1304:
1233:
1202:
1187:
73:
135:
1147:
32:
1289:
1173:
1186:
1303:
1911:
1232:
1195:
Note similarity with both charts on the right. The number used to describe the weight diagram depends on whether the particle(s) occupying the center of the diagram have one, two, or three distinct names.
852:
945:
1809:
1006:
1201:
1067:
and isospin. This formalizes the observation that certain strong baryon decays were not observed, leading to the prediction of the mass, strangeness and charge of the
1146:
528:
559:
1288:
523:
1986:
552:
199:
171:
236:
218:
116:
94:
59:
87:
545:
533:
178:
782:
884:
878:
1906:{\displaystyle Y={\tfrac {1}{3}}n_{\textrm {u}}+{\tfrac {1}{3}}n_{\textrm {d}}-{\tfrac {2}{3}}n_{\textrm {s}}~.}
896:
156:
185:
1095:
containing SU(2) multiplets. SU(3) now needs two numbers to specify all its sub-states which are denoted by
152:
45:
2020:
167:
704:
645:
617:
252:
1924:
that trace through the individual constituent quarks (which are conserved) composing the interacting
970:
2005:
81:
2015:
1939:
629:
145:
19:
This article is about a quantum number of hadrons. For similar number in electroweak theory, see
1570:, due to its baryon number (since three quarks make a baryon, each quark has a baryon number of
1960:
964:
Isospin creates multiplets of particles whose average charge is related to the hypercharge by:
745:
290:
98:
1172:
714:(see below) are 2 dimensional, with the coordinates referring to two quantum numbers:
8:
1717:
Hypercharge was a concept developed in the 1960s, to organize groups of particles in the
1011:
since the hypercharge is the same for all members of a multiplet, and the average of the
192:
601:
593:
1982:
1934:
1038:
862:
858:
625:
605:
585:
573:
455:
257:
51:
20:
1729:
conservation laws based on their observed transformations. With the advent of the
1021:
These definitions in their original form hold only for the three lightest quarks.
2010:
1921:
1346:
888:
613:
372:
1243:
1064:
711:
641:
597:
265:
1999:
1760:
1271:
1049:
769:
347:
338:
1793:
1720:
1275:
1068:
356:
1771:
1730:
1635:
1338:
737:
299:
1441:). From the Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula we know that proton has isospin
1749:
753:
685:
381:
317:
1932:, rather than bothering to count strong hypercharge quantum numbers.
1782:
1279:
1223:
1060:
1030:
498:
134:
1738:
665:
1678:
quark makes an isospin singlet of its own (the same happens with
1379:
1364:
1263:
1123:
761:
649:
609:
581:
308:
274:
1925:
1917:
1368:
1267:
621:
1929:
1502:
1310:
1207:
660:
872:
1219:
1215:
1938:, however, remains an essential part of understanding the
1122:
specifies the number of points in the topmost side of the
1024:
1874:
1847:
1820:
920:
1812:
973:
899:
785:
1958:
1137:specifies the number of points on the bottom side.
159:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
16:
Type of particle charge found in the
Standard Model
1905:
1000:
939:
846:
1737:, is the following combination of the numbers of
1997:
1920:interaction, it has become more obvious to draw
604:. The concept of hypercharge provides a single
857:Strong interactions conserve hypercharge (and
1976:
1733:, it is now obvious that strong hypercharge,
1193:SU(3) septet, octet, and nonet weight diagram
553:
847:{\displaystyle Y=B+S-{\frac {C-B'+T'}{3}}~.}
1309:A combination of three up, down or strange
659:. The isospin alone was sufficient for two
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1979:Introduction to Atomic and Nuclear Physics
560:
546:
1712:
940:{\displaystyle Q=I_{3}+{\tfrac {1}{2}}Y,}
873:Relation with electric charge and isospin
237:Learn how and when to remove this message
219:Learn how and when to remove this message
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
1977:Semat, Henry; Albright, John R. (1984).
1297:Note similarity with chart on the right.
620:. The hypercharge is useful to classify
80:This article includes a list of general
736:, which is the hypercharge (defined by
1998:
1025:SU(3) model in relation to hypercharge
957:is the third component of isospin and
1262:baryons described in SU(3). n:
157:adding citations to reliable sources
128:
66:
25:
776:). Mathematically, hypercharge is
13:
1701:All other quarks have hypercharge
1166:is the third component of isospin.
1033:characterized by a quantum number
86:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2032:
1959:Particle Data Group, ed. (2022),
41:This article has multiple issues.
1408:, so they both have hypercharge
1302:
1287:
1231:
1200:
1185:
1171:
1145:
732: component of isospin, and
608:that accounts for properties of
133:
71:
30:
144:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
1952:
1698:constitute an isospin doublet.
1333:. The lower six are hyperons.
1052:with equally-spaced values of
1001:{\displaystyle Y=2{\bar {Q}}.}
989:
1:
1945:
1554:, we deduce a hypercharge of
1295:SU(3) decuplet weight diagram
1041:. Each multiplet consists of
635:
628:has an analogous role in the
1596:quark, with electric charge
1389:) have an average charge of
1179:SU(3) triplet weight diagram
1153:SU(3) singlet weight diagram
7:
1357:
885:Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula
879:Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula
703:— whereas presently 6
10:
2037:
1916:In modern descriptions of
961:is the particle's charge.
