395:(governor-general) of Yemen, replacing Mahmud Pasha, who bribed the Sublime Porte to gain the governorship of Egypt. According to historian Clive Smith, the large sum that Ridwan Pasha paid for the governorship was attributed to his expectation of accumulating large wealth as governor of the province. His predecessor Mahmud Pasha had governed Yemen for seven years, during which he and his subordinates ruled corruptly, plundering the province's gold and extorting the local inhabitants. Prior to his dismissal, Mahmud Pasha had succeeded in persuading the Sublime Porte to divide Yemen into two separate provinces:
461:, capital of the empire, to argue his case with the Sublime Porte. He was consequently reprimanded and imprisoned. However, his incarceration was relatively short and he was pardoned in November 1567 when it was discovered that Mahmud Pasha had intercepted and concealed letters from Ridwan Pasha to the Sublime Porte, alerting the imperial authorities of the volatile situation in Yemen; Ottoman authority had largely collapsed in Yemen during Ridwan Pasha's governorship. The concealed letters were discovered after Mahmud Pasha was assassinated in Egypt.
449:, calling for extending taxation to the Zaidi-dominated northern highlands, where al-Mutahhar ruled virtually autonomously. Al-Mutahhar refused Ridwan Pasha's demands and opened a rebellion against Ottoman authority in 1566. By January 1567, all of Sana'a province with the exception of the fortresses of Sana'a and
403:, which consisted of the province's central and southern coastal plains. According to the 16th-century Arab chronicler al-Nahrawali al-Makki, Mahmud Pasha's motivation was to leave Ridwan Pasha to govern the restive highlands, while virtually appointing a subordinate of his to Tihama with its lucrative
419:
to
Egyptian markets would be exempted from taxation in lieu of his annual gubernatorial salary. In this case, "spices" was synonymous with coffee, the trade of which, since the mid-16th century, financed the salaries of the Ottoman garrisons in Yemen. The coffee was grown in areas dominated by the
493:
and its territories to Habesh Eyalet from Egypt Eyalet were confirmed. He demanded further concessions from the
Sublime Porte to redirect grain harvests from Egypt to the coffers of Habesh's treasury in June 1574. He was dismissed from Habesh in July 1574.
407:
ports. The
Sublime Porte may have agreed to the division out of the belief that a single governor for each of Yemen's two regions would serve to help the Ottomans prevent Portuguese attempts to control Yemeni ports and ensure Ottoman control over the
453:
had been conquered by al-Mutahhar's Zaidi tribesmen. Ridwan Pasha then called for a truce with al-Mutahhar, whose forces blocked all the roads to Sana'a to prevent the intervention of a potential
Ottoman relief force.
553:
of Gaza, a post he held for roughly 30 years, after which his sons and grandsons virtually inherited the governance of the district. Ridwan Pasha became the progenitor of a dynasty bearing his name, the
489:, in March 1573. He remained in Gaza for a few months after his reassignment to ensure that arrangements he made with the Sublime Porte regarding the transferring of tax revenues or grain harvests from
545:
the headquarters of his family, although the reason why is not provided in the biographies of Ridwan Pasha and Kara Shahin
Mustafa which were written by their contemporaries. Ridwan Pasha's son,
574:
Coinciding with Ridwan Pasha's appointment to Yemen Eyalet, the province was divided into two separate administrative units, Tihama and Sana'a, with Ridwan Pasha being appointed to the latter.
437:
As intended by Mahmud Pasha, the division of Yemen highly restricted Ridwan Pasha's personal financial ambitions because his rule was effectively limited to the fortresses of Sana'a and
996:
816:
Blackburn, J. R. (1994). "Ridwan Pasha". In Gibb, Hamilton
Alexander Rosskeen; Kramers, Johannes Hendrik; Lewis, Bernard; Pellat, Charles; Schacht, Joseph (eds.).
