218:
495:
cross the placenta. For unknown reasons, the incidence of maternal antibodies against type A and B antigens of the IgG type that could potentially cause hemolytic disease of the newborn is greater than the observed incidence of "ABO disease." About 15% of pregnancies involve a type O mother and a type A or type B child; only 3% of these pregnancies result in hemolytic disease due to A/B/O incompatibility. In contrast to antibodies to A and B antigens, production of Rhesus antibodies upon exposure to environmental antigens seems to vary significantly across individuals. In cases where there is ABO incompatibility and Rh incompatibility, the risk of alloimmunization is decreased because fetal red blood cells are removed from maternal circulation due to anti-ABO antibodies before they can trigger an anti-Rh response.
820:"Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions may be either immune-mediated or nonimmune-mediated. Immune-mediated hemolytic transfusion reactions caused by immunoglobulin M (IgM) anti-A, anti-B, or anti-A, B typically result in severe, potentially fatal complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis. Immune-mediated hemolytic reactions caused by IgG, Rh, Kell, Duffy, or other non-ABO antibodies typically result in extravascular sequestration, shortened survival of transfused red cells, and relatively mild clinical reactions. Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions due to immune hemolysis may occur in patients who have no antibodies detectable by routine laboratory procedures."
730:(RhIG, or RhoGam) at 28 weeks during pregnancy, at 34 weeks, and within 48 hours after delivery to prevent sensitization to the D antigen. It works by binding any fetal red blood cells with the D antigen before the mother is able to produce an immune response and form anti-D IgG. A drawback to pre-partum administration of RhIG is that it causes a positive antibody screen when the mother is tested, which can be difficult to distinguish from natural immunological responses that result in antibody production. Without Rho(D) immunoglobulin, the risk of isoimmunization is approximately 17%; with proper administration, the risk is reduced to less than 0.1–0.2%.
70:
47:
803:
intravenousγ-globulin (0.5–1 g/kg over 2 hours) is recommended if the TSB (total serum bilirubin) is rising despite intensive phototherapy or the TSB level is within 2 to 3 mg/dL (34–51 μmol/L) of the exchange level. If necessary, this dose can be repeated in 12 hours (evidence quality B: benefits exceed harms). Intravenous γ-globulin has been shown to reduce the need for exchange transfusions in Rh and ABO hemolytic disease."
461:). This is a major cause of HDN, because 75% of pregnancies result in some contact between fetal and maternal blood, and 15–50% of pregnancies have hemorrhages with the potential for immune sensitization. The amount of fetal blood needed to cause maternal sensitization depends on the individual's immune system and ranges from 0.1 mL to 30 mL.
802:
IVIG – IVIG has been used to successfully treat many cases of HDN. It has been used not only on anti-D, but on anti-E as well. IVIG can be used to reduce the need for exchange transfusion and to shorten the length of phototherapy. The AAP recommends "In isoimmune hemolytic disease, administration of
744:
In some cases, the direct Coombs will be negative but severe, even fatal HDN can occur. An indirect Coombs needs to be run in cases of anti-C, anti-c, and anti-M. Infants with Anti-M are also recommended to receive antigen testing to rule out the presence of HDN. The below tests are often useful in
690:
IVIG – IVIG stands for
Intravenous Immunoglobulin. It is used in cases of previous loss, high maternal titers, known aggressive antibodies, and in cases where religion prevents blood transfusion. IVIG can be more effective than IUT alone. Fetal mortality was reduced by 36% in the IVIG and IUT group
564:
of HDFN is based on history and laboratory findings. If a newly pregnant woman has red cell antibodies in her serum, the antibody titer should be followed with subsequent blood draws. The titer will rise if the fetus expresses the red cell antigen to which she is alloimmunized. In that case, fetal
494:
to A and B antigens, which are widespread in the environment, usually leads to the production of IgM or IgG anti-A and anti-B antibodies early in life. Women of blood type O are more prone than women of types A and B to making IgG anti-A and anti-B antibodies, and these IgG antibodies are able to
816:
Once a woman has antibodies, she is at high risk for a future transfusion reaction if she is in need of a blood transfusion. For this reason, she is advised to carry a medical alert card at all times and inform all doctors and emergency personnel of her antibody status. The absence of antibodies
768:
Newborn
Screening Tests – Transfusion with donor blood during pregnancy or shortly after birth can affect the results of the Newborn Screening Tests. It is recommended to wait and retest 10–12 months after last transfusion. In some cases, DNA testing from saliva can be used to rule out certain
752:
Reticulocyte count – Reticulocytes are elevated when the infant is producing more red blood cells in response to anemia. A rise in the retic count can mean that an infant may not need additional transfusions. Low retic is observed in infants treated with IUT and in those with HDN from
739:
Coombs – in certain instances (when there is concern for blood group incompatibility between mother and baby for example), after birth a baby will have a direct Coombs test run to confirm the antibodies attached to the infant's red blood cells. This test is run on the infant's cord
453:(often caused by trauma), or medical procedures carried out during pregnancy that breach the uterine wall. In subsequent pregnancies, if there is a similar incompatibility in the fetus, these antibodies are then able to cross the placenta into the fetal bloodstream to attach to the
526:
can range from a mild to severe disease and is the third most common form of severe HDN. Rhesus e and rhesus C hemolytic disease of the newborn are rare. Anti-C and anti-c can both show a negative DAT but still have a severely affected infant. An indirect Coombs must also be run.
2069:
Hyland CA, O'Brien H, Flower RL, Gardener GJ. Non-invasive prenatal testing for management of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn induced by maternal alloimmunisation. Transfus Apher Sci. 2020 Oct;59(5):102947. doi: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102947. Epub 2020 Sep 18. PMID:
798:
Phototherapy – Exposure to ultraviolet light (phototherapy) is recommended when the cord bilirubin is 3 or higher. Some doctors use it at lower levels while awaiting lab results. This converts unconjugated bilirubin to a conjugated form that is easier for the infant to
551:
One study states that it would be unwise to routinely dismiss anti-E as being of little clinical consequence. It also found that the most severe case of anti-E HDFN occurred with titers 1:2, concluding that titers are not reliable for the diagnosis of the anti-E type.
