2499:
217:
30:
20:
409:
PDE also are important in seizure incidence. For example, PDE compromised the antiepileptic activity of adenosine. In addition, using of a PDE inhibitor (pentoxifylline) in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure indicated the antiepileptic effect by increasing the time latency to seizure incidence and
311:
Phosphodiesterase enzymes have been shown to be different in different types of cells, including normal and leukemic lymphocytes and are often targets for pharmacological inhibition due to their unique tissue distribution, structural properties, and functional properties.
297:
can hydrolyze both cyclic nucleotides, binding of cGMP to the regulatory GAF-B domain will increase cAMP affinity and hydrolysis to the detriment of cGMP. This mechanism, as well as others, allows for cross-regulation of the cAMP and cGMP pathways.
806:
Wood ER, Bledsoe R, Chai J, Daka P, Deng H, Ding Y, Harris-Gurley S, Kryn LH, Nartey E, Nichols J, Nolte RT, Prabhu N, Rise C, Sheahan T, Shotwell JB, Smith D, Tai V, Taylor JD, Tomberlin G, Wang L, Wisely B, You S, Xia B, Dickson H (August 2015).
506:
Recently a PDE was found to break down and release human body grime found on laundry. With the help of this newly discovered nuclease, the yellow stains and odors, that normally remain on clothes with classical detergents, can easily be removed.
1172:
Hosseini-Zare MS, Salehi F, Seyedi SY, Azami K, Ghadiri T, Mobasseri M, Gholizadeh S, Beyer C, Sharifzadeh M (November 2011). "Effects of pentoxifylline and H-89 on epileptogenic activity of bucladesine in pentylenetetrazol-treated mice".
770:
Iffland A, Kohls D, Low S, Luan J, Zhang Y, Kothe M, Cao Q, Kamath AV, Ding YH, Ellenberger T (June 2005). "Structural determinants for inhibitor specificity and selectivity in PDE2A using the wheat germ in vitro translation system".
244:
Different PDEs of the same family are functionally related despite the fact that their amino acid sequences can show considerable divergence. PDEs have different substrate specificities. Some are cAMP-selective hydrolases
1065:
OrrĂş, Marco; Guitart, Xavier; Karcz-Kubicha, Marzena; Solinas, Marcello; Justinova, Zuzana; Barodia, Sandeep Kumar; Zanoveli, Janaina; Cortes, Antoni; Lluis, Carme; Casado, Vicent; Moeller, F. Gerard (April 2013).
302:
cleaves 2',5'-phosphodiester bond linking adenosines of the 5'-triphosphorylated oligoadenylates. PDE12 is not a member of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase superfamily that contains PDE1 through PDE11.
523:
Uzunov P, Weiss B (September 1972). "Separation of multiple molecular forms of cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterase in rat cerebellum by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis".
344:. Sildenafil is also currently being investigated for its myo- and cardioprotective effects, with particular interest being given to the compound's therapeutic value in the treatment of
558:
Strada SJ, Uzunov P, Weiss B (December 1974). "Ontogenetic development of a phosphodiesterase activator and the multiple forms of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase of rat brain".
362:, is another cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor which inhibits PDE9, a cGMP preferring phosphodiesterase. PDE9 is expressed as high as PDE5 in the corpus cavernosum.
1980:
1926:
487:-phosphodiesterase inhibitors. However, the inhibitory effect of xanthines on phosphodiesterases are only seen at dosages higher than what people normally consume.
868:
Weiss,B. and
Winchurch, R.A.: Analyses of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in lymphocytes from normal and aged leukemic mice. Cancer Res. 38:1274-1280, 1978
129:. They regulate the localization, duration, and amplitude of cyclic nucleotide signaling within subcellular domains. PDEs are therefore important regulators of
141:
These multiple forms (isoforms or subtypes) of phosphodiesterase were isolated from rat brain using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the early 1970s by
63:
phosphodiesterases, which have great clinical significance and are described below. However, there are many other families of phosphodiesterases, including
735:
Conti, M.; Beavo, J. (2007). "Biochemistry and physiology of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: essential components in cyclic nucleotide signaling".
