Radical feminism - Knowledge

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goals, in which women's liberation did not count. The editors of Frauenjahrbuch 76 also explicitly distanced themselves from the language of liberalism, arguing that "equal rights define women's oppression as women's disadvantage." They explicitly labeled the equal rights version of feminism as wanting to be like men, vehemently rejecting claims that "women should enter all the male-dominated areas of society. More women in politics! More women in the sciences, etc. . . . Women should be able to do everything that men do." Their position—and that of the autonomous feminists represented in this 1976 yearbook—instead was that: "This principle that 'we want that too' or 'we can do it too' measures emancipation against men and again defines what we want in relationship to men. Its content is conformity to men. . . . Because in this society male characteristics fundamentally have more prestige, recognition and above all more power, we easily fall into the trap of rejecting and devaluing all that is female and admiring and emulating all that is considered male. . . . The battle against the female role must not become the battle for the male role. . . . The feminist demand, which transcends the claim for equal rights, is the claim for self-determination.

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crucial that society does not replace one patriarchal view on female sexuality—that women should not have sex/a relationship outside marriage and that casual sex is shameful for a woman—with another similarly oppressive and patriarchal view—acceptance of prostitution, a sexual practice based on a highly patriarchal construct of sexuality: that the sexual pleasure of a woman is irrelevant, that her only role during sex is to submit to the man's sexual demands and to do what he tells her, that sex should be controlled by the man, and that the woman's response and satisfaction are irrelevant. Radical feminists argue that sexual liberation for women cannot be achieved so long as we normalize unequal sexual practices where a man dominates a woman. "Feminist consciousness raising remains the foundation for collective struggle and the eventual liberation of women".

3764:. These Berlin-based women's centers did abortion counseling, compiled a list of Dutch abortion clinics, organized regular bus trips to them, and were utilized by women from other parts of West Germany. Police accused the organizers of an illegal conspiracy. "The center used these arrests to publicize its strategy of civil disobedience and raised such a public outcry that the prosecutions were dropped. The bus trips continued without police interference. This victory was politically significant in two respects... while the state did not change the law, it did back off from enforcing it, deferring to women's collective power. The feminist claim to speak for women was thus affirmed by both women and the state." 4492:, radical feminists were accused of being "bourgeois", "antileft", or even "apolitical", whereas they saw themselves as "radicalizing the left by expanding the definition of radical". Early radical feminists were mostly white and middle-class, resulting in "a very fragile kind of solidarity". This limited the validity of generalizations based on radical feminists' experiences of gender relations, and prevented white and middle-class women from recognizing that they benefited from race and class privilege according to Willis. Many early radical feminists broke ties with "male-dominated left groups", or would work with them only in 4050:

activity, and that the women are shown in a subordinate role. Some opponents believe pornographic films tend to show women as being extremely passive, or that the acts which are performed on the women are typically abusive and solely for the pleasure of their sex partner. On-face ejaculation and anal sex are increasingly popular among men, following trends in porn. MacKinnon and Dworkin defined pornography as "the graphic sexually explicit subordination of women through pictures or words that also includes women dehumanized as sexual objects, things, or commodities...."

4106: 4142:, which they believed to be "the sexual foundation of the social institutions". They argued that heterosexual love relationships perpetuated patriarchal power relations through "personal domination" and therefore directly contradicted the values and goals of the movement. As one radical lesbian wrote, "no matter what the feminist does, the physical act throws both women and man back into role playing... all of her politics are instantly shattered". They argued that the women's liberation movement would not be successful without challenging heteronormativity. 4083:. Such rape myths include the belief that women really want to be raped and that they mean yes when they say no. She held that "rape myths perpetuate sexual violence indirectly by creating distorted beliefs and attitudes about sexual assault and shift elements of blame onto the victims". Additionally, according to MacKinnon, pornography desensitizes viewers to violence against women, and this leads to a progressive need to see more violence in order to become sexually aroused, an effect she claims is well documented. 4409:...work with transsexuals, and studies of formation of gender identity in children provide basic information which challenges the notion that there are two discrete biological sexes. That information threatens to transform the traditional biology of sex difference into the radical biology of sex similarity. That is not to say that there is one sex, but that there are many. The evidence which is germane here is simple. The words "male" and "female", "man" and "woman", are used only because as yet there are no others. 85: 3988: 3288: 4432: 3888:" are sometimes disparagingly labeled as "sex worker exclusionary radical feminists" or "SWERFs". These argue that the term "sex work" contains political assumptions, rather than being a neutral term. They argue the term endorses the idea that sex is labour for women and leisure for men, accords men the social and economic power to act as a boss class in the matter of intercourse, and also implies that women's bodies exist as a resource to be used by other people. 6606:

and because its intent is to vilify, disparage, and intimidate, as well as to incite and justify violence against women, it is dangerous and indeed qualifies as a form of hate speech. While women have tried to point out that this would be the end result of "TERF" before, they were, as usual, dismissed. We now have undeniable proof that painting women with this brush leads to real, physical violence. If you didn't believe us before, you now have no excuse.

8334: 3032: 2103: 2165: 3394:. In the late sixties various women's groups describing themselves as "radical feminist", such as the UCLA Women's Liberation Front (WLF), offered differing views of radical feminist ideology. UCLA's WLF co-founder Devra Weber recalls, "the radical feminists were opposed to patriarchy, but not necessarily capitalism. In our group at least, they opposed so-called male dominated national liberation struggles". 3628: 3973:

price. It is common for indigenous women to be over-represented in prostitution when compared with their total population. This is as a result of the combined forces of colonialism, physical displacement from ancestral lands, destruction of indigenous social and cultural order, misogyny, globalization/neoliberalism, race discrimination and extremely high levels of violence perpetrated against them.

4482:. Critics argue that this ideology accepts the notion that identities are singular and disparate, rather than multiple and intersecting. For example, understanding women's oppression as disparate assumes that "men, in creating and maintaining these systems, are acting purely as men, in accordance with peculiarly male characteristics or specifically male supremacist objectives". 3833:

feminism can still be seen, particularly within student activism and among working-class women. In Australia, many feminist social organizations had accepted government funding during the 1980s, and the election of a conservative government in 1996 crippled these organizations. A radical feminist movement also emerged among Jewish women in Israel beginning in the early 1970s.

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make those choices freely, without pressure from individual men, doctors, governmental or religious authorities. It is a key issue for women, since without it the other freedoms we appear to have, such as the right to education, jobs and equal pay, may prove illusory. Provisions of childcare, medical treatment, and society's attitude towards children are also involved."

3796:. In response, lesbian groups and women's centers in Germany joined in fervent protest. The cultural clash continued through the trial which eventually resulted in the conviction of the women in October 1974 and life sentences for both. However, a petition brought by 146 female journalists and 41 male colleagues to the German Press Council resulted in its censure of the 3961:"sacrificed" to be abused by men, to protect "chaste" women from rape and harassment. These feminists argue that far from decreasing rape rates, prostitution actually leads to an increase in sexual violence against women, by sending the message that it is acceptable for a man to treat a woman as a sexual instrument over which he has total control. For instance, 4038:, as well as forcing her, by use of both physical violence against Boreman as well as emotional abuse and outright threats of violence, to make other pornographic films. Dworkin, MacKinnon, and Women Against Pornography issued public statements of support for Boreman, and worked with her in public appearances and speeches. She later became a 4418:

about whether trans women are women ... I always thought I don't care how someone becomes a woman or a man; it does not matter to me. It is just part of their specificity, their uniqueness, like everyone else's. Anybody who identifies as a woman, wants to be a woman, is going around being a woman, as far as I'm concerned, is a woman.

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were further disagreements, such as Koedt's viewing the institution of "normal" sexual intercourse as being focused mainly on male sexual or erotic pleasure, while Atkinson viewed it mainly in terms of reproduction. In contrast to the Redstockings, The Feminists generally considered genitally focused sexuality to be inherently male.

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feminists believe that men (as a class) use social systems and other methods of control to keep women (as well as non-dominant men) suppressed. Radical feminists seek to abolish patriarchy by challenging existing social norms and institutions, and believe that eliminating patriarchy will liberate everyone from an unjust society.

3669:) line. They argued that men dominated women not so much for material benefits as for the ego satisfaction intrinsic in domination. Similarly, they rejected the Redstockings view that women submitted only out of necessity or The Feminists' implicit view that they submitted out of cowardice, but instead argued that 3776:

as a protest against its anti-abortion position and activities. "Can we continue to be responsible for funding a male institution that ... condemns us as ever to the house, to cooking and having children, but above all to having children". In Germany those baptized in one of the officially recognized

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Their Yearbook essay on behalf of the autonomous feminist movement argued that patriarchy was the oldest and most fundamental relationship of exploitation. Hence the necessity of feminists' separating from men's organizations on the Left, since they would just use women's efforts to support their own

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coalitions. Willis, although very much a part of early radical feminism and continuing to hold that it played a necessary role in placing feminism on the political agenda, criticized it as unable "to integrate a feminist perspective with an overall radical politics", while viewing this limitation as

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stated that "transsexual women were active in the radical feminist movement of the late 1960s, but were almost entirely erased from its history after 1973" due to pushback from gender-critical feminists. Andrea Dworkin argued as early as 1974 that transgender people and gender identity research have

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it was "defined by feminists in the 1970s as a basic human right, it includes the right to abortion and birth control, but implies much more. To be realised, reproductive freedom must include not only woman's right to choose childbirth, abortion, sterilisation or birth control, but also her right to

3700:, "with their emphasis on food, family, fashion, and femininity", of being "instruments of women's oppression". One protester explained the goal of the protest by saying that they "were there to destroy a publication which feeds off of women's anger and frustration, a magazine which destroys women." 3653:

as rooted in "complementary patterns of male and female behavior". They placed more emphasis on institutions, seeing marriage, family, prostitution, and heterosexuality as all existing to perpetuate the "sex-role system". They saw all of these as institutions to be destroyed. Within the group, there

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intact", and that "it is precisely this idea that certain distinct behaviours are appropriate for males and females that underlies feminist criticism of the phenomenon of 'transgenderism'." According to the BBC in 2014, there are no reliable figures regarding gender reassignment operations in Iran.

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has been criticized for its exclusion of heterosexual women. According to some critics, " woman-identifying rhetoric should be considered a rhetorical failure. Critics also argue that the intensity of radical lesbian feminist politics, on top of the preexisting stigma around lesbianism, gave a bad

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domination and sexual subjugation of women that impacts negatively not only on the women and girls in prostitution but on all women as a group, because prostitution continually affirms and reinforces patriarchal definitions of women as having a primary function to serve men sexually. They say it is

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pageant in order to bring "sexist beauty ideas and social expectations" to the forefront of women's social issues. Even though bras were not burned on that day, the protest led to the phrase "bra-burner". "Feminists threw their bras—along with "woman-garbage" such as girdles, false eyelashes, steno

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of women. Patriarchal theory is not defined by a belief that all men always benefit from the oppression of all women. Rather, it maintains that the primary element of patriarchy is a relationship of dominance, where one party is dominant and exploits the other for the benefit of the former. Radical

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If "TERF" were a term that conveyed something purposeful, accurate, or useful, beyond simply smearing, silencing, insulting, discriminating against, or inciting violence, it could perhaps be considered neutral or harmless. But because the term itself is politically dishonest and misrepresentative,

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Early in the radical feminism movement, some radical feminists theorized that "other kinds of hierarchy grew out of and were modeled on male supremacy and so, were in effect, specialized forms of male supremacy". Therefore, the fight against male domination took priority because "the liberation of

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Male dominant society has defined women as a discrete biological group forever. If this was going to produce liberation, we'd be free ... To me, women is a political group. I never had much occasion to say that, or work with it, until the last few years when there has been a lot of discussion

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wrote that largely male governments "recognise as women men who believe that they are women ... because see women not as another sex but as a non-sex"; she continued that if uterus-and-ovaries transplants were a mandatory part of sex-change operations, the latter "would disappear overnight".