483:-positive blood to avoid possible sensitization, but this would strain the resources of blood transfusion services, and it is currently considered uneconomical to screen for these blood groups. HDFN can also be caused by antibodies to a variety of other
806:
Exchange transfusion – Exchange transfusion is used when bilirubin reaches either the high or medium risk lines on the nonogram provided by the
American Academy of Pediatrics (Figure 4). Cord bilirubin >4 is also indicative of the need for exchange
709:(IUT) is done either by intraperitoneal transfusion (IPT) or intravenous transfusion (IVT). IVT is preferred over IPT. IUTs are only done until 35 weeks. After that, the risk of an IUT is greater than the risk from post birth transfusion.
541:
related HDN are caused by multiple blood transfusions. Antibodies to the other Kell antigens are rare. Anti-Kell can cause severe anemia regardless of titer. It suppresses the bone marrow by inhibiting the erythroid progenitor cells.
694:
Plasmapheresis – Plasmapheresis aims to decrease the maternal titer by direct plasma replacement and physical removal of antibody. Plasmapheresis and IVIG together can even be used on women with previously hydropic fetuses and fetal
503:
HDN is classified by the type of antigens involved. The main types are ABO HDN, Rhesus HDN, Kell HDN, and other antibodies. Combinations of antibodies (for example, anti-Rhc and anti-RhE occurring together) can be especially severe.
2080:
Voto LS, Mathet ER, Zapaterio JL, Orti J, Lede RL, Margulies M (1997). "High-dose gammaglobulin (IVIG) followed by intrauterine transfusions (IUTs): a new alternative for the treatment of severe fetal hemolytic disease".
2857:
2202:
Ruma MS, Moise KJ, Kim E, Murtha AP, Prutsman WJ, Hassan SS, Lubarsky SL (February 2007). "Combined plasmapheresis and intravenous immune globulin for the treatment of severe maternal red cell alloimmunization".
4177:
4162:
2726:
932:
4276:
2167:
Palfi M, Hildén JO, Matthiesen L, Selbing A, Berlin G (October 2006). "A case of severe Rh (D) alloimmunization treated by intensive plasma exchange and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin".
1865:
2850:
2060:
Fasano RM. Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn in the molecular era. Semin Fetal
Neonatal Med. 2016 Feb;21(1):28-34. doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2015.10.006. Epub 2015 Nov 14. PMID: 26589360.
2051:
Fasano RM. Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn in the molecular era. Semin Fetal
Neonatal Med. 2016 Feb;21(1):28-34. doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2015.10.006. Epub 2015 Nov 14. PMID: 26589360.
657:
Cell free fetal DNA (cff-DNA) from maternal plasma may be used early in pregnancy to determine whether the fetus expresses the red cell antigen to which the pregnant mother is alloimmunized
668:
Erythrocyte antigen status on the father might be a non-preferred alternative, if maternal cff-DNA testing is not available, in conjunction with monitoring the titer of the maternal plasma
1730:
van
Wamelen DJ, Klumper FJ, de Haas M, Meerman RH, van Kamp IL, Oepkes D (May 2007). "Obstetric history and antibody titer in estimating severity of Kell alloimmunization in pregnancy".
1661:
Heddle NM, Wentworth P, Anderson DR, Emmerson D, Kelton JG, Blajchman MA (June 1995). "Three examples of Rh haemolytic disease of the newborn with a negative direct antiglobulin test".
2843:
476:
typing are routine prior to transfusion. Suggestions have been made that women of child-bearing age or young girls should not be given a transfusion with Rhc-positive blood or
614:
count, which will usually be increased as the bone marrow makes new red blood cells to replace the ones that are being destroyed, and a peripheral blood smear to look at cell
1346:
Rath ME, Smits-Wintjens VE, Oepkes D, Walther FJ, Lopriore E (November 2013). "Iron status in infants with alloimmune haemolytic disease in the first three months of life".
831:
In 2003, the incidence of Rh(D) sensitization in the United States was 6.8 per 1000 live births; 0.27% of women with an Rh incompatible fetus experience alloimmunization.
3555:
4281:
2738:
217:
2124:
Novak DJ, Tyler LN, Reddy RL, Barsoom MJ (2008). "Plasmapheresis and intravenous immune globulin for the treatment of D alloimmunization in pregnancy".
1873:
277:, however the risk of kernicterus in HDN is higher because of the rapid and massive destruction of blood cells. Isoimmunization is a risk factor for
4034:
545:
Anti-M also recommends antigen testing to rule out the presence of HDN as the direct coombs can come back negative in a severely affected infant.
3548:
2757:
Geifman-Holtzman O, Wojtowycz M, Kosmas E, Artal R (February 1997). "Female alloimmunization with antibodies known to cause hemolytic disease".
2551:
Onesimo R, Rizzo D, Ruggiero A, Valentini P (September 2010). "Intravenous
Immunoglobulin therapy for anti-E hemolytic disease in the newborn".
3231:
2441:
855:
530:
202:
3246:
3236:
865:
860:
523:
198:
194:
1952:
765:
Ferritin – because most infants affected by HDN have iron overload, a ferritin must be run before giving the infant any additional iron.
3541:
516:(often called Rh disease) is the most common and only preventable form of severe HDN. Since the introduction of Rho-D immunoglobulin, (
1144:
Shapiro SM (January 2005). "Definition of the clinical spectrum of kernicterus and bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND)".
718:
Early
Delivery – Delivery can occur anytime after the age of viability. Emergency delivery due to failed IUT is possible, along with
681:
is given to prevent sensitization. However, there is no comparable immunotherapy available for other blood group incompatibilities.
4117:
4112:
3713:
2363:
4068:
3890:
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870:
520:, at 1968, which prevents the production of maternal Rho-D antibodies, the incidence of anti-D HDN has decreased dramatically.
186:
2807:
1961:
778:
After birth, treatment depends on the severity of the condition, but could include temperature stabilization and monitoring,
715:
Phenobarbital – Phenobarbital is sometimes given to the mother to help mature the fetal liver and reduce hyperbilirubinemia.
3129:
937:
507:
344:
and damage to the liver due to excess bilirubin. Conditions that may cause similar symptoms in the newborn period include:
246:
423:
and persist after delivery. The three most common models in which a woman becomes sensitized toward (i.e., produces IgG
4296:
3134:
20:
510:
can range from mild to severe, but generally, it is a mild disease. It can be caused by anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
4107:
3885:
2912:
1775:"Alloimmunization due to red cell antibodies in Rhesus positive Omani Pregnant Women: Maternal and Perinatal outcome"
3455:
3430:
952:"Associations of Rhesus and non-Rhesus maternal red blood cell alloimmunization with stillbirth and preterm birth"
3926:
3788:
3522:
3472:
3040:
2835:
1264:
Koenig JM, Christensen RD (April 1989). "Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in infants with Rh hemolytic disease".
