Rh blood group system

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immediate spin (IS), negative reaction after 37 °C incubation, and positive reaction at anti-human globulin (AHG) phase. Weak D phenotype can occur in several ways. In some cases, this phenotype occurs because of an altered surface protein that is more common in people of European descent. An inheritable form also occurs, as a result of a weakened form of the R0 gene. Weak D may also occur as "C in trans", whereby a C gene is present on the opposite chromosome to a D gene (as in the combination R0r', or "Dce/dCe"). The testing is difficult, since using different anti-D reagents, especially the older polyclonal reagents, may give different results.

1380:. The newborn animal is without NI, but soon develops hemolytic anemia after initial ingestion of its mother’s colostrum that contain antibodies that can be absorbed through the newborn’s intestines and are incompatible to its red blood cell antigen. After 48 hours of birth, the newborn may be allowed to nurse from its mother as her antibodies can no longer be absorbed through the neonate’s intestines. Because the most active newborn animals consume the most colostrum, they may be the ones who are most affected by the blood incompatibility of antigen and antibody. 35: 1323:). The incidence of Rh disease is mathematically related to the frequency of D negative individuals in a population, so Rh disease is rare in old-stock populations of Africa and the eastern half of Asia, and the Indigenous peoples of Oceania and the Americas, but more common in other genetic groups, most especially Western Europeans, but also other West Eurasians, and to a lesser degree, native Siberians, as well as those of mixed-race with a significant or dominant descent from those (e.g. the vast majority of Latin Americans and Central Asians). 289: 1263:

extremely sensitive. When any incompatibility is detected when she conceives the second time in less than two years then, the mother often receives an injection at 28 weeks gestation and at birth to avoid the development of antibodies towards the fetus. If not given, then the baby will be dead and must be aborted. These terms do not indicate which specific antigen-antibody incompatibility is implicated. The disorder in the fetus due to Rh D incompatibility is known as

1732: 1233:(IgG) antibodies which are acquired through exposure to Rh-positive blood (generally either through pregnancy or transfusion of blood products). The D antigen is the most immunogenic of all the non-ABO antigens. Approximately 80% of individuals who are D-negative and exposed to a single D-positive unit will produce an anti-D antibody. The percentage of alloimmunization is significantly reduced in patients who are actively 1911: 308:. The exact genotype of any individual can only be identified by DNA analysis. Regarding patient treatment, only the phenotype is usually of any clinical significance to ensure a patient is not exposed to an antigen they are likely to develop antibodies against. A probable genotype may be speculated on, based upon the statistical distributions of genotypes in the patient's place of origin. 1747:, p36.13–p34.3) with various alleles. Typically, Rhesus positive people have an intact RHD gene while negative people lack the gene (or have mutations in it). However, there are exceptions: for instance, Japanese and black Africans may have an intact gene that is not expressed or only at very low levels. The gene codes for the RhD 1376:

animal species. With human mothers, the maternal antibodies are formed from the sensitization of foreign antigens of her unborn fetus’s red blood cells passing through the placenta causing hemolysis before birth. With other animals, however, these maternal antibodies are not passed through the placenta, but through

259:

gene with multiple specificities (anti-C, anti-c, anti-E, anti-e). Thus, Wiener's postulate that a gene could have multiple specificities (something many did not give credence to originally) has been proved to be correct. On the other hand, Wiener's theory that there is only one gene has proved to be

2105:

The practical implication of this is that people with this sub-phenotype will have a product labeled as "D positive" when donating blood. When receiving blood, they are sometimes typed as a "D negative", though this is the subject of some debate. Most "Weak D" patients can receive "D positive" blood

1394:

According to a comprehensive study, the worldwide frequency of Rh-positive and Rh-negative blood types is approximately 94% and 6%, respectively. The same study concluded that the share of the population with Rh-negative blood type is set to fall further in the future primarily due to low population

1375:

Rh disease only occurs in human fetuses however a similar disease called Neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) can be observed in animal species of newborn horses, mules, pigs, cats, cattle, and dogs. What differs between Rh disease and NI is the pathogenesis of hemolysis between human fetuses and the

2182:

As of 2023, over 50 antigens have been described in the Rh group system; among those described here, the D, C, c, E and e antigens are the most important. The others are much less frequently encountered or are rarely clinically significant. Each is given a number, though the highest assigned number

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antibodies have shorter reaction times in tests of simple reaction times. And conversely, RhD-negative subjects with anamnestic titres (i.e. with latent toxoplasmosis) exhibited much longer reaction times than their RhD-positive counterparts. The published data suggested that only the protection of

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difference in the D antigen). Simply put, the weak D phenotype is due to a reduced number of D antigens on a red blood cell. In contrast, the partial D phenotype is due to an alteration in D-epitopes. Thus, in partial D, the number of D antigens is not reduced but the protein structure is altered.

2019:

For a long time, the origin of RHD polymorphism was an evolutionary enigma. Before the advent of modern medicine, the carriers of the rarer allele (e.g. RhD-negative women in a population of RhD positives or RhD-positive men in a population of RhD negatives) were at a disadvantage as some of their

1247:

If anti-E is detected, the presence of anti-c should be strongly suspected (due to combined genetic inheritance). It is therefore common to select c-negative and E-negative blood for transfusion patients who have an anti-E and lack the c antigen (in general, a patient will not produce antibodies

260:

incorrect, as has the Fisher–Race theory that there are three genes, rather than the two. The CDE notation used in the Fisher–Race nomenclature is sometimes rearranged to DCE to more accurately represent the co-location of the C and E encoding on the RhCE gene, and to make interpretation easier.

1262:

The hemolytic condition occurs when there is an incompatibility between the blood types of the mother and fetus. There is also potential incompatibility if the mother is Rh negative and the father is positive. When the mother conceives for the first time, with a positive child, she will become

2316:

for antibodies, found in humans such as those previously described by Levine and Stetson. Although differences between these two sera were shown already in 1942 and clearly demonstrated in 1963, the already widely used term "Rh" was kept for the clinically described human antibodies which are

2101:

In serologic testing, D positive blood is easily identified. Units that are D negative are often retested to rule out a weaker reaction. This was previously referred to as D, which has been replaced. By definition, weak D phenotype is characterized by negative reaction with anti-D reagent at

2190:

Some of the other Rh "antigens" are f ("ce", RH6), Ce (RH7), C (RH8), C (RH9), V (RH10), E (RH11), G (RH12), Tar (RH40), VS (RH20), D (RH23), and CE (RH22). Some of these groups, including f, Ce and CE, describe grouping of some existing groups. Others, like V, describe an

1298:

When the condition is caused by the Rh D antigen-antibody incompatibility, it is called Rh D Hemolytic disease of the newborn or Rh disease. Here, sensitization to Rh D antigens (usually by feto-maternal transfusion during pregnancy) may lead to the production of maternal

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without complications. However, it is important to correctly identify the ones that have to be considered D+ or D−. This is important, since most blood banks have a limited supply of "D negative" blood and the correct transfusion is clinically relevant. In this respect,

2227:

red blood cells. It was subsequently discovered that the human factor is not identical to the rhesus monkey factor, but by then, "Rhesus Group" and like terms were already in widespread, worldwide use. Thus, notwithstanding it is a misnomer, the term survives (e.g.,

243:

Notations of the two theories are used interchangeably in blood banking (e.g., Rho(D) meaning RhD positive). Wiener's notation is more complex and cumbersome for routine use. Because it is simpler to explain, the Fisher–Race theory has become more widely used.

2335:

The clinical significance of this highly immunizing D antigen (i.e., Rh factor) was soon realized. Some keystones were to recognize its importance for blood transfusion (including reliable diagnostic tests), hemolytic disease of the newborn (including

2127:

These individuals, if alloimmunized to D, can produce an anti-D antibody. Therefore, partial D patients who are donating blood should be labeled as D-positive but, if receiving blood, they should be labeled as D-negative and receive D-negative units.

