55:
52:is a shallow
51:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2951:Flash floods
2903:River cruise
2800:River sports
2653:Stream gauge
2638:Rouse number
2628:Relief ratio
2477:Flood-meadow
2408:Urban runoff
2359:
2322:Fluvial flow
2307:River valley
2277:River island
2242:Meander scar
2157:Alluvial fan
2099:Progradation
1974:Karst spring
1918:Winterbourne
1873:Chalk stream
1835:River source
1810:Distributary
1496:
1409:River valley
1325:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1146:
1142:
1096:
1092:
1032:
1028:
960:
956:
914:
910:
862:
858:
852:
814:(1): 37–42.
811:
807:
787:
781:
732:
728:
718:
677:
673:
666:
641:
637:
627:
592:
588:
575:
540:
536:
526:
493:
490:GSA Bulletin
489:
483:
450:
446:
436:
411:
405:
399:
366:
362:
356:
323:
319:
309:
298:. Retrieved
294:
285:
270:
236:
220:
205:
191:for various
182:
173:
156:Chironomidae
150:
138:
124:
111:biodiversity
99:
90:
72:Terrestrial
71:
63:
49:
47:
2812:Fly fishing
2736:Fish ladder
2721:Daylighting
2440:Flash flood
2403:First flush
2350:Plunge pool
2074:Downcutting
2059:Debris flow
2034:Aggradation
1908:Stream pool
1614:Aggradation
1565:Plunge pool
1532:Stream pool
1522:River mouth
1414:River delta
1099:: 154–163.
543:(1): 1–20.
239:fishkeeping
161:Oligochaeta
78:floodplains
43:Onega River
2976:Categories
2918:Wild river
2598:Hydrograph
2588:Hack's law
2553:Baer's law
2497:Inundation
2482:Floodplain
2422:stormwater
2380:Whitewater
2252:Oxbow lake
2089:Knickpoint
2064:Deposition
1957:Hot spring
1898:Streamflow
1888:Stream bed
1805:Confluence
1665:Hack's law
1619:Base level
1560:Knickpoint
1487:Oxbow lake
1467:Floodplain
1035:(6): 339.
963:(6): 339.
300:2022-02-22
262:References
244:Etheostoma
210:and other
131:stoneflies
113:and total
2982:Hydrology
2888:Limnology
2837:Triathlon
2807:Canyoning
2776:Revetment
2706:Check dam
2618:Main stem
2375:Waterfall
2262:Point bar
2247:Mouth bar
2187:Billabong
2134:Water gap
2129:Wash load
2109:Saltation
2029:Anabranch
1952:Holy well
1840:Tributary
1643:Mechanics
1492:Point bar
1482:Mouth bar
1437:Anabranch
1299:1536-2442
1285:(1): 60.
1260:0046-5070
1225:129641512
1217:1093-474X
1113:0301-4797
1057:0167-6369
985:0167-6369
933:2179-975X
887:0043-1354
836:1439-8621
808:Limnology
773:206946036
757:0364-152X
710:130259860
702:1535-1467
619:1944-7973
567:2196-6311
518:0016-7606
453:: 48–65.
428:1096-9837
391:1365-3091
348:129784282
326:: 14–22.
248:Stiphodon
2691:Aqueduct
2558:Baseflow
2525:Effluent
2202:Cut bank
2167:Avulsion
2044:Bed load
2024:Abrasion
1703:Category
1588:Antidune
1575:Bedforms
1462:Cut bank
1317:25989807
1173:25568007
1121:22728828
1075:29748723
1003:29748723
844:23951148
765:26707499
475:67792218
256:aufwuchs
252:Sewellia
201:land use
135:mayflies
67:riverbed
54:landform
2868:Aquifer
2861:Related
2817:Rafting
2345:Meander
2340:Log jam
2302:Thalweg
2207:Estuary
2079:Erosion
2016:erosion
1928:Springs
1883:Current
1850:Streams
1790:Channel
1753:springs
1749:streams
1537:Thalweg
1472:Meander
1399:Estuary
1308:4535583
1197:Bibcode
1164:3352423
1066:5945803
1037:Bibcode
994:5945803
965:Bibcode
867:Bibcode
816:Bibcode
737:Bibcode
682:Bibcode
646:Bibcode
597:Bibcode
545:Bibcode
498:Bibcode
455:Bibcode
371:Bibcode
328:Bibcode
237:In the
233:Aquaria
185:habitat
152:Diptera
143:Diptera
115:biomass
86:thalweg
74:valleys
18:Riffles
2987:Rivers
2663:WAFLEX
2535:Sewage
2418:Floods
2360:Riffle
2355:Rapids
2297:Strath
2267:Ravine
2192:Canyon
1947:Geyser
1878:Coulee
1863:Bourne
1858:Arroyo
1761:Rivers
1745:Rivers
1555:Canyon
1502:Rapids
1497:Riffle
1315:
1305:
1297:
1258:
1223:
1215:
1171:
1161:
1119:
1111:
1073:
1063:
1055:
1001:
991:
983:
931:
885:
842:
834:
771:
763:
755:
708:
700:
617:
565:
516:
473:
426:
389:
346:
221:Human
50:riffle
2761:Levee
2746:Flume
2701:Canal
2445:Flood
2365:Shoal
2232:Gully
2227:Gulch
2197:Chine
2182:Bayou
2039:Armor
1991:Ponor
1766:lists
1221:S2CID
840:S2CID
769:S2CID
706:S2CID
585:(PDF)
471:S2CID
344:S2CID
208:weirs
82:river
2791:Weir
2756:Leat
2420:and
2312:Wadi
2272:Rill
2237:Glen
2222:Gill
2172:Bank
2014:and
1979:list
1962:list
1933:list
1868:Burn
1751:and
1593:Dune
1313:PMID
1295:ISSN
1256:ISSN
1213:ISSN
1169:PMID
1117:PMID
1109:ISSN
1071:PMID
1053:ISSN
999:PMID
981:ISSN
929:ISSN
883:ISSN
832:ISSN
761:PMID
753:ISSN
698:ISSN
615:ISSN
563:ISSN
514:ISSN
424:ISSN
387:ISSN
212:dams
187:and
2711:Dam
2177:Bar
2152:Ait
1583:Ait
1303:PMC
1287:doi
1248:doi
1205:doi
1159:PMC
1151:doi
1101:doi
1097:109
1061:PMC
1045:doi
1033:190
989:PMC
973:doi
961:190
919:doi
875:doi
824:doi
745:doi
690:doi
654:doi
642:114
605:doi
553:doi
506:doi
463:doi
451:213
416:doi
379:doi
336:doi
324:210
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