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dominating the leadership of the security services behind the Assads). In what at first seemed a compromise, Rifaat was made vice-president with responsibility for security affairs, but this proved a wholly nominal post. Command of the 'Defense
Companies', which was trimmed down to an Armoured Division size, was transferred to another officer, and ultimately the entire unit was disbanded and absorbed into other units, like the 4th Mechanized Division, the Republican Guard, and the Airborne Special Forces Division. Rifaat was then sent to the
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1042:, claiming that he himself embodies the "only constitutional legality" (as vice president, alleging his dismissal was unconstitutional). He has made threatening remarks about planning to return to Syria at a time of his choosing to assume "his responsibilities and fulfill the will of the people", and that while he will rule benevolently and democratically, he will do so with "the power of the people and the army" behind him.
295:
595:), which provided discussion forums on public affairs for Syrian post-graduates, outside the constraints of the Baath party. With more than fifteen branches across Syria, this cultural project gathered tens of thousands of members. He had a pivotal role throughout the 1970s and, until 1984, many saw him as the likely successor to his elder brother. Hafez Assad appointed him second vice president in March 1984.
546:
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1031:, destroyed much of his remaining network in Syria; large numbers of Rifaat's supporters were arrested. This was seen as tied to the issue of succession, with Rifaat having begun to position himself to succeed the ailing Hafez, who in his turn sought to eliminate all potential competition for his designated successor, his son
724:
is quoted as saying that Rifaat was "eating out of our hand" and went on to say: "Do I need a back channel for secret political communications? A way to inform Hafez secretly about my future discussions with Carter? Do I need to have somebody disappear in the West? Rifaat will take care of it. Now he
1225:
Since 2014, Rifaat was accused of organised money laundering, aggravated tax fraud and embezzling Syrian funds to buy property worth at least âŹ90 million in France. In addition, Spanish authorities have seized his assets and bank accounts in a money laundering investigation since 2017. In June 2020,
956:
the brothers were at last face to face. 'You want to overthrow the regime?' Asad asked. 'Here I am. I am the regime.' For an hour they stormed at each other but, in his role of elder brother and with his mother in the house, Asad could not fail to win the contest. Deferring to him at last, as he had
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loyal to Rifaat. By the middle of 1984 Hafez had returned from his sick bed and assumed full control, at which point most officers rallied around him. Initially, it seemed that Rifaat was going to be put on trial and even faced a questioning that was broadcast on television. However, it is believed
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actually saved her uncle by convincing her father that purging him would disgrace the family and might cause tensions not only in the Assad family, but with the
Makhlouf family as well (since Rifaat is also married to a woman from that family, who are also the second most prevalent Alawite family,
1272:
Rifaat married four times and his polygamous marriages as well as the marriages of his children have produced strong alliances and ties with prominent families and prestigious clans within Syria and the Arab world . He firstly married one of his cousins, Amirah, from al-Qurdahah. Then, he married
441:
After launching a failed coup attempt against Hafez al-Assad in 1984, Rifaat lived in exile in France for 36 years and returned to Syria in
October 2021 after being found guilty in France of acquiring millions of euros diverted from the Syrian state. In September 2022, France's highest court, the
996:
on "an open-ended working visit". His closest supporters and others who had failed to prove their loyalty to Hafez were purged from the army and Baath Party in the years that followed. Upon his departure, Rifaat acquired $ US300 million of public money including a $ US100 million Libyan loan. In
1058:), which is another political party or alliance; it is known to have self-professed members among Rifaat's fellow exiles from Syria, but neither can be considered an active organization, even if they regularly release statements in favor of Rifaat's return to Syria and protesting to president
924:, overlooking the city. Rifaat's forces set up checkpoints and roadblocks, put up posters of him in State buildings, disarmed regular troops and arbitrarily arrested soldiers of the regular Army, occupied and commandeered Police Stations, Intelligence buildings, and State buildings; the
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Muslim loyalists to Hafez, who were mostly lightweights in the military-security establishment. This caused unease in the Alawi-dominated officer corps, and several high-ranking officers began rallying around Rifaat, while others remained loyal to Hafez's instructions.
624:. Abdullah was married to a sister of Rifaat's wife, and Rifaat has on occasionsâeven after his public estrangement from the rulers in Syriaâbeen invited to Saudi Arabia, with pictures of him and the royal family displayed in the state-controlled press.
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1023:. He nominally retained the post of vice president until 8 February 1998, when he was stripped of this. He had retained a large business empire both in Syria and abroad, partly through his son Sumer. However, the
631:, there were press reports that he had started talks with US government representatives on helping to form a coalition with other anti-Assad groups to provide an alternative Syrian leadership, on the model of the
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In
October 2021, Rifaat returned to Damascus at the age of 84. Syrian President Bashar al-Assad allowed his uncle to return to the country after decades in exile in order "to avoid imprisonment in France".
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so often done in their youths, Rifat chose to accept (although with some inward scepticism) Asad's pledge that trust between them would be restored and would be the basis for their future work together.
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talks between Arafat and Assad's brother had gone well and that Arafat was convinced that Rifaat Assad had signaled willingness to intercede with the president to smooth over their growing differences.
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The
Government of the United States is grateful to Syrian President Hafiz al-Assad and to Dr. Rifaat al-Assad for the humanitarian efforts they undertook which led to Mr. Dodgeâs release.
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Rifaat's daughter
Tumadir married Muin Nassif Kheir Beik, a member of the most powerful and prestigious Alawite family. His son-in-law is a relative of the Syrian activist and poet
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1296:. Rifaat's eldest son, Mudar, married Maya Haydar, the daughter of the ultra-rich entrepreneur Muhammad Haydar from the prominent al-Haddadin Alawite tribe. His youngest son,
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can't do without my money." Pacepa later reasserted this allegation, describing Rifaat as "our well-paid agent" in a 2003 article in which he discussed the then Libyan leader
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In March 1984, Rifaat's troops, now numbering more than 55,000 with tanks, artillery, aircraft and helicopters, began asserting control over
Damascus. A squadron of Rifaat's
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1054:(ANN), which functions as his father's political mouthpiece. He also claims to run a political party, of uncertain fortunes. Rifaat himself heads the United National Group (
653:; he has been featured in the Saudi press as visiting the royal family in 2007. The Bashar government remains wary of his intentions and carefully monitors his activities.
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2316:"Rifaat founded the Red Knights in northern Lebanon in the early 1970s and they were eventually instrumental in helping Yasser Arafat to slip by sea to Tripoli in 1983..."
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1277:. His third spouse is a young woman from the traditional Sunni Muslim establishment, Rajaa Bakrat. His fourth wife, Lina al-Khayyir, is from one of the most prominent
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Artillery school). In 1965, he became commander of a special security force loyal to the military wing of the Ba'ath and soon, supported Hafez al-Assad's overthrow of
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936:. Although Damascus was divided between two armies and seemed on the brink of war, Rifaat did not move. Informed that Rifaat was heading to Damascus, his brother
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649:, the director of the US Congressional Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare, has stated that Rifaat enjoys support from both the United States and
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1300:, born 1975, is a businessman and political activist. He resided in Paris and has spoken frequently on French and international media on the Syrian crisis.
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after the subsequent Syrian withdrawal. The goal would have been to destabilize the Syrian government. However, there has been no mention of Rifaat in the
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The closeness between Rifaat and
Abdullah is more than just kinship: They worked together in the early 1980s when Rifaat was leading the Defense Companies
1416:
Rifaat al-Assad is perhaps best-known for his role in personally overseeing the notorious 1982 Hama massacre, in which at least 10,000 people were killed.
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rockets, killing thousands of its inhabitants (reports of the total number of deaths range from between 10,000 and 40,000). This became known as the
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President Reagan publicly thanked him when, through contacts in the
Iranian regime of Ayatullah Khomeini, Rifaat secured the release of David Dodge.
1857:
1703:"Syria: The Syrian military unit called Saraya al-Difaa' (Difa'), its role in an alleged coup attempt in 1995, and the fate of its officers and men"
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who defected to the U.S. in 1978, claimed that Rifaat al-Assad was recruited by
Romanian intelligence during the Cold War. In Pacepa's 1996 novel
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970:), the Republican Guard (commanded by General Adnan Makhlouf), the various Intelligence services (commanded by Generals Mohamed Khouli and
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752:. He was first held in Lebanon and then kept captive in Iran until his release one year later. Through contacts in the Iranian regime of
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In December 2013, human rights organization "Trial International" filed criminal proceedings against Rifaat al-Assad. As commander of
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Although he returned for his mother's funeral in 1992, and for some time lived in Syria, Rifaat was thereafter confined to exile in
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When Hafez al-Assad suffered from heart problems in late 1983, he established a six-member committee to run the country composed of
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2347:. Library of Congress Washington, DC 20540 United States: Raleigh, NC : American Biographical Institute. 2009. p. xxiii.
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808:. Due to his high-profile role in the military campaign that killed tens of thousands of civilians and destroyed most sections of
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2481:"Ten years on, victims still hope a landmark trial will open in Switzerland against former Syrian vice-president Rifaat al-Assad"
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much of the case will center on the circumstances of his exile from Syria and his friendship with King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
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Rifaat, however, has repeatedly denied playing any role in the Hama massacre. Rifaat al-Assad presented his version for the
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On 28 June 1979 fifteen men were hanged in Damascus. They had been convicted of attempting to assassinate Rifaat al-Assad.
