2595:
693:) and a much higher value of the mass. This mass difference between the pions and rho mesons is attributed to a large hyperfine interaction between the quark and anti-quark. The main objection with the De Rujula–Georgi–Glashow description is that it attributes the lightness of the pions as an accident rather than a result of
1080:
2518:
1021:
654:
2268:
2624:
2506:
1373:
Maglich, B. (1976). "Discovery of omega meson-first neutral vector meson: one researcher's personal account - Discovery story".
734:
in a paper titled "The Vector Limit of Chiral
Symmetry" where he ascribed much of the literature of hidden local symmetry to a
670:
1548:
1268:
arising from the light quark masses; however, the current experimental limit is that this mass difference is less than
1192:
2404:
2485:
1187:
The exact value depends on the method used. See the given reference for detail. In the table, data used is from
2501:
1264:
that can be attributed to the electromagnetic self-energy of the particle as well as a small effect due to
719:); Note that this broken gauge symmetry (sometimes called hidden local symmetry) is distinct from the
2577:
1989:
694:
2545:
2180:
1807:
1541:
685:
and an anti-quark and is an excited version of the pion. Unlike the pion, the rho meson has spin
47:
2480:
1817:
1392:
De RĂșjula, A.; Georgi, Howard; Glashow, S. L. (1975-07-01). "Hadron masses in a gauge theory".
799:
789:
735:
716:
2567:
1444:
1401:
705:
8:
2582:
1565:
25:
1448:
1405:
2525:
1534:
1302:
52:
1297:. This decay of the neutral rho to leptons can be interpreted as a mixing between the
2594:
2562:
2475:
1954:
1699:
1626:
1460:
1456:
1417:
396:
2572:
2343:
2118:
1979:
1964:
1646:
1557:
1452:
1409:
1353:
1343:
727:
535:
513:
56:
1482:
2619:
2540:
2465:
2449:
2389:
1799:
1724:
1714:
1704:
1616:
723:
720:
712:
366:
64:
216:
2599:
2513:
2470:
2206:
1994:
1767:
1689:
1684:
1606:
1188:
889:
776:
708:
658:
657:
form. The principal decay route of the rho mesons is to a pair of pions with a
620:
436:
243:
209:
1265:
2613:
2557:
2409:
2376:
2168:
2138:
2070:
1929:
1709:
1636:
1621:
1464:
1421:
809:
772:
731:
616:
227:
60:
1501:
1413:
2535:
2085:
2075:
2065:
1826:
1777:
1719:
1641:
1596:
1348:
1331:
690:
669:
After several false starts, the Ï meson and the Ï meson were discovered at
638:
550:
426:
131:
2550:
2318:
2221:
2216:
2133:
2128:
2058:
2012:
1969:
1934:
1893:
1785:
1749:
1611:
794:
701:
646:
612:
503:
1358:
1075:{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}-d{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} \,}
2292:
2186:
2176:
2158:
2048:
1949:
1884:
1601:
1526:
1209:
PDG reports the resonance width (Î). Here the conversion Ï =
804:
653:
with the peculiar feature that the decay widths are not described by a
2434:
2424:
2394:
2287:
2253:
2246:
2123:
2113:
2080:
1848:
1631:
1428:
2530:
2358:
2313:
2297:
2258:
2231:
1944:
1939:
1919:
1889:
1879:
1874:
1694:
1669:
1664:
1591:
1306:
1282:
870:
523:
2439:
2429:
2399:
2353:
2348:
2323:
2241:
2226:
2153:
2148:
2053:
2038:
1984:
1959:
1924:
1853:
1835:
1574:
784:
547:
446:
30:
1435:
Georgi, Howard (1990). "Vector realization of chiral symmetry".
2419:
2414:
2043:
2030:
2021:
1843:
1757:
1656:
1298:
813:
631:
are the lightest strongly interacting particle, with a mass of
543:
40:
2444:
2384:
2236:
2095:
1974:
1914:
1869:
1762:
1740:
1583:
682:
628:
2211:
2143:
2103:
1679:
1674:
1286:
1143:
1123:
970:
950:
768:
624:
608:
1301:
and rho. In principle the charged rho mesons mix with the
681:
The rho mesons can be interpreted as a bound state of a
16:
Short-lived hadronic particle that is an isospin triplet
1330:
Zyla, P. A.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2020).