315:(cDe or Dce) is today most common in Africa. The allele was thus often assumed in early blood group analyses to have been typical of populations on the continent; particularly in areas below the Sahara. Ottensooser et al. (1963) suggested that high R 2173:

woman, in 1961. Only 43 individuals have been reported to have it worldwide. Only nine active donors have been reported. Its properties make it attractive in numerous medical applications, but scarcity makes it expensive to transport and acquire.

3296: 2130:

In the past, partial D was called 'D mosaic' or 'D variant.' Different partial D phenotypes are defined by different D epitopes on the outer surface of the red blood cell membrane. More than 30 different partial D phenotypes have been described.

231:

The Wiener system used the Rh–Hr nomenclature. This system was based on the theory that there was one gene at a single locus on each of the two copies of chromosome 1, each contributing to production of multiple antigens. In this theory, a gene

3624:

Novotná M, Havlícek J, Smith AP, Kolbeková P, Skallová A, Klose J, et al. (September 2008). "Toxoplasma and reaction time: role of toxoplasmosis in the origin, preservation and geographical distribution of Rh blood group polymorphism".

1896:

decreased with duration of the infection while the performance of RhD-negative homozygotes decreased immediately after the infection. The overall change in reaction times was always larger in the RhD-negative group than in the RhD-positive.

284:

gene which encodes the RhCE protein with the C, E, c and e antigens (and variants). There is no d antigen. Lowercase "d" indicates the absence of the D antigen (the gene is usually deleted or otherwise nonfunctional).

2505: 2970:

Touinssi M, Chiaroni J, Degioanni A, De Micco P, Dutour O, Bauduer F (2004). "Distribution of rhesus blood group system in the French basques: a reappraisal using the allele-specific primers PCR method".

3265: 224:. Both systems reflected alternative theories of inheritance. The Fisher–Race system, which is more commonly in use today, uses the CDE nomenclature. This system was based on the theory that a separate 74:

in 2005. As of 2023, there are over 50 antigens among which the five antigens D, C, c, E, and e are the most important. There is no d antigen. Rh(D) status of an individual is normally described with a

374:(30.4%). On the contrary, at a frequency of 47.2% of the population of Basque country having the lack of the D antigen, these people display the highest frequency of the Rh negative phenotype. 4097: 4031: 304:

are readily identified through the presence or absence of the Rh surface antigens. As can be seen in the table below, most of the Rh phenotypes can be produced by several different Rh

240:, rh′, and rh″ (corresponding to modern nomenclature of the D, C, and E antigens) and the gene r to produce hr′ and hr″ (corresponding to modern nomenclature of the c and e antigens). 2298:

when described. In 1940, Landsteiner and Wiener made the connection to their earlier discovery, reporting a serum that also reacted with about 85% of different human red blood cells.

2248:

to the Rh D factor and are thus misleading when unmodified). Contemporary practice is to use "Rh" as a term of art instead of "Rhesus" (e.g., "Rh Group", "Rh factors", "Rh D", etc.).

1735:

This is a Punnett square for Rh factor inheritance. This square specifically shows two heterozygous Rh positive parents and the possible genotypes/phenotypes the offspring could have.

2023:

Natural selection aside, the RHD-RHCE region is structurally predisposed to many mutations seen in humans, since the pair arose by gene duplication and remain similar enough for

2332:

was just one in a system of various antigens. Based on different models of genetic inheritance, two different terminologies were developed; both of them are still in use.

3139: 3704:"Increased incidence of traffic accidents in Toxoplasma-infected military drivers and protective effect RhD molecule revealed by a large-scale prospective cohort study" 2147:

individuals have no Rh antigens (no Rh or RhAG) on their red blood cells. This rare condition has been called "Golden Blood". As a consequence of Rh antigen absence, Rh

2020:

children (RhD-positive children born to preimmunised RhD-negative mothers) were at a higher risk of fetal or newborn death or health impairment from hemolytic disease.

4787: 2187:

terminology) is not an accurate reflection of the antigens encountered since many (e.g. Rh38) have been combined, reassigned to other groups, or otherwise removed.

1347:

or yellow discoloration of the newborn's skin, sclera or mucous membrane. This may be evident right after birth or after 24–48 hours after birth. This is caused by

4105: 2463: 2305:, US, delivered a normal infant in 1931; this pregnancy was followed by a long period of sterility. The second pregnancy (April, 1941) resulted in an infant with 1244:

D display dosage (antibody reacts more strongly with red cells homozygous for an antigen than cells heterozygous for the antigen (EE stronger reaction vs Ee)).

4832: 2795: 296:

3. These are the antigens on the Rh-positive blood cell that make it positive. The antigens allow the positive blood cell to attach to specific antibodies.

1389: 2573:

Harrison GA, Küchemann CF, Moore MA, Boyce AJ, Baju T, Mourant AE, et al. (1969). "The effects of altitudinal variation in Ethiopian populations".

1931:

Should not be here, where we deal with the non-glycosylated variable Rh antigens; there should be an article describing all the Rh proteins (including

228:

controls the product of each corresponding antigen (e.g., a "D gene" produces D antigen, and so on). However, the d gene was hypothetical, not actual.

87:

type (e.g., someone who is A+ has the A antigen and Rh(D) antigen, whereas someone who is A− has the A antigen but lacks the Rh(D) antigen). The terms

2907: 4674: 3670:"Neurophysiological effect of the Rh factor. Protective role of the RhD molecule against Toxoplasma-induced impairment of reaction times in women" 4039: 3481:

Biver S, Scohy S, Szpirer J, Szpirer C, André B, Marini AM (2006). "Physiological role of the putative ammonium transporter RhCG in the mouse".

4431: 3070:

Kim JY, Kim SY, Kim CA, Yon GS, Park SS (March 2005). "Molecular characterization of D- Korean persons: development of a diagnostic strategy".

1307:. This is of particular importance to D negative females at or below childbearing age, because any subsequent pregnancy may be affected by the 2381: 4400: 2631: 1781:

for the next 4 most common Rh antigens, C, c, E and e are expressed on the highly similar RhCE protein that is genetically encoded in the

4669: 1799:

The polypeptides produced from the RHD and RHCE genes form a complex on the red blood cell membrane with the Rh-associated glycoprotein.

4268:

Levine P, Burnham L, Katzin E, Vogel P (December 1941). "The role of iso-immunization in the pathogenesis of erythroblastosis fetalis".

2006:

evidence shows the Rh complex is capable of moving ammonia, its disruption does not cause growth defects under modified ammonia levels.

4679: 4552: 2184: 2610:"A genetic study of nine populations from the region of Tlemcen in Western Algeria: a comparative analysis on the Mediterranean scale" 4695: 3755:"CeRh1 (rhr-1) is a dominant Rhesus gene essential for embryonic development and hypodermal function in Caenorhabditis elegans" 3114: 2509: 1947: 70:, it is the most likely to be involved in transfusion reactions. The Rh blood group system consisted of 49 defined blood group 4664: 3972: 2251:

The significance of their discovery was not immediately apparent and was only realized in 1940, after subsequent findings by

1648: 1308: 4690: 1869:

protein and biochemical analysis of the RhD protein complex indicates that the RhD protein is one of three subunits of an

3372: 3215:"Distribution of ABO and Rh-D blood groups in the Benin area of Niger-Delta: Implication for regional blood transfusion" 4424: 2872: 2270:

In 1939, Phillip Levine and Rufus Stetson published in a first case report the clinical consequences of non-recognized

2255:

and Rufus Stetson. The serum that led to the discovery was produced by immunizing rabbits with red blood cells from a

4392: 2459: 4707: 4230:

Landsteiner K, Wiener AS (1940). "An agglutinable factor in human blood recognized by immune sera for rhesus blood".