1920:
469:. In March 2024, the Swiss OAG charged Rifaat Al-Assad with numerous crimes committed in the February 1982 Hama massacre.
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579:) in the 1970s and early 1980s. In addition to his military posture, Rifaat created the "League of Higher Graduates" (
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a Paris court sentenced Rifaat to four years in prison; hence, his properties in Paris and London would be seized.
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He demanded that Mr. Dodge be returned. This demand eventually led to Dodge's freedom after a year-long captivity.
1576:"War crimes in Syria: Switzerland Launches an international arrest warrant for the extradition of Rifaat al-Assad"
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Red Horizons: the 2nd Book. The True Story of Nicolae and Elena CeauĆescu's Crimes, Lifestyle, and Corruption
1222:. An inquiry was launched by the Swiss Office of the Attorney General (OAG) on 19 December of the same year.
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461:. The warrant was issued as part of the proceedings related to the war-crimes complaint filed in 2013 by the
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Highest rank in the Order of the Legion of Honor in the Republic of France. Awarded by former president
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1292:. Tamadhin, another daughter, married a Makhlouf. Lama married Ala Fayyad, the son of Alawite General
529:, in 1971, which soon transformed into a powerful and regular military force trained and armed by the
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DIA: Syria â Muslim Brotherhood Pressure Intensifies (Report). DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY. May 1982.
1990:
Mousavi first came to attention outside Lebanon in connection with the 1982 kidnapping of David Dodge
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1474:"Rifaat Assad: Challenged his Brother for Syria's Presidency, Aged in Exile, Pardoned by his Nephew"
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Rifaat al-Assad played a key role in his brother's takeover of executive power in 1970, dubbed the
2765:""L'Iran ne laissera jamais le régime s'effondrer" ("Assad: Iran will never let the regime fall")"
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2319:"Naharnet Newsdesk - Rifaat Assad Resurrects Tripoli's 'Red Knights' to Stage Comeback to Syria"
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demanded his extradition to prosecute him for his role in supervising ground operations of the
408:
2042:"Statement by Deputy Press Secretary Speakes on the Release of David Dodge in Beirut, Lebanon"
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2381:"Syrian president's uncle under investigation for corruption and money laundering in France"
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1086:, the general secretary of the party today, supports the Syrian president Bashar Al-Assad.
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1429:"Assad's cousin: West is right to back Syrian opposition, but it is backing the wrong one"
756:, Rifaat was able to secure the release of Dodge and was publicly thanked by US president
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2445:""Biens mal acquis": Rifaat al-Assad, oncle du président syrien, mis en examen à Paris"
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In France, Rifaat has loudly protested against the succession of Bashar to the post of
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Numerous rumours tie Rifaat al-Assad to various foreign interests. Rifaat was close to
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Assad's brother, Rifaat, and Tony Franjieh were close friends and business associates.
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2399:"Biens mal acquis; ouverture du procÚs de Rifaat Al-Assad, oncle du président syrien"
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and seizure of power in 1970. He was allowed to form his own paramilitary group, the
490:
236:
1656:"Syrian president's uncle to stand trial in Switzerland for crimes against humanity"
1241:
ordered the extradition of Rifaat al-Assad, prompting their authorities to issue an
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2549:"Arabic press review: Assad's uncle Rifaat returns to Syria to avoid French prison"
1973:
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every report from the period clearly puts Rifat at the center of the Hama operation
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962:
There was a clear division and tensions between forces loyal to Hafez, namely the
513:
in 1958 as a First Lieutenant, and was rapidly promoted after training in various
8635:
Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party â Syria Region
8575:
8112:
8102:
8029:
7975:
7597:
7577:
7474:
7439:
7434:
7419:
7384:
7294:
7234:
7149:
7052:
7047:
7037:
7002:
6962:
6916:
6891:
6821:
6779:
6746:
6391:
5980:
5885:
5860:
5773:
5768:
5758:
5707:
5702:
5274:
4369:
4190:
3756:
3523:
3346:
3219:
3123:
2749:
2512:
2252:
1517:"Rifaat al-Assad: Syrian President's uncle jailed in France for money laundering"
1516:
1339:
1331:
1211:
1059:
1032:
988:
901:
817:
726:
646:
580:
566:
431:
399:
97:
872:
852:
activities in Syria during the 1980s, along with other Syrian officials such as
702:
in an attempt to appease growing tensions between Syria and Arafat's loyalists.
656:
8569:
8492:
8122:
7754:
7689:
7634:
7582:
7547:
7489:
7484:
7299:
7289:
7214:
7164:
7032:
6967:
6957:
6911:
6831:
6794:
6774:
6731:
6699:
6617:
6612:
6544:
6452:
6211:
5920:
5890:
5840:
5825:
5805:
5793:
5778:
5763:
5687:
5000:
3781:
3666:
3540:
3442:
3286:
2417:""Biens mal acquis": ouverture du procĂšs de l'oncle de Bachar al-Assad Ă Paris"
1297:
1274:
1242:
1145:
937:
849:
738:
685:
550:
427:
423:
311:
240:
225:
220:
108:
5648:
2729:
2112:
2078:
744:
On 19 July 1982, Dodge was abducted by pro-Iranian militiamen, members of the
8598:
8512:
8507:
8127:
7679:
7674:
7567:
7499:
7479:
7399:
7354:
7344:
7244:
7159:
7022:
7007:
6901:
5975:
5940:
5895:
5865:
5845:
5800:
5788:
5635:
5412:
3766:
3681:
3316:
2352:
1293:
967:
945:
921:
889:
861:
857:
838:
765:
757:
688:
603:
518:
347:
166:
36:
1281:
families in Syria. The sister of one of his spouses was married to the late
8497:
8482:
7970:
7913:
7324:
7027:
6947:
6869:
6826:
6694:
6678:
6673:
6483:
5905:
5880:
5855:
5850:
5658:
5296:
5241:
1155:
1082:
acted as an armed militia loyal to the Syrian government (through Rifaat).
993:
745:
699:
677:
661:
650:
530:
589:
8527:
8502:
8132:
7749:
7494:
7414:
7389:
7374:
7369:
7334:
7259:
7017:
6997:
6874:
6848:
6303:
5985:
5915:
5900:
5875:
1262:
737:
Rifaat al-Assad contributed to the release of US politician and educator
642:
522:
450:
367:
1985:
1961:
1858:"Palestinians and the Assad regime: for history and generations to know"
1325:
320:
8522:
7729:
7129:
5668:
2531:"Spanish court wants to try Syrian leader's uncle for money laundering"
2431:"Le procĂšs de l'oncle de Bachar al-Assad s'est ouvert sans lui Ă Paris"
917:
904:. Rifaat was not included, and the council consisted entirely of close
801:
709:
247:
8517:
6587:
5960:
2593:"French top court upholds prison sentence of Bashar al-Assad's uncle"
1977:
1543:"French top court upholds prison sentence of Bashar al-Assad's uncle"
1237:, confirmed the four-year prison sentence. In August 2023, the Swiss
2459:"In Switzerland, Proceedings for war-crimes against Rifaat al-Assad"
826:
that Rifaat later said that the total number of victims was 38,000.
453:
issued an international arrest warrant on Rifaat al-Assad after its
8273:
5678:
5626:
2849:
2672:"The Syrian Leader's Exiled Uncle Vows to Topple the Regime â TIME"
2620:"Syria's 'Butcher of Hama' living in ÂŁ10 million Mayfair townhouse"
1050:
Rifaat's son Sumer is the head of a minor pan-Arab TV channel, the
1028:
971:
753:
669:
628:
545:
482:
2495:"Syrian president's uncle on trial in France for money laundering"
997:
2015, he claimed that the money had been a gift from Crown Prince
1278:
1254:
1207:
1144:
Sharifian (Royal) Order of Military Merit in Morocco. Awarded by
1083:
1075:
1071:
1067:
673:
599:
478:
176:
162:
2513:"Spanish raids seize Assad uncle's assets in corruption inquiry"
2221:
Seale, Patrick (8 February 1989). "Chapter 24: Brothers's war".
2191:
Seale, Patrick (8 February 1989). "Chapter 24: Brothers's war".
2134:
God Has Ninety-Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East
1895:"Ion Mihai Pacepa on Muammar Khaddafi on National Review Online"
1716:
Seale, Patrick (8 February 1989). "Chapter 24: Brothers's war".
792:, he commanded the forces that put down a revolt in the city of
434:. He was the commanding officer of the ground operations of the
3150:
Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria
2914:
1258:
1016:
953:
681:
2568:"A Once Powerful Patriarch Returns to an Unrecognizable Syria"
1634:"Switzerland issues arrest warrant for uncle of Syria's Assad"
841:
massacre and acquired the sobriquet, the "butcher of Tadmor."
6294:
Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference
2909:
1496:"Uncle of Syria's Assad returns home from decades-long exile"
1266:
1189:
1173:
1139:
1020:
905:
486:
343:
300:
184:
2703:"Syria: Assad family 'selling off overseas property empire'"
1862:
At that time, he had arranged relations with Rifaat Al-Assad
1603:"Swiss prosecutors issue arrest warrant for Rifaat al-Assad"
668:
Rifaat was mentioned by the influential American think tank
2646:"Robert Fisk: Freedom, democracy and human rights in Syria"
948:
reports an intimate moment between the two brothers :
913:
813:
809:
793:
636:
418:; born 22 August 1937) is the younger brother of the late
845:
695:
6390:
6299:
International recognition of the Syrian National Council
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1408:"'The enforcer' who heads Syria's dreaded army division"
837:
on 15 November 2011. He was also implicated in the 1980
1788:
Middle East International No 103, 6 July 1979; pp.12-13
1705:. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 1 June 1998.