1391:
1026:
1024:
1305:
and can lead to decay to an electron or muon plus a
1228:
There should be a small mass difference between the
645:
The rho mesons have a very short lifetime and their
1385:
1074:
2611:
1336:Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics
1400:(1). American Physical Society (APS): 147â162.
1366:
1542:
1471:
1329:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1549:
1535:
1281:Neutral rho mesons can decay to a pair of
1492:
1490:
1357:
1347:
1071:
1556:
1309:; however, this has never been observed.
1198:
1174:
700:The rho mesons can be thought of as the
1372:
1289:which occurs with a branching ratio of
2612:
2020:
1487:
1434:
1530:
13:
1323:
1053:
1047:
1035:
1029:
553:whose three states are denoted as
14:
2636:
2593:
2486:Timeline of particle discoveries
2625:Subatomic particles with spin 1
1275:
1222:
1193:electronâpositron annihilation
1056:
1038:
676:
1:
1316:
2502:History of subatomic physics
1457:10.1016/0550-3213(90)90210-5
1332:"Review of Particle Physics"
671:Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
615:, the rho meson carries the
7:
1443:(2). Elsevier BV: 311â330.
10:
2641:
664:
2591:
2494:
2458:
2375:
2336:
2306:
2280:
2276:
2267:
2199:
2167:
2094:
2029:
2011:
1907:
1862:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1798:
1776:
1748:
1739:
1655:
1582:
1573:
1564:
711:whose local character is
522:
512:
502:
445:
435:
425:
365:
242:
226:
208:
200:
130:
70:
46:
36:
24:
2519:mathematical formulation
2114:Eta and eta prime mesons
1167:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
730:. This was described by
695:chiral symmetry breaking
2181:Double-charm tetraquark
1414:10.1103/physrevd.12.147
1076:
736:non-linear sigma model
642:for all three states.
623:. After the pions and
2578:Waveâparticle duality
2568:Relativistic particle
1705:Electron antineutrino
1077:
1808:FaddeevâPopov ghosts
1558:Particles in physics
1502:Particle listings â
1349:10.1093/ptep/ptaa104
1022:
706:spontaneously broken
546:particle that is an
367:Electric charge
2583:Particle chauvinism
2526:Subatomic particles
1449:1990NuPhB.331..311G
1406:1975PhRvD..12..147D
821:(>5% of decays)
819:Commonly decays to
746:
21:
1303:weak vector bosons
1072:
1069:
993:Neutral rho meson
826:Charged rho meson
744:
689: = 1 (a
228:Mean lifetime
19:
2607:
2606:
2563:Massless particle
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2332:
2331:
2195:
2194:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1955:Magnetic monopole
1903:
1902:
1794:
1793:
1735:
1734:
1715:Muon antineutrino
1700:Electron neutrino
1437:Nuclear Physics B
1394:Physical Review D
1219:is given instead.