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argued that "All transsexuals rape women's bodies by reducing the real female form to an artifact, appropriating this body for themselves. However, the transsexually constructed lesbian-feminist violates women's sexuality and spirit, as well. Rape, although it is usually done by force, can also be

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MacKinnon argues that "In prostitution, women have sex with men they would never otherwise have sex with. The money thus acts as a form of force, not as a measure of consent. It acts like physical force does in rape." They believe that no person can be said to truly consent to their own oppression

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The first dichotomous division of this mass is said to have been on the grounds of sex: male and female ... it was because half the human race bears the burden of the reproductive process and because man, the 'rational' animal, had the wit to take advantage of that, that the childbearers, or

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underlined their belief in the necessity of creating a "new consciousness" that rejected traditional normative definitions of womanhood and femininity which centered on powerlessness. Their redefinition of womanhood and femininity stressed the freeing of lesbian identity from harmful and divisive

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Radical feminists hold the view that pornography contributes to sexism, arguing that in pornographic performances the actresses are reduced to mere receptacles—objects—for sexual use and abuse by men. They argue that the narrative is usually formed around men's pleasure as the only goal of sexual

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Indigenous women are particularly targeted for prostitution. In Canada, New Zealand, Mexico, and Taiwan, studies have shown that indigenous women are at the bottom of the race and class hierarchy of prostitution, often subjected to the worst conditions, most violent demands and sold at the lowest

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and others in the group. New York Radical Women fell apart in early 1969 in what came to be known as the "politico-feminist split", with the "politicos" seeing capitalism as the main source of women's oppression, while the "feminists" saw women's oppression in a male supremacy that was "a set of

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By 1980 she had become a mother of two, a born-again Christian, and a feminist -- and was living on welfare as her husband tried to make ends meet as a cable installer on Long Island. She had already become the feminist poster child for the demeaning effects of pornography, turning up in Andrea

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MacKinnon (1989): "Sex forced on real women so that it can be sold at a profit to be forced on other real women; women's bodies trussed and maimed and raped and made into things to be hurt and obtained and accessed, and this presented as the nature of women; the coercion that is visible and the

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as "self-mutilation", and used pronouns that refer to sex assigned at birth. Jeffreys argued that feminists need to know "the biological sex of those who claim to be women and promote prejudicial versions of what constitutes womanhood", and that the "use by men of feminine pronouns conceals the

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view. They viewed men's oppression of women as ongoing and deliberate, holding individual men responsible for this oppression, viewing institutions and systems (including the family) as mere vehicles of conscious male intent, and rejecting psychologistic explanations of female submissiveness as

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accomplished by deception. It is significant that in the case of the transsexually constructed lesbian-feminist, often he is able to gain entrance and a dominant position in women's spaces because the women involved do not know he is a transsexual and he just does not happen to mention it." In

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to establish various women's centers, and this form of action was common in the late 1970s and early 1980s. By the mid-1980s many of the original consciousness raising groups had dissolved, and radical feminism was more and more associated with loosely organized university collectives. Radical

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described this as "... a new tactic: the ostentatious, publicly documented violation of a law that millions of women had broken thus far, only in secret and under undignified circumstances." However, with strong opposition from church groups and most of the broadcasting councils governing West

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Radical feminists strongly object to the patriarchal ideology that has been one of the justifications for the existence of prostitution, namely that prostitution is a "necessary evil", because men cannot control themselves, and that it is therefore "necessary" that a small number of women be

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The essay on "Feminist Tendencies" in the Women's Yearbook (Frauenjahrbuch '76), published by the new Frauenoffensive press in Munich and edited by a work group of the Munich Women’s Center in Myra Marx Ferree: Varieties of Feminism German Gender Politics in Global Perspective (2012) p.60

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In prostitution, no woman stays whole. It is impossible to use a human body in the way women's bodies are used in prostitution and to have a whole human being at the end of it, or in the middle of it, or close to the beginning of it. It's impossible. And no woman gets whole again later,

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is one proponent of the view that pornography offers a distorted sense of men and women's bodies, as well as the actual sexual act, often showing performers with synthetic implants or exaggerated expressions of pleasure, engaging in fetishes that are presented as popular and normal.

3500:(NOW) during the 1970s. The feminism that emerged from these discussions stood first and foremost for the liberation of women, as women, from the oppression of men in their own lives, as well as men in power. Radical feminism claimed that a totalizing ideology and social formation— 4158:

freed herself from male domination" through disconnecting from them not only sexually, but also "financially and emotionally". They argued that lesbianism fosters the utmost independence from gendered systems of power, and from the "psychological oppression" of heteronormativity.

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summarizes this idea with her oft-quoted statement, "Pornography is the theory, and rape is the practice." They charge that pornography eroticizes the domination, humiliation, and coercion of women, and reinforces sexual and cultural attitudes that are complicit in rape and

3266:'s vocabulary, helped to legalize abortion in the US, "were the first to demand total equality in the so-called private sphere" ("housework and child care ... emotional and sexual needs"), and "created the atmosphere of urgency" that almost led to the passage of the 4465:, an English radical feminist, spoke in 2011 about the appeal of radical feminism to young women: "After teaching women for 20-odd years, if I go in and I teach liberal feminism, I get looked blank ... I go in and teach radical feminism, bang, the room explodes." 4135:, a large fraction of the movement sought to reform sexist institutions while "leaving intact the staple nuclear unit of oppression: heterosexual sex". Others saw lesbianism as a strong political tool to help end male dominance and as central to the women's movement. 4162:

Rejecting norms of gender, sex and sexuality was central to radical lesbian feminism. Radical lesbians believed that "lesbian identity was a 'woman-identified' identity'", meaning it should be defined by and with reference to women, rather than in relation to men.

3488:(CR) groups. These groups brought together intellectuals, workers, and middle-class women in developed Western countries to discuss their experiences. During these discussions, women noted a shared and repressive system regardless of their political affiliation or 3155:

should not matter culturally or politically, they also maintain that women's special role in reproduction should be recognized and accommodated without penalty in the workplace, and some have argued compensation should be offered for this socially essential work.

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A woman's voice was almost never heard as a woman's voice—it was always filtered through men's voices. So here a guy comes along saying, "I'm going to be a girl now and speak for girls." And we thought, "No you're not." A person cannot just join the oppressed by

3910:, or trauma such as child sexual abuse. Women from the lowest socioeconomic classes—impoverished women, women with a low level of education, women from the most disadvantaged racial and ethnic minorities—are over-represented in prostitution all over the world. 3948:

Dworkin argued that "prostitution and equality for women cannot exist simultaneously" and to eradicate prostitution "we must seek ways to use words and law to end the abusive selling and buying of girls' and women's bodies for men's sexual pleasure".

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Radical feminists used a variety of tactics, including demonstrations, speakouts, and community and work-related organizing, to gain exposure and adherents. In France and West Germany, radical feminists developed further forms of direct action.

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the 'beasts of burden,' were corralled into a political class: equivocating the biologically contingent burden into a political (or necessary) penalty, thereby modifying these individuals' definition from the human to the functional, or animal.

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As long as the word 'dyke' can be used to frighten women into a less militant stand, keep women separate from their sisters, and keep them from giving primacy to anything other than men and family—then to that extent they are dominated by male

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Radical feminists argue that, because of patriarchy, women have come to be viewed as the "other" to the male norm, and as such have been systematically oppressed and marginalized. They further assert that men as a class, benefit from the

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By contrast, trans-inclusive radical feminists claim that a biology-based or sex-essentialist ideology itself upholds patriarchal constructions of womanhood. Others assert that trans women also contributed to the feminist movement, and

3492:. Based on these discussions, the women drew the conclusion that ending of patriarchy was the most necessary step towards a truly free society. These consciousness-raising sessions allowed early radical feminists to develop a political 3918:

conducted a 2004 study of 854 people involved in prostitution internationally, finding that 89% of respondents stated they wanted to escape prostitution but could not, 72% were currently or formerly homeless, and 68% met criteria for

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is eliminated in all social and economic contexts, while recognizing that women's experiences are also affected by other social divisions such as in race, class, and sexual orientation. The ideology and movement emerged in the 1960s.

3658:, the Redstockings co-founder, would later write that insofar as the Redstockings considered abandoning heterosexual activity, they saw it as a "bitter price" they "might have to pay for militance", whereas The Feminists embraced 3397:

Radical feminists helped to translate the radical protest for racial equality, in which many had experience, over to the struggle for women's rights. They took up the cause and advocated for a variety of women's issues, including

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in which the class of men are the oppressors of the class of women. They propose that the oppression of women is the most fundamental form of oppression, one that has existed since the inception of humanity. As radical feminist

3104:. Radical feminists seek to abolish the patriarchy in a struggle to liberate women and girls from a perceivedly unjust society by challenging existing social norms and institutions. This struggle includes opposing the 4145:

Radical lesbians believed lesbianism actively threatened patriarchal systems of power. They defined lesbians not only by their sexual orientation, but by their liberation and independence from men. Lesbian activists

4016:, and argue that most female performers are coerced into pornography, either by somebody else or by an unfortunate set of circumstances. The feminist anti-pornography movement was galvanized by the publication of 4130:

women within the movement were challenged on the grounds that their heterosexual identities helped to perpetuate the very patriarchal systems that they were working to undo. According to radical lesbian writer

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TERF stands for "trans-exclusionary radical feminist." The term can be useful for making a distinction with radical feminists who do not share the same position, but those at whom it is directed consider it a

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During this period, the movement produced "a prodigious output of leaflets, pamphlets, journals, magazine articles, newspaper and radio and TV interviews". Many important feminist works, such as Koedt's essay

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material, institutionalized relations, not just bad attitudes". The feminist side of the split, whose members referred to themselves as "radical feminists", soon constituted the basis of a new organization,

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In November 1972, two women in a sexual relationship, Marion Ihns and Judy Andersen, were arrested and charged with hiring a man to kill Ihns's abusive husband. Pretrial publicity, particularly that by

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These helped women to gain knowledge about how their own bodies functioned so they would no longer need to rely solely on the medical profession. An outgrowth of this movement was the founding of the

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Radical feminists have generally formed small activist or community associations around either consciousness raising or concrete aims. Many radical feminists in Australia participated in a series of

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pads, wigs, women's magazines, and dishcloths—into a "Freedom Trash Can", but they did not set it on fire". In March 1970, more than one hundred feminists staged an 11-hour sit-in at the

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political parties, all of which were male-dominated and male-oriented. In the United States, radical feminism developed as a response to some of the perceived failings of both

3418:); however, many women of color did not participate in the movement due to their conclusion that radical feminists were not addressing "issues of meaning for minority women", 3358:, that had gained momentum in the 1960s, and many of the women who took up the cause of radical feminism had previous experience with radical protest in the struggle against 4316:

describes femininity as "a set of behaviors that are, in essence, ritualized submission", and hence, gender is not an identity but a caste position, and the philosophies of

3183:, "not only the oldest and most universal form of domination but the primary form" and the model for all others. Later politics derived from radical feminism ranged from 3475:

At the same time parallel trends of thinking developed outside the USA: The Women's Yearbook from Munich gives a good sense of early 1970s feminism in West Germany:

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Radical feminists have written about a wide range of issues regarding the sex industry—which they tend to oppose—including but not limited to what many see as: the

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In the late 2010s, interest in the issue of trans-inclusive feminism rose as trans acceptance gained headway. In 2015, radical feminist Catherine MacKinnon said:

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In the 1960s, radical feminism emerged within liberal feminist and working-class feminist discussions, first in the United States, then in the United Kingdom and

207: 8212: 2898: 5562: 3531:), which Ellen Willis characterized as "the first women's liberation group in New York City", a radical feminist ideology began to emerge. It declared that " 3457: 4183:

reiterated this thought, writing, "in this sexist society, for a woman to be independent means she can't be a woman, she must be a dyke". The rhetoric of a

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Prostitution in and of itself is an abuse of a woman's body. Those of us who say this are accused of being simple-minded. But prostitution is very simple.