672:
as a possible suspect for the 2005 bombing that killed
5362:
National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
1836:"Syria Abruptly Ousts Arafat As PLO Rebellion Mounts"
1685:"Exiled Assad's uncle wants to lead Syria transition"
1561:
561:, and ran the elite internal security forces and the
497:
and was later given an honorary PhD in Politics from
1307:
413:
3001:
Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war
1962:"Assad and His Allies: Irreconcilable Differences?"
1597:
1595:
1593:
1451:"Assad's Brother exiled 'forever', Syrian declares"
1269:, while trying to sell his real estate properties.
928:rapidly outnumbered and took control over both the
8118:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
2793:
2131:
1802:. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
1679:
1677:
916:tanks took position at the central roundabout of
8596:
6603:Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq
2277:
2173:. 8 February 2012. pp. 3, 5. Archived from
2138:(reprint ed.). Simon and Schuster. p.
1590:
1273:Salma Makhlouf, a cousin of Hafez Assad's wife,
4559:Syrian Liberation FrontâTahrir al-Sham conflict
4470:Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate
3053:International reactions to the Syrian civil war
2734:(PhD thesis). Harvard University. p. 125.
2225:. University of California Press. p. 434.
2195:. University of California Press. p. 427.
1720:. University of California Press. p. 422.
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1233:In September 2022, France's highest court, the
978:, and the Special Forces (commanded by General
6530:National Council for the Revolutionary Command
2970:Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017âpresent)
2700:
2246:Dossier: Bushra Assad (September-October 2006)
2239:
1769:"Lebanese Christians Fight 'War' of Vengeance"
1674:
8294:National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria
6376:
2865:
2129:
1921:"FREED U.S. EDUCATOR THANKS SYRIANS FOR HELP"
8081:
3712:Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (DecâJan)
3109:2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria
2996:Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war
2794:Thomas L. Friedman (2012). "4. Hama Rules".
2727:
2289:. Routledge. 12 October 2012. p. 2038.
2216:
2214:
2212:
1617:
732:
635:. Rifaat has held a meeting with the former
48:
8670:Syrian people convicted of money laundering
6252:Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
3492:Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012â2013)
3058:Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war
2433:(in French). Ouest France. 9 December 2019.
2164:"Heroin Trafficking: The Syrian Connection"
1045:
833:during the conference in Paris to form the
812:, Rifaat acquired the nickname "Butcher of
477:Rifaat al-Assad was born in the village of
472:
430:, and the uncle of the incumbent President
6383:
6369:
6247:First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
5196:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party â Syria Region
4395:East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (AprâMay)
4156:East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (AprâMay)
2872:
2858:
2611:
2405:(in French). Paris Match. 9 December 2019.
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1190:Legal issues in Europe and return to Syria
764:On 21 July 1983 US deputy press secretary
61:
8175:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party
6127:International demonstrations and protests
4233:September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack
3529:Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012âFeb 2013)
2345:500 greatest geniuses of the 21st century
2209:
1797:
1734:
1161:Grand Cross of the National Order of the
8138:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
6273:Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany
5357:Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution
2762:
2483:. TRIAL International. 19 December 2023.
2266:ۧÙÙ۶ۧۥ ۧÙÙ۱ÙŰłÙ Ù۔ۧۯ۱ Ù
Ù
ŰȘÙÙۧŰȘ Ù۱ÙŰčŰȘ ۧÙۣ۳ۯ
871:
867:
844:Rifaat al-Assad was also mentioned in a
655:
606:since they had close and personal ties.
544:
133:15 April 1975 â 8 February 1998
90:11 March 1984 â 8 February 1998
8640:People of the Islamic uprising in Syria
8279:Front of Patriotic and National Parties
8258:Palestinian National and Islamic Forces
8108:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
3337:Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)
3104:US intervention in the Syrian civil war
2419:(in French). Le Point. 9 December 2019.
2286:Political Chronology of the Middle East
1972:(1). Council on Foreign Relations: 68.
1357:
876:Rifaat (left) with Hafez Assad in 1984.
14:
8597:
8190:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party
4741:Northwestern offensive (Dec 19âMar 20)
4019:Northwestern Syria offensive (OctâNov)
2617:
2565:
2223:Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East
2193:Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East
2114:Video in Arabic with English subtitles
2003:"AMERICAN IS FREED WITH HELP OF SYRIA"
1959:
1940:"Free-lance terrorism undercuts Syria"
1937:
1815:
1718:Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East
1471:
1448:
1421:
788:In February 1982, as commander of the
680:and the string of attacks that struck
8459:
8080:
7787:
6648:
6430:
6364:
6242:Idlib demilitarization (2018âpresent)
6012:
5742:
5168:
5029:April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike
4849:Tahrir al-ShamâJunud al-Sham conflict
4589:Southern Damascus offensive (AprâMay)
4554:Southern Damascus offensive (JanâFeb)
4465:Northwestern campaign (Oct 17âFeb 18)
4455:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17âMar 18)
3170:
2891:
2853:
2220:
2190:
1855:
1715:
1202:, Rifaat was charged with organizing
540:
8309:Palestinian National Salvation Front
5367:Syrian Revolution General Commission
5107:January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria
3886:Second Battle of the Shaer gas field
3089:Turkish occupation of northern Syria
2879:
1833:
1766:
1695:
1511:
1509:
612:
8665:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
8379:Socialist Democratic Unionist Party
8344:Democratic Socialist Unionist Party
6324:Syrian civil war in popular culture
6217:UN Security Council Resolution 2118
4146:Northern Aleppo offensive (MarâJun)
3836:Northern Aleppo offensive (FebâJul)
3819:First Battle of the Shaer gas field
2566:Hamidi, Ibrahim (26 October 2021).
2465:. 25 September 2017. Archived from
1472:Hamidi, Ibrahim (11 October 2021).
1004:
940:left his headquarters to meet him.
584:
570:
504:
465:"TRIAL International" at the Swiss
403:
49:
24:
8429:General Federation of Trade Unions
8289:Lebanese National Resistance Front
8002:National Progressive Front (Syria)
6227:2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement
5418:Authenticity and Development Front
5092:2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown
5087:December 2011 Turkish border clash
4878:Ahrar al-ShamâLevant Front clashes
4335:Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)
4248:Western al-Bab offensive (OctâNov)
4106:Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (FebâMar)
3374:December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres
3145:Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria
3099:Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria
2986:Casualties of the Syrian civil war
2731:The New Austerity in Syrian Poetry
2678:. 24 November 2011. Archived from
2447:(in French). Sherpa. 28 June 2016.
2046:Ronald Reagan Presidential Library
1816:Parker, Claire (9 December 2019).
1449:Kifner, John (12 September 1984).
1400:
835:Syrian National Democratic Council
25:
8686:
8460:
8253:Palestine Liberation Organization
7997:National Progressive Front (Iraq)
7650:Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai
7080:Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur
5117:Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident
5058:Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut
5011:April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike
4579:Northern Homs offensive (AprâMay)
4564:Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)
4305:Wadi Barada offensive (2016â2017)
4171:May Jableh & Tartous bombings
4121:February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings
4086:Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
4039:East Aleppo offensive (2015â2016)
3426:Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)
3094:Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone
2813:
2763:Al-Assad, Ribal (28 April 2011).
2701:Nabila Ramdani (6 October 2011).
1960:Dickey, Christopher (Fall 1987).
1938:Wright, Robin (6 November 1986).
1798:Henderson, Simon (24 July 2012).
1742:"Syria's Assad forms new cabinet"
1506:
1382:Middle East Intelligence Bulletin
372:1970 Syrian Corrective Revolution
171:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
8158:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party
7788:
7062:Members of the Regional Commands
6345:
6344:
6061:2017 Northern regional elections
5693:Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria
5304:RussiaâSyriaâIranâIraq coalition
5169:
4819:Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah
4716:Turkish offensive into northeast
4696:Northwestern offensive (AprâAug)
4584:Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)
4253:Khan al-Shih offensive (OctâNov)
4096:January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings
3364:Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush
3245:2010s in Syria political history
2991:Refugees of the Syrian civil war
1640:. 16 August 2023. Archived from
1609:. 16 August 2023. Archived from
1582:. 16 August 2023. Archived from
1324:
1310:
1248:
1154:
1120:
1056:al-tajammu' al-qawmi al-muwahhid
777:
342:
319:
310:
293:
281:
27:Syrian major general (born 1937)
8625:People from Latakia Governorate
8406:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
6540:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
6257:Syrian Constitutional Committee
5603:International Freedom Battalion
5201:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
4599:Deir ez-Zor offensive (MayâJun)
4549:Rif Dimashq offensive (FebâApr)
4495:Battle of Deir ez-Zor (SepâNov)
4350:East Aleppo offensive (JanâApr)
4325:Deir ez-Zor offensive (JanâFeb)
4315:Desert campaign (Dec 16âApr 17)
4181:Rif Dimashq offensive (JunâOct)
4161:Rif Dimashq offensive (AprâMay)
4101:Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)
3969:Battle of Nasib Border Crossing
3851:Rif Dimashq offensive (AugâNov)
3697:Rif Dimashq offensive (SepâNov)
3628:Rif Dimashq offensive (MarâAug)
3497:Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)
3332:Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011â2014)
3307:June Jisr ash-Shughur operation
2787:
2756:
2721:
2694:
2664:
2638:
2618:Rayner, Gordon (12 June 2011).