3880:
2480:
419:
which does not cross the placenta), the IgG will target the antigen, if present in the fetus, and may affect it
415:
foreign to the make-up of the body. If a mother is exposed to a foreign antigen and produces IgG (as opposed to
209:
have shown the anti-RhD type to be the most common cause of HDFN, followed by anti-RhE, anti-RhC, and anti-Rhc.
2315:
759:
Thrombocytes – as thrombocytopenia is one of the complications of HDN, the thrombocyte count should be checked.
712:
Steroids – Steroids are sometimes given to the mother before IUTs and early delivery to mature the fetal lungs.
3783:
4291:
4006:
3214:
875:
182:
2727:"Fatalities Reported to FDA Following Blood Collection and Transfusion: Annual Summary for Fiscal Year 2011"
4063:
3450:
3373:
3191:
3139:
2734:
1438:
al-Alaiyan S, al Omran A (1999). "Late hyporegenerative anemia in neonates with rhesus hemolytic disease".
1222:
Lande L (June 1948). "Clinical signs and development of survivors of kernicterus due to Rh sensitization".
257:
levels. After delivery, bilirubin is no longer cleared (via the placenta) from the neonate's blood and the
205:. Although global prevalence studies of the differential contribution of those types are lacking, regional
158:. The intensity of this fetal disease ranges from mild to very severe, and fetal death from heart failure (
2950:
2290:
Baur AR, Baur EH, Pritzker JG, Caughey AB, Tran SH, Arraut A (2 July 2018). Talavera FT, Smith CV (eds.).
691:
than in the IUT alone group. IVIG and plasmapheresis together can reduce or eliminate the need for an IUT.
3965:
3768:
3440:
3345:
3282:
756:
Neutrophils – as neutropenia is one of the complications of HDN, the neutrophil count should be checked.
3996:
3674:
3287:
3277:
3168:
3163:
166:(immature red blood cells) are present in the fetal blood, earning these forms of the disease the name
4286:
4026:
3849:
3317:
3026:
3022:
2982:
430:
281:
and lowers the level at which kernicterus can occur. Untreated profound anemia can cause high-output
185:. Various types of HDFN are classified by which alloantigen provokes the response. The types include
1902:"Maternal anti-M induced hemolytic disease of newborn followed by prolonged anemia in newborn twins"
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3709:
3695:
3383:
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880:
706:
573:
69:
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3479:
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Rhesus-negative mothers who are pregnant with a rhesus-positive infant are offered Rho(D) immune
569:
78:
4254:
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1064:
3944:
3360:
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3087:
3070:
2370:
566:
517:
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cases of hemolytic disease of the newborn but are not required for treatment of all newborns.
652:
3294:
3002:
1826:"Inhibition of erythroid progenitor cells by anti-Kell antibodies in fetal alloimmune anemia"
1001:"[Serious materno-fetal alloimmunization: about a case and review of the literature]"
678:
473:
638:
345:
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4081:
3991:
3921:
3778:
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3533:
3332:
3322:
3124:
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840:
783:
615:
597:
3809:
2345:
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against) a particular antigen are hemorrhage, blood transfusion, and ABO incompatibility.
8:
4181:
3517:
3500:
3350:
3206:
3116:
2709:
2643:
2452:
2291:
477:
302:
4124:
2344:
Wagle S, Deshpande PG, Itani O (28 December 2017). Windle ML, Clark DA, Aslam M (eds.).
1711:
Wagle S, Deshpande PG, Itani O (28 December 2017). Windle ML, Clark DA, Aslam M (eds.).
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4011:
4001:
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3435:
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2423:
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1801:
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1743:
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1640:
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1463:
1415:
1390:
1371:
1169:
1121:
1096:
1025:
1000:
976:
951:
787:
537:
antibodies, the second most common form of severe HDN. Over half of the cases of anti-K
484:
333:
234:
206:
2770:
2596:"Systematic review of intravenous immunoglobulin in haemolytic disease of the newborn"
2512:"Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation"
2392:
Rimon E, Peltz R, Gamzu R, Yagel S, Feldman B, Chayen B, et al. (November 2006).
1277:
1235:
4203:
3831:
3826:
3626:
3615:
3268:
3186:
3156:
3097:
3075:
2892:
2803:
2774:
2691:
2625:
2568:
2533:
2415:
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2220:
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2153:
2141:
2098:
2026:
1933:
1847:
1806:
1747:
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1632:
1588:
1504:
1455:
1420:
1363:
1325:
1281:
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1204:
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1030:
981:
909:
465:
438:
270:
143:
63:
54:
4186:
2786:
2580:
2427:
2273:
2110:
1759:
1690:
1644:
1467:
1375:
1173:
3875:
3726:
3721:
3662:
3589:
3564:
3510:
3337:
2997:
2938:
2902:
2766:
2681:
2673:
2615:
2607:
2560:
2523:
2405:
2251:
2212:
2176:
2133:
2090:
2038:
2018:
1923:
1913:
1837:
1796:
1786:
1739:
1670:
1622:
1578:
1568:
1516:
1494:
1447:
1410:
1402:
1355:
1315:
1273:
1231:
1196:
1153:
1116:
1108:
1065:"Erythrocyte Alloimmunization and Pregnancy: Overview, Background, Pathophysiology"
1020:
1016:
1012:
971:
963:
433:, which is the movement of fetal blood cells across the placenta, can occur during
416:
341:
238:
178:
123:
4243:
2865:
2180:
1824:
Vaughan JI, Manning M, Warwick RM, Letsky EA, Murray NA, Roberts IA (March 1998).
1483:"Red blood cell alloimmunisation: still a major complication of blood transfusion"
4197:
4016:
3986:
3870:
3798:
3652:
3605:
3467:
3253:
3145:
3065:
719:
627:
491:
361:
336:, inspissated (thickened or dried) bile syndrome and/or greenish staining of the
309:
226:
159:
151:
1842:
1825:
1535:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1320:
1303:
46:
3900:
3854:
3647:
3092:
2510:
American
Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia (July 2004).