4119:

Landsteiner K, Wiener AS (1940). "An Agglutinable Factor in Human Blood Recognized by Immune Sera for Rhesus Blood".

2530:

Ottensooser F, Leon N, Sato M, Saldanha PH (March 1963). "Blood groups of a population of Ashkenazi Jews in Brazil".

2322: 1965: 2351:

in maternal circulation by Holzgrieve et al. led to the noninvasive genotyping of fetal Rh genes in many countries.

2810: 2279: 1257: 104: 1982:) – worms, bacteria, and algae. All these Rh proteins have the same biochemical function of transporting CO 2484: 4962: 1796:

The RHAG gene, which is responsible for encoding Rh-associated glycoprotein (RhAG), is found on chromosome 6a.

4967: 4492: 4417: 1853:

On the basis of structural homology it has been proposed that the product of RHD gene, the RhD protein, is a

4156:"Studies on an agglutinogen (Rh) in human blood reacting with anti-rhesus sera and with human isoantibodies" 4742: 4596: 3695: 4612: 1881:

on psychomotor performance in infected subjects. RhD-negative compared to RhD-positive subjects without

1873:. Three recent studies have reported a protective effect of the RhD-positive phenotype, especially RhD 1854: 350:

populations and the relative genetic isolation of Ashkenazim. However, more recent studies have found R

2027:

to occur. In addition to the case where D is deleted, crossover can also produce a single gene mixing

4822: 4817: 4782: 4762: 4717: 4659: 2252: 1926: 100: 63: 3814:"What is Rhesus factor? Did we get it from Rhesus monkeys? Can Rh factor be found in other animals?" 2903: 2392: 4639: 4629: 4060: 3813: 2888: 2609: 1248:

against their own antigens). Anti-c is a common cause of delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions.

4936: 4887: 4867: 4514: 2386: 2283: 1017:• Figures taken from a study performed in 1948 on a sample of 2000 people in the United Kingdom. 4911: 4857: 4752: 4730: 4477: 2291: 2170: 1370: 1320: 247:

DNA testing has shown that both are partially correct: There are in fact two linked genes, the

67: 2215:

The term "Rh" was originally an abbreviation of "Rhesus factor". It was discovered in 1939 by

2107: 4852: 4757: 4409: 2923:"Distribution of Rhesus blood group antigens and weak D alleles in the population of Albania" 2302: 2024: 1330:

Enlarged liver, spleen, or heart and fluid buildup in the fetus' abdomen seen via ultrasound.

355: 269: 4862: 4777: 4767: 4649: 4591: 4470: 4444: 3883: 3766: 3529: 3516:

Gruswitz F, Chaudhary S, Ho JD, Schlessinger A, Pezeshki B, Ho CM, et al. (May 2010).

3266:"Distribution of ABO and Rhesus (RHD) Blood Groups in Al-Jouf Province of the Saudi Arabia" 3166:"It is worthwhile filling in the remaining blank spots for blood group antigen frequencies" 2582: 2337: 2275: 1986:, differing slightly in their amino acid sequences. The Rh family as a whole is related to 1744: 276:. The main antigens are D, C, E, c and e, which are encoded by two adjacent gene loci, the 3993:

Cartron JP (December 1999). "RH blood group system and molecular basis of Rh-deficiency".

8: 4847: 4837: 4487: 3032: 2853:

Mais, DD. ASCP Quick Compendium of Clinical Pathology, 2nd Ed. Chicago, ASCP Press, 2009.

2413: 2348: 2220: 2110:

has much simplified this detection of the various variants in the Rh blood group system.

1987: 1870: 328: 3887: 3770: 3533: 2586: 4877: 4371: 4328: 4247: 4180: 4155: 4136: 3936: 3901: 3855: 3838: 3789: 3754: 3730: 3703: 3650: 3601: 3592: 3576: 3552: 3517: 3346: 3288: 3241: 3214: 3190: 3165: 3095: 2996: 2947: 2922: 2730: 2705: 2681: 2654: 2555: 2441: 2312:

Based on the serologic similarities, 'Rh factor' was later also used for antigens, and

2151:

red blood cells also lack LW and Fy5 and show weak expression of S, s, and U antigens.

4281: 4216: 2371:. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2005, Chapter. 7. 4931: 4926: 4812: 4509: 4440: 4363: 4359: 4320: 4285: 4185: 4010: 3968: 3919:

Li CC (1953). "Is the Rh facing a crossroad? A critique of the compensation effect".

3794: 3735: 3684: 3642: 3606: 3557: 3498: 3463: 3420: 3338: 3246: 3195: 3087: 3083: 3052: 2988: 2952: 2868: 2796:"Rh Subgroups and Kell Antigens in Patients With Thalassemia and in Donors in Turkey" 2776: 2735: 2686: 2547: 2433: 1921: 1695: 1428: 4375: 4332: 4251: 4140: 4075: 3940: 3350: 3292: 3099: 3000: 2704:

Flores-Bello A, Mas-Ponte D, Rosu ME, Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D (December 2018).

2559: 2445: 34: 4634: 4581: 4547: 4521: 4355: 4312: 4277: 4239: 4212: 4175: 4167: 4128: 4002: 3928: 3905: 3891: 3850: 3784: 3774: 3725: 3715: 3654: 3634: 3596: 3588: 3547: 3537: 3490: 3455: 3410: 3330: 3284: 3280: 3236: 3226: 3185: 3177: 3129: 3079: 3044: 2980: 2942: 2934: 2766: 2725: 2717: 2676: 2666: 2621: 2590: 2539: 2425: 2216: 2159: 1892:

RhD-positive heterozygotes was long term in nature; the protection of RhD-positive

1230: 2341: 1845: 4921: 4735: 4502: 4497: 3494: 3459: 2287: 1978:

Rh-like proteins can be found even in species other than vertebrates (which have

1882: 1865:) and unknown physiological role. The three-dimensional structure of the related 1833: 2575:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences

2317:

different from the ones related to the rhesus monkey. This real factor found in

2282:

in its most severe form. It was recognized that the serum of the reported woman

2154:

Red blood cells lacking Rh/RhAG proteins have structural abnormalities (such as

4957: 4807: 4702: 4617: 4577: 4542: 3759:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3522:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3415: 3398: 3134: 2771: 2754: 2318: 2290:

of about 80% of the people although the then known blood groups, in particular

2256: 2224: 2155: 1979: 1476: 1234: 47: 4243: 4132: 3638: 3115:"Prevalence of weak D phenotype among D negative C/E+ blood donors in Morocco" 2721: 99:

refer to the Rh(D) antigen only. Antibodies to Rh antigens can be involved in

4951: 4792: 4585: 4452: 4289: 3399:"RHCE represents the ancestral RH position, while RHD is the duplicated gene" 3056: 2889:"Blood Type Frequencies by Country including the Rh Factor – Rhesus Negative" 2437: 1878: 1710: 280:

gene which encodes the RhD protein with the D antigen (and variants) and the

211: 51: 24: 4316: 4203:

Levine P, Stetson RE (1939). "An unusual case of intragroup agglutination".

4032:"Rhnull, the Rarest Blood Type on Earth, Has Been Called the "Golden Blood"" 3779: 3542: 3364: 3334: 3231: 2904:"Re: Is the RH negative blood type more prevalent in certain ethnic groups?" 2671: 2543: 1390:

Blood_type_distribution_by_country § ABO_and_Rh_distribution_by_country

1371:

Other animals with Rh-like antigens causing hemolytic disease of the newborn

4841: 4482: 4367: 4324: 4189: 4014: 4006: 3798: 3739: 3720: 3688: 3646: 3610: 3561: 3502: 3467: 3424: 3342: 3250: 3199: 3091: 3033:"Distribution of ABO and Rh (D) Blood groups in India: A systematic review" 2992: 2956: 2780: 2739: 2690: 2594: 2551: 2309:. In May 1941, the third anti-Rh serum (M.S.) of Group O became available. 1874: 1679: 367: 363: 43: 3669: 2608:

Metri AA, Sidi-Yakhlef A, Biémont C, Saidi M, Chaif O, Ouraghi SA (2012).