2585:
2559:
2541:
2523:
2505:
2487:
2473:
2451:
2437:
2423:
2409:
2391:
2373:
2337:
2310:
2257:
2184:
2156:
2123:
2106:
2089:
2072:
2063:
2052:
2034:
2013:
1995:
1953:
1931:
1913:
1887:
1867:
1849:
1834:C. R, Jonathan (25 June 1983).
1827:
1818:"The Prince and the Revolution"
1809:
1800:"The Prince and the Revolution"
1791:
1782:
1767:C. R, Jonathan (23 June 1978).
1760:
1709:
1648:
1089:
8645:People of the Syrian civil war
8228:Alliance of Palestinian Forces
6649:
5112:Assassination of Andrei Karlov
4982:May 2018 IsraelâIran incidents
4681:ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor
4425:Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)
4228:September Deir ez-Zor air raid
4218:Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)
4176:Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)
4166:Northern Raqqa offensive (May)
4054:Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown
2828:(No Vice Presidents appointed)
2273:(in Arabic). 9 September 2016.
1535:
1488:
1465:
1442:
1261:. As of 2011 he was living in
1253:In 2010, Rifaat was living in
1062:. Further, Rifaat founded the
499:the Soviet Academy of Sciences
489:on 22 August 1937. He studied
13:
1:
8675:Syrian white-collar criminals
8439:General Union of Syrian Women
8349:Kurdistan Revolutionary Party
8304:Palestinian National Alliance
6576:Revolutionary Command Council
6468:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq
6056:2017 Northern local elections
6046:2015 Northern local elections
5408:National Front for Liberation
5345:Local Coordination Committees
4893:Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)
4731:Israeli missile strikes (Nov)
4375:Khan Shaykhun chemical attack
3672:Khan al-Assal chemical attack
3468:18 July 2012 Damascus bombing
3282:Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb
3067:Specific groups and countries
2892:
2798:(Revised ed.). Picador.
2130:Judith Miller (16 May 1997).
1748:. Damascus. AP. 12 March 1984
1350:
1283:King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
1074:sectarian/political group in
1027:, involving armed clashes in
8660:Homs Military Academy alumni
8248:National Democratic Alliance
8233:Forces of Freedom and Change
7230:Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i
7190:Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi
7140:Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri
6319:2015 European migrant crisis
5593:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
4485:Euphrates Crossing offensive
3979:Western al-Hasakah offensive
3939:Eastern al-Hasakah offensive
3807:Qalamoun offensive (JunâAug)
3563:Quneitra Governorate clashes
3302:Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh
3230:Syrian occupation of Lebanon
3171:
2979:Effects and ongoing concerns
1345:Presidency of Hafez al-Assad
1070:in the early 1970s, a small
796:, by ordering his forces to
591:Rabitat al kharijin al-'ulia
7:
8374:Social Democratic Unionists
8339:Arab Democratic Union Party
8035:National Defense Battalions
6431:
6393:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
6207:U.S.âRussia peace proposals
6162:Syrian government reactions
6152:Status of the Golan Heights
6147:Sectarianism and minorities
6071:2020 parliamentary election
6051:2016 parliamentary election
6036:2012 parliamentary election
6013:
5971:Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid
5871:Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni
5718:Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan
5577:Northern Democratic Brigade
5433:Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
5428:Revolutionary Commando Army
5309:Popular Mobilization Forces
5097:2012 Turkish border clashes
4686:DĂȘrik prison escape attempt
4091:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)
4044:2015â2016 Latakia offensive
4014:Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)
4009:Palmyra offensive (JulâAug)
3896:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)
3881:Second Inter-Rebel Conflict
3657:Bayda and Baniyas massacres
2965:Sectarianism and minorities
2940:Syrian government reactions
2652:. London. 16 September 2010
1303:
660:Rifaat al-Assad meets with
590:
438:ordered by Hafez al-Assad.
414:
10:
8691:
8615:Damascus University alumni
8552:On the Way of Resurrection
8545:The Battle for One Destiny
8334:Arab Socialist Union Party
8284:Lebanese National Movement
7514:Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab
7225:Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i
6202:Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan
6076:2021 presidential election
6041:2014 presidential election
5743:
5287:medical facility targeting
5143:Deir ez-Zor missile strike
5102:2013 Reyhanlı car bombings
5021:Jordanian border incidents
4666:Idlib inter-rebel conflict
4604:As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)
4480:Eastern campaign (SepâDec)
4268:Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)
4238:Aleppo offensive (SepâOct)
4208:Operation Euphrates Shield
4136:Battle of Maarrat al-Numan
4024:Aleppo offensive (OctâDec)
3949:Battle of Sarrin (JunâJul)
3944:Battle of Sarrin (MarâApr)
3891:Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
3740:First Inter-rebel conflict
3702:Aleppo offensive (OctâDec)
3611:Raqqa campaign (2012â2013)
3514:Battle of Maarrat al-Numan
1856:Sadeq, Ali (8 July 2014).
1008:
781:
467:Office of Attorney General
404:۱ÙÙÙŰčÙŰȘÙ ŰčÙÙÙÙÙÙ Ù±ÙÙŰŁÙŰłÙŰŻÙ
376:Islamist uprising in Syria
261:Soviet Academy of Sciences
8561:
8536:
8470:
8466:
8455:
8434:General Union of Peasants
8421:
8326:
8266:
8243:National Consensus Forces
8220:
8213:
8146:
8095:
8091:
8076:
8056:Revolutionary Youth Union
8048:
8017:
8010:
7989:
7963:
7891:
7813:
7802:
7798:
7783:
7768:
7658:
7618:
7611:
7556:
7531:
7524:
7508:
7273:
7068:
7061:
6930:
6884:
6862:
6841:
6814:
6767:
6760:
6719:
6687:
6666:
6659:
6655:
6644:
6558:
6497:
6476:
6445:
6441:
6426:
6400:
6340:
6281:
6265:
6170:
6084:
6023:
6019:
6008:
5749:
5738:
5677:
5664:Group of the One and Only
5644:Military activity of ISIL
5634:
5625:
5585:
5537:People's Protection Units
5527:
5519:Smaller political parties
5499:
5490:Autonomous Administration
5488:
5446:
5390:
5330:
5321:
5255:
5247:Palestine Liberation Army
5219:
5186:
5179:
5175:
5164:
5135:
5076:
5037:
5019:
4990:
4961:
4950:
4911:
4857:
4803:
4780:Idlib Governorate clashes
4754:
4706:Hass refugee camp bombing
4642:
4594:Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)
4515:
4430:Jobar offensive (JunâAug)
4405:Maskanah Plains offensive
4400:Desert campaign (MayâJul)
4330:Daraa offensive (FebâJun)
4281:
4062:
3904:
3802:Second siege of Wadi Deif
3797:Kafr Zita chemical attack
3762:Daraa offensive (FebâMay)
3720:
3633:Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl
3576:
3382:
3369:Idlib Governorate clashes
3354:Daraa Governorate clashes
3322:Jabal al-Zawiya operation
3253:
3183:
3179:
3166:
3137:
3066:
3045:
3009:
2978:
2902:
2898:
2887:
2840:
2831:
2825:
2820:
733:Release of David S. Dodge
694:In 1983, Rifaat met with
515:Soviet military academies
463:human rights organization
389:
363:
353:
338:
330:
306:
276:
271:
246:
232:
216:
202:
192:
146:
141:
137:
126:
114:
104:
83:
76:
72:
67:Rifaat al-Assad (c.1980s)
60:
50:
46:
34:
8655:Vice presidents of Syria
8384:Socialist Unionist Party
8354:Libyan National Movement
8180:Arabic Toilers' Movement
8084:Associated organizations
7944:National Security Bureau
7892:Syrian-dominated faction
7320:Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan
7255:Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi
7105:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed
6805:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed
6720:Syrian-dominated faction
6416:Syrian-dominated faction
5654:Khalid ibn al-Walid Army
5598:Kurdistan Workers' Party
5542:Women's Protection Units
5514:Kurdish National Council
4963:Israel and Golan Heights
4834:Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
4676:Battle of Baghuz Fawqani
4435:Quneitra offensive (Jun)
4390:April Turkish airstrikes
4365:Hama offensive (MarâApr)
4198:Southern Aleppo campaign
4141:Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
4034:Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)
4004:Quneitra offensive (Jun)
3934:Southern Syria Offensive
3568:Talbiseh bakery massacre
3519:First siege of Wadi Deif
3509:Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz
3406:January al-Midan bombing
3138:Agreements and dialogues
3119:Syrian Democratic Forces
2796:From Beirut to Jerusalem
2365:: CS1 maint: location (
2265:
1820:. The Washington Times.
1691:. AFP. 14 November 2011.
1046:Groups and organizations
999:Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
823:From Beirut to Jerusalem
622:Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
473:Early life and education
446:, confirmed the ruling.