2216:
1200:
901:
513:
454:
377:
139:
4208:
2818:
2564:
2256:
2239:
2094:
1983:
1530:
4270:
4075:
3667:
3031:
2871:
2394:"Management of Kell isoimmunization--evaluation of a Doppler-guided approach"
2265:
1918:
1791:
1557:"Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn: Current trends and perspectives"
313:
282:
278:
237:(also called direct agglutination test), elevated cord bilirubin levels, and
83:
4171:
1960:, Los Angeles, California: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,
1573:
1112:
3970:
3760:
3642:
3631:
3151:
2992:
2695:
2629:
2572:
2537:
2528:
2511:
2419:
2224:
2188:
2145:
2030:
1937:
1810:
1751:
1636:
1592:
1508:
1459:
1424:
1367:
1329:
1243:
1208:
1165:
1130:
1034:
985:
913:
850:
779:
631:
611:
294:
290:
163:
115:
87:
2778:
2102:
1851:
1682:
1406:
1285:
1157:
4227:
3657:
3637:
3621:
3495:
3397:
3263:
2965:
1451:
967:
623:
329:
274:
242:
1773:
Al-Dughaishi T, Al-Rubkhi IS, Al-Duhli M, Al-Harrasi Y, Gowri V (2015).
548:
Kidd antigens are also present on the endothelial cells of the kidneys.
4249:
3505:
3462:
3403:
3241:
2611:
1772:
845:
605:
601:
442:
424:
349:
265:(yellowish skin and yellow discoloration of the whites of the eyes, or
222:
190:
59:
4154:
2677:
2137:
1627:
1610:
1499:
1482:
1359:
817:
however does not preclude a woman from having a transfusion reaction:
490:
The third sensitization model can occur in women of blood type O. The
273:, there is the possibility of the neonate developing acute or chronic
4238:
3408:
2867:
2714:
2648:
2410:
2393:
1609:
de Haas M, Thurik FF, Koelewijn JM, van der Schoot CE (August 2015).
619:
590:
561:
458:
450:
357:
254:
250:
147:
2756:
2009:
Moran P, Robson SC, Reid MM (November 2000). "Anti-E in pregnancy".
1608:
3201:
1990:. Bethesda, Maryland: National Center for Biotechnology Information
1069:
791:
727:
586:
446:
434:
353:
269:) increase within 24 hours after birth. Like other forms of severe
266:
262:
131:
127:
1187:
Blair E, Watson L (April 2006). "Epidemiology of cerebral palsy".
3580:
2924:
823:
For a summary of transfusion reactions in the US, see reference.
572:
is used to determine the degree of fetal anemia and the need for
412:
258:
135:
1729:
4166:
3949:
2928:
2371:
University of North Carolina, School of Medicine at Chapel Hill
1660:
1345:
950:
Fan J, Lee BK, Wikman AT, Johansson S, Reilly M (August 2014).
749:
Hgb – the infant's hemoglobin should be tested from cord blood.
487:
antigens, but Kell and Rh are the most frequently encountered.
286:
155:
4277:
Haemorrhagic and haematological disorders of fetus and newborn
641:(might be negative after fetal interuterine blood transfusion)
3916:
3584:
3312:
3059:
2550:
2346:"Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Treatment & Management"
402:
be treated with iron. Can persist up to 12 weeks after birth.
337:
317:
298:
233:
Signs of hemolytic disease of the newborn include a positive
225:, a type of hemolytic disease of the newborn, suffering from
119:
3563:
2600:
Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
2166:
1302:
Lalezari P, Nussbaum M, Gelman S, Spaet TH (February 1960).
1101:
Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
229:(edema caused by heart failure). The infant did not survive.
2793:
2339:
2337:
1823:
1301:
999:
Zineb B, Boutaina L, Ikram L, Driss MR, Mohammed D (2015).
2364:"UNC Detection & Prevention: Isoimmunization Protocol"
162:) can occur. When the disease is moderate or severe, many
469:
241:. It is possible for a newborn with this disease to have
2334:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1391:"Severe late anemia of hemolytic disease of the newborn"
2453:
University of California, San Francisco, Medical Center
2289:
2079:
1297:
1295:
998:
411:
Antibodies are produced when the body is exposed to an
2123:
1723:
1431:
1304:"Neonatal neutropenia due to maternal isoimmunization"
181:
for the fetus or some other form of impairment of the
2553:
The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
1766:
1697:
949:
201:, anti-Rhe, anti-RhC, multiantigen combinations, and
4144:
2391:
1900:
Arora S, Doda V, Maria A, Kotwal U, Goyal S (2015).
1899:
1292:
2343:
1710:
2795:
2285:
2283:
2201:
1817:
1437:
2309:
2307:
2305:
1382:
1263:
4268:
4035:Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease
2825:. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
2802:(10th ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science.
2794:Mollison PL, Engelfriet CP, Contreras M (1997).
2544:
1866:"Kell sensitization can cause fetal anemia, too"
782:, transfusion with compatible packed red blood,
2505:
2503:
2501:
2280:
2160:
2008:
2002:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1604:
1602:
1341:
1339:
908:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
134:. Among these antibodies are some which attack
2593:
2385:
2302:
2117:
2073:
1872:. UBM Medica. 1 September 2008. Archived from
1656:
1654:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1180:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
4282:Disorders originating in the perinatal period
3549:
2851:
2587:
2316:"Intrauterine fetal transfusion of red cells"
2205:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
2195:
1611:"Haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn"
1388:
1094:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
16:Fetal and neonatal alloimmune blood condition
2498:
2481:"Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn"
2292:"Erythrocyte Alloimmunization and Pregnancy"
1888:
1599:
1554:
1548:
1336:
856:Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Kell)
1651:
1474:
1250:
1186:
1077:
899:
866:Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-RhE)
861:Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Rhc)
762:Bilirubin should be tested from cord blood.
3556:
3542:
2858:
2844:
1137:
1041:
634:(also known as nucleated red blood cells).
531:Anti-Kell hemolytic disease of the newborn
464:The woman may have received a therapeutic
374:Bilirubin Induced Neurological Dysfunction
130:) produced by the mother pass through the
100:hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn
68:
45:
2685:
2619:
2527:
2449:Intensive Care Nursery House Staff Manual
2409:
2398:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
2255:
1927:
1917:
1841:
1800:
1790:
1713:"Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Workup"
1626:
1582:
1572:
1498:
1414:
1319:
1189:Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
1120:
1024:
975:
943:
514:Rhesus D hemolytic disease of the newborn
368:High at birth or rapidly rising bilirubin
356:infection, congenital obstruction of the
126:molecules (one of the five main types of
2823:Blood Groups and Red Blood Cell Antigens
2313:
2231:
1215:
811:
216:
4069:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
2659:
1555:Basu S, Kaur R, Kaur G (January 2011).