210:

The Rh blood group system has two sets of nomenclatures: one developed by

4797: 4624: 4460: 4303:

Avent ND, Reid ME (January 2000). "The Rh blood group system: a review".

4171: 3321:

Avent ND, Reid ME (January 2000). "The Rh blood group system: a review".

3181: 2938: 2833:

Roback et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda, AABB Press, 2008.

2506:"RHCE Rh blood group, CcEe antigens [Homo sapiens] – Gene Result" 2416:(1 February 1949). "Genetics and Nomenclature of the Rh–Hr Blood Types". 288: 273: 255: 28: 20: 3113:

Wafi ME, Housse HE, Nourichafi N, Bouisk K, Benajiba M, Habti N (2016).

4725: 4537: 3702:

Flegr J, Klose J, Novotná M, Berenreitterová M, Havlícek J (May 2009).

3048: 2626: 2429: 2259:. The antigen that induced this immunization was designated by them as 1893: 1887: 1740: 1731: 1632: 1598: 1312: 249: 215: 103:

and antibodies to the Rh(D) and Rh antigens confer significant risk of

2984: 4802: 4684: 4573: 3896: 3871: 1994:

worms, disruption of the Rh1 gene causes growth defects under high CO

1755:

gene do not produce the D antigen, and may be immunized by D+ blood.

1751:

on the red blood cell membrane. D− individuals who lack a functional

1628: 1613: 1553: 1377: 1348: 1316: 340: 301: 117: 2867:. Quick Look Series (1st ed.). Teton NewMedia. pp. 32–33. 2485:"RHD Rh blood group, D antigen [Homo sapiens] – Gene Result" 2002:

algae fail to grow rapidly if its Rh gene is knocked down. Although

1758:

The D antigen is a dominant trait. If both of a child's parents are

66:. It contains proteins on the surface of red blood cells. After the 4557: 4465: 3967:(15th ed.). Bethesda MD: American Association of Blood Banks. 3932: 2306: 2295: 1828: 1506: 1344: 1304: 336: 305: 71: 4916: 4882: 3438:

Kustu S, Inwood W (2006). "Biological gas channels for NH3 and CO

2969: 2921:

Xhetani M, Seferi I, Férec C, Zoraqi G, Fichou Y (October 2014).

2223:, who, at the time, believed it to be a similar antigen found in 2192: 1778: 1748: 1664: 1583: 1460: 1444: 253:

gene which produces a single immune specificity (anti-D) and the

3701: 4827: 3753:

Ji Q, Hashmi S, Liu Z, Zhang J, Chen Y, Huang CH (April 2006).

3515: 3122:

International Journal of Blood Transfusion and Immunohematology

1521: 1400: 1396: 1338: 371: 347: 4439: 3995:

Baillière's Best Practice & Research. Clinical Haematology

2703: 2340:), and very importantly the prevention of it by screening and 4906: 4892: 4872: 4396: 3623: 2607: 1785:

gene, also found on chromosome 1. It has been shown that the

1568: 1538: 1491: 1358: 324: 320: 2706:"Sequence diversity of the Rh blood group system in Basques" 2325:(antigen LW, antibody anti-LW) in honor of the discoverers. 4901: 4772: 4747: 4346:

Scott ML (July 2004). "The complexities of the Rh system".

3667: 3264:

Eweidah MH, Rahiman S, Ali MH, Al-Shamary AM (April 2011).

3263: 2572: 2529: 2028: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1866: 1840: 1793:

gene during primate evolution. Mice have just one RH gene.

358:-speaking groups in the Horn of Africa, as well as higher R 343: 225: 3518:"Function of human Rh based on structure of RhCG at 2.1 A" 3112: 4404: 3668:

Flegr J, Novotná M, Lindová J, Havlícek J (August 2008).

1399:. The frequency of Rh factor blood types and the RhD neg 1300: 84: 4267: 3480: 2920: 1351:(one of the end products of red blood cell destruction). 362:

frequencies among certain other Afroasiatic speakers in

3577:"The structure and function of the Rh antigen complex" 2122:

difference in the D antigen) from partial D (due to a

1408:

Population data for the Rh D factor and RhD neg allele

319:

frequencies were likely characteristic of the ancient

3031:

Patidar, Gopal K.; Dhiman, Yashaswi (February 2021).

2655:"The Rh allele frequencies in Gaza city in Palestine" 2267:

blood had been used for the production of the serum.

2244:– all three of which actually refer specifically and 2460:"dbRBC – Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database" 1341:

that creates the newborn's pallor (pale appearance).

16:

Human blood group system involving 49 blood antigens

1251: 19:"Rh-" redirects here. For the Siddharta album, see 2203:genes. V in particular is caused by a mutation on 2118:It is important to differentiate weak D (due to a 236:is supposed to give rise to the "blood factors" Rh 4229: 4153: 4118: 3212: 4949: 4675:Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease 4026: 4024: 3869: 3752: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2793: 1311:if the baby is D positive. The vast majority of 1288:refers to the making of immature red blood cells 1282:" (solution) or breaking down of red blood cells 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 2652: 2158:) and cell membrane defects that can result in 1021:Rh phenotypes in patients and donors in Turkey 4399:Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at 4263: 4261: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 1774:depending on the parents' specific genotypes. 1354:Enlargement of the newborn's liver and spleen. 4425: 4270:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 4202: 4021: 3030: 2836: 2014: 1943:, RHD, RHCE]], and that's where it should go. 1319:care by injections of IgG anti-D antibodies ( 1303:anti-D antibodies which can pass through the 268:The proteins which carry the Rh antigens are 3947: 3396: 3069: 4670:Transfusion associated circulatory overload 4258: 4154:Landsteiner K, Wiener AS (September 1941). 3442:: evidence that Rh (Rhesus) proteins are CO 3437: 3007: 2752: 2039:, forming the majority of partial D types. 4680:Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction 4553:International Society of Blood Transfusion 4432: 4418: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3392: 3390: 3213:Enosolease ME, Bazuaye GN (January 2008). 3170:Blood Transfusion = Trasfusione del Sangue 2927:Blood Transfusion = Trasfusione del Sangue 2755:"The Rh chromosome frequencies in England" 2177: 4302: 4179: 3895: 3854: 3788: 3778: 3729: 3719: 3617: 3600: 3551: 3541: 3414: 3320: 3240: 3230: 3189: 3163: 3133: 2946: 2770: 2729: 2680: 2670: 2625: 2532:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1966:Learn how and when to remove this message 272:, whose structure suggests that they are 3839:"Selection against heterozygosis in Man" 3574: 2294:were matched. No name was given to this 1900: 1877:, against the negative effect of latent 1739:The D antigen is inherited as one gene ( 1730: 327:prior to their dispersal throughout the 287: 33: 3992: 3981: 3962: 3836: 3661: 3387: 2910:from the original on February 24, 2011. 378:Rh phenotypes and genotypes (UK, 1948) 354:frequencies as low as 24.3% among some 4950: 3870:Fisher RA, Race RR, Taylor GL (1944). 3371:. Australian Red Cross Blood Service. 2895: 2862: 2412: 2195:created by some other mutation on the 294:2. This is the Rh-negative blood cell. 292:1. This is the Rh-positive blood cell. 4665:Transfusion related acute lung injury 4413: 4345: 3357: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1403:gene differs in various populations. 1309:Rh D hemolytic disease of the newborn 4160:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 3375:from the original on 1 November 2013 3369:Inheritance patterns of blood groups 3302:from the original on January 2, 2013 3219:Asian Journal of Transfusion Science 3145:from the original on August 28, 2016 2901: 2659:Asian Journal of Transfusion Science 2369:Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens . 1904: 3811: 3397:Wagner FF, Flegel WA (March 2002). 2803:Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2794:Canatan D, Acar N, Kiliç B (1999). 2634:from the original on 29 August 2017 2134: 2009: 1335:Symptoms and signs in the newborn: 13: 4073: 3918: 3872:"Mutation and the Rhesus reaction" 3856:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1941.tb02297.x 3593:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2006.09.010 3483:Transfusion Clinique et Biologique 3448:Transfusion Clinique et Biologique 2710:European Journal of Human Genetics 1383: 27:. For the production company, see 14: 4979: 4708:Transfusion transmitted infection 4386: 4217:10.1001/jama.1939.72800270002007a 2753:Race RR, Mourant AE (June 1948). 2323:Landsteiner-Weiner antigen system 1789:gene arose by duplication of the 1327:Symptoms and signs in the fetus: 331:and Europe on the basis of high R 4360:10.1111/j.1741-6892.2004.00431.x 4104:. 2 October 2019. Archived from 3084:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2005.04311.x 2653:El-Wahhab Skaik YA (July 2011). 2280:hemolytic disease of the newborn 1909: 1810:Blood group Rh C/E/D polypeptide 1258:Hemolytic disease of the newborn 1252:Hemolytic disease of the newborn 1224: 105:hemolytic disease of the newborn 4339: 4296: 4223: 4196: 4147: 4112: 4090: 4076:"The man with the golden blood" 4067: 4053: 3912: 3863: 3830: 3805: 3746: 3568: 3509: 3474: 3431: 3314: 3257: 3206: 3157: 3106: 3063: 2963: 2914: 2881: 2856: 2827: 2787: 2746: 2697: 2646: 2512:from the original on 2010-03-20 2466:from the original on 2011-02-13 2301:In 1941, Group O: a patient in 2183:(CEVF or RH61 according to the 110: 101:hemolytic transfusion reactions 3285:10.1080/09720073.2011.11891182 2601: 2566: 2523: 2498: 2477: 2452: 2406: 2374: 2361: 2046: 1364:Dyspnea (difficulty breathing) 1: 4282:10.1016/S0002-9378(41)90260-0 2354: 1766:. Otherwise the child may be 1762:the child will definitely be 323:Jews, who had emigrated from 42:(Rh) goes back to the use of 4597:Intraoperative blood salvage 3812:Cho, Shein Ei (2018-11-20). 3575:Westhoff CM (January 2007). 3495:10.1016/j.tracli.2006.03.003 3460:10.1016/j.tracli.2006.03.001 3164:Weinstock C (January 2014). 2113: 1857:of uncertain specificity (CO 1357:The newborn may have severe 383:Phenotype expressed on cell 46:extracted from the blood of 7: 4613:Blood compatibility testing 3677:Neuro Endocrinology Letters 2328:It was recognized that the 2169:blood was discovered in an 1929:. The specific problem is: 1802: 1743:) (on the short arm of the 1726: 263: 10: 4984: 3416:10.1182/blood-2001-12-0153 3365:"ABO inheritance patterns" 3135:10.5348/ijbti-2016-22-OA-2 2772:10.1182/blood.V3.6.689.689 2210: 2108:genotyping of blood groups 2015:Origin of RHD polymorphism 1855:membrane transport protein 1387: 1255: 386:Genotype expressed in DNA 18: 4716: 4660:Transfusion hemosiderosis 4648: 4605: 4566: 4530: 4451: 4244:10.3181/00379727-43-11151 4133:10.3181/00379727-43-11151 3639:10.1017/S003118200800485X 2863:Cotter S (June 1, 2001). 2722:10.1038/s41431-018-0232-1 2230:rhesus blood group system 2042: 2000:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 1839: 1827: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1315:is preventable in modern 862: 826: 790: 739: 703: 652: 613: 559: 505: 403: 388: 385: 382: 4640:Monocyte monolayer assay 2462:. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 1265:erythroblastosis fetalis 64:human blood group system 50:for obtaining the first 4515:Granulocyte transfusion 4317:10.1182/blood.V95.2.375 3780:10.1073/pnas.0600901103 3708:BMC Infectious Diseases 3543:10.1073/pnas.1003587107 3335:10.1182/blood.V95.2.375 3232:10.4103/0973-6247.39502 2809:: 155–7. Archived from 2672:10.4103/0973-6247.83241 2614:Anthropological Science 2544:10.1002/ajpa.1330210106 2418:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2387:Canadian Blood Services 2232:and the obsolete terms 2178:Other Rh group antigens 2069:Structural alternation 1274:comes from two words: " 366:(37.3%) and among some 4121:Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 4102:Professional Education 4007:10.1053/beha.1999.0047 3721:10.1186/1471-2334-9-72 3581:Seminars in Hematology 2595:10.1098/rstb.1969.0040 2321:was classified in the 1736: 1321:Rho(D) Immune Globulin 297: 270:transmembrane proteins 68:ABO blood group system 55: 4963:Blood antigen systems 4650:Transfusion reactions 4232:Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 2902:Mack S (2001-03-21). 