8359:National Covenant Party
8163:Arab Socialist Movement
7814:Iraqi-dominated faction
7740:Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji
7430:Mohammad Jihad al-Laham
7115:Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash
7085:Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun
6688:Iraqi-dominated faction
6608:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
6598:Union of Arab Republics
6550:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
6525:1963 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
6505:1954 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
6463:Arab Socialist Movement
6407:Iraqi-dominated faction
6132:International reactions
6117:Human rights violations
5608:Sinjar Resistance Units
5567:Syriac Military Council
5557:Army of Revolutionaries
5492:of North and East Syria
5352:Syrian National Council
5206:Arab Socialist Movement
5127:Operation Spring Shield
5068:Qalamoun (JulâAug 2017)
5048:Lebanese border clashes
4942:Northern border clashes
4903:Northwest clashes (Dec)
4883:Jabal al-Bishrī clashes
4785:Kafr-Takharim airstrike
4634:Northern border clashes
4355:March Damascus bombings
4320:Idlib clashes (JanâMar)
4273:Palmyra offensive (Dec)
4151:Palmyra offensive (Mar)
3984:Palmyra offensive (May)
3829:Battle of Tabqa Airbase
3824:Eastern Syria offensive
3707:Battle of al-Yaarubiyah
2834:Vice President of Syria
1860:. Middle East Monitor.
1746:Sarasota Herald Tribune
1378:"Dossier: Rifaat Assad"
1128:Order of Military Merit
633:Iraqi National Congress
78:Vice President of Syria
8389:Syrian Communist Party
8195:Palestinian Arab Front
7725:Muhammad Naji al-Otari
7705:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi
7695:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
7645:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi
7450:Muhammad Naji al-Otari
7425:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
7360:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi
7265:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi
7200:Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi
7145:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
7100:Jamal Mustafa Abdullah
6800:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
6705:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
6309:Syrian detainee report
6195:UN supervision mission
6185:Friends of Syria Group
6107:Damaged heritage sites
5509:Democratic Union Party
5461:Jordanian intervention
5382:Syrian Patriotic Group
5211:Syrian Communist Party
5122:2020 Balyun airstrikes
4977:February 2018 incident
4624:Qamishli clashes (Sep)
4539:Operation Olive Branch
4380:Shayrat missile strike
4213:Aleppo summer campaign
4203:Battle of al-Rai (Aug)
4116:February Homs bombings
3974:Battle of Yarmouk Camp
3964:Second Battle of Idlib
3677:Khan al-Assal massacre
3640:Ghouta chemical attack
3022:Early insurgency phase
2021:"His Brother's Keeper"
1239:Federal Criminal Court
1204:extrajudicial killings
1198:that took part in the
987:that Hafez's daughter
966:(commanded by General
960:
877:
775:
665:
554:
455:Federal Criminal Court
121:Syrian Regional Branch
8630:Syrian mass murderers
8205:Sudanese Ba'ath Party
7720:Muhammad Mustafa Mero
7670:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
7445:Muhammad Mustafa Mero
7240:Nayef Shindakh Thamer
6993:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
6854:Abd al-Majid al-Rafei
6489:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
6314:Syrian media coverage
6190:Kofi Annan peace plan
5613:ĂzĂźdxan Women's Units
5562:SDF military councils
5292:military intervention
5265:Hezbollah involvement
5220:Military and militias
5063:North Lebanon clashes
4824:Missile strikes (Jan)
4711:Missile strikes (Aug)
4629:Missile strikes (Sep)
4574:Missile strikes (Apr)
4569:Douma chemical attack
4420:Daraa offensive (Jun)
4111:Al-Shaddadi offensive
4049:Tishrin Dam offensive
3929:Daraa Offensive (Jan)
3924:Air Force An-26 crash
3866:Daraa offensive (Oct)
3750:Deir ez-Zor offensive
3616:Battle of Raqqa (Mar)
3416:First Battle of Idlib
3240:Human rights in Syria
3114:Kurdish Area in Syria
2930:Background and causes
2728:Daniel Behar (2019).
1220:forced disappearances
1064:Arab Democratic Party
1011:1999 Latakia protests
964:3rd Armoured Division
942:
875:
868:Attempted coup d'Ă©tat
762:
720:, Romanian President
659:
585:۱ۧۚ۷۩ ۧÙ۟۱ÙŰŹÙÙ Ű§ÙŰčÙÙۧ
559:Corrective Revolution
549:Rifaat al-Assad with
548:
533:. He was a qualified
331:Years of service
92:Serving with
8299:National Union Front
7630:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
7588:Abdul Halim Khaddam
7543:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
7395:Abdul-Karim al-Jundi
7340:Fahd Jassem al-Freij
7210:Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi
7135:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
6988:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
6790:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
6761:Regional Secretaries
6458:Arab Ba'ath Movement
6222:Geneva II conference
6180:Arab League monitors
6157:Spillover in Lebanon
6066:2018 local elections
6031:2011 local elections
5811:Fahd Jassem al-Freij
5572:Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa
5398:Syrian National Army
5372:Syrian Support Group
4898:Operation Claw-Sword
4873:Battle of al-Hasakah
4619:As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)
4460:Hama offensive (Sep)
4310:January Azaz bombing
4223:5 September bombings
3994:Tell Abyad offensive
3792:Battle of Al-Malihah
3692:Battle of Tell Abyad
3687:Battle of Ras al-Ayn
3438:May Battle of Rastan
3235:Damascus Declaration
3079:Russian intervention
3037:Syrian peace process
3027:2012â2013 escalation
3010:Phases and processes
2950:Inter-rebel conflict
2935:Syrian peace process
2325:on 27 September 2007
2251:21 July 2011 at the
2048:. AFP. 21 July 1983.
2027:. 19 December 1983.
2009:. AFP. 22 July 1983.
1927:. AFP. 24 July 1983.
598:In 1976, he visited
289:United Arab Republic
8422:Other organizations
8364:Popular Unity Party
8214:Political alliances
7745:Wael Nader al-Halqi
7612:Heads of government
7455:Abdul Qadir Qaddura
7410:Abdul Halim Khaddam
7380:Mohammad al-Hussein
7365:Wael Nader al-Halqi
7205:Taha Yassin Ramadan
7195:Aziz Saleh Al-Numan
7185:Ali Hassan al-Majid
7170:Latif Nassif Jassim
6660:General Secretaries
6593:Corrective Movement
6515:1959 Mosul uprising
6112:Foreign involvement
5991:Abdurrahman Mustafa
5946:Yassin al-Haj Saleh
5911:Abdul Halim Khaddam
5423:Army of Free Tribes
5391:Opposition militias
5282:Russian involvement
5270:Iranian involvement
5227:Syrian Armed Forces
5006:Operation al-Shabah
4972:March 2017 incident
4691:Tell Rifaat clashes
4507:Beit Jinn offensive
4500:Abu Kamal offensive
4440:Idlib clashes (Jul)
4410:East Hama offensive
4131:Battle of Tel Abyad
3871:Al-Safira offensive
3861:Homs school bombing
3650:Battle of al-Qusayr
3645:Al-Qusayr offensive
3448:Battle of al-Haffah
3421:Battle of al-Qusayr
3297:May Talkalakh siege
3205:Corrective Movement
3084:Turkish involvement
3074:Russian involvement
2682:on 24 November 2011
2537:. 22 November 2019.
2463:Trial International
2180:on 20 January 2017.
1901:on 20 February 2014
1840:The Washington Post
1773:The Washington Post
1580:Trial International
1180:François Mitterrand
1078:, which during the
952:At Rifat's home in
944:British journalist
882:Abdul Halim Khaddam
820:stated in his book
708:, a general in the
495:Damascus University
396:Rifaat Ali al-Assad
253:Damascus University
181:Latakia Governorate
94:Abdul Halim Khaddam
8314:Rejectionist Front
7710:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
7685:Nureddin al-Atassi
7573:Nureddin al-Atassi
7405:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
7310:Nureddin al-Atassi
7220:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
7120:Salih Mahdi Ammash
7090:Ghanim Abdul-Jalil
7043:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
6973:Nureddin al-Atassi
6907:Nureddin al-Atassi
6785:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
6737:Abdullah al-Ahmar
6727:Nureddin al-Atassi
6623:De-Ba'athification
6566:17 July Revolution
6520:Ramadan Revolution
6510:14 July Revolution
5931:Ali Mahmoud Othman
5377:Adopt a Revolution
5340:National Coalition
5332:Interim government
4932:Damascus airstrike
4839:US airstrike (Jun)
4829:US airstrike (Feb)
4795:Deir ez-Zor ambush
4736:Qah missile strike
4614:As-Suwayda attacks
4609:Southern offensive
4450:Qalamoun (JulâAug)
4360:Al-Jinah airstrike
4126:Khanasir offensive
3846:Quneitra offensive
3606:Damascus offensive
3601:Battle of Shadadeh
3463:Battle of Damascus
3453:Al-Qubeir massacre
3431:Battle of Taftanaz
3342:Battle of Zabadani
2821:Political offices
2599:. 7 September 2022
2572:New Lines Magazine
2501:. 9 December 2019.
1644:on 16 August 2023.
1613:on 16 August 2023.
1586:on 16 August 2023.
1549:. 7 September 2022
1455:The New York Times
1245:to prosecute him.