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itself: genital differences between human beings would no longer matter culturally." While radical feminists believe that differences in genitalia and

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they are "constructing a conservative fantasy of what women should be ... an essence of womanhood which is deeply insulting and restrictive." In

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Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminists in particular say that the difference in behavior between men and women is the result of

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Redstockings and The Feminists were both radical feminist organizations, but held rather distinct views. Most members of Redstockings held to a

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Radical lesbians are distinguished from other radical feminists through their ideological roots in political lesbianism. Radical lesbians see

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While radical feminists aim to dismantle patriarchal society, their immediate aims are generally concrete. Common demands include expanding

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was more or less an unchallenged assumption". Among radical feminists, it was widely held that, thus far, the sexual freedoms gained in the

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asked: "If prostitution is a free choice, why are the women with the fewest choices the ones most often found doing it?" Radical feminist

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and are referred to by others as trans-exclusionary. Radical feminists in particular who exclude trans women are often referred to as "

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as an act of resistance against the political institution of heterosexuality, which they view as violent and oppressive towards women.

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argued in 2008 that Iran carries out the highest number of sex-change operations in the world, because "surgery is an attempt to keep

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argues that consent is not a "good divining rod as to the existence of oppression, and consent to violation is a fact of oppression".

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that oppressed women, but that it was also social movements and organizations that claimed to stand for human liberation, notably the

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groups were formed to rally support, second-wave radical feminism began to see an increasing number of women of color participating.

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based on common experiences women faced with male supremacy. Consciousness raising was extensively used in chapter sub-units of the

6263: 956: 309: 7281: 5870:"Maxwell, Louise, and Scott. "A Review Of The Role Of Radical Feminist Theories In The Understanding Of Rape Myth Acceptance."". 5447: 3604:, had been largely gained by men at women's expense. This assumption of heterosexuality would soon be challenged by the rise of 8273: 8142: 7813: 3053: 2963: 2828: 2485: 1441: 124: 17: 5362: 5334: 5306: 8182: 7468: 6740: 6685: 6247: 5907: 5624:

Farley, M.; Lynne, J.; Cotton, A. (2005). "Prostitution in Vancouver: Violence and the Colonization of First Nations Women".

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While Willis (1984) does not mention Chicago, as early as 1967 it was a major site for consciousness-raising and home of the

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of the women who perform and model in it. This is said to be true even when the women are presented as enjoying themselves.

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Radical lesbians criticized the women's liberation movement for its failure to criticize the "psychological oppression" of

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churches have to document that they have formally left the church in order not to be responsible for paying a church tax.

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blaming women for collaboration in their own oppression. They held to a view—which Willis would later describe as "neo-

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headquarters. These women demanded that the publication replace its male editor with a female editor, and accused the

3472:, Washington, DC, and on the West Coast, radical feminist groups spread across the country rapidly from 1968 to 1972. 432: 8112: 7445: 7388: 7365: 7195: 7165: 7112: 7051: 6874: 6198: 6016:"Poirot, Kristan. Domesticating The Liberated Women: Containment Rhetorics Of Second Wave Radical/lesbian Feminism". 5843: 5819: 5280: 5173:

Cristina Perincioli, "Berlin wird feministisch"(2015) p.89, Interviews with several witnesses translated in English:

4076:(1993), MacKinnon argues that pornography "deprives women of the right to express verbal refusal of an intercourse". 3328: 3179:

in the 1960s, typically viewed patriarchy as a "transhistorical phenomenon" prior to or deeper than other sources of

3046: 2798: 2085: 2064: 1999: 1967: 949: 772: 42: 6163: 5886: 729: 3406:, access to credit, and equal pay. Many women of color were among the founders of the Women's Liberation Movement ( 3243:

maintained that the need for power fuels the male class to continue oppressing the female class, arguing that "the

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masculine privilege bestowed upon them by virtue of having been placed in and brought up in the male sex caste".

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Radical feminists locate the root cause of women's oppression in patriarchal gender relations, as opposed to

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In West Germany, 1973 saw the start of a radical feminist group campaign to withdraw from membership in the

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The radical feminism of the late 1960s was not only a movement of ideology and theory; it helped to inspire

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MacKinnon argued that pornography leads to an increase in sexual violence against women through fostering

508: 8122: 7878: 7833: 7333: 5409:"Prostitution and Trafficking in Nine Countries: An Update on Violence and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder" 5126: 4584: 4384: 3441: 2808: 2550: 2505: 2014: 2004: 1974: 1856: 1841: 1831: 1419: 1284: 1279: 971: 544: 134: 7180: 6600: 4617: 4578: 3735:

to having performed abortions. She also found a woman willing to terminate her pregnancy on camera with

7838: 7104: 5933: 5750: 5542:"Hoffer, Kaethe Morris. "A Response to Sex Trafficking Chicago Style: Follow the Sisters, Speak Out"". 5108: 4914:

Ferree, Myra Marx (2012). "Women Themselves Will Decide: Autonomous Feminist Mobilization, 1968–1978".

4443: 3549: 3145: 2510: 1957: 1544: 832: 129: 7150: 7097: 334: 8357: 7873: 7485: 7306: 7213: 6995: 6665:

There is no reliable information on the number of gender reassignment operations carried out in Iran.

6360: 5247: 4919: 4043: 3969:'s high rate of rapes is exacerbated by the patriarchal atmosphere encouraged by legal prostitution. 3739:, thereby promoting this method of abortion by showing it on the German political television program 3532: 2545: 2148: 2117: 1769: 1549: 986: 790: 736: 38: 5908:"Feminismus und Pornografie: PorNo, PorYes oder PorLibre? - frauenseiten bremen frauenseiten.bremen" 5583:"Polis, Carol A. "A Radical Feminist Approach to Confronting Global Sexual Exploitation of Woman"". 8372: 7187: 5811: 5258: 4392: 2044: 2039: 2034: 1991: 1871: 1667: 1429: 1083: 875: 751: 724: 637: 537: 6917:

Thompson, Becky (2002). "Multiracial Feminism: Recasting the Chronology Of Second Wave Feminism".

5193:

Myra Marx Ferree: Varieties of Feminism German Gender Politics in Global Perspective (2012) p.91

4475: 3692: 3262:

wrote in 1984 that radical feminists "got sexual politics recognized as a public issue", created

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coercion that has become invisible—this and more grounds the feminist concern with pornography."

3544:. At the same time, Ti-Grace Atkinson led "a radical split-off from NOW", which became known as 8052: 8007: 7843: 7687: 7557: 7301: 6703: 6268: 5229: 5210: 5066:"Kreydatus, Beth. "Confronting The Bra-Burners" Teaching Radical Feminism With A Case Study"". 4285:", an acronym to which they object, say is inaccurate (citing, for example, their inclusion of 4273:

Those who exclude trans women from womanhood or women's spaces commonly refer to themselves as

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that started in the early 1960s. The leading figures of this second wave of feminism included

8297: 8232: 8222: 8132: 7863: 7818: 4001:, charge that the production of pornography entails physical, psychological, and/or economic 3902:

Radical feminists argue that most women who become prostitutes are forced into it by a pimp,

3485: 3423: 3355: 3274:(NOW), a feminist group that had previously been focused almost entirely on economic issues. 3235: 2993: 2918: 2908: 2818: 2535: 2490: 1774: 1734: 1724: 1679: 1510: 1485: 1394: 1259: 1016: 976: 456: 373: 5517: 5408: 4518: 4008:

Radical feminists point to the testimony of well-known participants in pornography, such as

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argued in 1997 that "the vast majority of transsexuals still subscribe to the traditional

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men have for the role of oppressor is the source and foundation of all human oppression".

2253: 8: 8172: 7995: 7980: 7921: 7899: 7677: 7617: 7208:(2000). "28. Lesbianism and the Women's Liberation Movement". In Crow, Barbara A. (ed.). 7175: 7092: 6858: 6641: 6239:

Sisterhood and After: An Oral History of the UK Women's Liberation Movement, 1968-present

4321: 4215: 4171:

stereotypes. As Abbot and Love argued in "Is Women's Liberation a Lesbian Plot?" (1971):

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Feminists who oppose the acceptance and endorsement of prostitution by rebranding it as "

3837: 3744: 3670: 3659: 3553: 3367: 3125: 2858: 2673: 2658: 2599: 2577: 2343: 2283: 1714: 1704: 1674: 1662: 1657: 1559: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1153: 1088: 1068: 1001: 944: 902: 880: 846: 780: 532: 437: 216: 164: 154: 109: 7430: 3460:(SDS) and feminist organizations such as NOW. Initially concentrated in big cities like 8315: 8162: 7894: 7742: 7400:"The Feminist Foundations of Language, Gender, and Sexuality Research by Mary Bucholtz" 7314: 7249: 7080: 6952: 6944: 6839: 6568: 6216: 6041: 5649: 5428: 5378: 5140: 4329: 4022: 3581: 3270:. The influence of radical feminism can be seen in the adoption of these issues by the 3192: 3011: 2848: 2572: 2408: 1901: 1891: 1881: 1866: 1861: 1846: 1799: 1779: 1754: 1719: 1709: 1689: 1586: 1468: 1458: 1359: 1113: 939: 805: 687: 400: 361: 114: 5455: 8202: 8072: 7853: 7567: 7542: 7532: 7464: 7441: 7411: 7384: 7380: 7361: 7273: 7217: 7191: 7161: 7157: 7134: 7108: 7047: 6999: 6987: 6956: 6939: 6870: 6843: 6831: 6736: 6707: 6681: 6528: 6364: 6337: 6327: 6317: 6243: 6204: 6194: 6144: 5839: 5815: 5641: 5432: 5382: 5276: 5194: 4923: 4898: 4786: 4776: 4598: 4588: 4139: 4072: 4067: 3903: 3749: 3736: 3597: 3415: 3375: 3240: 3221: 3184: 2888: 2758: 2525: 2233: 2208: 2198: 1962: 1826: 1789: 1784: 1764: 1759: 1729: 1694: 1647: 1637: 1601: 1596: 1581: 1576: 1490: 1225: 1218: 1193: 1183: 1168: 1033: 1006: 892: 851: 827: 702: 682: 669: 630: 625: 620: 593: 493: 68: 5653: 5246:

Cristina Perincioli, "Berlin wird feministisch"(2015) p. 117 translated in English:

4166:

In their manifesto "The Woman-Identified Woman", the lesbian radical feminist group

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Hunter, Jean. "A Daring New Concept: The Ladies Home Journal And Modern Feminism".

