285:- CRD3 results in gradual blindness with onset around 4 years of age (often detectable as retinal thinning as early as 3 years of age). Caused by a mutation in gene ADAM9, the disease is analogous to CRD9 in humans. A genetic test is now available from Optigen, LLC, that will identify whether a dog is affected, a carrier (heterozygous), or clear.
586:
Absent a genetic test, animals of breeds susceptible to PRA can be cleared of the disease only by the passage of time—that is, by living past the age at which PRA symptoms are typically apparent in their breed. Breeds in which the PRA gene is recessive may still be carriers of the gene and pass it on
74:
In general, PRAs are characterised by initial loss of rod photoreceptor cell function followed by that of the cones and for this reason night blindness is the first significant clinical sign for most dogs affected with PRA. As other retinal disorders, PRA can be divided into either dysplastic
441:
deficiency may play a role in the development of CPRA. It is characterized by accumulation of pigment spots in the retina surrounded by retinal atrophy and a mottled appearance of the pigmented nontapetal fundus. The pigmented spots eventually coalesce and fade as the atrophy of the retina
223:- Characterized by dysplasia of the rod cell unit and subsequent degeneration of the cone cell unit. Rod cell response is nearly absent. Night blindness by six months old, blind by three to five years old. Rod dysplasia has now been bred out of this breed.
294:
This is a disease with normal rod and cone cell development but late onset degeneration of the rod cells that progresses to the cone cells. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and has been linked to the ninth canine
446:). CPRA occurs in older dogs. Peripheral vision is retained for a long time. Vision is better in low light and better for moving or distant objects. Not all affected dogs go blind. Secondary cataracts are common.
405:- Two forms exist. One is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and has an early age onset. The other is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and has a middle age onset.
420:
also likely has a hereditary form of PRA. Despite belief among breeders to the contrary, there is apparently no link between coat color in
Persians and the development of PRA.
515:
There is another retinal disease in
Briards known as hereditary retinal dysplasia. These dogs are night blind from birth, and day vision varies. Puppies affected often have
595:
There is no treatment for PRA. However, most dogs that suffer from this disease adjust remarkably well. To maximize the quality of the dog's life, follow these guidelines:
587:
to their offspring, however, even if they lack symptoms, and it is also possible for onset of the disease to be later than expected, making this an imperfect test at best.
437:
outer segment (POS) and subsequent accumulation of POS material in the RPE and loss of function. The loss of function of the RPE leads to photoreceptor degeneration.
185:- A DNA test can identify whether Sloughis have the mutated recessive gene. This has enabled breeders to breed away from PRA, and the disease is now rare in the breed.
116:- Symptoms at one to three years old and blindness at three to five years old. Selective breeding has greatly reduced the incidence of this disease in this breed.
963:
933:
Davidson M, Geoly F, Gilger B, McLellan G, Whitley W (1998). "Retinal degeneration associated with vitamin E deficiency in hunting dogs".
242:
This is caused by an abnormal development of both rod and cone cells. Dogs are initially night blind and then progress to day blindness.
1015:
442:
increases. It is an inherited condition (in the
Labrador Retriever it is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with variable
794:
615:
878:"Lack of genetic association among coat colors, progressive retinal atrophy and polycystic kidney disease in Persian cats"
651:
433:(RPED). The cause of this condition is the loss of the retinal pigment epithelium's ability to effectively process the
347:
841:
Giuliano E, van der Woerdt A (1999). "Feline retinal degeneration: clinical experience and new findings (1994-1997)".
79:
develop abnormally, and degenerative, where the cells develop normally but then degenerate during the dog's lifetime.
46:, causing progressive vision loss culminating in blindness. The condition in nearly all breeds is inherited as an
17:
164:
179:- Rod cell response is nearly absent. Night blindness by six to eight weeks old, often blind by one year old.