876:
640:Hypercharge is one of two
18:
1638:−1, we get a hypercharge
1509:quark, with a charge of
1940:electroweak interaction
630:electroweak interaction
534:Flavour complementarity
331:Related quantum numbers
101:more precise citations.
1907:
1713:Practical obsolescence
1002:
941:
848:
646:SU(3) model of hadrons
624:; the similarly named
1908:
1615:, a baryon number of
1415:(since baryon number
1313:with a total spin of
1037:, which is the total
1003:
942:
849:
707:of quarks are known.
1981:. Chapman and Hall.
1810:
1501:This also works for
1063:arrangement seen in
1029:The SU(2) model has
971:
897:
887:relates isospin and
783:
600:conserved under the
153:improve this article
1329:form the so-called
1159:is hypercharge and
2021:Electroweak theory
1903:
1883:
1856:
1829:
1674:That means that a
1664:so we deduce that
1470:while neutron has
998:
937:
929:
844:
663:flavours — namely
602:strong interaction
580:(a portmanteau of
1988:978-0-412-15670-0
1899:
1893:
1882:
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1210:of spin 0 form a
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863:weak interactions
840:
836:
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1039:angular momentum
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859:weak hypercharge
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1347:electric charge
1331:baryon decuplet
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1181:
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1134:
1127:
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1108:
1101:
1093:supermultiplets
1082:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1074:
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1057:
1042:
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1017:
984:
983:
972:
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968:
956:
919:
910:
906:
898:
895:
894:
889:electric charge
881:
875:
824:
813:
806:
804:
784:
781:
780:
773:
765:
757:
749:
741:
733:
729:
727:
722:
721:(also known as
720:
715:
712:weight diagrams
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642:quantum numbers
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614:electric charge
606:charge operator
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373:Electric charge
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266:quantum numbers
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35:
31:
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17:
12:
11:
5:
2034:
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2023:
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2016:Standard Model
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2008:
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1970:
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1789:
1778:
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1756:
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1669:
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1308:
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1168:
1163:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1117:
1106:
1099:
1091:The SU(3) has
1081:
1073:
1065:atomic spectra
1055:
1026:
1023:
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689:
677:
669:
656:
637:
634:
598:quantum number
568:
567:
565:
564:
557:
550:
542:
539:
538:
537:
536:
531:
526:
518:
517:
516:Flavour mixing
513:
512:
511:
510:
509:
508:
494:
485:
481:
470:
462:
453:
452:
451:
447:
434:
396:
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209:September 2018
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65:
39:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2033:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1900:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1859:
1852:
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1843:
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1822:
1816:
1813:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1795:
1784:
1773:
1762:
1751:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1637:
1595:
1591:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1381:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:Lambda baryon
1269:
1265:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1125:
1116:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1019:
1018:values is 0.
1014:
995:
986:
980:
977:
974:
967:
966:
965:
962:
960:
953:
934:
931:
925:
922:
916:
911:
907:
903:
900:
893:
892:
891:
890:
886:
880:
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868:
864:
860:
841:
833:
828:
825:
821:
817:
814:
810:
807:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
779:
778:
777:
771:
770:baryon number
763:
755:
747:
739:
713:
708:
706:
701:
681:
662:
651:
647:
643:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
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595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
563:
558:
556:
551:
549:
544:
543:
541:
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532:
530:
527:
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387:
383:
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374:
371:
366:
362:
358:
355:
353:
349:
348:Lepton number
346:
344:
340:
339:Baryon number
337:
336:
335:
334:
330:
329:
323:
319:
316:
314:
310:
307:
305:
301:
298:
296:
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263:
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223:
220:
212:
201:
198:
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170: –
169:
168:"Hypercharge"
165:
164:Find sources:
158:
154:
148:
147:
142:This article
140:
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131:
130:
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118:
110:
100:
96:
90:
89:
83:
78:
69:
68:
63:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
1978:
1961:
1954:
1933:
1915:
1726:
1721:particle zoo
1718:
1716:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1593:
1506:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1294:
1276:Sigma baryon
1239:
1211:
1192:
1178:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1129:
1114:
1111:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1059:, forming a
1053:
1044:
1034:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1010:
963:
958:
951:
949:
882:
866:
856:
709:
648:, alongside
639:
589:
577:
571:
503:
499:
491:
487:
478:
474:
467:
459:
444:
440:
436:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
401:
394:Combinations
385:
376:
364:
360:
357:Weak isospin
351:
342:
321:
312:
303:
294:
282:
278:
233:
215:
206:
196:
189:
182:
175:
163:
151:Please help
146:verification
143:
113:
104:
85:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
1731:quark model
1636:strangeness
1339:strangeness
738:strangeness
578:hypercharge
529:PMNS matrix
402:Hypercharge
300:Strangeness
99:introducing
2000:Categories
1946:References
1505:: For the
1278:, Ξ:
1274:, Σ:
1270:, Λ:
1266:, p:
1222:, η:
1218:, π:
1214:. K:
1031:multiplets
754:bottomness
636:Definition
524:CKM matrix
429:′ +
318:Bottomness
179:newspapers
82:references
46:improve it
1871:−
1528:, and an
1280:Xi baryon
1242:of light
1224:eta meson
1061:symmetric
1050:substates
990:¯
811:−
802:−
582:hyperonic
52:talk page
1645:−
1617:+
1598:−
1572:+
1537:+
1511:+
1480:−
1451:+
1437:T′
1433:B′
1391:+
1380:neutrons
1358:Examples
1155:, where
829:′
818:′
766:T′
758:B′
705:flavours
594:particle
382:X-charge
264:Flavour
1926:baryons
1796: (
1785: (
1774: (
1763: (
1761:strange
1752: (
1741: (
1676:strange
1660:
1632:
1613:
1594:strange
1587:
1568:
1556:
1552:
1526:
1495:
1466:
1406:
1369:protons
1367:group (
1365:nucleon
1345::
1337::
1327:
1315:
1264:neutron
1260:
1248:
1124:hexagon
861:), but
762:topness
650:isospin
644:of the
622:hadrons
618:flavour
610:isospin
324:′
309:Topness
275:Isospin
253:Flavour
193:scholar
95:improve
2011:Quarks
1985:
1930:mesons
1918:hadron
1898:
1794:bottom
1792:) and
1727:ad hoc
1684:bottom
1634:, and
1592:For a
1503:quarks
1420:= +1 ,
1311:quarks
1268:proton
1208:Mesons
1126:while
1086:baryon
1077:Ω
950:where
839:
772:
768:, and
764:
756:
748:
740:
710:SU(3)
652:
616:, and
586:charge
576:, the
195:
188:
181:
174:
166:
84:, but
1966:(PDF)
1772:charm
1680:charm
1672:= 0 .
1382:with
1376:= +1
1371:with
1240:octet
1212:nonet
746:charm
661:quark
596:is a
592:of a
497:= 5 (
473:= 2 (
439:= 2 (
291:Charm
200:JSTOR
186:books
1983:ISBN
1928:and
1750:down
1706:= 0
1696:down
1694:and
1686:and
1422:and
1413:= 1
1387:= 0
1378:and
1363:The
1244:spin
1238:The
1220:pion
1216:kaon
1135:+ 1)
1120:+ 1)
1102:and
883:The
683:and
584:and
172:news
1803:):
1783:top
1781:),
1770:),
1759:),
1748:),
1688:top
1535:of
1439:= 0
1047:+ 1
867:not
865:do
572:In
490:+ 2
413:= (
363:or
281:or
155:by
2002::
1942:.
1739:up
1692:up
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1109:.
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760:,
752:,
744:,
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502:−
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458::
443:−
425:+
421:+
417:+
404::
384::
375::
359::
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341::
320::
311::
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293::
277::
255:in
55:.
1991:.
1901:.
1892:s
1887:n
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1838:u
1833:n
1826:3
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1817:=
1814:Y
1801:b
1798:n
1790:t
1787:n
1779:c
1776:n
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1757:d
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1708:.
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1600:+
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1523:3
1520:/
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1497:.
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1489:/
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1482:+
1476:3
1473:I
1468:,
1463:2
1460:/
1457:1
1453:+
1447:3
1444:I
1429:C
1425:S
1418:B
1411:Y
1403:2
1400:/
1397:1
1393:+
1385:Q
1374:Q
1349:.
1343:Q
1335:S
1324:2
1321:/
1318:3
1282:.
1257:2
1254:/
1251:1
1246:-
1226:.
1164:3
1161:I
1157:Y
1133:2
1130:λ
1128:(
1118:1
1115:λ
1113:(
1107:2
1104:λ
1100:1
1097:λ
1056:z
1054:J
1045:J
1043:2
1035:J
1016:3
1013:I
996:.
987:Q
981:2
978:=
975:Y
959:Q
955:3
952:I
935:,
932:Y
926:2
923:1
917:+
912:3
908:I
904:=
901:Q
842:.
834:3
826:T
822:+
815:B
808:C
799:S
796:+
793:B
790:=
787:Y
774:B
750:C
742:S
734:Y
730:z
726:z
723:I
719:3
716:I
693:d
673:u
657:3
654:I
590:Y
561:e
554:t
547:v
507:)
504:L
500:B
495:W
492:Y
488:X
484:)
482:3
479:T
475:Q
471:W
468:Y
463:W
460:Y
450:)
448:3
445:I
441:Q
437:Y
433:)
431:T
427:B
423:C
419:S
415:B
411:Y
406:Y
386:X
377:Q
368:3
365:T
361:T
352:L
343:B
322:B
313:T
304:S
295:C
286:3
283:I
279:I
240:)
234:(
222:)
216:(
211:)
207:(
197:·
190:·
183:·
176:·
149:.
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
91:.
62:)
58:(
23:.
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