2303:Irvington, New Jersey 2171:Aboriginal Australian 2025:unequal crossing over 1901:Non-human Rh proteins 1734: 1002:D− C− E− c+ e+ (RhD−) 988:D− C− E+ c+ e− (RhD−) 974:D− C− E+ c+ e+ (RhD−) 960:D− C+ E− c− e+ (RhD−) 946:D− C+ E− c+ e+ (RhD−) 925:D− C+ E+ c− e− (RhD−) 908:D− C+ E+ c− e+ (RhD−) 891:D− C+ E+ c+ e− (RhD−) 863:D− C+ E+ c+ e+ (RhD−) 827:D+ C− E− c+ e+ (RhD+) 791:D+ C− E+ c+ e− (RhD+) 740:D+ C− E+ c+ e+ (RhD+) 704:D+ C+ E− c− e+ (RhD+) 653:D+ C+ E− c+ e+ (RhD+) 614:D+ C+ E+ c− e− (RhD+) 560:D+ C+ E+ c− e+ (RhD+) 506:D+ C+ E+ c+ e− (RhD+) 404:D+ C+ E+ c+ e+ (RhD+) 291: 83:(−) suffix after the 60:Rh blood group system 37: 4968:Transfusion medicine 4630:Kleihauer–Betke test 4592:Exchange transfusion 4471:Platelet transfusion 4445:transfusion medicine 4172:10.1084/jem.74.4.309 3818:The Tech Interactive 3182:10.2450/2013.0192-13 2939:10.2450/2014.0240-13 2338:exchange transfusion 2276:transfusion reaction 2092:D positive (usually) 1988:ammonia transporters 1948:improve this section 1925:to meet Knowledge's 1696:Subequatorial Africa 1294:refers to the fetus. 396:Fisher–Race notation 23:. For the band, see 4718:Blood group systems 4653:and adverse effects 4488:Fresh frozen plasma 4354:(Suppl. 1): 58–62. 4108:on 7 November 2020. 4098:"Rh System: Anti-V" 3963:Brecher ME (2005). 3888:1944Natur.153..106F 3837:Haldane JB (1942). 3771:2006PNAS..103.5881J 3534:2010PNAS..107.9638G 3037:ISBT Science Series 2587:1969RSPTB.256..147H 2389:at learnserology.ca 2349:cell-free fetal DNA 2221:Alexander S. Wiener 2049: 1871:ammonia transporter 1410: 1361:of the entire body. 1022: 379: 346:compared to native 329:Mediterranean Basin 121: 4042:on 5 December 2019 3843:Annals of Eugenics 3273:The Anthropologist 3049:10.1111/voxs.12576 2906:. MadSci Network. 2627:10.1537/ase.120618 2430:10.1007/BF02062626 2047: 1737: 1423:Rh(D) Neg alleles 1406: 1240:All Rh antibodies 1229:Rh antibodies are 1020: 377: 335:percentages among 298: 115: 56: 4945: 4944: 4522:Blood substitutes 4510:White blood cells 4441:Blood transfusion 3974:978-1-56395-196-1 3765:(15): 5881–5886. 2985:10.1159/000083027 2716:(12): 1859–1866. 2347:The discovery of 2263:to indicate that 2099: 2098: 2087:Can receive blood 1976: 1975: 1968: 1927:quality standards 1918:This section may 1851: 1850: 1724: 1723: 1429:African Americans 1222: 1221: 1015: 1014: 208: 207: 4975: 4635:Antibody elution 4582:plateletpheresis 4548:Blood management 4531:General concepts 4434: 4427: 4420: 4411: 4410: 4380: 4379: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4265: 4256: 4255: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4183: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4078:. Mosaic Science 4071: 4065: 4064: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4038:. Archived from 4028: 4019: 4018: 3990: 3979: 3978: 3965:Technical Manual 3960: 3945: 3944: 3927:(835): 257–261. 3916: 3910: 3909: 3899: 3897:10.1038/153106b0 3867: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3792: 3782: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3733: 3723: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3674: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3604: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3555: 3545: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3418: 3394: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3301: 3270: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3244: 3234: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3193: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3144: 3137: 3119: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3028: 3005: 3004: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2950: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2860: 2854: 2851: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2821: 2815: 2800: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2774: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2733: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2684: 2674: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2629: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2581:(805): 147–182. 2570: 2564: 2563: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2517: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2492: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2471: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2400: 2391:. Archived from 2378: 2372: 2365: 2217:Karl Landsteiner 2160:hemolytic anemia 2066:Decreased amount 2050: 2010:RHD polymorphism 1971: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1951: 1913: 1912: 1905: 1807: 1806: 1745:first chromosome 1649:Native Americans 1411: 1405: 1286:Erythroblastosis 1231:Immunoglobulin G 1023: 1019: 399:Wiener notation 380: 376: 223: 222: 122: 114: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4972: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4736:Secretor status 4712: 4652: 4644: 4601: 4562: 4526: 4503:Cryosupernatant 4498:Cryoprecipitate 4478:Red blood cells 4447: 4438: 4389: 4384: 4383: 4344: 4340: 4301: 4297: 4266: 4259: 4228: 4224: 4201: 4197: 4152: 4148: 4117: 4113: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4072: 4068: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4045: 4043: 4030: 4029: 4022: 3991: 3982: 3975: 3961: 3948: 3917: 3913: 3868: 3864: 3835: 3831: 3822: 3820: 3810: 3806: 3751: 3747: 3700: 3696: 3672: 3666: 3662: 3633:(11): 1253–61. 3622: 3618: 3573: 3569: 3528:(21): 9638–43. 3514: 3510: 3479: 3475: 3454:(1–2): 103–10. 3445: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3395: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3268: 3262: 3258: 3211: 3207: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3117: 3111: 3107: 3068: 3064: 3029: 3008: 2968: 2964: 2919: 2915: 2900: 2896: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2798: 2792: 2788: 2751: 2747: 2702: 2698: 2651: 2647: 2637: 2635: 2606: 2602: 2571: 2567: 2528: 2524: 2515: 2513: 2508:. nlm.nih.gov. 2504: 2503: 2499: 2490: 2488: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2469: 2467: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2411: 2407: 2398: 2396: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2288:red blood cells 2242:rhesus negative 2238:rhesus positive 2213: 2180: 2168: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2138: 2116: 2088: 2075: 2045: 2017: 2012: 1997: 1985: 1980:red blood cells 1972: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1945: 1914: 1910: 1903: 1885:titres of anti- 1864: 1860: 1805: 1729: 1392: 1386: 1384:Population data 1373: 1278:" (blood) and " 1260: 1254: 1227: 1195: 1191: 1160: 1156: 1139: 1135: 1117: 1086: 1082: 1065: 1061: 1043: 938: 934: 917: 900: 872: 854: 840: 836: 818: 804: 800: 782: 767: 753: 749: 731: 717: 713: 696: 692: 677: 662: 645: 641: 627: 623: 606: 602: 587: 573: 569: 551: 537: 533: 519: 515: 497: 482: 467: 453: 449: 435: 431: 417: 413: 390: 361: 353: 334: 318: 314: 295: 293: 266: 239: 235: 220: 219: 218:, the other by 172: 161: 150: 139: 113: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4981: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4728: 4722: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4703:Serum sickness 4700: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4656: 4654: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4621: 4620: 4618:Cross-matching 4609: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4578:plasmapheresis 4570: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4543:Blood donation 4540: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4480: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4463: 4457: 4455: 4453:Blood products 4449: 4448: 4437: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4388: 4387:External links 4385: 4382: 4381: 4338: 4295: 4276:(6): 925–937. 4257: 4222: 4195: 4146: 4111: 4089: 4066: 4052: 4020: 3980: 3973: 3946: 3933:10.1086/281782 3911: 3862: 3829: 3804: 3745: 3694: 3660: 3616: 3567: 3508: 3489:(1–2): 167–8. 3473: 3443: 3439: 3430: 3386: 3356: 3329:(2): 375–387. 