495:
159:
This type of PRA has an early onset of severe vision loss. It is caused by a defect in the gene for cGMP-
814:
555:
to examine the retina will show shrinking of the blood vessels, decreased pigmentation of the nontapetal
198:- Rod cell response is nearly absent. Night blindness by six weeks old, blind by one to two years old.
94:
990:
680:
490:
485:
409:
332:
315:
142:
548:
480:
309:
233:
Norwegian
Elkhound - Night blindness by six weeks old, blind by twelve to eighteen months old.
1010:
337:
282:
516:
327:
252:
208:
39:
8:
572:
342:
246:
902:
877:
915:
822:
Proceedings of the 31st World
Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association
741:
706:
656:
Proceedings of the 28th World
Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association
455:
434:
321:
220:
63:
942:
907:
858:
790:
746:
728:
475:
160:
919:
897:
889:
850:
736:
718:
539:
can be an indication of PRA. It usually starts with decreased vision at night, or
460:
402:
265:
599:
Do not rearrange furniture, as the dog has memorized the layout of the environment
272:) at eight to ten weeks old. There is a purely rod cell retina by four years old.
576:
560:
532:
138:
132:
893:
568:
366:
306:- Night blindness by three to five years old, blind by five to seven years old.
126:
76:
51:
47:
854:
563:
due to thinning of the retina, and later in the disease a darkened, atrophied
1004:
732:
580:
465:
417:
413:
388:- Inherited as an autosomal dominant trait due to a mutation in the gene for
372:
147:
571:
can occur late in the disease. In these cases diagnosis of PRA may require
324:- Night blindness by four to six years old, blind at six to eight years old.
911:
862:
750:
556:
359:
318:- Night blindness by three to five years old, blind one to two years later.
176:
946:
723:
385:
269:
59:
55:
564:
552:
540:
443:
296:
602:
Use a short leash when walking a dog with blindness from advanced PRA
438:
389:
120:
113:
42:
in humans, it is characterized by the bilateral degeneration of the
536:
31:
995:
182:
86:
567:. Secondary cataract formation in the posterior portion of the
129:- Slowly progressive with blindness at seven to eight years old.
500:
470:
303:
195:
43:
143:
http://www.ttca-online.org/html/Petersen-Jones_PRA_article.pdf
544:
424:
932:
289:
249:- Slowly progressive, not seen until two to five years old.
312:- Occurs late in life, usually at four to eight years old.
35:
840:
531:
Progressive vision loss in any dog in the absence of
93:(CPRA) is a different disease from PRA involving the
789:(3rd ed.). Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
1002:
784:
605:Erect safety barriers around pools or balconies
510:
780:
649:
408:Early onset PRA has also been reported in the
875:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
507:It can also be found in the poodle varieties
227:
202:
189:
170:
575:(ERG). For many breeds there are specific
449:
369:- Night blindness by two to four years old.
757:
707:"The genetics of eye disorders in the dog"
652:"Progressive Retinal Atrophy: An Overview"
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
425:Central progressive retinal atrophy (CPRA)
237:
901:
808:
806:
740:
722:
141:- PRA3/RCD4 disease of middle age dogs.
704:
290:Progressive rod-cone degeneration (PRCD)
268:- Temporary loss of vision in daylight (
255:- Complete blindness by eight weeks old.
812:
675:
673:
671:
628:
89:of all the neural retinal structures.
14:
1003:
803:
150:- Symptoms by three to five years old.
135:- Symptoms at three to five years old.
964:"Progressive Retinal Atrophy in Dogs"
375:- More severe disease than the Husky.
276:
154:
958:
956:
668:
616:Sudden acquired retinal degeneration
431:retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy
259:
99:retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy
38:and, more rarely, cats. Similar to
503:- has an especially high frequency.
163:, which leads to retinal levels of
91:Central progressive retinal atrophy
85:is the most common type and causes
34:diseases seen in certain breeds of
24:
543:. Other symptoms include dilated
348:Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever
104:
25:
1027:
984:
953:
650:Petersen-Jones, Simon M. (2003).