4851:

Sarah Gamble, ed. The Routledge companion to feminism and postfeminism (2001) p. 25

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women would mean the liberation of all". This view is contested, particularly by

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Abbott, Sidney and Barbara Love, "Is Women's Liberation a Lesbian Plot? (1971)"

4020:, in which Linda Boreman (who under the name of "Linda Lovelace" had starred in 8263: 8082: 7936: 7782: 7752: 7717: 7712: 7632: 7622: 7612: 7607: 7537: 7522: 7357: 7205: 6811: 6573: 6123:"Radical Inclusion: Recounting the Trans Inclusive History of Radical Feminism" 4479: 4369: 4360: 4282: 4255: 4247: 4227: 4223: 4180: 4167: 4123:

has written that her lesbianism is "intrinsically bound up" with her feminism.

3962: 3932: 3928: 3915: 3793: 3437: 3168: 3140: 3085: 2953: 2768: 2614: 2448: 2418: 2383: 2378: 2298: 2288: 2278: 2273: 2203: 2188: 1886: 1329: 1294: 1103: 909: 861: 655: 615: 498: 7337: 6827: 6505:"Radical Inclusion Recounting the Trans Inclusive History of Radical Feminism" 6479:"'Pro-lesbian' or 'trans-exclusionary'? Old animosities boil into public view" 5559:"SEX: From human intimacy to "sexual labor" or Is prostitution a human right?" 4790: 4188:

face to the feminist movement and provided fertile ground for tropes like the

3760:

In the 1970s, radical women's centers without a formal hierarchy sprang up in

8351: 8253: 7963: 7858: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7707: 7657: 7642: 7637: 7269: 6835: 6656: 6552: 6532: 6523: 6504: 6148: 6139: 6122: 5637: 5374: 5311: 4602: 4488:' 1984 essay "Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism" says that within the 4401: 4301: 4147: 4132: 4031: 4013: 3987: 3808:

had run a seventeen consecutive day series on "The Crimes of Lesbian Women".

3718:

showed 28 German actresses and journalists confessing "We Had an Abortion!" (

3682: 3545: 3528: 3527:(1967–1969; not connected to the present-day socialist feminist organization 3461: 3379: 3347: 2943: 2641: 2530: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2373: 2323: 2308: 2303: 1188: 1148: 1143: 1053: 795: 758: 383: 378: 6812:"Stray Thoughts on Transgender Feminism and the Barnard Conference on Women" 3124:

that characterizes the United States and many other countries. According to

84: 8092: 7968: 7848: 7772: 7702: 7697: 7662: 7627: 7577: 7552: 7547: 7319: 7231: 7035: 6866: 6323: 5891: 5645: 4580:

Freedom for Women : Forging the Women's Liberation Movement, 1953–1970

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The New York Radical Feminists (NYRF) took a more psychologistic (and even

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simply led most women to accept a submissive role as "right and natural".

3120:, and challenging what radical feminists see as a racialized and gendered 7951: 7931: 7682: 7582: 7437: 7236: 5145: 4309: 4294: 4235: 4231: 4211: 4009: 3953: 3927:

and no-one should have the right to consent to the oppression of others.

3841: 3761: 3731: 3612: 3504:(government or rule by fathers)—dominated women in the interests of men. 3419: 3117: 2629: 2609: 2348: 2248: 812: 603: 5834:

Morgan, Robin. (1974). "Theory and Practice: Pornography and Rape". In:

4656:"Housework, Reproduction and Women's Liberation – MEETING GROUND OnLine" 4431: 3952:

Radical feminist thinking has analyzed prostitution as a cornerstone of

3535:" and the "sisterhood is powerful"; calls to women's activism coined by 3433:. Those involved had gradually come to believe that it was not only the 3134:(1970): "he end goal of feminist revolution must be, unlike that of the 7941: 7667: 7647: 7602: 7425: 7084: 7013: 6948: 6188: 6068:"New History Project Unearths Radical Feminism's Trans-Affirming Roots" 6001:

Radicalesbians. "The Woman-Identified Woman." Know, Incorporated. 1970.

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Since the 1970s, there has been a debate among radical feminists about

4039: 3642: 3557: 3216: 3180: 3121: 3093: 2619: 2333: 2313: 2268: 1369: 1354: 1048: 7253: 6357:

Califia Women: Feminist Education against Sexism, Classism, and Racism

4320:(specifically the feminine essence philosophy) are an obstacle to the 3726:

had organized this avowal form of protest following a French example.

7592: 7130: 5339: 4286: 4243: 4080: 3907: 3829: 3430: 3204: 3188: 2258: 1349: 1344: 422: 7076: 6930: 5855:"Schussler, Aura. "The Relation Between Feminism And Pornography"". 5361:

Farley, Melissa; Baral, Isin; Kiremire, Merab; Sezgin, Ufuk (1998).

4053:

Radical feminists say that consumption of pornography is a cause of

8302: 7990: 7904: 7477: 7245: 7127:

Gender Hurts: A Feminist Analysis of the Politics of Transgenderism

6636: 6482: 5335:"A feminist glossary because we didn't all major in gender studies" 5161:"Abortion ban / Modernizing Gynecology | Berlin Goes Feminist" 4916:

Varieties of Feminism: German Gender Politics in Global Perspective

4489: 4405:

the potential to radically undermine patriarchal sex essentialism:

4002: 3885: 3646: 3638: 3601: 3493: 3453: 3445: 3077: 2998: 2668: 2582: 1123: 991: 554: 76: 7268: 5857:

Scientific Journal of Humanistic Studies, Academic Search Complete

5778: 3207:, and the like on a par with patriarchy as sources of oppression. 2164: 7803: 7787: 7022: 4116: 3722:) unleashing a campaign against the abortion ban. The journalist 3465: 3449: 2475: 2453: 785: 6341: 5804:"Francis Biddle's Sister: Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech" 4034:, and that Traynor had forced her at gunpoint to make scenes in 7985: 7398:

Ehrlich, Susan; Meyerhoff, Miriam; Holmes, Janet, eds. (2014).

5544:

University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Academic Search Complete

5504:

The Prostitution of Sexuality: The Global Exploitation of Women

4878: 4854: 3966: 3650: 3627: 3621: 3512: 3469: 3359: 2663: 5955:

Johnston, Jill. "The Making of the Lesbian Chauvinist (1973)"

3729:

In 1974, Schwarzer persuaded 329 doctors to publicly admit in

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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

3101: 3215:

Radical feminists assert that global society functions as a

4816: 4054: 4027: 3788: 3224:

wrote in her foundational piece "Radical Feminism" (1969):

3109: 6990:(2000). "6: Radical Feminism". In Crow, Barbara A. (ed.). 6963: 6779: 4304:, and the idea that someone would have an inborn sense of 6678:

The House that Jill Built: A Lesbian Nation in Formation.

5480:. Connecticut Public Radio. 5 August 2009. Archived from 5360: 5273:

Jewish Feminism in Israel: Some Contemporary Perspectives

5035: 5023: 4713: 3780: 3097: 5660: 4950: 4948: 3792:, Germany's largest tabloid, was marked by anti-lesbian 3600:

of the 1960s, in particular, the decreasing emphasis on

3362:. Chronologically, it can be seen within the context of 3354:(WLM). The WLM grew largely due to the influence of the 3108:

of women, raising public awareness about such issues as

7040:

Daring To Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America 1967-1975

6415:"The Trans Women Who Say That Trans Women Aren't Women" 6266:[Mail of ideas. What is debated in the genre]. 5887:"Are women human? (interview with Catharine MacKinnon)" 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 3804:'s publisher. At one point in the lead up to the trial 8032:

The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution

7397: 7148:

Linden-Ward, Blanche; Green, Carol Hurd, eds. (1993).

7099:

The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution

6900: 6898: 6791: 6758:"Transgender Activism: A Lesbian Feminist Perspective" 6290: 5872:

Journal of Sexual Aggression, Academic Search Complete

5693:"A Conversation With Catherine MacKinnon (transcript)" 4797: 4752: 4742: 4740: 4635: 3608:, closely associated with Atkinson and The Feminists. 2718:

The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution

7061:

Evans, Sara M. (2002). "Re-Viewing the Second Wave".

6632:"Celebs split over trans protest at Stonewall Awards" 6264:"Courrier des idées. Ce qui fait débat dans le genre" 5678:

MacKinnon, Catherine A. (1984). "Not a moral issue".

5307:"Why we shouldn't rebrand prostitution as "sex work"" 5184:

Frankfurter Frauen (eds.), “1. Frauenjahrbuch“ (1975)

5089: 5047: 5011: 4999: 4987: 4975: 4945: 4833: 4725: 4312:

runs contrary to the theory of gender socialization.

4126:

During the Women's Liberation Movement of the 1970s,

7234:(1984). "Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism". 5448:"Prostitution: Factsheet on Human Rights Violations" 5109:"Gegen §218 – Der Kampf um das Recht auf Abtreibung" 4701: 4689: 4668: 8213:

Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation

6895: 5836:

Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist

5713:"Feminist Perspectives on Sex Markets: Pornography" 4770: 4737: 3548:. A third major stance would be articulated by the 2899:

Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation

7429: 7377:Sweet Freedom: The Struggle for Women's Liberation 7179: 7149: 7096: 6883: 6700:The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male 5878: 4356:The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male 4324:of gender and a reversion to a sex-based society. 3250:The influence of radical-feminist politics on the 3092:Radical feminists view society fundamentally as a 7424: 7282:"The Silencing of Feminist Criticism of 'Gender'" 5623: 5585:Journal of Sex Research, Academic Search Complete 4866: 3755: 8349: 7152:American Women in the 1960s: Changing the Future 7147: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6408: 6406: 6090: 6088: 5259:"1973-74 Witch Hunt | Berlin Goes Feminist" 4884: 4860: 3587: 7404:The Handbook of Language, Gender, and Sexuality 6319:Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism 5925: 5808:Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law 5705: 5556: 3823: 6859:"Androgyny: Androgyny, Fucking, and Community" 6726: 6657:"The gay people pushed to change their gender" 6386:"A transgender problem for diversity politics" 6297:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 4199: 4026:) stated that she had been beaten, raped, and 7493: 7428:; Levine, Ellen; Rapone, Anita, eds. (1973). 7374: 6434: 6403: 6085: 4969:Feminisms Matter: Debates, Theories, Activism 3580:(1970), emerged during this time and in this 3295:The examples and perspective in this section 3054: 2125: 7026:. WheelerCentre (Sydney Writers' Festival). 6731:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 6601:"'TERF' isn't just a slur, it's hate speech" 6291:Catharine A. MacKinnon (November 28, 2022). 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 5985:. New York: New York University Press, 2000. 5963:. New York: New York University Press, 2000. 5795: 4214:identities. Some radical feminists, such as 3852: 6548:"Are you now or have you ever been a TERF?" 6161: 6114: 5149:(in German). 11 March 1974. pp. 29–31. 4094: 3685:. In 1968, feminists protested against the 23: 7500: 7486: 7315:"Redstockings Women's Liberation Archives" 7240:(9/10, The 60's without Apology): 91–118. 7186:(1st ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: 6720: 6472: 6470: 6377: 6221:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6018:Women's Studies in Communication (263-264) 5597: 5133: 3313:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 3175:). Early radical feminism, arising within 3061: 3047: 2132: 2118: 1012:African-American women's suffrage movement 24: 7352:Bell, Diane; Klein, Renate, eds. (1996). 7351: 7174: 7129:(1st ed.). Abingdon, Oxon, England: 7091: 6938: 6670: 6620:, courtesy of idgeofreason.wordpress.com. 6545: 6522: 6354: 6348: 6193:(First ed.). New York. p. 186. 6138: 6024: 5905: 5801: 5666: 4641: 3329:Learn how and when to remove this message 7457:Feminists Who Changed America, 1963–1975 7121: 7042:(1st ed.). Minneapolis, Minnesota: 6986: 6916: 6797: 6785: 6755: 6654: 6599:Murphy, Meghan E. (September 21, 2017). 6566: 6502: 6445: 6412: 6293:"Exploring Transgender Law and Politics" 6242:. 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Rich, 4966: 4746: 4653: 4615: 4497:inevitable in the context of the time. 14: 8350: 8143:Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center 7814:Coalition Against Trafficking in Women 7230: 7210:Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader 7034: 6992:Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader 6969: 6904: 6623: 6598: 6413:Goldberg, Michelle (9 December 2015). 6383: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5983:Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader 5977: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5931: 5743: 5602:. Pahrump Valley Times. Archived from 5506:. New York: New York University Press. 5445: 5406: 5095: 5053: 5041: 5029: 5017: 5005: 4993: 4981: 4954: 4913: 4839: 4731: 4719: 4707: 4695: 4683: 4564: 4519:Lesbian Feminist Chronology: 1963–1970 3861:during the production of pornography, 3781:Protest of biased coverage of lesbians 3556:(who broke from the Redstockings) and 3210: 2829:Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center 2486:Coalition Against Trafficking in Women 8183:Toward a Feminist Theory of the State 8103:Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape 7481: 7327: 7182:Toward a Feminist Theory of the State 7060: 7012: 6889: 6546:MacDonald, Terry (16 February 2015). 6235: 6065: 6059: 6040:Goldberg, Michelle (August 4, 2014). 6011: 6009: 6007: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5617: 5600:"Panel: Brothels aid sex trafficking" 5496: 5452:Prostitution Research & Education 5407:Farley, Melissa; et al. (2004). 5304: 5141:"Abtreibung: Aufstand der Schwestern" 4872: 4558: 4359:(1979), the lesbian radical feminist 3811: 3767: 3707: 2869:Toward a Feminist Theory of the State 2789:Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape 7927:Feminist views on transgender topics 7507: 7454: 7156:(1st ed.). New York, New York: 7103:(1st ed.). New York, New York: 6629: 6567:Goldberg, Michelle (4 August 2014). 6446:Flaherty, Colleen (29 August 2018). 6315: 5516:Dworkin, Andrea (October 31, 1992). 5333:Dastagir, Alia E. (March 16, 2017). 4515:Voice of Women's Liberation Movement 4500: 4426: 4279:trans-exclusionary radical feminists 4206:Feminist views on transgender topics 3281: 2605:Feminist views on transgender topics 6910: 6095:Williams, Cristan (April 7, 2015). 5988: 5966: 5786:"The Truth About the Porn Industry" 5758:from the original on April 23, 2015 5718:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5561:. CATW-Asia Pacific. Archived from 3138:, not just the elimination of male 56: 8193:The Straight Mind and Other Essays 7262: 6618:"2008 Statement from Julie Bindel" 6477:Compton, Julie (14 January 2019). 6162:Stoltenberg, John (8 April 2020). 6004: 5944: 5885:Jeffries, Stuart (12 April 2006). 5848: 5746:"Linda Lovelace dies in car crash" 5744:Briggs, Joe Bob (April 23, 2002). 5576: 5074: 5059: 4517:; see Kate Bedford and Ara Wilson 3676: 3592:At the beginning of this period, " 2879:The Straight Mind and Other Essays 57: 8384: 8113:Pornography: Men Possessing Women 7280:; et al. (August 12, 2013). 6655:Hamedani, Ali (5 November 2014). 6355:Pomerleau, Clark A. (2013). "1". 6164:"Andrea Dworkin Was a Trans Ally" 5932:Bindel, Julie (30 January 2009). 5771:Pornography: Men Possessing Women 5518:"Prostitution and Male Supremacy" 5446:Farley, Melissa (April 2, 2000). 4654:Hanisch, Carol (3 October 2015). 4238:as women, which they describe as 3881:in prostitution and pornography. 3871:the long-term detrimental effects 3865:from consumption of pornography, 3458:Students for a Democratic Society 2799:Pornography: Men Possessing Women 8332: 8274:She's Beautiful When She's Angry 7809:Chicago Women's Liberation Union 7030:from the original on 2019-04-12. 7018:"Gail Dines on radical feminism" 6979: 6850: 6803: 6749: 6691: 6648: 6611: 6592: 6503:Williams, Cristan (2016-05-01). 6066:Abeni, Cleis (3 February 2016). 5802:MacKinnon, Catharine A. (1987). 5363:"Prostitution in Five Countries" 5305:Ditum, Sarah (1 December 2014). 4616:Martins, Amanda (May 14, 2019). 4430: 3286: 3084:re-ordering of society in which 3030: 2964:She's Beautiful When She's Angry 2481:Chicago Women's Liberation Union 2163: 2101: 1633:Democratic Republic of the Congo 967:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 83: 7879:Women's Liberation Front (WoLF) 7829:Michigan Womyn's Music Festival 7824:Lesbian Organization of Toronto 6560: 6539: 6496: 6384:Jensen, Robert (June 5, 2015). 6309: 6284: 6256: 6229: 6180: 6155: 5899: 5863: 5828: 5737: 5724: 5711:Shrage, Laurie (13 July 2007). 5672: 5591: 5557:Cecilia Hofmann (August 1997). 5550: 5535: 5509: 5470: 5439: 5400: 5354: 5326: 5298: 5285: 5265: 5251: 5240: 5221: 5187: 5178: 5167: 5153: 5119: 4960: 4936: 4907: 4890: 4845: 4809: 4764: 4532: 4507: 4338:Lesbian Organization of Toronto 3891: 3498:National Organization for Women 3272:National Organization for Women 2551:Women's Liberation Front (WoLF) 2501:Michigan Womyn's Music Festival 2496:Lesbian Organization of Toronto 8063:The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm 7455:Love, Barbara J., ed. (2006). 7328:Welch, Penny (February 2001). 6765:The Journal of Lesbian Studies 6702:(Revised ed.). New York: 6630:Grew, Tony (7 November 2008). 6121:Williams, Cristan (May 2016). 5784:Bindel, Julie (July 2, 2010). 4971:. University of Toronto Press. 4647: 4609: 4570: 4234:have supported recognition of 3976: 3921:post-traumatic stress disorder 3898:Feminist views on prostitution 3818:Feminist Women's Health Center 3756:Circumventing the abortion ban 3567:The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm 2749:The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm 2065:Women's suffrage organizations 13: 1: 8003:Social construction of gender 7957:Feminist views on pornography 7044:University of Minnesota Press 6810:Stryker, Susan (2008-09-15). 6680:University of Toronto Press, 6510:Transgender Studies Quarterly 6127:Transgender Studies Quarterly 5522:Andrea Dworkin Online Library 4546: 3983:Feminist views of pornography 3588:Ideology emerges and diverges 3153:secondary sex characteristics 3116:, challenging the concept of 2681:Social construction of gender 2635:Feminist views on pornography 7461:University of Illinois Press 7330:"Strands of Feminist Theory" 5293:The Encyclopedia of Feminism 4918:. Redwood City, California: 4885:Linden-Ward & Green 1993 4861:Linden-Ward & Green 1993 4771:Beauvoir, Simone de (2011). 4551: 4468: 4422: 4242:feminism, while others like 3875:the raced and classed nature 3846:The Encyclopedia of Feminism 3824:Social organization and aims 3712:On 6 June 1971 the cover of 2050:Suffragists and suffragettes 1980:American feminist literature 7: 7834:Mountain Moving Coffeehouse 7334:University of Wolverhampton 7297:"Notes From the First Year" 6698:Raymond, Janice G. (1994). 6272:(in French). 2 January 2022 5478:"It's Wrong to Pay for Sex" 5236:(in German). 17 April 2018. 5217:(in German). 17 April 2018. 5115:(in German). 20 April 2018. 4585:University Press of Florida 4200:Views on transgender topics 3997:Radical feminists, notably 3820:(FFGZ) in Berlin in 1974. 3552:, founded later in 1969 by 3352:women's liberation movement 3309:, discuss the issue on the 3277: 3252:women's liberation movement 2506:Mountain Moving Coffeehouse 2173:Women's liberation movement 1290:Views on transgender topics 1280:Views on sexual orientation 59:Perspective within feminism 10: 8389: 7839:New York Radical Feminists 7105:William Morrow and Company 6236:Jolly, Margaretta (2019). 5751:United Press International 5680:Yale Law and Policy Review 5413:Journal of Trauma Practice 4967:Bromley, Victoria (2012). 4942:Frauenjahrbuch ’76 p 76-78 4289:as women), and argue is a 4203: 4098: 4042:and a spokeswoman for the 3980: 3895: 3637:The Feminists held a more 3550:New York Radical Feminists 3456:organizations such as the 2511:New York Radical Feminists 8329: 8290: 8245: 8023: 8016: 7887: 7874:Women Against Pornography 7796: 7515: 7307:Duke University Libraries 7214:New York University Press 6996:New York University Press 6940:2027/spo.0499697.0028.210 6828:10.1080/10714420802306726 6756:Jeffreys, Sheila (1997). 6361:University of Texas Press 6322:(1990 ed.). Boston: 5598:MARK WAITE (2007-09-07). 5367:Feminism & Psychology 4920:Stanford University Press 4817:"Welcome to Redstockings" 4154:argued that "the lesbian 4044:anti-pornography movement 3879:male dominance over women 3853:Views on the sex industry 3533:the personal is political 3507: 3346:Radical feminists in the 2546:Women Against Pornography 2081:Women's rights by country 987:Female genital mutilation 7356:. Melbourne, Australia: 7305:. June 1968 – via 7188:Harvard University Press 6857:Dworkin, Andrea (1974). 6816:The Communication Review 6524:10.1215/23289252-3334463 6187:Dworkin, Andrea (1974). 6140:10.1215/23289252-3334463 5906:redaktion (2014-11-10). 