1216:summary executions
1080:Lebanese Civil War
898:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
894:Mustafa al-Shihabi
878:
784:1982 Hama massacre
748:in Beirut, led by
676:ex-prime minister
666:
555:
541:Under Hafez's rule
509:Rifaat joined the
436:1982 Hama massacre
420:President of Syria
8592:
8591:
8588:
8587:
8584:
8583:
8451:
8450:
8447:
8446:
8327:Political parties
8322:
8321:
8200:Socialist Lebanon
8072:
8071:
8068:
8067:
8064:
8063:
7959:
7958:
7805:Regional branches
7779:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7764:
7763:
7735:Riyad Farid Hijab
7700:Mahmoud al-Ayyubi
7607:
7606:
7593:
7520:
7519:
7470:Hikmat al-Shihabi
7285:Abdullah al-Ahmar
7250:Hardan al-Tikriti
7180:Adnan Khayr Allah
7175:Rashid Taan Kazim
7110:Salah Omar al-Ali
6953:Abdullah al-Ahmar
6926:
6925:
6756:
6755:
6742:
6640:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6358:
6357:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6289:Exclusive mandate
6266:War crimes trials
6237:2016 Geneva talks
6004:
6003:
5996:Fadlallah al-Haji
5951:Bouthaina Shaaban
5734:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5621:
5620:
5552:Al-Sanadid Forces
5547:Anti-Terror Units
5484:
5483:
5317:
5316:
5232:Syrian Resistance
5188:Politics of Syria
5160:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5152:
5151:
4927:Al-Sukhnah attack
4888:Jarqli airstrikes
4770:COVID-19 pandemic
4726:November bombings
4544:Battle of Khasham
4490:Mayadin offensive
4475:Battle of Harasta
4345:Palmyra offensive
4029:Al-Hawl offensive
3989:Qamishli bombings
3787:Latakia Offensive
3745:Battle of Markada
3558:Battle of Darayya
3534:Battle of Darayya
3458:Battle of Tremseh
3277:Syrian Revolution
3210:Islamist uprising
3162:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3017:Syrian revolution
2960:Cities and towns
2848:
2847:
2841:Succeeded by
2469:on 27 April 2020.
2296:978-1-135-35673-6
1502:. 8 October 2021.
1484:on 31 March 2023.
1435:. 29 March 2012.
1235:Cour de Cassation
1187:
1186:
1052:Arab News Network
984:Defense Companies
926:Defense Companies
886:Abdullah al-Ahmar
848:report regarding
816:". US journalist
790:Defense Companies
750:Hussein al-Musawi
741:on 21 July 1983.
722:Nicolae CeauÈescu
714:Communist Romania
613:Foreign relations
563:Defense Companies
527:Defense Companies
493:and Economics at
491:Political Science
444:Cour de Cassation
412:
393:
392:
358:Defense Companies
325:Defense Companies
16:(Redirected from
8682:
8488:Arab nationalism
8478:Anti-imperialism
8468:
8467:
8457:
8456:
8238:March 8 Alliance
8218:
8217:
8150:
8149:Breakaway groups
8093:
8092:
8085:
8078:
8077:
8015:
8014:
7841:Regional Command
7811:
7810:
7806:
7800:
7799:
7792:
7785:
7784:
7715:Mahmoud Al-Zoubi
7662:
7622:
7616:
7615:
7589:
7560:
7535:
7529:
7528:
7465:Farouk al-Sharaa
7460:Hammouda Sabbagh
7350:Ibrahim al-Hadid
7330:Mahdi Dakhlallah
7315:Shibli al-Aysami
7277:
7125:Hussein Al-Awadi
7095:Saad Abdul-Majid
7072:
7066:
7065:
7013:Akram al-Hawrani
6983:Shibli al-Aysami
6978:Mansur al-Atrash
6940:
6939:National Command
6934:
6897:Shibli al-Aysami
6765:
6764:
6738:
6710:Salah Al-Mukhtar
6664:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6646:
6645:
6628:Syrian civil war
6535:Ar-Rashid revolt
6443:
6442:
6435:
6428:
6427:
6417:
6408:
6394:
6385:
6378:
6371:
6362:
6361:
6348:
6347:
6122:Humanitarian aid
6102:Chemical weapons
6097:Cities and towns
6021:
6020:
6010:
6009:
5966:Fadwa Souleimane
5956:Abdulbaset Sieda
5936:Ibrahim Qashoush
5926:Ali Habib Mahmud
5836:Hamza al-Khateeb
5831:Kamal al-Labwani
5821:Haitham al-Maleh
5816:Suheil al-Hassan
5754:Ammar Abdulhamid
5740:
5739:
5713:Malhama Tactical
5698:Caucasus Emirate
5632:
5631:
5497:
5496:
5403:Free Syrian Army
5328:
5327:
5184:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5166:
5165:
4959:
4958:
4916:
4862:
4808:
4790:Ayn Issa clashes
4759:
4647:
4520:
4445:Central campaign
4340:Qaboun offensive
4286:
4263:Battle of al-Bab
4186:Manbij offensive
4067:
3909:
3772:Al-Otaiba ambush
3725:
3596:Battle of Safira
3581:
3551:Halfaya massacre
3502:Darayya massacre
3485:Siege of Base 46
3480:Battle of Anadan
3475:Battle of Aleppo
3411:Battle of Rastan
3387:
3359:Battle of Rastan
3327:Siege of Latakia
3292:Siege of Baniyas
3258:
3215:Latakia protests
3181:
3180:
3168:
3167:
2920:Syrian civil war
2900:
2899:
2889:
2888:
2881:Syrian civil war
2874:
2867:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2826:Preceded by
2818:
2817:
2809:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2356:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2321:. Archived from
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2261:
2255:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2218:
2207:
2206:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2168:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2137:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1978:10.2307/20043292
1957:
1951:
1950:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1897:. Archived from
1891:
1885:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1630:
1615:
1614:
1607:SWI swissinfo.ch
1599:
1588:
1587:
1572:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1480:. Archived from
1469:
1463:
1462:
1461:on 27 June 2023.
1457:. Archived from
1446:
1440:
1439:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1414:. 4 March 2012.
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1388:(5). 1 June 2000
1374:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1318:Biography portal
1315:
1314:
1313:
1290:Kamal Kheir Beik
1196:Defense Brigades
1163:Legion of Honour
1158:
1124:
1094:
1093:
1005:During the 1990s
934:Republican Guard
706:Ion Mihai Pacepa
593:
586:
578:
572:
511:Syrian Arab Army
505:Early experience
449:In August 2023,
417:
407:
405:
346:
323:
316:Syrian Arab Army
314:
299:
297:
296:
287:
285:
284:
272:Military service
188:
160:
156:
154:
142:Personal details
131:
117:Regional Command
88:
65:
55:
54:
52:
32:
31:
21:
8690:
8689:
8685:
8684:
8683:
8681:
8680:
8679:
8650:Syrian generals
8610:Al-Assad family
8595:
8594:
8593:
8580:
8576:Pan-Arab colors
8570:Aráž ul-FurÄtayn
8557:
8532:
8462:
8443:
8417:
8318:
8262:
8209:
8168:Damascus branch
8148:
8142:
8113:Free Iraqi Army
8103:Al-Abud Network
8087:
8083:
8060:
8044:
8030:Fedayeen Saddam
8025:Ba'ath Brigades
8006:
7985:
7976:Sawt al-Jamahir
7955:
7934:Central Command
7887:
7804:
7794:
7790:
7771:
7760:
7660:
7654:
7620:
7603:
7598:Bashar al-Assad
7578:Ahmad al-Khatib
7558:
7552:
7533:
7516:
7504:
7475:Hammud al-Shufi
7440:Zuhair Masharqa
7435:Ibrahim Makhous
7420:Ahmad al-Khatib
7385:Hisham Ikhtiyar
7305:Rifaat al-Assad
7295:Bashar al-Assad
7275:
7269:
7235:Talib El-Shibib
7150:Saadoun Ghaidan
7070:
7057:
7053:Khaled Yashruti
7048:Talib El-Shibib
7038:Abdullah Rimawi
7003:Wahib al-Ghanim
6963:Bashar al-Assad
6938:
6932:
6922:
6917:Bashar al-Assad
6892:Hammud al-Shufi
6880:
6858:
6837:
6822:Abdullah Rimawi
6810:
6780:Talib El-Shibib
6752:
6747:Bashar al-Assad
6715:
6683:
6651:
6632:
6554:
6493:
6472:
6437:
6433:
6422:
6415:
6406:
6396:
6392:
6389:
6359:
6354:
6328:
6277:
6261:
6166:
6080:
6015:
6000:
5981:Razan Zaitouneh
5886:Burhan Ghalioun
5861:Ammar al-Qurabi
5769:al-Assad family
5759:Ali al-Abdallah
5745:
5722:
5708:Junud al-Makhdi
5703:Ajnad al-Kavkaz
5673:
5617:
5581:
5523:
5501:DFNS Government
5491:
5480:
5456:US intervention
5448:Foreign support
5442:
5386:
5313:
5275:Liwa Fatemiyoun
5257:Foreign support
5251:
5242:al-Quds Brigade
5215:
5171:
5148:
5131:
5072:
5053:Battle of Sidon
5033:
5015:
4986:
4946:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4415:Battle of Raqqa
4370:Battle of Tabqa
4295:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4243:Dabiq offensive
4191:Tokhar massacre
4076:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4058:
3999:KobanĂź massacre
3959:Idlib Offensive
3954:Battle of Bosra
3914:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3856:Siege of KobanĂź
3812:Battle of Arsal
3777:Idlib offensive
3757:Battle of Morek
3730:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3623:Daraa offensive
3586:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3524:Battle of Harem
3396:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3347:Battle of Douma
3267:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3220:Damascus Spring
3175:
3154:
3133:
3129:U.S. task force
3124:Rojava conflict
3062:
3041:
3005:
2974:
2894:
2883:
2878:
2844:
2837:
2829:
2816:
2806:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2761:
2757:
2742:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2650:The Independent
2644:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2564:
2560:
2553:Middle East Eye
2547:
2546:
2542:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2519:. 4 April 2017.