1165:
1164:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1041:
542:is a short-lived
532:
531:
2632:
2597:
2573:Virtual particle
2344:Mesonic molecule
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2119:Bottom eta meson
2027:
2026:
2018:
2017:
1990:WâČ and ZâČ bosons
1980:Sterile neutrino
1965:Majorana fermion
1832:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1746:
1745:
1725:Tau antineutrino
1580:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1509:
1494:
1485:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1351:
1327:
1310:
1296:
1294:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1266:isospin breaking
1263:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1235:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1196:
1185:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1149:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1090:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1027:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1003:
1002:
988:
987:
985:
984:
977:
976:
967:
965:
964:
957:
956:
945:
943:
939:
917:
915:
908:
906:
905:
899:
896:
895:
887:
885:
884:
877:
876:
865:
864:
863:
856:
855:
845:
844:
843:
836:
835:
747:
743:
652:
641:
636:
606:
605:
604:
597:
596:
588:
587:
586:
579:
578:
570:
569:
568:
561:
560:
536:particle physics
494:
493:
492:
485:
484:
474:
470:
469:
468:
461:
460:
417:
416:
415:
408:
407:
394:
390:
389:
388:
381:
380:
358:
357:
356:
349:
348:
340:
339:
338:
331:
330:
322:
321:
320:
313:
312:
303:
302:
301:
294:
293:
285:
284:
283:
276:
275:
267:
266:
265:
258:
257:
244:Decays into
238:
236:
222:
192:
191:
190:
183:
182:
173:
172:
171:
164:
163:
155:
154:
153:
146:
145:
126:
125:
124:
117:
116:
108:
107:
106:
99:
98:
90:
89:
88:
81:
80:
22:
18:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2587:
2541:Nuclear physics
2490:
2454:
2390:Davydov soliton
2363:
2328:
2302:
2263:
2191:
2163:
2090:
1999:
1899:
1858:
1812:
1790:
1772:
1731:
1651:
1560:
1555:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1488:
1476:
1472:
1433:
1429:
1390:
1386:
1371:
1367:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1292:
1290:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1199:
1186:
1175:
1170:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1086:
1084:
1051:
1050:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1001:
999:
998:
997:
996:
983:
981:
980:
979:
975:
973:
972:
971:
969:
963:
961:
960:
959:
955:
953:
952:
951:
949:
948:
941:
937:
935:
913:
911:
904:
902:
901:
900:
897:
894:
892:
891:
890:
888:
883:
881:
880:
879:
875:
873:
872:
871:
869:
862:
860:
859:
858:
854:
852:
851:
850:
849:
842:
840:
839:
838:
834:
832:
831:
830:
829:
820:
764:
759:
754:
741:
724:chiral symmetry
679:
667:
650:
634:
632:
603:
601:
600:
599:
595:
593:
592:
591:
590:
585:
583:
582:
581:
577:
575:
574:
573:
572:
567:
565:
564:
563:
559:
557:
556:
555:
554:
498:
491:
489:
488:
487:
483:
481:
480:
479:
478:
472:
467:
465:
464:
463:
459:
457:
456:
455:
454:
421:
414:
412:
411:
410:
406:
404:
403:
402:
401:
392:
387:
385:
384:
383:
379:
377:
376:
375:
374:
361:
355:
353:
352:
351:
347:
345:
344:
343:
342:
337:
335:
334:
333:
329:
327:
326:
325:
324:
319:
317:
316:
315:
311:
309:
308:
307:
306:
300:
298:
297:
296:
292:
290:
289:
288:
287:
282:
280:
279:
278:
274:
272:
271:
270:
269:
264:
262:
261:
260:
256:
254:
253:
252:
251:
234:
232:
214:
196:
189:
187:
186:
185:
181:
179:
178:
177:
176:
170:
168:
167:
166:
162:
160:
159:
158:
157:
152:
150:
149:
148:
144:
142:
141:
140:
139:
123:
121:
120:
119:
115:
113:
112:
111:
110:
105:
103:
102:
101:
97:
95:
94:
93:
92:
87:
85:
84:
83:
79:
77:
76:
75:
74:
65:Electromagnetic
17:
12:
11:
5:
2638:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2605:
2604:
2600:Physics portal
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2514:Standard Model
2511:
2510:
2509:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2481:Quasiparticles
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2377:Quasiparticles
2373:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2173:
2171:
2169:Exotic hadrons
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1995:X and Y bosons
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1768:W and Z bosons
1765:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1622:Strange (quark
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1507:
1486:
1470:
1427:
1384:
1375:Adv. Exp. Phys
1365:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1274:
1259:
1251:
1241:
1233:
1221:
1197:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1147:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1082:
1066:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1000:
994:
990:
989:
982:
974:
962:
954:
946:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
909:
903:
893:
882:
874:
867:
861:
853:
847:
841:
833:
827:
823:
822:
817:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
766:
761:
756:
751:
750:Particle name
726:acting on the
715:(arising from
709:gauge symmetry
678:
675:
666:
663:
659:branching rate
621:atomic nucleus
602:
594:
584:
576:
566:
558:
530:
529:
526:
520:
519:
516:
510:
509:
506:
500:
499:
497:
496:
490:
482:
476:
466:
458:
451:
449:
443:
442:
439:
433:
432:
429:
423:
422:
420:
419:
413:
405:
399:
386:
378:
371:
369:
363:
362:
360:
359:
354:
346:
336:
328:
318:
310:
304:
299:
291:
281:
273:
263:
255:
248:
246:
240:
239:
230:
224:
223:
212:
206:
205:
202:
198:
197:
195:
194:
188:
180:
174:
169:
161:
151:
143:
136:
134:
128:
127:
122:
114:
104:
96:
86:
78:
72:
68:
67:
50:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2637:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:Exotic matter
2556:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2546:Eightfold way
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:Antiparticles
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:Atomic nuclei
2205:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:Upsilon meson
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2071:Lambda baryon
2069:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2010:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:Dual graviton
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:Superpartners
1824:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1710:Muon neutrino
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:Bottom (quark
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1520:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1342:(8): 083C01.