5812:Harvard University Press 5638:10.1177/1363461505052667 5626:Transcultural Psychiatry 5502:Barry, Kathleen (1995). 5375:10.1177/0959353598084002 4577:Giardina, Carol (2010). 4393:sex reassignment surgery 4391:(2014), she referred to 4185:"woman-identified-woman" 4095:Radical lesbian feminism 4086:German radical feminist 3867:the coercion and poverty 3667:biologically determinist 3341: 3076:is a perspective within 2086:Feminists by nationality 2060:Women's studies journals 2055:Women's rights activists 773:Movements and ideologies 39:latest accepted revision 7459:. Champaign, Illinois: 7176:MacKinnon, Catharine A. 6727:Germaine Greer (1999). 6390:The Dallas Morning News 4476:intersectional feminism 3199:) that place issues of 3136:first feminist movement 1474:International relations 335:Intersectional variants 8053:Sisterhood Is Powerful 8008:Violence against women 7844:New York Radical Women 7688:Catharine A. MacKinnon 7302:New York Radical Women 7212:. New York, New York: 6994:. New York, New York: 6704:Teachers College Press 6269:Courrier International 5934:"My sexual revolution" 4420: 4411: 4383:of women" and that by 4351: 4178: 4112: 4059:violence against women 3994: 3946: 3840:. According to writer 3720:wir haben abgetrieben! 3641:, psychologistic, and 3634: 3525:New York Radical Women 3523:Within groups such as 3520: 3482: 3404:Equal Rights Amendment 3268:Equal Rights Amendment 3231: 3114:violence against women 3106:sexual objectification 2739:Sisterhood Is Powerful 2686:Violence against women 2516:New York Radical Women 2354:Catharine A. MacKinnon 2000:Conservative feminisms 1255:Bicycling and feminism 1231:Women in the workforce 1199:Violence against women 1174:Sexual objectification 1134:Opposition to feminism 391:Vegetarian ecofeminism 18:Revolutionary feminism 8298:Consciousness raising 8233:The Industrial Vagina 8223:Sisterhood Is Forever 8133:Against Sadomasochism 7864:The Furies Collective 7819:Deep Green Resistance 7289:Meeting Ground OnLine 7272:; Scarbrough, Kathy; 6773:10.1300/J155v01n03_03 6553:New Statesman America 5425:10.1300/J189v02n03_03 5291:Tuttle, Lisa (1986). 4415: 4407: 4346: 4204:Further information: 4173: 4108: 3990: 3937: 3877:of prostitution, and 3798:Axel Springer Company 3630: 3515: 3486:consciousness raising 3477: 3424:consciousness raising 3422:in particular. After 3356:civil rights movement 3236:systematic oppression 3226: 3100:dominate and oppress 2994:Consciousness raising 2919:The Industrial Vagina 2909:Sisterhood Is Forever 2819:Against Sadomasochism 2536:The Furies Collective 2491:Deep Green Resistance 2030:Feminist rhetoricians 2020:Feminist philosophers 1572:Revisionist mythology 1275:Views on prostitution 1260:Criticism of marriage 950:Children's literature 8368:Feminism and society 8363:Feminism and history 8308:Miss America protest 8153:Sisterhood Is Global 7947:Political lesbianism 7768:Marilyn Salzman Webb 7216:. pp. 305–309. 7093:Firestone, Shulamith 6869:. pp. 175–176. 6676:Ross, Becki (1995). 6603:. Feminist Current. 5961:A Documentary Reader 5769:Dworkin's 1979 book 5606:on December 17, 2007 4722:, pp. 117, 141. 4525:17 July 2007 at the 4040:born-again Christian 3693:Ladies' Home Journal 3606:political lesbianism 3364:second wave feminism 3307:improve this section 3264:second-wave feminism 3177:second-wave feminism 3131:The Dialectic of Sex 3004:Miss America protest 2839:Sisterhood Is Global 2625:Political lesbianism 2434:Marilyn Salzman Webb 2010:Feminist art critics 1985:Feminist comic books 1942:Lists and categories 1621:By continent/country 1452:Pathways perspective 1335:Gender mainstreaming 1270:Views on pornography 1179:Substantive equality 1159:Reproductive justice 1109:Matriarchal religion 962:Diversity (politics) 898:Political lesbianism 208:Other women's rights 8339:Feminism portal 8173:Feminism Unmodified 7996:Internalized sexism 7981:Reproductive rights 7922:Feminist separatism 7900:False consciousness 7678:Holly Lawford-Smith 7618:Shulamith Firestone 6972:, pp. 120–122. 6316:Daly, Mary (1978). 5912:frauenseiten bremen 5458:on December 8, 2005 5129:. 13 February 2019. 5044:, pp. 130–132. 5032:, pp. 124–128. 4216:Catharine MacKinnon 4057:and other forms of 3999:Catharine MacKinnon 3992:Catharine MacKinnon 3912:Catharine MacKinnon 3838:reproductive rights 3745:Cristina Perincioli 3698:Ladies Home Journal 3671:social conditioning 3660:separatist feminism 3554:Shulamith Firestone 3368:Shulamith Firestone 3211:Theory and ideology 3126:Shulamith Firestone 3037:Feminism portal 2859:Feminism Unmodified 2674:Internalized sexism 2659:Reproductive rights 2600:Feminist separatism 2578:False consciousness 2344:Holly Lawford-Smith 2284:Shulamith Firestone 2108:Feminism portal 2015:Feminist economists 2005:Ecofeminist authors 1810:Trinidad and Tobago 1750:Republic of Ireland 1442:Composition studies 1209:Women's empowerment 1164:Sex workers' rights 1089:Feminist capitalism 1069:Internalized sexism 1002:Feminism in culture 110:History of feminism 29:Page version status 8316:Radical lesbianism 7895:Child sexual abuse 7743:Alix Kates Shulman 7410:. pp. 23–47. 7354:Radically Speaking 7346:Books and journals 7274:Atkinson, Ti-Grace 6998:. pp. 82–89. 6988:Atkinson, Ti-Grace 6569:"What Is a Woman?" 6363:. pp. 28–29. 6042:"What Is a Woman?" 5261:. 23 January 2015. 5230:"1973 (März)]" 5227:[name=FMT_1973> 5163:. 20 January 2015. 4442:. You can help by 4330:gender stereotypes 4113: 3995: 3859:harm done to women 3812:Genital self-exams 3768:Leaving the Church 3708:Self-incrimination 3635: 3521: 3254:was considerable. 3193:socialist feminism 3012:Radical lesbianism 2573:Child sexual abuse 2409:Alix Kates Shulman 1420:Literary criticism 1285:Views on sexuality 972:Effects on society 940:Complementarianism 915:Women's liberation 670:Religious variants 644:trans-exclusionary 362:Radical lesbianism 35: 8345: 8344: 8286: 8285: 8073:The Female Eunuch 7854:Stop Porn Culture 7588:Kimberlé Crenshaw 7568:Susan Brownmiller 7543:Rosalyn Baxandall 7533:Ti-Grace Atkinson 7470:978-0-252-03189-2 7278:Sarachild, Kathie 7158:Twayne Publishers 7016:(June 29, 2011). 6788:, pp. 68–71. 6742:978-0-307-56113-8 6686:978-0-8020-7479-9 6644:on June 29, 2011. 6359:. Austin, Texas: 6249:978-0-19-065884-7 5199:978-0-8047-5759-1 4903:978-0-8047-5759-1 4782:978-0-09-959573-1 4775:. Vintage Books. 4567:, pp. 91–118 4501:Explanatory notes 4460: 4459: 4140:heteronormativity 4068:sexual harassment 3904:human trafficking 3873:of prostitution, 3737:vacuum aspiration 3598:sexual revolution 3416:Toni Cade Bambara 3376:Ti-Grace Atkinson 3339: 3338: 3331: 3241:Ti-Grace Atkinson 3222:Ti-Grace Atkinson 3185:cultural feminism 3080:that calls for a 3071: 3070: 2977: 2976: 2759:The Female Eunuch 2526:Stop Porn Culture 2254:Kimberlé Crenshaw 2234:Susan Brownmiller 2209:Rosalyn Baxandall 2199:Ti-Grace Atkinson 2142: 2141: 2093: 2092: 1612: 1611: 1602:womanist theology 1545:Political ecology 1376:Écriture féminine 1303: 1302: 1194:Triple oppression 1184:Toxic masculinity 1169:Sexual harassment 1029:Feminist stripper 1007:Feminist movement 563: 562: 494:Africana womanism 325: 324: 47:16 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 8380: 8358:Radical feminism 8337: 8336: 8335: 8312: 8279: 8269: 8259: 8238: 8228: 8218: 8208: 8198: 8188: 8178: 8168: 8158: 8148: 8138: 8128: 8123:Ain't I a Woman? 8118: 8108: 8098: 8088: 8078: 8068: 8058: 8048: 8038: 8021: 8020: 7778:Harriet Wistrich 7758:John Stoltenberg 7738:Kathie Sarachild 7598:Christine Delphy 7509:Radical feminism 7502: 7495: 7488: 7479: 7478: 7474: 7451: 7435: 7432:Radical Feminism 7421: 7406:(2nd ed.). 7394: 7371: 7341: 7336:. 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Archived from 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5302: 5296: 5289: 5283: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5255: 5249: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5207: 5201: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5176: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4943: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4911: 4905: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4827: 4821:redstockings.org 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4511: 4455: 4452: 4434: 4427: 4344:only and wrote: 4342:womyn-born womyn 4340:voted to become 4220:John Stoltenberg 4101:Radical lesbians 3942: 3537:Kathie Sarachild 3372:Kathie Sarachild 3350:coined the term 3334: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3314: 3290: 3289: 3282: 3197:anarcha-feminism 3173:Marxist feminism 3165:liberal feminism 3074:Radical feminism 3063: 3056: 3049: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3008: 2969: 2959: 2949: 2924: 2914: 2904: 2894: 2884: 2874: 2864: 2854: 2844: 2834: 2824: 2814: 2809:Ain't I a Woman? 2804: 2794: 2784: 2774: 2764: 2754: 2744: 2734: 2724: 2704: 2703: 2444:Harriet Wistrich 2424:John Stoltenberg 2404:Kathie Sarachild 2264:Christine Delphy 2167: 2157:Radical feminism 2144: 2143: 2134: 2127: 2120: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2045:Feminist parties 2040:Muslim feminists 2035:Jewish feminists 1946: 1945: 1927:History of women 1550:Political theory 1318: 1317: 1248: 1247: 1221: 1214:Women-only space 1099:Likeability trap 1064:Invisible labour 982:Female education 791:Anti-pornography 646: 645: 641: 357:Lesbian of color 340: 339: 217:Women's suffrage 193:Muslim countries 188:Women's suffrage 105:Feminist history 98: 97: 87: 64: 63: 21: 8388: 8387: 8383: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8378: 8377: 8373:Feminist theory 8348: 8347: 8346: 8341: 8333: 8331: 8325: 8310: 8282: 8277: 8267: 8257: 8241: 8236: 8226: 8216: 8206: 8196: 8186: 8176: 8166: 8156: 8146: 8136: 8126: 8116: 8106: 8096: 8086: 8076: 8066: 8056: 8046: 8043:Sexual Politics 8036: 8012: 7883: 7792: 7763:Michele Wallace 7748:Valerie Solanas 7693:Sheila Michaels 7673:Marjorie Kramer 7653:Sheila Jeffreys 7573:Phyllis Chesler 7528:Chude Pam Allen 7511: 7506: 7471: 7448: 7418: 7408:Wiley Blackwell 7391: 7368: 7340:on May 4, 2001. 7313: 7295: 7284: 7265: 7263:Further reading 7260: 7224: 7206:Shelley, Martha 7198: 7168: 7141: 7115: 7077:10.2307/3178740 7054: 7006: 6982: 6977: 6976: 6968: 6964: 6931:10.2307/3178747 6915: 6911: 6903: 6896: 6888: 6884: 6877: 6855: 6851: 6808: 6804: 6796: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6760: 6754: 6750: 6743: 6729:The Whole Woman 6725: 6721: 6714: 6706:. p. 104. 6696: 6692: 6675: 6671: 6653: 6649: 6628: 6624: 6616: 6612: 6597: 6593: 6579: 6577: 6565: 6561: 6544: 6540: 6501: 6497: 6487: 6485: 6475: 6468: 6458: 6456: 6444: 6435: 6425: 6423: 6411: 6404: 6394: 6392: 6382: 6378: 6371: 6353: 6349: 6334: 6314: 6310: 6301: 6299: 6289: 6285: 6275: 6273: 6262: 6261: 6257: 6250: 6234: 6230: 6214: 6213: 6201: 6185: 6181: 6172: 6170: 6160: 6156: 6119: 6115: 6105: 6103: 6093: 6086: 6076: 6074: 6064: 6060: 6050: 6048: 6038: 6025: 6015: 6014: 6005: 6000: 5989: 5980: 5967: 5954: 5945: 5930: 5926: 5917: 5915: 5904: 5900: 5883: 5879: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5833: 5829: 5822: 5814:. p. 176. 5800: 5796: 5783: 5779: 5761: 5759: 5742: 5738: 5729: 5725: 5710: 5706: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5677: 5673: 5665: 5661: 5622: 5618: 5609: 5607: 5596: 5592: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5568: 5566: 5555: 5551: 5541: 5540: 5536: 5527: 5525: 5524:. No Status Quo 5514: 5510: 5501: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5484:on 25 June 2010 5476: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5444: 5440: 5405: 5401: 5392: 5390: 5359: 5355: 5345: 5343: 5331: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5303: 5299: 5290: 5286: 5270: 5266: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5241: 5234:FrauenMediaTurm 5228: 5226: 5222: 5215:FrauenMediaTurm 5209: 5208: 5204: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5168: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5113:FrauenMediaTurm 5107: 5106: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5079: 5075: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4965: 4961: 4953: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4912: 4908: 4895: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4825: 4823: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4783: 4769: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4745: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4669: 4660: 4658: 4652: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4624: 4614: 4610: 4595: 4575: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4543: 4537: 4533: 4527:Wayback Machine 4512: 4508: 4503: 4471: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4440:needs expansion 4425: 4377:Sheila Jeffreys 4366:The Whole Woman 4318:gender identity 4275:gender critical 4260:Sheila Jeffreys 4240:trans-inclusive 4208: 4202: 4103: 4097: 4088:Alice Schwarzer 4030:by her husband 3985: 3979: 3940: 3935:wrote in 1992: 3900: 3894: 3863:the social harm 3855: 3826: 3814: 3783: 3774:Catholic Church 3770: 3758: 3724:Alice Schwarzer 3710: 3679: 3677:Forms of action 3662:as a strategy. 