525:
in late 1582 or early 1583. He died in office on 2 April 1585. Ridwan Pasha and his brother Bahram Pasha (died 1586), also an
Ottoman statesman, were buried in a
981:
533:. The mausoleum was restored in 1924 by Abdullah Bek al-'Ilmi, a descendant of Bahram Pasha. It is unclear why Ridwan Pasha chose to be buried in Aleppo.
441:, with no control over the Red Sea ports. He thus sought to renegotiate a deal made by his father, Kara Shahin Mustafa (r. 1556–1560), with the
922:
The Image of an
Ottoman City: Imperial Architecture and the Representation of Urban Life in Aleppo in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
303:
in 1582/83 until his death. During his term in Yemen, Ottoman authority largely collapsed. Ridwan Pasha was the progenitor of the
951:
506:
457:
Ridwan Pasha was dismissed from Yemen in April 1567, and was replaced by Hasan Pasha. His dismissal prompted him to head for
991:
986:
909:
890:
869:
848:
827:
775:
743:
930:
976:
415:
In 1565, Ridwan Pasha reached a deal with the
Sublime Porte in which his trade of Yemeni spices through
325:
817:
733:
311:
as its family headquarters, and where members of the dynasty ruled almost consecutively until 1690.
333:
204:
1001:
368:
131:
759:
920:
880:
859:
838:
971:
8:
514:
947:
926:
905:
886:
865:
844:
823:
771:
739:
517:. As a reward for his service, the Sublime Porte appointed Ridwan Pasha to the major
426:
352:
546:
482:
276:
183:
941:
522:
300:
42:
555:
510:
458:
389:
In
November 1564, after paying a bribe of 50,000 gold pieces, he was appointed
348:
329:
304:
284:
260:
245:
882:
Tale of Two Factions, A: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen
965:
478:
338:
296:
71:
502:
360:
356:
292:
100:
558:, whose members governed Gaza almost consecutively between 1570 and 1690.
902:
Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569–71
446:
378:
288:
152:
490:
373:
148:
542:
526:
442:
421:
396:
391:
308:
63:
38:
424:(a sect of Shia Muslims) tribes. Ridwan co-opted the chief Ismaili
225:
92:
497:
Sometime following his dismissal from Habesh, he served terms as
450:
431:
404:
530:
438:
416:
409:
400:
343:
235:
486:
341:) and later statesman, who served gubernatorial terms in the
26:
770:. Institut français d'archéologie orientale: 147–148. 1988.
943:
An Ottoman century: the district of Jerusalem in the 1600s
900:
Nahrawali, Muhammad ibn Ahmad (2002). Smith, Clive (ed.).
367:(treasurer) of Yemen, after gaining the recommendation of
412:
trade, which was primarily cultivated in the highlands.
363:(1562/63–1565/66). Early in his career, Ridwan was made
819:The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Volume 8, Parts139-140
997:People from the Ottoman Empire of Bosnian descent
760:"The Ottomans and Nubia in the Sixteenth Century"
399:, which consisted of the interior highlands, and
963:
430:(missionary), giving him and his family several
789:
787:
626:
624:
671:
669:
667:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
594:
592:
590:
718:
716:
541:Ridwan Pasha (or his kinsmen) evidently made
784:
706:
704:
982:16th-century people from the Ottoman Empire
731:
664:
601:
587:
939:
918:
713:
371:. In the following years, he was assigned
287:statesman. He served terms as governor of
273:Riḍwān ibn Muṣṭafā ibn ʿAbd al-Muʿīn Pasha
899:
815:
701:
685:
683:
681:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
473:of Gaza. Ridwan Pasha was then appointed
469:In 1570/71, Ridwan Pasha was reappointed
464:
878:
283:; died 2 April 1585) was a 16th-century
752:
964:
885:. State University of New York Press.
678:
642:
529:situated in the garden of a mosque in
857:
840:Yemen: Dancing on the Heads of Snakes
836:
505:. In 1579, he was a commander in the
291:in the early 1560s and in 1570–1573,
384:
196:Early 1560s – November 1564
113:November 1564 – April 1567
13:
675:Nahrawali, ed. Smith 2002, p. 202.