1480:
1143:
4269:
2798:Blood Transfusion in Clinical Medicine
2594:Gottstein R, Cooke RW (January 2003).
1062:
871:Hemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO)
733:
148:breaking down and destroying the cells
3891:Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
3537:
2839:
2644:Hemolytic Disease of Newborn~followup
1962:University of California, Los Angeles
1221:
956:International Journal of Epidemiology
212:
3130:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
2816:
2666:Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy
2485:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
2237:
1981:
1906:Asian Journal of Transfusion Science
1779:Asian Journal of Transfusion Science
1561:Asian Journal of Transfusion Science
1095:Murray NA, Roberts IA (March 2007).
677:In cases of Rho(D) incompatibility,
580:Blood tests done on the newborn baby
508:ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn
498:
247:neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
1830:The New England Journal of Medicine
1097:"Haemolytic disease of the newborn"
328:Complications of HDN could include
312:, an often-severe form of prenatal
13:
3135:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
2819:"Hemolytic disease of the newborn"
2749:
2455:, pp. 121–124, archived from
2442:"Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn"
2023:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11662.x
1988:Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens
1984:"Chapter 10: The Kidd blood group"
1950:
1744:10.1097/01.AOG.0000260957.77090.4e
1675:10.1111/j.1365-3148.1995.tb00197.x
1531:"Hemolytic disease of the newborn"
1389:Mitchell S, James A (April 1999).
406:
21:Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
14:
4308:
4108:Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome
2913:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
2831:
2662:"Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions"
2169:Transfusion and Apheresis Science
618:. In the presence of significant
608:due to red blood cell destruction
533:is most commonly caused by anti-K
4255:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
3745:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
3431:Vertically transmitted infection
323:
96:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
32:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
3927:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
3789:Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
3523:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
3473:Group B streptococcal infection
3041:Intrauterine growth restriction
2731:Vaccines, Blood & Biologics
2719:
2702:
2653:
2636:
2473:
2434:
2356:
2063:
2054:
2045:
1975:
1944:
1858:
1523:
1005:The Pan African Medical Journal
826:
2866:Conditions originating in the
1487:British Journal of Haematology
1395:Paediatrics & Child Health
1017:10.11604/pamj.2015.22.137.3508
992:
926:
893:
662:Blood tests done on the father
646:Blood tests done on the mother
626:(fragmented red blood cells),
600:), which may show a decreased
474:Rhesus (Rh) blood group system
1:
4007:Postorgasmic illness syndrome
3215:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
2771:10.1016/S0029-7844(96)00434-6
2314:Moise Jr KJ (15 March 2018).
2181:10.1016/j.transci.2006.07.002
2126:Journal of Clinical Apheresis
2083:Journal of Perinatal Medicine
1440:Journal of Perinatal Medicine
1278:10.1016/s0022-3476(89)80709-7
1236:10.1016/S0022-3476(48)80225-8
886:
876:Neonatal red cell transfusion
794:and/or assisted ventilation.
672:
457:and cause their destruction (
183:immune tolerance in pregnancy
122:at or around birth, when the
118:condition that develops in a
4064:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
3374:Periventricular leukomalacia
3192:Persistent fetal circulation
3140:Meconium aspiration syndrome
2737:, 8 May 2012, archived from
2735:Food and Drug Administration
938:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
773:
555:
371:Prolonged hyperbilirubinemia
177:HDFN represents a breach of
7:
4130:Systemic autoimmune disease
3966:Allergic contact dermatitis
3886:Hypersensitivity vasculitis
3769:Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
3283:Intraventricular hemorrhage
1843:10.1056/NEJM199803193381204
1321:10.1182/blood.V15.2.236.236
900:Nassar GN, Wehbe C (2022).
834:
589:including total and direct
10:
4313:
3636:common allergies include:
3288:Germinal matrix hemorrhage
3278:Velamentous cord insertion
3169:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
2240:"Intrauterine Transfusion"
2217:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.10.890
1201:10.1016/j.siny.2005.10.010
933:"erythroblastosis fetalis"
902:"Erythroblastosis Fetalis"
18:
4297:Acquired hemolytic anemia
4218:
4148:
4090:
4056:
4047:
4025:
3979:
3958:
3939:
3909:
3863:
3848:
3807:
3759:
3752:
3738:
3708:
3683:
3598:
3575:
3488:
3423:
3382:
3359:
3331:
3318:Necrotizing enterocolitis
3303:
3200:
3177:
3115:
3108:
3049:
3027:Large for gestational age
3023:Small for gestational age
3015:
2979:
2947:
2921:
2889:
2878:
2759:Obstetrics and Gynecology
2565:10.3109/14767050903544751
2451:, Children's Hospital at
2257:10.1007/s40556-016-0072-4
2244:Journal of Fetal Medicine
2095:10.1515/jpme.1997.25.1.85
1732:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1266:The Journal of Pediatrics
1224:The Journal of Pediatrics
472:and the D antigen of the
431:Fetal-maternal hemorrhage
398:Late onset anemia – must
346:acquired hemolytic anemia
172:erythroblastosis foetalis
171:
77:
53:
44:
36:
31:
3881:Henoch–Schönlein purpura
3696:Eosinophilic esophagitis
1951:Lu Q (5 February 2009),
1919:10.4103/0973-6247.150968
1792:10.4103/0973-6247.162710
881:Neonatal isoerythrolysis
707:Intrauterine Transfusion
574:intrauterine transfusion
391:Hemolytic anemia – must
308:HDN can be the cause of
168:erythroblastosis fetalis
150:. The fetus can develop
112:erythroblastosis fetalis
19:Not to be confused with
3997:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
3784:Guillain–Barré syndrome
3480:Neonatal conjunctivitis
2971:Single umbilical artery
2961:Umbilical cord prolapse
2908:Placental insufficiency
2881:complicating pregnancy,
1954:Kidd Blood Group System
1574:10.4103/0973-6247.75963
1481:Pereira A (June 2018).
1146:Journal of Perinatology
1113:10.1136/adc.2005.076794
1063:Arraut A (2017-03-09).