1125:"Phosphodiesterase-9 (PDE9) inhibition with BAY 73-6691 increases corpus cavernosum relaxations mediated by nitric oxide–cyclic GMP pathway in mice"
1588:
1306:
1749:
1406:
809:"The Role of Phosphodiesterase 12 (PDE12) as a Negative Regulator of the Innate Immune Response and the Discovery of Antiviral Inhibitors"
1845:
1556:
145:
and coworkers, and were soon afterward shown to be selectively inhibited by a variety of drugs in brain and other tissues, also by
1573:
299:
1820:
883:"Phosphodiesterase: overview of protein structures, potential therapeutic applications and recent progress in drug development"
333:
947:
965:"Sildenafil and cardiomyocyte-specific cGMP signaling prevent cardiomyopathic changes associated with dystrophin deficiency"
963:
Khairallah M, Khairallah RJ, Young ME, Allen BG, Gillis MA, Danialou G, Deschepper CF, Petrof BJ, Des
Rosiers C (May 2008).
1734:
1835:
1829:
1630:
1380:
434:
inhibits PDE-3 and PDE-5. This leads to intraplatelet accumulation of cAMP and/or cGMP, inhibiting platelet aggregation.
106:
1678:
601:
Weiss B (1975). "Differential activation and inhibition of the multiple forms of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase".
2218:
1789:
1578:
659:
Weiss B, Hait WN (1977). "Selective cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents".
1896:
1784:
79:
1705:
1615:
1568:
1332:
484:
323:
319:
126:
122:
33:
23:
2374:
2127:
2068:
629:
857:
2172:
1739:
1729:
349:
2132:
2024:
1649:
1348:
345:
315:
153:
1123:
da Silva, F H; Pereira, M N; Franco-Penteado, C F; De Nucci, G; Antunes, E; Claudino, M A (March 2013).
2524:
2489:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1626:
1459:
1259:"PfPDE1, a novel cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase from the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum"
157:
146:
142:
869:
370:
PDE inhibitors have been identified as new potential therapeutics in areas such as pulmonary arterial
2475:
2462:
2449:
2436:
2423:
2410:
2397:
2359:
1886:
1442:
425:
1068:"Psychostimulant pharmacological profile of paraxanthine, the main metabolite of caffeine in humans"
2369:
2323:
2266:
1634:
1483:
1397:
1352:
91:
2271:
1503:
1373:
337:
2059:
1698:
375:
2292:
2211:
1994:
1891:
1683:
1644:
1508:
1430:
748:
446:
2364:
2177:
2012:
2007:
1940:
1600:
1425:
976:
341:
1257:
Yuasa K, Mi-Ichi F, Kobayashi T, Yamanouchi M, Kotera J, Kita K, Omori K (November 2005).
1022:
Wang C (January 2010). "Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and benign prostatic hyperplasia".
220:
PDE substrate specificities by enzyme family. Both means it hydrolyzes both cAMP and cGMP.
8:
2328:
2032:
2002:
1806:
1801:
1725:
1661:
1447:
395:
130:
114:
52:
980:
907:
882:
672:
630:"Properties and drug responsiveness of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases of rat lung"
2261:
2165:
2017:
1498:
1488:
1366:
1283:
1258:
1234:
1209:
1100:
1067:
1047:
999:
964:
920:
835:
808:
583:
571:
2519:
1966:
1911:
1879:
1473:
1326:
1288:
1239:
1225:
1190:
1154:
1146:
1105:
1087:
1083:
1051:
1039:
1004:
943:
912:
840:
788:
752:
717:
676:
641:
610:
575:
540:
536:
383:
60:
587:
2307:
2302:
2276:
2204:
2042:
1622:
1527:
1522:
1478:
1278:
1270:
1229:
1221:
1182:
1136:
1095:
1079:
1031:
994:
984:
924:
902:
894:
830:
820:
780:
744:
707:
668:
567:
532:
498:
are PDE-5 inhibitors and are widely used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
118:
102:), as well as numerous less-well-characterized small-molecule phosphodiesterases.