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1322:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1267:
1225:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1159:
1139:
1120:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1083:
1064:
1044:
1018:
1015:
995:
992:
991:
986:
966:
947:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
910:
907:
886:
868:
848:
828:
825:
824:
818:
815:
811:
810:Mean lifetime
808:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
780:
779:
774:
770:
767:
762:
758:Antiparticle
757:
752:
749:
748:
742:
739:
737:
733:
732:Howard Georgi
729:
725:
722:
718:
714:
710:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
674:
672:
662:
660:
656:
648:
643:
640:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:nuclear force
614:
610:
607:. Along with
552:
549:
545:
541:
537:
527:
525:
524:C parity
521:
517:
515:
511:
507:
505:
501:
477:
453:
452:
450:
448:
444:
440:
438:
434:
430:
428:
424:
400:
398:
373:
372:
370:
368:
364:
305:
250:
249:
247:
245:
241:
231:
229:
225:
221:
220:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
175:
138:
137:
135:
133:
129:
73:
69:
66:
62:
61:Gravitational
58:
54:
51:
49:
45:
42:
39:
35:
32:
29:
27:
23:
2598:
2269:Hypothetical
2217:Exotic atoms
2108:
2086:Omega baryon
2076:Sigma baryon
2066:Delta baryon
1818:Hypothetical
1800:Ghost fields
1786:Higgs boson
1720:Tau neutrino
1612:Charm (quark
1497:
1478:
1473:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1359:11585/772320
1339:
1335:
1325:
1277:
1270:0.7 MeV
1224:
777:
740:
702:gauge bosons
699:
691:vector meson
686:
680:
668:
655:BreitâWigner
651:145 MeV
644:
613:omega mesons
539:
533:
427:Color charge
218:
132:Antiparticle
48:Interactions
2551:Quark model
2319:Theta meson
2222:Positronium
2134:Omega meson
2129:J/psi meson
2059:Antineutron
1970:Dark photon
1935:Graviphoton
1894:Stop squark
1602:Down (quark
1483:Quark Model
1191:decays and
745:Rho mesons
677:Composition
647:decay width
619:within the
504:Hypercharge
2614:Categories
2293:Heptaquark
2254:Superatoms
2187:Pentaquark
2177:Tetraquark
2159:Quarkonium
2049:Antiproton
1950:Leptoquark
1885:Neutralino
1647:antiquark)
1637:antiquark)
1632:Top (quark
1627:antiquark)
1617:antiquark)
1607:antiquark)
1597:antiquark)
1566:Elementary
1496:C. Amsler
1477:C. Amsler
1317:References
661:of 99.9%.
637:0.04
627:, the rho
215:~770
26:Statistics
2531:Particles
2476:Particles
2435:Polariton
2425:Plasmaron
2395:Dropleton
2288:Hexaquark
2259:Molecules
2247:Protonium
2124:Phi meson
2109:Rho meson
2081:Xi baryon
2013:Composite
1849:Gravitino
1592:Up (quark
1465:0550-3213
1422:0556-2821
1283:electrons
1057:¯
1045:−
1039:¯
753:Particle
673:in 1961.