3594:heterosexuality 3590: 3577:Sexual Politics 3510: 3412:Cellestine Ware 3400:abortion rights 3388:Naomi Weisstein 3344: 3335: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3304: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3213: 3067: 3031: 3029: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3006: 2987: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2957: 2947: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2912: 2902: 2892: 2882: 2872: 2862: 2852: 2842: 2832: 2822: 2812: 2802: 2792: 2782: 2772: 2762: 2752: 2742: 2732: 2729:Sexual Politics 2722: 2701: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2566: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2469: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2429:Michele Wallace 2414:Valerie Solanas 2359:Sheila Michaels 2339:Marjorie Kramer 2319:Sheila Jeffreys 2239:Phyllis Chesler 2194:Chude Pam Allen 2182: 2138: 2102: 2100: 2095: 2094: 1996: 1943: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1842:Northern Cyprus 1622: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1430:Science fiction 1381: 1360:Women's studies 1325:Feminist method 1315: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1245: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1219: 1129:Oedipus complex 1119:Men in feminism 1084:Language reform 1059:Ideal womanhood 1039:Gender equality 1034:Formal equality 997:Feminationalism 935:Cognitive labor 929: 921: 920: 919: 876:Post-structural 775: 765: 764: 763: 672: 662: 661: 660: 643: 640:Gender-critical 639: 638: 589:Femonationalism 573: 565: 564: 559: 538:Native American 478: 433:Critical theory 395: 337: 327: 326: 321: 276:Second Republic 204: 174: 141: 115:Women's history 95: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8386: 8376: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8343: 8342: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8305: 8300: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8280: 8270: 8264:SCUM Manifesto 8260: 8249: 8247: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8239: 8229: 8219: 8209: 8199: 8189: 8179: 8169: 8159: 8149: 8139: 8129: 8119: 8109: 8099: 8089: 8083:Lesbian Nation 8079: 8069: 8059: 8049: 8039: 8027: 8025: 8018: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7993: 7983: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7974:Feminist views 7966: 7961: 7960: 7959: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7937:Male privilege 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7918: 7917: 7912: 7902: 7897: 7891: 7889: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7800: 7798: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7785: 7783:Monique Wittig 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7753:Gloria Steinem 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7718:Janice Raymond 7715: 7713:Irene Peslikis 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7633:Germaine Greer 7630: 7625: 7623:Marilyn French 7620: 7615: 7613:Melissa Farley 7610: 7608:Andrea Dworkin 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7538:Kathleen Barry 7535: 7530: 7525: 7523:Wim Hora Adema 7519: 7517: 7513: 7512: 7505: 7504: 7497: 7490: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7469: 7452: 7446: 7422: 7417:978-0470656426 7416: 7395: 7389: 7372: 7366: 7358:Spinifex Press 7348: 7347: 7343: 7342: 7325: 7311: 7293: 7270:Hanisch, Carol 7264: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7246:10.2307/466537 7228: 7223:978-0814715543 7222: 7202: 7196: 7172: 7166: 7145: 7140:978-0415539395 7139: 7119: 7113: 7089: 7071:(2): 258–267. 7058: 7052: 7032: 7010: 7005:978-0814715543 7004: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6962: 6925:(2): 337–360. 6909: 6894: 6882: 6875: 6849: 6822:(3): 217–218. 6802: 6790: 6778: 6748: 6741: 6719: 6712: 6690: 6669: 6647: 6622: 6610: 6591: 6574:The New Yorker 6559: 6538: 6495: 6466: 6433: 6402: 6376: 6370:978-0292752948 6369: 6347: 6333:978-0807015100 6332: 6308: 6283: 6255: 6248: 6228: 6199: 6179: 6154: 6113: 6084: 6058: 6046:The New Yorker 6023: 6003: 5987: 5965: 5943: 5924: 5898: 5877: 5862: 5847: 5827: 5820: 5794: 5777: 5736: 5723: 5704: 5684: 5671: 5669:, p. 196. 5667:MacKinnon 1989 5659: 5632:(2): 242–271. 5616: 5590: 5575: 5549: 5534: 5508: 5495: 5469: 5438: 5399: 5353: 5325: 5297: 5284: 5264: 5250: 5239: 5220: 5202: 5186: 5177: 5166: 5152: 5132: 5118: 5100: 5098:, p. 117. 5088: 5073: 5058: 5056:, p. 105. 5046: 5034: 5022: 5020:, p. 131. 5010: 5008:, p. 121. 4998: 4996:, p. 133. 4986: 4984:, p. 124. 4974: 4959: 4957:, p. 119. 4944: 4935: 4929:978-0804757591 4928: 4922:. p. 60. 4906: 4889: 4887:, p. 434. 4877: 4865: 4863:, p. 418. 4853: 4844: 4842:, p. 138. 4832: 4808: 4796: 4781: 4773:The Second Sex 4763: 4751: 4736: 4734:, p. 139. 4724: 4712: 4710:, p. 123. 4700: 4698:, p. 122. 4688: 4686:, p. 118. 4667: 4646: 4642:Firestone 1970 4634: 4622:Meeting Ground 4608: 4594:978-0813034560 4593: 4569: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4531: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4480:black feminism 4470: 4467: 4458: 4457: 4437: 4435: 4424: 4421: 4370:Germaine Greer 4361:Janice Raymond 4256:Germaine Greer 4248:Janice Raymond 4228:Monique Wittig 4224:Andrea Dworkin 4201: 4198: 4181:Radicalesbians 4168:Radicalesbians 4099:Main article: 4096: 4093: 4070:. In her book 3981:Main article: 3978: 3975: 3963:Melissa Farley 3933:Andrea Dworkin 3929:Kathleen Barry 3916:Melissa Farley 3908:drug addiction 3896:Main article: 3893: 3890: 3854: 3851: 3825: 3822: 3813: 3810: 3794:sensationalism 3782: 3779: 3769: 3766: 3757: 3754: 3709: 3706: 3678: 3675: 3617:psychologistic 3589: 3586: 3509: 3506: 3442:counterculture 3438:nuclear family 3384:Roxanne Dunbar 3343: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3301:of the subject 3299:worldwide view 3294: 3292: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3212: 3209: 3169:class conflict 3086:male supremacy 3069: 3068: 3066: 3065: 3058: 3051: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3001: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2975: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2960: 2954:SCUM Manifesto 2950: 2939: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2915: 2905: 2895: 2885: 2875: 2865: 2855: 2845: 2835: 2825: 2815: 2805: 2795: 2785: 2775: 2769:Lesbian Nation 2765: 2755: 2745: 2735: 2725: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2689: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2671: 2661: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2652:Feminist views 2644: 2639: 2638: 2637: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2615:Male privilege 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2580: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2457: 2456: 2451: 2449:Monique Wittig 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2419:Gloria Steinem 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2384:Janice Raymond 2381: 2379:Irene Peslikis 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2299:Germaine Greer 2296: 2291: 2289:Marilyn French 2286: 2281: 2279:Melissa Farley 2276: 2274:Andrea Dworkin 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2204:Kathleen Barry 2201: 2196: 2191: 2189:Wim Hora Adema 2185: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2160: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2136: 2129: 2122: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2025:Feminist poets 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1995: 1994: 1992:Feminist songs 1989: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1968:by nationality 1960: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1919: 1917:United Kingdom 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1609: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1528:Existentialism 1525: 1524: 1523: 1521:Justice ethics 1513: 1508: 1503: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1479:Constructivism 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1386:Areas of study 1383: 1382: 1380: 1379: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1330:Gender studies 1327: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1300: 1298: 1297: 1295:SCUM Manifesto 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1251: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1226:Women's rights 1223: 1220:Women's health 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1104:Male privilege 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1073:International 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 953: 952: 942: 937: 931: 930: 927: 926: 923: 922: 918: 917: 912: 910:Technofeminism 907: 906: 905: 900: 895: 885: 884: 883: 873: 868: 867: 866: 865: 864: 854: 849: 839: 838: 837: 836: 835: 820: 815: 810: 809: 808: 803: 793: 788: 783: 777: 776: 771: 770: 767: 766: 762: 761: 756: 755: 754: 744: 739: 734: 733: 732: 727: 722: 712: 711: 710: 705: 700: 695: 685: 680: 674: 673: 668: 667: 664: 663: 659: 658: 653: 648: 635: 634: 633: 628: 623: 613: 608: 607: 606: 596: 591: 586: 581: 575: 574: 572:Other variants 571: 570: 567: 566: 561: 560: 558: 557: 552: 547: 542: 541: 540: 530: 529: 528: 518: 517: 516: 511: 506: 496: 490: 487: 486: 480: 479: 477: 476: 471: 470: 469: 464: 454: 453: 452: 442: 441: 440: 435: 425: 420: 419: 418: 407: 404: 403: 397: 396: 394: 393: 388: 387: 386: 376: 371: 370: 369: 364: 359: 349: 343: 338: 333: 332: 329: 328: 323: 322: 320: 319: 318: 317: 307: 306: 305: 300: 298:Cayman Islands 293:United Kingdom 290: 285: 284: 283: 278: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 224: 221: 220: 213: 212: 211: 210: 203: 202: 201: 200: 195: 184: 181: 180: 176: 175: 173: 172: 167: 162: 157: 151: 148: 147: 143: 142: 140: 139: 138: 137: 132: 127: 122: 112: 107: 101: 96: 93: 92: 89: 88: 80: 79: 73: 72: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8385: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8340: 8328: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8289: 8276: 8275: 8271: 8266: 8265: 8261: 8256: 8255: 8254:Off Our Backs 8251: 8250: 8248: 8244: 8235: 8234: 8230: 8225: 8224: 8220: 8215: 8214: 8210: 8205: 8204: 8200: 8195: 8194: 8190: 8185: 8184: 8180: 8175: 8174: 8170: 8165: 8164: 8160: 8155: 8154: 8150: 8145: 8144: 8140: 8135: 8134: 8130: 8125: 8124: 8120: 8115: 8114: 8110: 8105: 8104: 8100: 8095: 8094: 8090: 8085: 8084: 8080: 8075: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8060: 8055: 8054: 8050: 8045: 8044: 8040: 8034: 8033: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8022: 8019: 8015: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7975: 7972: 7971: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7964:Postgenderism 7962: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7907: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7859:The Feminists 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7733:Florence Rush 7731: 7729: 7728:Adrienne Rich 7726: 7724: 7723:Rosetta Reitz 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7708:Meghan Murphy 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7658:Robert Jensen 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7643:Merle Hoffman 7641: 7639: 7638:Carol Hanisch 