3313: 3256: 3205: 3156: 3105: 3062: 3006: 2973:Human Heredity 2962: 2913: 2894: 2880: 2874:978-1893441361 2873: 2855: 2835: 2826: 2786: 2745: 2696: 2645: 2620:(3): 209–216. 2600: 2565: 2522: 2497: 2476: 2451: 2405: 2373: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2319:rhesus macaque 2307:icterus gravis 2257:rhesus macaque 2225:rhesus macaque 2212: 2209: 2179: 2176: 2166: 2156:stomatocytosis 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2115: 2112: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2044: 2041: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 1995: 1983: 1974: 1973: 1917: 1915: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1875:heterozygosity 1862: 1858: 1849: 1848: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1804: 1801: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1625: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1592: 1591:> 99% 1589: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1576:> 99% 1574: 1571: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1561:> 99% 1559: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1518: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1500: 1499:> 99% 1497: 1494: 1488: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1385: 1382: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1355: 1352: 1342: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1296: 1295: 1289: 1283: 1256:Main article: 1253: 1250: 1235:exsanguinating 1226: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 999: 998: 995: 992: 989: 985: 984: 981: 978: 975: 971: 970: 967: 964: 961: 957: 956: 953: 950: 947: 943: 942: 939: 936: 932: 929: 926: 922: 921: 918: 915: 912: 909: 905: 904: 901: 898: 895: 892: 888: 887: 884: 881: 877: 876: 873: 870: 867: 864: 860: 859: 856: 852: 849: 845: 844: 841: 838: 834: 831: 828: 824: 823: 820: 816: 813: 809: 808: 805: 802: 798: 795: 792: 788: 787: 784: 780: 777: 773: 772: 769: 765: 762: 758: 757: 754: 751: 747: 744: 741: 737: 736: 733: 729: 726: 722: 721: 718: 715: 711: 708: 705: 701: 700: 697: 694: 690: 687: 683: 682: 679: 675: 672: 668: 667: 664: 660: 657: 654: 650: 649: 646: 643: 639: 636: 632: 631: 628: 625: 621: 618: 615: 611: 610: 607: 604: 600: 597: 593: 592: 589: 585: 582: 578: 577: 574: 571: 567: 564: 561: 557: 556: 553: 549: 546: 542: 541: 538: 535: 531: 528: 524: 523: 520: 517: 513: 510: 507: 503: 502: 499: 495: 492: 488: 487: 484: 480: 477: 473: 472: 469: 465: 462: 458: 457: 454: 451: 447: 444: 440: 439: 436: 433: 429: 426: 422: 421: 418: 415: 411: 408: 405: 401: 400: 397: 393: 392: 387: 384: 359: 351: 332: 316: 312: 265: 262: 237: 233: 206: 205: 202: 198: 197: 194: 190: 189: 186: 182: 181: 178: 174: 173: 170: 167: 163: 162: 159: 156: 152: 151: 148: 145: 141: 140: 137: 134: 130: 129: 126: 112: 109: 48:rhesus monkeys 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4980: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4753:Chido-Rodgers 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4586:leukapheresis 4583: 4579: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4430: 4428: 4423: 4421: 4416: 4415: 4412: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4348:Vox Sanguinis 4342: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4311:(2): 375–87. 4310: 4306: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4262: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4166:(4): 309–20. 4165: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4077: 4070: 4062: 4056: 4041: 4037: 4036:Curiosity.com 4033: 4027: 4025: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4001:(4): 655–89. 4000: 3996: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3882:(3873): 106. 3881: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3683:(4): 475–81. 3682: 3678: 3671: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3409:(6): 2272–3. 3408: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3391: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3279:(2): 99–102. 3278: 3274: 3267: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3078:(3): 345–52. 3077: 3073: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2890: 2884: 2876: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2830: 2816:on 2008-12-17 2812: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2765:(6): 689–95. 2764: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2526: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2487:. nlm.nih.gov 2486: 2480: 2465: 2461: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2395:on 2020-10-25 2394: 2390: 2388: 2383: 2377: 2370: 2367:Dean, Laura. 2364: 2360: 2352: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2253:Philip Levine 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2234:rhesus factor 2231: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2188: 2186: 2175: 2172: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2109: 2103: 2094: 2091: 2089:as if being: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2076:as if being: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2051: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1989: 1981: 1970: 1967: 1959: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1916: 1907: 1906: 1898: 1895: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1879:toxoplasmosis 1876: 1872: 1868: 1856: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1733: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1711:United States 1709: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1588:< 1% 1587: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1573:< 1% 1572: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1558:< 1% 1557: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1496:< 1% 1495: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1391: 1381: 1379: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1334: 1329: 1328: 1326: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1266: 1259: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1225:Rh antibodies 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1113: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1018: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 1000: 996: 993: 990: 987: 986: 982: 979: 976: 973: 972: 968: 965: 962: 959: 958: 954: 951: 948: 945: 944: 940: 930: 927: 924: 923: 919: 913: 910: 907: 906: 902: 896: 893: 890: 889: 885: 882: 879: 878: 874: 868: 865: 861: 857: 850: 847: 846: 842: 832: 829: 825: 821: 814: 811: 810: 806: 796: 793: 789: 785: 778: 775: 774: 770: 763: 760: 759: 755: 745: 742: 738: 734: 727: 724: 723: 719: 709: 706: 702: 698: 688: 685: 684: 680: 673: 670: 669: 665: 658: 655: 651: 647: 637: 634: 633: 629: 619: 616: 612: 608: 598: 595: 594: 590: 583: 580: 579: 575: 565: 562: 558: 554: 547: 544: 543: 539: 529: 526: 525: 521: 511: 508: 504: 500: 493: 490: 489: 485: 478: 475: 474: 470: 463: 460: 459: 455: 445: 442: 441: 437: 427: 424: 423: 419: 409: 406: 402: 398: 395: 394: 381: 375: 373: 369: 365: 357: 349: 345: 342: 338: 330: 326: 322: 309: 307: 303: 290: 286: 283: 279: 275: 271: 261: 258: 257: 252: 251: 245: 241: 229: 227: 217: 213: 212:Ronald Fisher 203: 200: 199: 195: 192: 191: 187: 184: 183: 179: 176: 175: 168: 165: 164: 157: 154: 153: 146: 143: 142: 135: 132: 131: 127: 124: 123: 119: 108: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 73: 69: 65: 61: 53: 49: 45: 41: 40:rhesus factor 36: 30: 26: 25:The RH Factor 22: 4897: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4273: 4269: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4211:(2): 126–7. 4208: 4204: 4198: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4106:the original 4101: 4092: 4080:. Retrieved 4069: 4055: 4044:. Retrieved 4040:the original 4035: 3998: 3994: 3964: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3879: 3875: 3865: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3821:. Retrieved 3817: 3807: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3711: 3707: 3697: 3680: 3676: 3663: 3630: 3627:Parasitology 3626: 3619: 3587:(1): 42–50. 