700:Mid- to late- pregnancy
585:Biochemistry tests for
570:doppler ultrasonography
4098:Autoimmune adrenalitis
3456:ureaplasma urealyticum
3164:Wilson–Mikity syndrome
3088:Brachial plexus injury
2529:10.1542/peds.114.1.297
630:, and in severe cases
596:Complete blood count (
567:middle cerebral artery
470:ABO blood group system
230:
3404:Congenital hypertonia
3295:Anemia of prematurity
3003:Shoulder presentation
2710:Transfusion Reactions
1158:10.1038/sj.jp.7211157
812:Transfusion reactions
679:Rho(D) immunoglobulin
220:
4292:Transfusion medicine
4103:Autoimmune hepatitis
4082:Transplant rejection
3992:Giant cell arteritis
3922:Rheumatoid arthritis
3779:Goodpasture syndrome
3691:Autoimmune urticaria
3409:Congenital hypotonia
3323:Meconium peritonitis
3125:Intrauterine hypoxia
3081:Subgaleal hemorrhage
2211:(2): 138.e1–138.e6.
1964:, School of Medicine
1663:Transfusion Medicine
1452:10.1515/JPM.1999.014
841:Exchange transfusion
784:exchange transfusion
653:indirect Coombs test
622:the smear will show
395:be treated with iron
303:respiratory distress
221:Newborn infant with
3569:autoimmune diseases
3518:Neonatal withdrawal
3501:Perinatal mortality
3351:Sclerema neonatorum
3207:hematologic disease
2741:on 11 November 2012
1870:Contemporary OB/GYN
1407:10.1093/pch/4.3.201
1272:(4 Pt 1): 625–631.
734:After birth testing
4219:External resources
4012:Reactive arthritis
4002:Multiple sclerosis
3896:Reactive arthritis
3794:Pemphigus vulgaris
3774:Bullous pemphigoid
3675:Penicillin allergy
3611:Allergic urticaria
3451:mycoplasma hominis
3436:Neonatal infection
3392:Gray baby syndrome
3369:Perinatal asphyxia
3259:Hyperbilirubinemia
3036:Postterm pregnancy
2883:labour or delivery
2660:Strobel E (2008).
2612:10.1136/fn.88.1.F6
968:10.1093/ije/dyu079
790:for correction of
788:sodium bicarbonate
720:induction of labor
639:direct Coombs test
485:blood group system
445:, ruptures in the
334:hepatosplenomegaly
316:that causes fetal
253:leads to elevated
235:direct Coombs test
231:
213:Signs and symptoms
207:population studies
170:(British English:
4264:
4263:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4043:
4042:
3935:
3934:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3832:Pernicious anemia
3827:Myasthenia gravis
3704:
3703:
3627:Atopic dermatitis
3616:Allergic rhinitis
3531:
3530:
3419:
3418:
3269:Neonatal jaundice
3187:Pneumopericardium
3157:Pneumomediastinum
3098:Klumpke paralysis
3076:Caput succedaneum
3011:
3010:
2879:Maternal factors
2809:978-0-86542-881-2
2678:10.1159/000154811
2138:10.1002/jca.20180
2017:(11): 1436–1438.
1628:10.1111/vox.12265
1500:10.1111/bjh.15220
1360:10.1111/vox.12061
499:Serological types
466:blood transfusion
439:ectopic pregnancy
364:(CMV) infection.
271:neonatal jaundice
144:fetal circulation
93:
92:
64:immunohaematology
26:Medical condition
4304:
4287:Infant mortality
4146:
4145:
4125:Sjögren syndrome
4054:
4053:
3956:
3955:
3861:
3860:
3757:
3756:
3736:
3735:
3596:
3595:
3565:Hypersensitivity
3558:
3551:
3544:
3535:
3534:
3511:Infant mortality
3346:Erythema toxicum
3338:thermoregulation
3305:Gastrointestinal
3113:
3112:
3109:Affected systems
2986:
2954:
2939:Chorioamnionitis
2932:
2903:Placenta praevia
2896:
2887:
2886:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2813:
2801:
2790:
2743:
2742:
2723:
2717:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2657:
2651:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2559:(9): 1059–1061.
2548:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2507:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2446:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2413:
2411:10.1002/uog.2837
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2368:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2341:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2311:
2300:
2299:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2259:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1959:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1921:
1897:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1794:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1738:(5): 1093–1098.
1727:
1721:
1720:
1708:
1695:
1694:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1630:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1576:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1502:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1323:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1261:
1248:
1247:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1124:
1092:
1075:
1074:
1060:
1039:
1038:
1028:
996:
990:
989:
979:
962:(4): 1123–1131.
947:
941:
930:
924:
923:
921:
920:
897:
851:Alloimmunization
664:(rarely needed)
388:Thrombocytopenia
342:hemolytic anemia
239:hemolytic anemia
179:immune privilege
98:, also known as
73:
72:
49:
29:
28:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4214:
4213:
4157:
4143:
4134:
4086:
4049:
4039:
4021:
4017:Type 1 diabetes
3987:Coeliac disease
3975:
3947:
3931:
3905:
3871:Arthus reaction
3852:
3836:
3822:Graves' disease
3803:
3799:Rheumatic fever
3748:
3716:
3700:
3679:
3606:Allergic asthma
3587:
3571:
3562:
3532:
3527:
3484:
3468:Neonatal sepsis
3415:
3384:Musculoskeletal
3378:
3355:
3336:
3327:
3299:
3254:Hydrops fetalis
3205:
3196:
3173:
3146:Pleural disease
3104:
3066:Cephalohematoma
3045:
3007:
2980:
2975:
2948:
2943:
2922:
2917:
2890:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2864:
2834:
2829:
2817:Dean L (2005).
2810:
2752:
2750:Further reading
2747:
2746:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2707:
2703:
2658:
2654:
2641:
2637:
2592:
2588:
2549:
2545:
2508:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2465:
2463:
2462:on 9 March 2021
2459:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2342:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2322:. UpToDate, Inc
2312:
2303:
2288:
2281:
2238:Deka D (2016).
2236:
2232:
2200:
2196:
2165:
2161:
2122:
2118:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1982:Dean L (2005).
1980:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1898:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1836:(12): 798–803.
1822:
1818:
1771:
1767:
1728:
1724:
1709:
1698:
1659:
1652:
1607:
1600:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1479:
1475:
1436:
1432:
1387:
1383:
1344:
1337:
1300:
1293:
1262:
1251:
1220:
1216:
1185:
1181:
1142:
1138:
1093:
1078:
1061:
1042:
997:
993:
948:
944:
931:
927:
918:
916:
898:
894:
889:
837:
829:
814:
776:
736:
722:at 35–38 weeks.