649:is about
540:rho meson
237:10 s
20:Rho meson
2507:timeline
2359:R-hadron
2314:Glueball
2298:Skyrmion
2232:Tauonium
1945:Inflaton
1940:Graviton
1920:Curvaton
1890:Sfermion
1880:Higgsino
1875:Chargino
1836:Gauginos
1695:Neutrino
1680:Antimuon
1670:Positron
1665:Electron
1575:Fermions
1500:(2008):
1481:(2008):
1307:neutrino
1246:and the
765:content
713:emergent
544:hadronic
2495:Related
2466:Baryons
2440:Polaron
2430:Plasmon
2405:Fracton
2400:Exciton
2354:Diquark
2349:Pomeron
2324:T meson
2281:Baryons
2242:Pionium
2227:Muonium
2154:D meson
2149:B meson
2054:Neutron
2039:Nucleon
2031:Baryons
2022:Hadrons
1985:Tachyon
1960:Majoron
1925:Dilaton
1854:Photino
1690:Antitau
1657:Leptons
1445:Bibcode
1402:Bibcode
1214:⁄
760:symbol
755:symbol
728:flavors
665:History
551:triplet
548:isospin
447:Isospin
193:: self
31:Bosonic
2620:Mesons
2471:Mesons
2420:Phonon
2415:Magnon
2337:Others
2307:Mesons
2200:Others
2096:Mesons
2044:Proton
1908:Others
1863:Others
1844:Gluino
1778:Scalar
1758:Photon
1741:Bosons
1584:Quarks
1511:ρ
1498:et al.
1479:et al.
1463:
1420:
1299:photon
1255:ρ
1237:ρ
1216:Γ
1151:π
1131:π
1113:0.027)
1109:(4.453
1085:775.26
1013:(770)
1004:ρ
978:π
958:π
940:0.024)
936:(4.415
912:775.11
866:(770)
857:ρ
846:(770)
837:ρ
763:Quark
721:global
633:775.45
629:mesons
598:ρ
580:ρ
562:ρ
514:Parity
486:ρ
462:ρ
409:ρ
382:ρ
350:π
332:π
314:ρ
295:π
277:π
259:ρ
184:ρ
165:ρ
147:ρ
118:ρ
109:, and
100:ρ
82:ρ
71:Symbol
53:Strong
41:Mesons
37:Family
2459:Lists
2450:Trion
2445:Roton
2385:Anyon
2212:Atoms
1975:Preon
1915:Axion
1870:Axino
1763:Gluon
1750:Gauge
1381:: 79.
1287:muons
1168:Notes
1016:Self
704:of a
683:quark
625:kaons
609:pions
418:: 0 e
201:Types
2410:Hole
2237:Onia
2144:Kaon
2104:Pion
1675:Muon
1461:ISSN
1418:ISSN
1340:2020
1089:0.25
916:0.34
769:Mass
611:and
589:and
538:, a
437:Spin
233:~4.5
217:MeV/
210:Mass
63:and
57:Weak
1685:Tau
1453:doi
1441:331
1410:doi
1354:hdl
1344:doi
1285:or
1189:tau
773:MeV
717:QCD
639:MeV
534:In
495:: 0
156::
2616::
1489:^
1459:.
1451:.
1439:.
1416:.
1408:.
1398:12
1396:.
1377:.
1352:.
1338:.
1334:.
1295:10
1200:^
1176:^
1141:+
1117:10
1105:0
1102:0
1099:0
1096:1
1093:1
968:+
944:10
932:0
929:0
926:0
923:1
920:1
816:)
805:B'
781:)
738:.
697:.
571:,
528:-1
518:-1
471::
395:1
391::
341:+
323::
286:+
268::
91:,
59:,
55:,
2183:)
2179:(
1896:)
1892:(
1550:e
1543:t
1536:v
1467:.
1455::
1447::
1424:.
1412::
1404::
1379:5
1362:.
1356::
1346::
1293:Ă
1291:5
1272:.
1212:ħ
1195:.
1115:Ă
1111:±
1087:±
1065:2
1054:d
1048:d
1036:u
1030:u
942:Ă
938:±
914:±
898:d
878:u
814:s
812:(
800:C
795:S
790:J
785:I
778:c
775:/
771:(
687:j
635:±
508:0
475:1
473:±
441:1
431:0
397:e
393:±
235:Ă
219:c
204:3
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