14:
1013:
808:
796:
725:
319:
84:March 1573 – July 1574
55:1582/83 – 2 April 1585
692:
633:
568:
1:
735:The Turks: Ottomans, Volume 2
581:
445:(a sect of Shia Islam) imam,
165:1570/71 – March 1573
925:. University of California.
919:Watenpaugh, Heghnar (1999).
314:
7:
864:. Oxford University Press.
858:Filiu, Jean-Pierre (2014).
732:Hasan Celal, Guzel (2002).
10:
1018:
992:Ottoman governors of Yemen
481:, which included parts of
987:Ottoman governors of Gaza
843:. Yale University Press.
536:
507:Ottoman military campaign
266:
256:
251:
241:
231:
219:
214:
210:
200:
189:
177:
169:
158:
147:
137:
125:
117:
106:
98:
88:
77:
69:
59:
48:
37:
33:
21:
837:Clark, Victoria (2010).
598:Watenpaugh 1990, p. 121.
561:
326:Kara Şahin Mustafa Pasha
879:Hathaway, Jane (2003).
793:Watenpaugh 1999, p. 90.
639:Ze'evi 1996, pp. 39–40.
630:Blackburn 1994, p. 521.
501:of Diyarbakir and then
377:(district governor) of
764:Annales Islamologiques
698:Clark 2010, pp. 15–16.
465:Later career and death
324:Ridwan was the son of
940:Ze'evi, Dror (2012).
722:Hathaway 2003, p. 84.
710:Hathaway 2003, p. 83.
977:16th-century births
661:Ze'evi 1996, p. 40.
549:, succeeded him as
802:Filiu 2014, p. 28.
689:Clark 2010, p. 16.
515:Caucasus Mountains
23:Ridwan ibn Mustafa
16:Ottoman politician
953:978-0-7914-2915-0
479:Habesh and Jeddah
385:Governor of Yemen
299:in 1573–1574 and
297:Habesh and Jeddah
295:in 1564/65–1567,
279:transliteration:
270:
269:
1009:
957:
936:
915:
904:. I. B. Tauris.
896:
875:
854:
833:
803:
800:
794:
791:
782:
781:
756:
750:
749:
738:. Yeni Türkiye.
729:
723:
720:
711:
708:
699:
696:
690:
687:
676:
673:
662:
659:
640:
637:
631:
628:
599:
596:
575:
572:
359:(1556–1560) and
252:Military service
215:Personal details
194:
184:Ahmad ibn Ridwan
180:
163:
140:
128:
111:
82:
53:
19:
18:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1006:
962:
961:
960:
954:
933:
912:
893:
872:
861:Gaza: A History
851:
830:
811:
806:
801:
797:
792:
785:
778:
758:
757:
753:
746:
730:
726:
721:
714:
709:
702:
697:
693:
688:
679:
674:
665:
660:
643:
638:
634:
629:
602:
597:
588:
584:
579:
578:
573:
569:
564:
539:
467:
387:
347:(provinces) of
322:
317:
224:
195:
190:
178:
164:
159:
138:
126:
112:
107:
83:
78:
54:
49:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1015:
1005:
1004:
1002:Ridwan dynasty
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
959:
958:
952:
946:. SUNY Press.