685:Early pregnancy
675:
628:reticulocytosis
558:
540:
536:
501:
492:immune response
481:
455:red blood cells
409:
407:Pathophysiology
362:cytomegalovirus
326:
310:hydrops fetalis
227:hydrops fetalis
215:
160:hydrops fetalis
152:reticulocytosis
140:red blood cells
67:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4310:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4246:
4235:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4200:
4189:
4174:
4158:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:Classification
4140:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4060:
4058:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3953:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3901:Serum sickness
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3858:
3855:Immune complex
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3742:
3740:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3593:
3573:
3572:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3446:herpes simplex
3443:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3361:Nervous system
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3218:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3179:Cardiovascular
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3029:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2951:umbilical cord
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2884:
2876:
2875:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2840:
2833:
2832:External links
2830:
2828:
2827:
2814:
2808:
2791:
2765:(2): 272–275.
2753:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2718:
2701:
2672:(5): 346–353.
2652:
2635:
2586:
2543:
2522:(1): 297–316.
2497:
2472:
2433:
2404:(6): 814–820.
2384:
2373:. October 2001
2355:
2333:
2301:
2279:
2230:
2194:
2175:(2): 131–136.
2159:
2132:(6): 183–185.
2116:
2072:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2001:
1974:
1943:
1887:
1876:on 24 May 2018
1857:
1816:
1785:(2): 150–154.
1765:
1722:
1696:
1669:(2): 113–116.
1650:
1598:
1547:
1522:
1493:(5): 575–576.
1473:
1446:(2): 112–115.
1430:
1401:(3): 201–203.
1381:
1354:(4): 328–333.
1335:
1314:(2): 236–243.
1291:
1249:
1230:(6): 693–705.
1214:
1195:(2): 117–125.
1179:
1136:
1107:(2): F83–F88.
1076:
1040:
991:
942:
925:
891:
890:
888:
885:
884:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
836:
833:
828:
825:
813:
810:
809:
808:
804:
800:
775:
772:
771:
770:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
750:
742:
741:
735:
732:
724:
723:
716:
713:
710:
697:
696:
692:
674:
671:
670:
669:
659:
658:
655:
643:
642:
635:
609:
594:
557:
554:
538:
534:
500:
497:
479:
408:
405:
404:
403:
396:
389:
386:
383:
380:
378:Cerebral Palsy
375:
372:
369:
325:
322:
297:, generalized
291:enlarged liver
223:Rhesus disease
214:
211:
91:
90:
81:
75:
74:
57:
51:
50:
42:
41:
38:
34:
33:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4309:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4076:Latex allergy
4074:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4046:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3945:cell-mediated
3942:
3938:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3876:Farmer's lung
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:Preterm birth
3030:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2872:fetal disease
2869:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2372:
2365:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2338:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2284:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1963:
1956:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1912:(1): 98–101.
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1621:(2): 99–113.
1620:
1616:
1615:Vox Sanguinis
1612:
1605:
1603:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:Vox Sanguinis
1342:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
987:
983:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
946:
940:
939:
934:
929:
915:
911:
907:
903:
896:
892:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
832:
824:
821:
818:
805:
801:
797:
796:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
751:
748:
747:
746:
738:
737:
731:
729:
721:
717:
714:
711:
708:
704:
703:
702:
701:
693:
689:
688:
687:
686:
682:
680:
667:
666:
665:
663:
656:
654:
650:
649:
648:
647:
640:
636:
633:
632:erythroblasts
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
610:
607:
603:
599:
595:
592:
588:
584:
583:
582:
581:
577:
575:
571:
568:
563:
553:
549:
546:
543:
532:
528:
525:
524:Rhesus c HDFN
521:
519:
515:
511:
509:
505:
496:
493:
488:
486:
482:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
401:
397:
394:
390:
387:
384:
381:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
366:
365:
363:
359:
355:
352:, congenital
351:
348:, congenital
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
324:Complications
321:
319:
315:
314:heart failure
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:heart failure
280:
279:neurotoxicity
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
228:
224:
219:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
164:erythroblasts
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
89:
85:
84:heart failure
82:
80:
79:Complications
76:
71:
65:
61:
58:
56:
52:
48:
43:
39:
35:
30:
22:
4248:
4237:
4226:
4202:
4191:
4176:
4161:
3971:Mantoux test
3744:
3632:Food allergy
3396:
3221:
3152:Pneumothorax
3144:
3058:
3051:Birth trauma
2993:Breech birth
2983:presentation
2981:
2949:
2923:
2891:
2822:
2797:
2762:
2758:
2739:the original
2730:
2721:
2708:
2704:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2642:
2638:
2606:(1): F6-10.
2603:
2599:
2589:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2519:
2515:
2488:. Retrieved
2484:
2475:
2464:, retrieved
2457:the original
2448:
2436:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2375:. Retrieved
2358:
2349:
2324:. Retrieved
2319:
2295:
2250:(1): 13–17.
2247:
2243:
2233:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2089:(1): 85–88.
2086:
2082:
2075:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1992:. Retrieved
1987:
1977:
1966:, retrieved
1953:
1946:
1909:
1905:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:the original
1869:
1860:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1716:
1666:
1662:
1618:
1614:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1534:
1525:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1351:
1347:
1311:
1307:
1269:
1265:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1152:(1): 54–59.
1149:
1145:
1139:
1104:
1100:
1068:
1008:
1004:
994:
959:
955:
945:
936:
928:
917:. Retrieved
905:
895:
830:
827:Epidemiology
822:
819:
815:
807:transfusion.
780:phototherapy
777:
743:
725:
699:
698:
684:
683:
676:
661:
660:
645:
644:
624:schistocytes
612:Reticulocyte
579:
578:
559:
550:
547:
544:
529:
522:
512:
506:
502:
489:
463:
429:
420:
410:
399:
392:
327:
307:
232:
176:
167:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:
88:splenomegaly
4228:MedlinePlus
3622:Anaphylaxis
3618:(Hay fever)
3496:Miscarriage
3398:muscle tone
3264:Kernicterus
3117:Respiratory
3093:Erb's palsy
2998:Asynclitism
2966:Nuchal cord
769:conditions.