50:trait, with the exception of the
28:Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA)
876:Rah H, Maggs D, Lyons L (2006).
711:Canine Genetics and Epidemiology
559:, increased reflection from the
358:This condition is linked to the
214:
66:trait). There is no treatment.
1016:Disorders of choroid and retina
379:
353:
69:
926:
869:
834:
698:
165:cyclic guanosine monophosphate
13:
1:
815:"Hereditary Retinal Diseases"
705:Mellersh, Cathryn S. (2014).
621:
590:
496:Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
396:
123:- Symptoms at six months old.
526:
511:Hereditary retinal dysplasia
97:(RPE), and is also known as
7:
685:The Merck Veterinary Manual
609:
10:
1032:
894:10.1016/j.jfms.2006.04.002
228:Early retinal degeneration
109:Commonly affected breeds:
95:retinal pigment epithelium
855:10.5326/15473317-35-6-511
681:"Inherited Retinopathies"
203:Rod-cone dysplasia type 3
190:Rod-cone dysplasia type 2
171:Rod-cone dysplasia type 1
787:Veterinary Ophthalmology
785:Gelatt, Kirk N. (1999).
491:Chesapeake Bay Retriever
486:English Springer Spaniel
450:Commonly affected breeds
410:domestic shorthaired cat
333:Chesapeake Bay Retriever
813:Bedford, Peter (2006).
519:. It is also known as
316:American Cocker Spaniel
238:Photoreceptor dysplasia
549:pupillary light reflex
481:English Cocker Spaniel
429:CPRA is also known as
310:English Cocker Spaniel
724:10.1186/2052-6687-1-3
338:Australian Cattle Dog
283:Glen of Imaal Terrier
119:Miniature longhaired
996:Article on Cataracts
843:J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
328:Portuguese Water Dog
253:Belgian Shepherd Dog
209:Cardigan Welsh Corgi
40:retinitis pigmentosa
573:electroretinography
343:American Eskimo Dog
247:Miniature Schnauzer
75:disease, where the
56:X chromosome linked
48:autosomal recessive
968:Pet Health Network
935:J Am Vet Med Assoc
456:Labrador Retriever
322:Labrador Retriever
277:Cone-rod dystrophy
221:Norwegian Elkhound
167:ten times normal.
155:Rod-cone dysplasia
64:autosomal dominant
882:J Feline Med Surg
796:978-0-683-30076-5
521:lipid retinopathy
476:Shetland Sheepdog
260:Cone degeneration
161:phosphodiesterase
62:(inherited as an
54:(inherited as an
16:(Redirected from
1023:
978:
977:
975:
974:
960:
951:
950:
930:
924:
923:
905:
873:
867:
866:
838:
832:
831:
829:
828:
819:
810:
801:
800:
782:
755:
754:
744:
726:
702:
696:
695:
693:
692:
677:
666:
665:
663:
662:
647:
461:Golden Retriever
266:Alaskan Malamute
21:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1001:
1000:
987:
982:
981:
972:
970:
962:
961:
954:
931:
927:
874:
870:
839:
835:
826:
824:
817:
811:
804:
797:
783:
758:
703:
699:
690:
688:
679:
678:
669:
660:
658:
648:
629:
624:
612:
593:
533:canine glaucoma
529:
513:
452:
427:
399:
382:
356:
292:
279:
262:
240:
230:
217:
205:
192:
173:
157:
139:Tibetan Terrier
133:Tibetan Spaniel
107:
105:Generalized PRA
83:Generalized PRA
72:
58:trait) and the
23:
22:
18:Retinal atrophy
15:
12:
11:
5:
1029:
1019:
1018:
1013:
999:
998:
993:
991:Article on PRA
986:
985:External links
983:
980:
979:
952:
925:
868:
833:
802:
795:
756:
697:
667:
626:
625:
623:
620:
619:
618:
611:
608:
607:
606:
603:
600:
592:
589:
547:and decreased
528:
525:
512:
509:
505:
504:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
451:
448:
426:
423:
422:
421:
406:
398:
395:
394:
393:
381:
378:
377:
376:
370:
367:Siberian Husky
355:
352:
351:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
319:
313:
307:
291:
288:
287:
286:
278:
275:
274:
273:
261:
258:
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250:
239:
236:
235:
234:
229:
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216:
213:
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204:
201:
200:
199:
191:
188:
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169:
156:
153:
152:
151:
145:
136:
130:
124:
117:
106:
103:
71:
68:
52:Siberian Husky
30:is a group of
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1028:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
969:
965:
959:
957:
948:
944:
941:(5): 645–51.