2511:
2510:
2506:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2387:. 28 June 2016.
2379:
2378:
2374:
2358:
2357:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2271:Sky News Arabia
2267:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2253:Wayback Machine
2244:
2240:
2233:
2219:
2210:
2203:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2128:
2124:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:Friedman, p. 90
2068:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1966:Foreign Affairs
1958:
1954:
1936:
1932:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1872:
1868:
1854:
1850:
1832:
1828:
1814:
1810:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1714:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1662:. 12 March 2024
1654:
1653:
1649:
1632:
1631:
1618:
1601:
1600:
1591:
1574:
1573:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1478:Asharq al-Awsat
1470:
1466:
1447:
1443:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1376:
1375:
1358:
1353:
1340:Al-Assad family
1332:Politics portal
1330:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1251:
1212:sexual violence
1192:
1092:
1060:Bashar al-Assad
1048:
1033:Bashar al-Assad
1013:
1007:
976:National Police
902:Zuhair Masharqa
870:
818:Thomas Friedman
786:
780:
735:
727:Muammar Gaddafi
710:security forces
647:Yossef Bodansky
615:
576:SarÄyÄ ad-DifÄÊż
574:
543:
517:(mainly in the
507:
475:
432:Bashar al-Assad
415:RifÊżat al-ÊŸAsad
383:(disputed role)
374:
370:
318:
294:
292:
291:
282:
280:
239:
224:
211:
209:
207:
193:Political party
174:
173:
161:
158:
152:
150:
132:
127:
100:
98:Zuhair Masharqa
89:
84:
68:
56:
42:
41:Rifaat al-Assad
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8688:
8678:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8590:
8589:
8586:
8585:
8582:
8581:
8579:
8578:
8573:
8565:
8563:
8559:
8558:
8556:
8555:
8548:
8540:
8538:
8534:
8533:
8531:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8493:Arab socialism
8490:
8485:
8480:
8474:
8472:
8464:
8463:
8453:
8452:
8449:
8448:
8445:
8444:
8442:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8425:
8423:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8415:
8414:
8413:
8403:
8402:
8401:
8396:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8330:
8328:
8324:
8323:
8320:
8319:
8317:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8270:
8268:
8264:
8263:
8261:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8224:
8222:
8215:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8171:
8170:
8160:
8154:
8152:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8123:Jeish Muhammad
8120:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8099:
8097:
8089:
8088:
8074:
8073:
8070:
8069:
8066:
8065:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8058:
8052:
8050:
8046:
8045:
8043:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8021:
8019:
8012:
8008:
8007:
8005:
8004:
7999:
7993:
7991:
7990:Popular fronts
7987:
7986:
7984:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7967:
7965:
7961:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7953:
7948:
7947:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7895:
7893:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7844:
7843:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7817:
7815:
7808:
7796:
7795:
7781:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7773:
7772:
7769:
7766:
7765:
7762:
7761:
7759:
7758:
7755:Hussein Arnous
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7690:Hafez al-Assad
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7666:
7664:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7640:Sa'dun Hammadi
7637:
7635:Saddam Hussein
7632:
7626:
7624:
7613:
7609:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7601:
7595:
7585:
7583:Hafez al-Assad
7580:
7575:
7570:
7564:
7562:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7550:
7548:Saddam Hussein
7545:
7539:
7537:
7526:
7525:Heads of state
7522:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7512:
7510:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7490:Muhammad Umran
7487:
7485:Hasan Turkmani
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7300:Hafez al-Assad
7297:
7292:
7290:Hussein Arnous
7287:
7281:
7279:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7215:Fuad al-Rikabi
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7165:Saddam Hussein
7162:
7157:
7155:Sa'dun Hammadi
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7076:
7074:
7063:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7033:Fuad al-Rikabi
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6968:Hafez al-Assad
6965:
6960:
6958:Zaki al-Arsuzi
6955:
6950:
6944:
6942:
6928:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6914:
6912:Hafez al-Assad
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6888:
6886:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6872:
6866:
6864:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6856:
6851:
6845:
6843:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6835:
6832:Akram al-Homsi
6829:
6824:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6802:
6797:
6795:Saddam Hussein
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6775:Fuad al-Rikabi
6771:
6769:
6762:
6758:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6750:
6744:
6734:
6732:Hafez al-Assad
6729:
6723:
6721:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6707:
6702:
6700:Saddam Hussein
6697:
6691:
6689:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6670:
6668:
6661:
6653:
6652:
6642:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6618:Iraqi conflict
6615:
6613:Faith Campaign
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6584:
6583:
6573:
6571:Ba'athist Iraq
6568:
6562:
6560:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6547:
6545:1964 Hama riot
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6501:
6499:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6486:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6449:
6447:
6439:
6438:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6411:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6388:
6387:
6380:
6373:
6365:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6285:
6283:
6282:Related topics
6279:
6278:
6276:
6275:
6269:
6267:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6212:39th G8 summit
6209:
6204:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6187:
6182:
6176:
6174:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6088:
6086:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6027:
6025:
6017:
6016:
6006:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5921:Bassma Kodmani
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5891:Razan Ghazzawi
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5841:Tal al-Mallohi
5838:
5833:
5828:
5826:Moaz al-Khatib
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5806:Anwar al-Bunni
5803:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5794:Hafez Makhlouf
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5766:
5764:Adnan al-Aroor
5761:
5756:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5688:Tahrir al-Sham
5684:
5682:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5640:
5638:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5533:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5505:
5503:
5494:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5452:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5336:
5334:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5267:
5261:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5192:
5190:
5181:
5173:
5172:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5083:
5081:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5044:
5042:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5025:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
5001:Akashat ambush
4997:
4995:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4968:
4966:
4956:
4948:
4947:
4945:
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3841:Hama Offensive
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2814:External links
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2805:978-1250015495
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2232:978-0520069763
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2202:978-0520069763
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2012:
2007:New York Times
1994:
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1930:
1925:New York Times
1912:
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1727:978-0520069763
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1523:. 17 June 2020
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1298:Ribal Al-Assad
1250:
1247:
1243:arrest warrant
1214:, mass-rapes,
1206:, large-scale
1191:
1188:
1185:
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1146:King Hassan II
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1025:1999 crackdown
1006:
1003:
959:
958:
938:Hafez al Assad
930:Special Forces
869:
866:
850:drug smuggling
800:the city with
779:
776:
774:
773:
739:David S. Dodge
734:
731:
691:on the crime.