385:Neutropenia
382:Kernicterus
330:kernicterus
275:kernicterus
243:neutropenia
37:Other names
4271:Categories
4250:Patient UK
4204:DiseasesDB
4091:Autoimmune
3980:Autoimmune
3910:Autoimmune
3753:Autoimmune
3684:Autoimmune
3506:Stillbirth
3463:Omphalitis
3424:Infections
3333:Integument
2516:Pediatrics
1567:(1): 3–7.
919:2022-03-08
906:StatPearls
887:References
846:Rh disease
753:anti-Kell.
673:Prevention
616:morphology
606:hematocrit
602:hemoglobin
443:childbirth
425:antibodies
350:toxoplasma
128:antibodies
116:alloimmune
60:Pediatrics
4239:eMedicine
3761:Cytotoxic
3232:Anti-Kell
2870:period /
2868:perinatal
2715:eMedicine
2649:eMedicine
2350:EMedicine
2296:EMedicine
2266:2348-1153
2154:206013087
2070:33115620.
1717:EMedicine
774:Treatment
651:Positive
637:Positive
620:hemolysis
591:bilirubin
562:diagnosis
556:Diagnosis
459:hemolysis
451:pregnancy
358:bile duct
255:bilirubin
251:Hemolysis
249:as well.
203:anti-Kell
55:Specialty
4050:multiple
4048:Unknown/
3850:Type III
3814:receptor
3663:Tree nut
3202:Bleeding
2893:placenta
2787:36953155
2696:21512623
2630:12496219
2581:25144401
2573:20092394
2538:15231951
2428:19672347
2420:16941575
2326:31 March
2320:UpToDate
2274:42005756
2225:17306655
2189:17045529
2146:19003884
2111:22822621
2031:11117776
1938:25722586
1811:26420934
1760:24848319
1752:17470588
1691:21936425
1645:41260754
1637:25899660
1593:21572705
1509:29676454
1468:32155893
1460:10379500
1425:20212966
1376:24789324
1368:23802744
1330:14413526
1244:18866937
1209:16338186
1174:19663259
1166:15578034
1131:17337672
1070:Medscape
1035:26889318
986:24801308
914:30020664
835:See also
792:acidosis
728:globulin
587:jaundice
447:placenta
435:abortion
421:in utero
354:syphilis
299:swelling
263:jaundice
259:symptoms
199:anti-Rhc
195:anti-RhE
191:anti-RhD
136:antigens
132:placenta
114:, is an
4244:ped/959
4198:D004899
4057:Foreign
3959:Foreign
3950:T cells
3941:Type IV
3864:Foreign
3739:Foreign
3710:Type II
3653:Seafood
3599:Foreign
3581:allergy
3441:rubella
3071:Chignon
2925:chorion
2779:9015034
2733:, U.S.
2687:3076326
2621:1755998
2490:24 July
2103:9085208
2039:1240358
1929:4339947
1852:9504940
1802:4562135
1683:7655573
1584:3082712
1540:24 July
1517:4998222
1416:2828194
1286:2494315
1122:2675453
1026:4742050
1011:: 137.
977:4258779
695:losses.
593:levels.
449:during
413:antigen
293:and/or
285:, with
267:icterus
142:in the
138:on the
4233:001298
4078:(I+IV)
3810:Type V
3648:Peanut
3577:Type I
3016:Growth
2929:amnion
2806:
2785:
2777:
2694:
2684:
2628:
2618:
2579:
2571:
2536:
2466:23 May
2426:
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2377:23 May
2272:
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2223:
2187:
2152:
2144:
2109:
2101:
2037:
2029:
1994:23 May
1968:23 May
1936:
1926:
1880:23 May
1850:
1809:
1799:
1758:
1750:
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1172:
1164:
1129:
1119:
1033:
1023:
984:
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912:
799:clear.
740:blood.
705:IUT –
518:Rhogam
360:, and
301:, and
295:spleen
287:pallor
156:anemia
66:
3917:Lupus
3668:Wheat
3585:atopy
3489:Other
3313:Ileus
3060:scalp
2783:S2CID
2577:S2CID
2460:(PDF)
2445:(PDF)
2424:S2CID
2367:(PDF)
2270:S2CID
2150:S2CID
2107:S2CID
2035:S2CID
1958:(PDF)
1756:S2CID
1687:S2CID
1641:S2CID
1513:S2CID
1464:S2CID
1372:S2CID
1308:Blood
1170:S2CID
338:teeth
318:edema
120:fetus
110:, or
4209:5545
4193:MeSH
4182:9-CM
4118:APS2
4113:APS1
4027:GVHD
3714:ADCC
3643:Milk
3567:and
3247:Rh E
3242:Rh D
3237:Rh c
2804:ISBN
2775:PMID
2692:PMID
2626:PMID
2569:PMID
2534:PMID
2492:2021
2468:2018
2416:PMID
2379:2018
2328:2018
2262:ISSN
2221:PMID
2185:PMID
2142:PMID
2099:PMID
2027:PMID
2011:BJOG
1996:2018
1970:2018
1934:PMID
1882:2018
1848:PMID
1807:PMID
1748:PMID
1679:PMID
1633:PMID
1589:PMID
1542:2021
1505:PMID
1456:PMID
1421:PMID
1364:PMID
1326:PMID
1282:PMID
1240:PMID
1205:PMID
1162:PMID
1127:PMID
1031:PMID
982:PMID
910:PMID
604:and
560:The
478:Kell
245:and
154:and
108:HDFN
4187:773
4178:ICD
4172:P55
4163:ICD
3727:IgM
3722:IgG
3658:Soy
3638:Egg
3590:IgE
3335:and
3227:ABO
3222:HDN
3204:and
2767:doi
2713:at
2682:PMC
2674:doi
2647:at
2616:PMC
2608:doi
2561:doi
2524:doi
2520:114
2406:doi
2252:doi
2213:doi
2209:196
2177:doi
2134:doi
2091:doi
2019:doi
2015:107
1924:PMC
1914:doi
1838:doi
1834:338
1797:PMC
1787:doi
1740:doi
1736:109
1671:doi
1623:doi
1619:109
1579:PMC
1569:doi
1495:doi
1491:181
1448:doi
1411:PMC
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1356:doi
1352:105
1316:doi
1274:doi
1270:114
1232:doi
1197:doi
1154:doi
1117:PMC
1109:doi
1021:PMC
1013:doi
972:PMC
964:doi
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598:CBC
417:IgM
400:not
393:not
261:of
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174:).
124:IgG
104:HDN
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