937:
931:
916:
910:
897:
891:
876:
870:
855:
849:
834:
828:
812:
810:
807:
805:
804:
795:
783:
776:
751:
744:
724:
712:
700:
691:
677:
663:
641:
632:
600:
585:
583:
580:
577:
576:
566:
565:
563:
560:
556:Ridwan dynasty
538:
535:
466:
463:
459:Constantinople
386:
383:
337:(slave of the
321:
318:
316:
313:
307:, which chose
305:Ridwan dynasty
268:
267:
264:
263:
261:Ottoman Empire
258:
254:
253:
249:
248:
246:Ridwan dynasty
243:
239:
238:
233:
229:
228:
221:
217:
216:
212:
211:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
187:
186:
181:
175:
174:
171:
167:
166:
156:
155:
145:
144:
141:
135:
134:
129:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
104:
103:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
75:
74:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
46:
45:
35:
34:
31:
30:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1014:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
967:
955:
949:
945:
944:
938:
934:
928:
924:
923:
917:
913:
911:9781860648366
907:
903:
898:
894:
892:9780791486108
888:
884:
883:
877:
873:
871:9780190201890
867:
863:
862:
856:
852:
850:9780300167344
846:
842:
841:
835:
831:
829:9789004095519
825:
821:
820:
814:
813:
799:
790:
788:
779:
777:9782724700787
773:
769:
765:
761:
755:
747:
745:9789756782583
741:
737:
736:
728:
719:
717:
707:
705:
695:
686:
684:
682:
672:
670:
668:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
636:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
595:
593:
591:
586:
571:
567:
559:
557:
552:
548:
544:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
462:
460:
455:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
428:
423:
418:
413:
411:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:
382:
380:
376:
375:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
351:(1544–1545),
350:
346:
345:
340:
339:Sublime Porte
336:
335:
331:
327:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
265:
262:
259:
255:
250:
247:
244:
240:
237:
234:
232:Resting place
230:
227:
222:
218:
213:
209:
206:
203:
199:
193:
188:
185:
182:
176:
172:
168:
162:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
136:
133:
130:
124:
120:
116:
110:
105:
102:
99:Beylerbey of
97:
94:
91:
87:
81:
76:
73:
70:Beylerbey of
68:
65:
62:
58:
52:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
20:
942:
921:
901:
881:
860:
839:
818:
809:Bibliography
798:
767:
763:
754:
734:
727:
694:
635:
570:
550:
540:
518:
509:against the
498:
496:
474:
470:
468:
456:
436:
425:
414:
390:
388:
372:
369:Mahmud Pasha
364:
342:
332:
323:
320:Early career
281:Ridvan Pasha
280:
272:
271:
223:2 April 1585
191:
179:Succeeded by
160:
139:Succeeded by
132:Mahmud Pasha
108:
79:
50:
972:1585 deaths
547:Ahmad Pasha
447:al-Mutahhar
143:Hasan Pasha
127:Preceded by
966:Categories
932:9004124543
582:References
551:sanjak-bey
491:Qasr Ibrim
471:sanjak-bey
374:sanjak-bey
353:Diyarbakir
257:Allegiance
205:Suleiman I
149:Sanjak-bey
822:. Brill.
527:mausoleum
499:beylerbey
483:Abyssinia
475:beylerbey
432:tax farms
392:beylerbey
365:defterdar
315:Biography
242:Relations
192:In office
161:In office
109:In office
80:In office
64:Murad III
51:In office
39:Beylerbey
523:Anatolia
511:Safavids
355:(1548),
334:kapikulu
301:Anatolia
226:Anatolia
173:Selim II
121:Selim II
93:Selim II
43:Anatolia
513:in the
422:Ismaili
405:Red Sea
349:Erzurum
344:eyalets
330:Bosnian
285:Ottoman
277:Turkish
201:Monarch
170:Monarch
118:Monarch
89:Monarch
60:Monarch
950:
929:
908:
889:
868:
847:
826:
774:
742:
537:Legacy
531:Aleppo
519:eyalet
439:Saadah
417:Jeddah
410:coffee
401:Tihama
397:Sana'a
236:Aleppo
72:Habesh
562:Notes
503:Basra
487:Hejaz
451:Amran
443:Zaydi
361:Egypt
357:Yemen
293:Yemen
101:Yemen
27:Pasha
948:ISBN
927:ISBN
906:ISBN
887:ISBN
866:ISBN
845:ISBN
824:ISBN
772:ISBN
740:ISBN
543:Gaza
485:and
427:da'i
379:Gaza
328:, a
309:Gaza
289:Gaza
220:Died
153:Gaza
521:of
477:of
151:of
41:of
968::
786:^
768:24
766:.
762:.
715:^
703:^
680:^
666:^
644:^
603:^
589:^
434:.
381:.
956:.
935:.
914:.
895:.
874:.
853:.
832:.
780:.
748:.
275:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.