689:Mehlis reports
686:United Nations
640:Prime Minister
614:
611:
604:Tony Frangiyeh
602:as a guest of
551:Hafez al-Assad
542:
539:
506:
503:
474:
471:
428:Jamil al-Assad
424:Hafez al-Assad
391:
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307:Branch/service
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241:Ribal al-Assad
237:Siwar al-Assad
234:
230:
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226:Hafez al-Assad
221:Jamil al-Assad
218:
214:
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212:Lina al-Khayer
206:Amira al-Assad
204:
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157:22 August 1937
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115:Member of the
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8461:Miscellaneous
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8128:Rejectionists
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7770:* = incumbent
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7688:
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7683:
7681:
7680:Yusuf Zuayyin
7678:
7676:
7675:Amin al-Hafiz
7673:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7663:
7657:
7651:
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7568:Amin al-Hafiz
7566:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7555:
7549:
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7541:
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7507:
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7500:Yusuf Zuayyin
7498:
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7480:Mustafa Tlass
7478:
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7400:Sami al-Jundi
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7355:Amin al-Hafiz
7353:
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7348:
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7345:Marwan Habash
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7245:Khamis Sirhan
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7160:Qusay Hussein
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7023:Zuheir Mohsen
7021:
7019:
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7009:
7008:Amin al-Hafiz
7006:
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6902:Amin al-Hafiz
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6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6173:
6172:Peace process
6169:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6083:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6011:
6007:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5976:Yaser Tabbara
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5941:Dawoud Rajiha
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5896:Ghassan Hitto
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5866:Suheir Atassi
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5846:Fida al-Sayed
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5801:Riad al-Asaad
5799:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5789:Rami Makhlouf
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5748:
5741:
5737:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5636:Islamic State
5633:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5487:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5413:Army of Glory
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5167:
5163:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5075:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4844:Daraa clashes
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4775:Afrin bombing
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4747:
4746:US airstrikes
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4701:June bombings
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3767:Maan massacre
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3682:Adra massacre
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:Siege of Homs
3315:
3313:
3312:Siege of Hama
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
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3077:
3075:
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3071:
3069:
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3025:
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3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:Belligerents
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
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2807:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2741:9798684608926
2737:
2733:
2732:
2724:
2708:
2707:The Telegraph
2704:
2697:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2625:
2624:The Telegraph
2621:
2614:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2536:
2532:
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2500:
2496:
2490:
2482:
2476:
2468:
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2454:
2446:
2440:
2432:
2426:
2418:
2412:
2404:
2403:parismatch.fr
2400:
2394:
2386:
2385:The Telegraph
2382:
2376:
2368:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2151:
2149:9780684832289
2145:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2066:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1883:
1882:0-89526-746-2
1879:
1875:
1870:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1785:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1698:
1690:
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1680:
1678:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1438:
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1424:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
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1363:
1361:
1356:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1294:Shafiq Fayadh
1291:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:Personal life
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:Hama Massacre
1197:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1149:
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1141:
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1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:
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1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1002:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
968:Shafiq Fayadh
965:
955:
951:
950:
949:
947:
946:Patrick Seale
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
922:Mount Qasioun
919:
915:
910:
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899:
895:
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890:Mustafa Tlass
887:
883:
874:
865:
863:
862:Shafiq Fayadh
859:
858:Mustafa Tlass
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
839:Tadmor Prison
836:
832:
831:Hama massacre
827:
825:
824:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:Hama Massacre
803:
799:
795:
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778:Hama massacre
771:
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769:
767:
766:Larry Speakes
761:
759:
758:Ronald Reagan
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459:Hama Massacre
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8483:Anti-Zionism
8096:Armed groups
8040:Popular Army
8018:Paramilitary
7791:Organization
7590:
7325:Muhsen Bilal
7304:
7028:Munif Razzaz
6948:Michel Aflaq
6870:Isam al-Qadi
6827:Munif Razzaz
6739:
6695:Michel Aflaq
6679:Munif Razzaz
6674:Michel Aflaq
6484:Michel Aflaq
6446:Predecessors
6413:
6404:
6232:Vienna talks
5906:Randa Kassis
5881:Farid Ghadry
5856:Khaled Khoja
5851:Riad al-Turk
5783:
5659:Liwa al-Aqsa
5529:SDF militias
5471:Saudi Arabia
5297:Wagner Group
5170:Belligerents
4952:
4913:
4859:
4805:
4756:
4721:Barisha raid
4644:
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2329:27 September
2327:. Retrieved
2323:the original
2312:
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1997:
1989:
1969:
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1955:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1924:
1915:
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1899:the original
1889:
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1745:
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1659:
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1638:The National
1637:
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1579:
1551:. Retrieved
1546:
1537:
1527:12 September
1525:. Retrieved
1520:
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1130:(Commander)
1100:Distinction
1090:Distinctions
1055:
1049:
1037:
1014:
994:Soviet Union
961:
943:
911:
879:
843:
828:
821:
787:
763:
746:Islamic Amal
743:
736:
718:Red Horizons
717:
704:
700:Yasir Arafat
693:
678:Rafiq Hariri
667:
662:Yasir Arafat
651:Saudi Arabia
626:
616:
608:
597:
588:
575:
571:۳۱ۧÙۧ ۧÙŰŻÙۧŰč
556:
535:paratrooperr
531:Soviet Union
508:
476:
448:
440:
395:
394:
364:Battles/wars
210:Rajaa Bakrat
197:Ba'ath Party
128:
85:
29:
8605:1937 births
8528:Vanguardism
8503:Pan-Arabism
8133:Snake Party
7919:South Yemen
7750:Imad Khamis
7495:Salim Yasin
7415:Imad Khamis
7390:Salah Jadid
7375:Hilal Hilal
7370:Salim Hatum
7335:Ahmad Diyab
7260:Tahir Yahya
7018:Salah Jadid
6998:Elias Farah
6875:Rakad Salem
6849:Assem Qanso
6453:Arab Ba'ath
6304:Syria Files
5986:Rami Jarrah
5916:Michel Kilo
5901:Salim Idris
5876:Aref Dalila
5649:Dokumacılar
5438:Grey Wolves
4937:Hama attack
2771:(in French)
2302:10 February
2097:"RT arabic"
1752:23 December
1553:10 November
1263:Avenue Foch
982:); and the
643:Ayad Allawi
523:Salah Jadid
485:in western
451:Switzerland
368:Six-Day War
18:Rifat Assad
8599:Categories
8537:Literature
8523:Secularism
8411:in Lebanon
7964:Newspapers
7909:Mauritania
7863:Mauritania
7730:Adel Safar
7130:Tariq Aziz
6740:(de facto)
6650:Leadership
6559:Post-split
6092:Casualties
5681:and allies
5669:Liwa Dawud
5323:Opposition
5136:Elsewhere:
3876:Idlib Raid
3186:Background
3032:Ceasefires
2838:1984â1998
2775:6 November
2750:2459634620
2535:elpais.com
2080:Al Arabiya
1884:, Page 188
1689:Al Arabiya
1351:References
1115:Reference
1009:See also:
980:Ali Haidar
918:Kafr Sousa
854:Ali Haydar
802:BM-21 Grad
782:See also:
627:After the
277:Allegiance
248:Alma mater
153:1937-08-22
51:۱ÙŰčŰȘ ۧÙۣ۳ۯ
8562:Symbolism
8518:Saddamism
8498:Ba'athism
7981:Al-Thawra
7971:Al-Ba'ath
7914:Palestine
7868:Palestine
7591:(interim)
6863:Palestine
6667:Pre-split
6588:Arab Belt
6498:Pre-split
6137:Massacres
6024:Elections
5961:Riad Seif
5627:Islamists
4953:Spillover
3200:1966 coup
3195:1963 coup
2955:Spillover
2925:Timeline
2893:Overviews
2769:France 24
2361:cite book
2353:1940-8498
1944:csmonitor
1660:France 24
1500:France 24
1412:FRANCE 24
1109:Location
1040:president
810:Hama city
409:romanized
334:1958â1984
228:(brother)
223:(brother)
217:Relations
203:Spouse(s)
129:In office
105:President
86:In office
8471:Ideology
8274:Ahd Bloc
6477:Founders
6350:Category
6142:Refugees
5679:al-Qaeda
3173:Timeline
2746:ProQuest
2713:20 April
2709:. London
2686:20 April
2656:20 April
2630:20 April
2626:. London
2249:Archived
1986:20043292
1876:, 1990.
1666:13 March
1521:BBC News
1304:See also
1133:Morocco
1103:Country
1029:Lattakia
972:Ali Duba
932:and the
768:stated:
754:Khomeini
674:Lebanese
670:Stratfor
629:Iraq War
483:Lattakia
354:Commands
233:Children
8399:Unified
8394:Bakdash
8221:Current
8185:Al-Awda
7939:History
7904:Lebanon
7878:Tunisia
7853:Lebanon
7826:Bahrain
7821:Algeria
6936:of the
6933:Members
6842:Lebanon
6581:Members
6434:History
6014:Related
5586:Support
5237:PFLP-GC
5039:Lebanon
4919:Jan-Dec
4865:JanâDec
4811:JanâDec
4762:JanâDec
4658:SepâDec
4654:MayâAug
4650:JanâApr
4531:SepâDec
4527:MayâAug
4523:JanâApr
4297:SepâDec
4293:MayâAug
4289:JanâApr
4078:SepâDec
4074:MayâAug
4070:JanâApr
3916:AugâDec
3912:JanâJul
3732:AugâDec
3728:JanâJul
3588:MayâDec
3584:JanâApr
3398:SepâDec
3394:MayâAug
3390:JanâApr
3269:SepâDec
3265:MayâAug
3261:JanâApr
2597:Reuters
2119:YouTube
2102:YouTube
2085:YouTube
1547:Reuters
1433:Haaretz
1392:16 June
1279:Alawite
1255:Mayfair
1208:torture
1167:France
1097:Ribbon
1084:Ali Eid
1076:Lebanon
1072:Alawite
1068:Lebanon
974:), the
920:and in
698:leader
600:Lebanon
481:, near
479:Qardaha
411::
177:Qardaha
163:Qardaha
119:of the
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8267:Former
7899:Jordan
7848:Jordan
6815:Jordan
6085:Issues
5784:Rifaat
5774:Bashar
5744:People
5476:Turkey
5145:(Iran)
5078:Turkey
2915:Rojava
2802:
2748:
2738:
2351:
2293:
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2199:
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1905:2 June
1880:
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1259:London
1112:Notes
1017:France
989:Bushra
682:Beirut
664:, 1983
581:Arabic
567:Arabic
553:, 1980
426:, and
400:Arabic
298:
286:
8369:Sawab
8049:Youth
8011:Wings
7951:Yemen
7929:Syria
7924:Sudan
7883:Yemen
7873:Sudan
7858:Libya
7831:Egypt
7661:Syria
7559:Syria
7509:Yemen
7276:Syria
6885:Syria
5779:Maher
5466:Qatar
5180:Syria
2910:Syria
2577:6 May
2178:(PDF)
2167:(PDF)
1982:JSTOR
1275:Anisa
1267:Paris
1174:Paris
1170:1986
1140:Rabat
1136:1974
1106:Date
1021:Spain
954:Mezze
906:Sunni
798:shell
637:Iraqi
487:Syria
301:Syria
185:Syria
175:(now
7836:Iraq
7621:Iraq
7534:Iraq
7071:Iraq
6768:Iraq
4992:Iraq
4914:2023
4860:2022
4806:2021
4757:2020
4645:2019
4518:2018
4284:2017
4065:2016
3907:2015
3723:2014
3579:2013
3385:2012
3256:2011
2800:ISBN
2777:2019
2736:ISBN
2715:2015
2688:2015
2676:Time
2658:2015
2632:2015
2605:2022
2579:2022
2367:link
2349:ISSN
2331:2007
2304:2013
2291:ISBN
2227:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2025:Time
1907:2013
1878:ISBN
1754:2012
1722:ISBN
1668:2024
1555:2022
1529:2022
1394:2012
1218:and
1019:and
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900:and
860:and
814:Hama
794:Hama
619:King
339:Rank
147:Born
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2171:CIA
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