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7503: 7498: 7496: 7491: 7489: 7484: 7483: 7480: 7472: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7453: 7449: 7447:9780812962208 7443: 7439: 7434: 7433: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7396: 7392: 7390:0-330-26511-3 7386: 7382: 7378: 7373: 7369: 7367:1-875559-38-8 7363: 7359: 7355: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7322: 7321: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7303: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7232:Willis, Ellen 7229: 7225: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7197:0-674-89645-9 7193: 7189: 7184: 7183: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7167:0-8057-9905-2 7163: 7159: 7154: 7153: 7146: 7142: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7114:0-688-12359-7 7110: 7106: 7101: 7100: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7065: 7059: 7055: 7053:0-8166-1786-4 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7036:Echols, Alice 7033: 7029: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6984: 6980:Cited sources 6971: 6966: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6913: 6906: 6901: 6899: 6891: 6886: 6878: 6876:0-525-47423-4 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6853: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6806: 6799: 6798:Jeffreys 2014 6794: 6787: 6786:Jeffreys 2014 6782: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6759: 6752: 6744: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6723: 6715: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6694: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6673: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6614: 6607: 6602: 6595: 6588: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6563: 6555: 6554: 6549: 6542: 6534: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6499: 6484: 6480: 6473: 6471: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6422: 6421: 6416: 6409: 6407: 6391: 6387: 6380: 6372: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6320: 6312: 6298: 6294: 6287: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6259: 6251: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6232: 6224: 6218: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6200:0-525-47423-4 6196: 6192: 6191: 6183: 6169: 6168:Boston Review 6165: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6117: 6102: 6101:TransAdvocate 6098: 6091: 6089: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6047: 6043: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6019: 6012: 6010: 6008: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5984: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5962: 5958: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5939: 5935: 5928: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5881: 5873: 5866: 5858: 5851: 5845: 5844:0-394-48227-1 5841: 5837: 5831: 5823: 5821:0-674-29873-X 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5798: 5791: 5787: 5781: 5774: 5772: 5757: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5740: 5733: 5730:Brownmiller, 5727: 5720: 5719: 5714: 5708: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5688: 5681: 5675: 5668: 5663: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5586: 5579: 5565:on 2009-02-01 5564: 5560: 5553: 5545: 5538: 5523: 5519: 5512: 5505: 5499: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5403: 5389:on 2011-03-06 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5329: 5314: 5313: 5312:New Statesman 5308: 5301: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5281:1-58465-325-6 5278: 5274: 5268: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5224: 5216: 5212: 5211:"1973 (März)" 5206: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5181: 5175: 5170: 5162: 5156: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5136: 5128: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5097: 5092: 5084: 5077: 5069: 5062: 5055: 5050: 5043: 5038: 5031: 5026: 5019: 5014: 5007: 5002: 4995: 4990: 4983: 4978: 4970: 4963: 4956: 4951: 4949: 4939: 4931: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4881: 4874: 4869: 4862: 4857: 4848: 4841: 4836: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4806:, p. 86. 4805: 4804:Atkinson 2000 4800: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4761:, p. 85. 4760: 4759:Atkinson 2000 4755: 4748: 4743: 4741: 4733: 4728: 4721: 4716: 4709: 4704: 4697: 4692: 4685: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4657: 4650: 4644:, p. 11. 4643: 4638: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4573: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4535: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4506: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4466: 4464: 4454: 4445: 4441: 4438:This section 4436: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4402:Susan Stryker 4397: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4385:transitioning 4382: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4350: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4336:In 1978, the 4334: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4302:socialization 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4268:Robert Jensen 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4148:Sidney Abbott 4143: 4141: 4136: 4134: 4133:Jill Johnston 4129: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4092: 4089: 4084: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4032:Chuck Traynor 4029: 4025: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4014:Linda Boreman 4011: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3974: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3778: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3733: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3705: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3688: 3684: 3683:direct action 3674: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3546:The Feminists 3543: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3529:Radical Women 3526: 3519: 3514: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3380:Carol Hanisch 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3348:United States 3333: 3330: 3322: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3300: 3293: 3284: 3283: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3161:legal systems 3157: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3028: 3027: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2983: 2982: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2945: 2944:Off Our Backs 2941: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2697: 2696: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2642:Postgenderism 2640: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2562: 2561: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2531:The Feminists 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2465: 2464: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2399:Florence Rush 2397: 2395: 2394:Adrienne Rich 2392: 2390: 2389:Rosetta Reitz 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2374:Meghan Murphy 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2324:Robert Jensen 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2309:Merle Hoffman 2307: 2305: 2304:Carol Hanisch 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2145: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2116: 2115: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2099: 2098: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1947: 1939: 1938: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1922:United States 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1770:Latin America 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1618: 1617: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1592:Technoscience 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1415:Art criticism 1413: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1365:Men's studies 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1308: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1265:Views on BDSM 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1250: 1249: 1241: 1240: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1189:Transmisogyny 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1149:Purplewashing 1147: 1145: 1144:Protofeminism 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1054:Honor killing 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 951: 948: 947: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 932: 925: 924: 916: 913: 911: 908: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 890: 889: 886: 882: 879: 878: 877: 874: 872: 869: 863: 860: 859: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 844: 843: 840: 834: 831: 830: 829: 826: 825: 824: 823:Individualist 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 807: 804: 802: 799: 798: 797: 796:Cyberfeminism 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 778: 774: 769: 768: 760: 757: 753: 750: 749: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 717: 716: 713: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 690: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 675: 671: 666: 665: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 636: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 618: 617: 614: 612: 609: 605: 602: 601: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 579:Anti-abortion 577: 576: 569: 568: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 539: 536: 535: 534: 531: 527: 524: 523: 522: 519: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 501: 500: 497: 495: 492: 491: 489: 488: 485: 484:Multicultural 482: 481: 475: 472: 468: 467:Transnational 465: 463: 460: 459: 458: 455: 451: 448: 447: 446: 443: 439: 436: 434: 431: 430: 429: 426: 424: 421: 417: 414: 413: 412: 409: 408: 406: 405: 402: 399: 398: 392: 389: 385: 384:Postgenderism 382: 381: 380: 379:Transfeminism 377: 375: 372: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 354: 353: 350: 348: 345: 344: 342: 341: 336: 331: 330: 316: 313: 312: 311: 310:United States 308: 304: 301: 299: 296: 295: 294: 291: 289: 286: 282: 279: 277: 274: 273: 271: 269: 266: 264: 263:Liechtenstein 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 225: 223: 222: 218: 215: 214: 209: 206: 205: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 189: 186: 185: 183: 182: 178: 177: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 152: 150: 149: 145: 144: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 117: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 102: 100: 99: 91: 90: 86: 82: 81: 78: 75: 74: 70: 66: 65: 62: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 8321:Womyn's land 8272: 8262: 8252: 8231: 8221: 8211: 8201: 8191: 8181: 8171: 8161: 8151: 8141: 8131: 8121: 8111: 8101: 8093:Woman Hating 8091: 8081: 8071: 8051: 8041: 8030: 7969:Prostitution 7849:Redstockings 7773:Ellen Willis 7703:Robin Morgan 7698:Kate Millett 7663:Lierre Keith 7628:Marilyn Frye 7578:D. A. Clarke 7563:Judith Brown 7553:Julie Bindel 7548:Linda Bellos 7508: 7456: 7431: 7403: 7376: 7353: 7338:the original 7320:Redstockings 7318: 7300: 7288: 7235: 7209: 7181: 7151: 7126: 7098: 7068: 7062: 7039: 7021: 6991: 6965: 6922: 6918: 6912: 6885: 6867:E. P. Dutton 6865:. New York: 6863:Woman Hating 6862: 6852: 6819: 6815: 6805: 6800:, p. 9. 6793: 6781: 6764: 6751: 6728: 6722: 6699: 6693: 6677: 6672: 6664: 6660: 6650: 6642:the original 6635: 6625: 6613: 6604: 6594: 6585: 6580:November 20, 6578:. Retrieved 6572: 6562: 6551: 6541: 6514: 6508: 6498: 6486:. Retrieved 6457:. Retrieved 6451: 6448:"'TERF' War" 6424:. Retrieved 6418: 6395:November 20, 6393:. Retrieved 6389: 6379: 6356: 6350: 6324:Beacon Press 6318: 6311: 6300:. Retrieved 6296: 6286: 6276:21 September 6274:. Retrieved 6267: 6258: 6238: 6231: 6190:Woman hating 6189: 6182: 6171:. Retrieved 6167: 6157: 6130: 6126: 6116: 6104:. Retrieved 6100: 6075:. Retrieved 6072:The Advocate 6071: 6061: 6051:November 20, 6049:. 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