940:
936:
929:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
899:
895:
891:
888:(5): 357–60.
887:
883:
879:
872:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
837:
823:
816:
809:
807:
798:
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781:
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775:
773:
771:
769:
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752:
748:
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734:
730:
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686:
682:
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632:
627:
617:
614:
613:
604:
601:
598:
597:
596:
588:
584:
582:
581:buccal mucosa
578:
577:genetic tests
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
524:
522:
518:
508:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
466:Border Collie
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
447:
445:
440:
436:
435:photoreceptor
432:
419:
415:
411:
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404:
401:
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391:
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243:
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231:
222:
219:
218:
215:Rod dysplasia
210:
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206:
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193:
184:
181:
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175:
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168:
166:
162:
149:
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112:
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102:
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96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
78:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
19:
1011:Dog diseases
971:. Retrieved
967:
938:
934:
928:
885:
881:
871:
849:(6): 511–4.
846:
842:
836:
825:. Retrieved
821:
786:
714:
710:
700:
689:. Retrieved
684:
659:. Retrieved
655:
594:
585:
579:of blood or
530:
520:
514:
506:
430:
428:
380:Dominant PRA
360:X chromosome
357:
354:X-linked PRA
293:
241:
177:Irish Setter
158:
108:
98:
90:
82:
81:
73:
70:Types of PRA
27:
26:
386:Bullmastiff
270:hemeralopia
60:Bullmastiff
1005:Categories
973:2019-12-21
827:2007-03-10
691:2007-03-10
661:2007-03-10
622:References
591:Management
565:optic disc
553:Fundoscopy
541:nyctalopia
444:penetrance
403:Abyssinian
397:Feline PRA
297:chromosome
733:2052-6687
583:for PRA.
537:cataracts
527:Diagnosis
517:nystagmus
439:Vitamin E
390:rhodopsin
121:Dachshund
920:32147182
912:16777456
903:10822235
863:10580912
751:26401320
610:See also
127:Papillon
101:(RPED).
947:9731258
742:4574392
561:tapetum
418:Siamese
416:. The
414:Persian
373:Samoyed
183:Sloughi
148:Samoyed
87:atrophy
32:genetic
945:
918:
910:
900:
861:
793:
749:
739:
731:
687:. 2006
557:fundus
545:pupils
501:Briard
471:Collie
304:Poodle
196:Collie
44:retina
916:S2CID
818:(PDF)
717:: 3.
114:Akita
77:cells
943:PMID
908:PMID
859:PMID
791:ISBN
747:PMID
729:ISSN
569:lens
412:and
36:dogs
939:213
898:PMC
890:doi
851:doi
737:PMC
719:doi
551:.
535:or
1007::
966:.
955:^
937:.
914:.
906:.
896:.
884:.
880:.
857:.
847:35
845:.
820:.
805:^
759:^
745:.
735:.
727:.
713:.
709:.
683:.
670:^
654:.
630:^
523:.
362:.
299:.
976:.
949:.
922:.
892::
886:8
865:.
853::
830:.
799:.
753:.
721::
715:1
694:.
664:.
392:.
20:)
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