3584: 3580: 3570: 3525: 3521: 3511: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3451: 3447: 3433: 3406: 3402: 3377:. Retrieved 3368: 3359: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3304:. Retrieved 3276: 3272: 3259: 3222: 3218: 3208: 3173: 3169: 3159: 3147:. Retrieved 3125: 3121: 3108: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3043:(1): 37–48. 3040: 3036: 2979:(2): 69–72. 2976: 2972: 2965: 2933:(4): 565–9. 2930: 2926: 2916: 2897: 2883: 2864: 2858: 2829: 2818:. Retrieved 2811:the original 2806: 2802: 2789: 2762: 2758: 2748: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2665:(2): 150–2. 2662: 2658: 2648: 2636:. Retrieved 2617: 2613: 2603: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2535: 2531: 2525: 2514:. Retrieved 2500: 2489:. Retrieved 2479: 2468:. Retrieved 2454: 2424:(1): 17–28. 2421: 2417: 2408: 2397:. Retrieved 2393:the original 2385: 2376: 2368: 2363: 2346: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2313: 2311: 2300: 2284:agglutinated 2274:, hemolytic 2271: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2214: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2181: 2165:The first Rh 2164: 2153: 2142: 2129: 2123: 2120:quantitative 2119: 2117: 2104: 2100: 2063:Change in D 2036: 2032: 2022: 2018: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1977: 1962: 1956:January 2024 1953: 1946:Please help 1930: 1919: 1886: 1852: 1798: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1776: 1772:Rh negative, 1771: 1767: 1763: 1760:Rh negative, 1759: 1757: 1752: 1738: 1680:Saudi Arabia 1455:weak D 1.4% 1407: 1393: 1374: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1264: 1261: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1228: 1032:Patients (%) 1026:Rh Phenotype 1016: 941:< 0.0001 648:< 0.0001 368:Palestinians 364:North Africa 310: 299: 281: 277: 274:ion channels 267: 254: 248: 246: 242: 230: 209: 111:Nomenclature 96: 92: 88: 80: 76: 59: 57: 44:erythrocytes 39: 4726:Blood types 4625:Coombs test 4461:Whole blood 3849:: 333–340. 3446:channels". 3306:February 3, 3149:February 3, 3072:Transfusion 2538:(1): 41–8. 2382:"Rh System" 2342:prophylaxis 2124:qualitative 2095:D negative 2082:D positive 2048:Comparison 1950:if you can. 1894:homozygotes 1815:Identifiers 1768:Rh positive 1764:Rh negative 1414:Population 1035:Donors (%) 356:Afroasiatic 125:Fisher–Race 97:Rh negative 93:Rh positive 52:blood serum 29:Regina Hall 21:Rh- (album) 4952:Categories 4538:Blood bank 4127:(1): 223. 4082:16 January 4074:Bailey P. 4046:2019-06-05 3823:2022-10-24 3379:30 October 3225:(1): 3–5. 3176:(1): 3–6. 3128:(1): 3–7. 2865:Hematology 2820:2008-10-17 2516:2010-06-15 2491:2010-06-15 2470:2010-06-15 2399:2021-01-19 2355:References 2296:agglutinin 2079:D positive 2074:Can donate 2058:Partial D 2031:from both 1992:C. elegans 1990:(Amt). In 1888:Toxoplasma 1883:anamnestic 1633:High Atlas 1599:Madagascar 1507:Ethiopians 1420:Rh(D) Pos 1417:Rh(D) Neg 1395:growth in 1388:See also: 1313:Rh disease 389:Prevalence 302:phenotypes 216:R. R. Race 4743:Augustine 4687:reaction 4685:Hemolytic 4574:Apheresis 4466:Platelets 4290:0002-9378 4238:: 223–4. 4061:"J-STAGE" 3057:1751-2816 2638:28 August 2438:0003-6072 2414:Weiner AS 2330:Rh factor 2272:Rh factor 2261:Rh factor 2139:phenotype 2114:Partial D 1834:IPR002229 1629:Moroccans 1614:Moroccans 1554:Indonesia 1524:(others) 1522:Europeans 1378:colostrum 1349:bilirubin 1317:antenatal 1272:Hemolytic 341:Ashkenazi 306:genotypes 120:notation 118:haplotype 89:Rh factor 38:The name 4868:Lutheran 4773:Dombrock 4558:ISBT 128 4376:42103877 4368:15200606 4333:13803474 4325:10627438 4252:58298368 4190:19871137 4141:58298368 4015:10895258 3941:84715943 3799:16595629 3740:19470165 3689:18766148 3647:18752708 3611:17198846 3562:20457942 3503:16564721 3468:16563833 3425:11902138 3373:Archived 3351:13803474 3343:10627438 3297:Archived 3293:75537061 3251:20041069 3200:24120599 3140:Archived 3100:42899178 3092:15752151 3001:44542508 2993:15711086 2957:24960662 2908:Archived 2781:18860341 2740:30089826 2691:21897594 2632:Archived 2560:21795826 2552:13940710 2510:Archived 2464:Archived 2446:35680084 2004:in vitro 1998:levels. 1920:require 1829:InterPro 1803:Function 1779:epitopes 1727:Genetics 1703:99%–97% 1465:21%–36% 1345:Jaundice 1305:placenta 1011:15.1020 786:10.9657 720:17.6803 681:32.6808 456:11.8648 348:European 337:Sephardi 264:Antigens 81:negative 77:positive 72:antigens 4907:Scianna 4793:Gerbich 4696:delayed 4567:Methods 4181:2135190 3906:2104065 3884:Bibcode 3790:1458667 3767:Bibcode 3731:2692860 3655:5956901 3602:1831834 3553:2906887 3530:Bibcode 3242:2798756 3191:3926725 2948:4212038 2731:6244411 2682:3159245 2583:Bibcode 2314:anti-Rh 2211:History 2193:epitope 1922:cleanup 1749:protein 1665:Nigeria 1584:Koreans 1546:94.13% 1477:Britain 1461:Basques 1449:10.86% 1445:Albania 1292:Fetalis 1005:dce/dce 997:0.0141 991:dcE/dcE 983:0.9235 977:dce/dcE 969:0.0097 963:dCe/dCe 955:0.7644 949:dce/dCe 928:dCE/dCE 920:0.0001 911:dCe/dCE 903:0.0001 894:dcE/dCE 886:0.0234 880:dCe/dcE 875:0.0039 866:dce/dCE 858:1.9950 848:Dce/dce 843:0.0659 830:Dce/Dce 822:0.3353 812:DcE/dcE 807:1.9906 794:DcE/DcE 776:DcE/dce 771:0.0610 761:Dce/dcE 756:0.7243 743:DcE/Dce 735:0.8270 725:DCe/dCe 707:DCe/DCe 699:2.1586 686:DCe/Dce 671:DCe/dce 666:0.0505 656:Dce/dCe 635:DCE/dCE 630:0.0006 617:DCE/DCE 609:0.2048 596:DCe/DCE 591:0.0048 581:DCE/dCe 576:0.0042 563:DCe/dCE 555:0.0058 545:DCE/dcE 540:0.0014 527:DcE/dCE 522:0.0687 509:DcE/DCE 501:0.1893 491:DCE/dce 486:0.2775 476:DcE/dCe 471:0.9992 461:DCe/dcE 443:DCe/DcE 438:0.0003 425:Dce/dCE 420:0.0125 407:Dce/DCE 370:in the 128:Wiener 79:(+) or 4818:Indian 4763:Cromer 4758:Colton 4483:Plasma 4374: 4366: 4331: 4323: 4288: 4250: 4188: 4178: 4139: 4013: 3971: 3939: 3921:Am Nat 3904: 3876:Nature 3797: 3787: 3738: 3728: 3714:: 72. 3687: 3653: 3645: 3609: 3599: 3560: 3550: 3501: 3466: 3423: 3349: 3341: 3291: 3249: 3239: 3198: 3188: 3098: 3090: 3055: 2999: 2991: 2955: 2945: 2871: 2779: 2738: 2728: 2689: 2679: 2558: 2550: 2444: 2436: 2278:, and 2265:rhesus 2240:, and 2055:Weak D 2043:Weak D 1846:1.A.11 1820:Symbol 1700:1%–3% 1690:29.5% 1687:91.2% 1659:~ 10% 1638:~ 29% 1621:90.5% 1543:5.87% 1514:80.6% 1511:19.4% 1471:~ 60% 1439:~ 26% 1401:allele 1397:Europe 1339:Anemia 1242:except 372:Levant 321:Judean 221:Wiener 95:, and 4958:Blood 4937:Other 4863:Lewis 4853:Knops 4833:KANNO 4778:Duffy 4768:Diego 4691:acute 4606:Tests 4397:BGMUT 4372:S2CID 4329:S2CID 4305:Blood 4248:S2CID 4137:S2CID 3937:S2CID 3902:S2CID 3673:(PDF) 3651:S2CID 3403:Blood 3347:S2CID 3323:Blood 3300:(PDF) 3289:S2CID 3269:(PDF) 3143:(PDF) 3118:(PDF) 3096:S2CID 2997:S2CID 2814:(PDF) 2799:(PDF) 2759:Blood 2556:S2CID 2442:S2CID 2286:with 2029:exons 1861:or NH 1684:8.8% 1653:~ 1% 1618:9.5% 1569:Japan 1539:India 1492:China 1433:~ 7% 1359:edema 1280:lysis 1204:0.03 1183:0.98 1127:10.4 1109:11.6 1095:21.8 1074:30.5 1068:CcDEe 1053:33.0 994:r″r″ 966:r′r′ 883:r′r″ 325:Egypt 62:is a 4917:T-Tn 4902:RHAG 4900:and 4893:Raph 4888:P1PK 4848:Kidd 4838:Kell 4803:GLOB 4788:FORS 4748:CD59 4493:PF24 4443:and 4401:NCBI 4364:PMID 4321:PMID 4286:ISSN 4205:JAMA 4186:PMID 4084:2019 4011:PMID 3969:ISBN 3795:PMID 3736:PMID 3685:PMID 3643:PMID 3607:PMID 3558:PMID 3499:PMID 3464:PMID 3421:PMID 3381:2013 3339:PMID 3308:2018 3247:PMID 3196:PMID 3151:2018 3088:PMID 3053:ISSN 2989:PMID 2953:PMID 2869:ISBN 2777:PMID 2736:PMID 2687:PMID 2640:2017 2548:PMID 2434:ISSN 2246:only 2219:and 2205:RHCE 2201:RHCE 2199:and 2185:ISBT 2167:null 2149:null 2145:null 2137:null 2037:RHCE 2035:and 1941:RHCG 1937:RHBG 1933:RHAG 1867:RHCG 1841:TCDB 1791:RHCE 1783:RHCE 1777:The 1718:85% 1715:15% 1672:94% 1656:99% 1641:71% 1606:99% 1533:40% 1530:84% 1527:16% 1484:83% 1481:17% 1468:65% 1452:89% 1436:93% 1276:hema 1169:2.4 1148:2.7 1121:cDEe 1106:10.3 1071:35.7 1050:37.4 1047:CcDe 980:rr″ 952:rr′ 391:(%) 344:Jews 339:and 282:RHCE 256:RHCE 226:gene 214:and 58:The 4922:Vel 4912:Sid 4878:MNS 4858:Lan 4828:JMH 4798:GIL 4731:ABO 4405:NIH 4395:at 4356:doi 4313:doi 4278:doi 4240:doi 4213:doi 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