2354:
2338:
2251:
2144:
1958:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1777:
1772:
1532:
1410:
1186:
1035:
421:
198:
derived from a single gene (e.g., PDE1C3: family 1, gene C, splicing variant 3).
71:
67:
1358:
428:, as the cells can maneuver through constricted veins and arteries more easily.
2503:
2392:
2333:
2117:
2112:
2107:
1493:
1468:
1464:
1437:
1420:
969:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
194:
173:
165:
898:
2513:
2297:
2256:
1858:
1767:
1517:
1150:
1091:
403:
64:
989:
825:
2246:
1985:
1916:
1639:
1560:
1292:
1243:
1194:
1158:
1109:
1043:
1008:
916:
844:
792:
756:
721:
712:
695:
431:
371:
355:
579:
544:
318:
can prolong or enhance the effects of physiological processes mediated by
2470:
2405:
2241:
2160:
1931:
1825:
1688:
1654:
1592:
1141:
1124:
645:
614:
480:
680:
2137:
1274:
696:"Phosphodiesterases and cyclic nucleotide signaling in endocrine cells"
495:
413:
329:
293:
is sometimes referred to as cGMP-inhibited phosphodiesterase. Although
225:
161:
1122:
784:
201:
The superfamily of PDE enzymes is classified into 11 families, namely
2444:
2418:
2050:
1849:
1762:
1389:
491:
437:
156:
to be used as therapeutic agents was predicted in the 1970s by Weiss
75:
881:
Jeon YH, Heo YS, Kim CM, Hyun YL, Lee TG, Ro S, Cho JM (June 2005).
160:. This prediction has now come to pass in a variety of fields (e.g.
2498:
2095:
2090:
2085:
1906:
1541:
1393:
870:
http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/38/5/1274.full.pdf
476:
472:
379:
359:
169:
2102:
2080:
2075:
1693:
441:
399:
210:
110:
2457:
2227:
2122:
2055:
1948:
1546:
1454:
1256:
1064:
387:
216:
48:
1171:
962:
424:
to be more able to bend. This is useful in conditions such as
2431:
2064:
1815:
1811:
455:
286:
282:
206:
87:
83:
1796:
1673:
1666:
1610:
1605:
417:
391:
365:
294:
290:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
202:
192:, and a second and final Arabic numeral then indicates the
2196:
188:
with an Arabic numeral, then a capital letter denotes the
937:
336:, which enhances the vasodilatory effects of cGMP in the
99:
95:
938:
Rang, HP; Ritter, JM; Flower, RJ; Henderson, G (2016).
29:
19:
2487:
1210:"Anti-platelet therapy: phosphodiesterase inhibitors"
1207:
1307:"Seaweed bacteria helps laundry become eco-friendly"
942:(8th ed.). Churchill Livingstone. p. 349.
805:
769:
179:
1684:Fructose 6-P,2-kinase:fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase
1388:
557:
2511:
1208:Gresele P, Momi S, Falcinelli E (October 2011).
94:(which all break the phosphodiester backbone of
880:
133:mediated by these second messenger molecules.
2212:
1374:
661:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
269:). Others can hydrolyse both cAMP and cGMP (
1129:International Journal of Impotence Research
763:
627:
522:
465:cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase, with an IC
440:inhibits the growth of asexual blood-stage
326:by inhibition of their degradation by PDE.
2219:
2205:
1381:
1367:
734:
1351:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1282:
1233:
1140:
1099:
998:
988:
906:
834:
824:
711:
658:
410:decreasing the seizure duration in vivo.
1214:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
749:10.1146/annurev.biochem.76.060305.150444
366:Pharmacological effect of PDE inhibitors
306:
215:
28:
18:
1574:Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1
461:value of 35 ÎĽM, and inhibits PfPDE1, a
2512:
603:Advances in Cyclic Nucleotide Research
334:cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5
2200:
2154:either deoxy- or ribo-
1362:
693:
600:
501:
1735:Protein serine/threonine phosphatase
1021:
887:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
652:
107:cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases
1836:Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase
1830:Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin
1631:Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
813:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
673:10.1146/annurev.pa.17.040177.002301
184:The PDE nomenclature signifies the
13:
1679:Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
572:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1974.tb12204.x
14:
2536:
1579:4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA thioesterase
1342:
213:. The classification is based on:
2497:
1226:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04034.x
1175:European Journal of Pharmacology
1084:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.11.029
1897:N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase
1785:Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase
1299:
1250:
1201:
1165:
1116:
1058:
1015:
956:
931:
874:
862:
851:
628:Fertel R, Weiss B (July 1976).
180:Nomenclature and classification
80:sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase
1706:Inositol-phosphate phosphatase
1569:Palmitoyl protein thioesterase
940:Rang & Dale's Pharmacology
799:
728:
687:
621:
594:
551:
516:
257:); others are cGMP-selective (
1:
2069:RNA-induced silencing complex
1349:Phosphoric+Diester+Hydrolases
737:Annual Review of Biochemistry
525:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
510:
2173:Serratia marcescens nuclease
1740:Dual-specificity phosphatase
1730:Protein tyrosine phosphatase
1187:10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.09.026
1036:10.1097/MOU.0b013e328333ac68
537:10.1016/0005-2744(72)90060-5
350:benign prostatic hyperplasia
332:(Viagra) is an inhibitor of
154:phosphodiesterase inhibitors
152:The potential for selective
7:
2226:
1650:Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
346:Duchenne muscular dystrophy
10:
2541:
1331:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1024:Current Opinion in Urology
694:Conti M (September 2000).
237:pharmacological properties
136:
2383:
2375:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
2347:
2316:
2285:
2234:
2153:
2041:
1993:
1979:
1957:
1939:
1925:
1905:
1887:Galactosamine-6 sulfatase
1844:
1748:
1587:
1555:
1443:6-phosphogluconolactonase
1405:
899:10.1007/s00018-005-4533-5
560:Journal of Neurochemistry
426:intermittent claudication
420:. This inhibition allows
358:, the main metabolite of
92:restriction endonucleases
2267:Diffusion-limited enzyme
1635:Purple acid phosphatases
1353:Medical Subject Headings
1263:The Biochemical Journal
990:10.1073/pnas.0710595105
826:10.1074/jbc.M115.653113
700:Molecular Endocrinology
231:substrate specificities
2060:Microprocessor complex
1699:Beta-propeller phytase
713:10.1210/mend.14.9.0534
634:Molecular Pharmacology
398:infections (including
376:coronary heart disease
221:
36:
26:
2360:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
2293:Allosteric regulation
1995:Endodeoxyribonuclease
1892:Iduronate-2-sulfatase
1645:Glucose 6-phosphatase
1431:Butyrylcholinesterase
447:Plasmodium falciparum
340:and is used to treat
307:Clinical significance
234:regulatory properties
219:
32:
22:
2370:Lineweaver–Burk plot
2178:Micrococcal nuclease
2013:Deoxyribonuclease IV
2008:Deoxyribonuclease II
1941:Exodeoxyribonuclease
1601:Alkaline phosphatase
1426:Acetylcholinesterase
1142:10.1038/ijir.2012.35
342:erectile dysfunction
109:comprise a group of
2033:UvrABC endonuclease
2003:Deoxyribonuclease I
1726:Protein phosphatase
1662:Protein phosphatase
1460:Bile salt-dependent
1448:PAF acetylhydrolase
1313:. 17 September 2020
981:2008PNAS..105.7028K
240:tissue distribution
190:gene in that family
131:signal transduction
115:phosphodiester bond
53:phosphodiester bond
2329:Enzyme superfamily
2262:Enzyme promiscuity
2166:Mung bean nuclease
2025:Restriction enzyme
2018:Restriction enzyme
1275:10.1042/BJ20050425
502:Other applications
416:(Pletal) inhibits
222:
37:
27:
2525:Molecular biology
2485:
2484:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
1975:
1974:
1967:Oligonucleotidase
1912:deoxyribonuclease
1880:Steroid sulfatase
1755:Phosphodiesterase
1484:Hormone-sensitive
1072:Neuropharmacology
949:978-0-7020-5362-7
785:10.1021/bi047313h
469:value of 3.8 ÎĽM.
338:corpus cavernosum
316:Inhibitors of PDE
113:that degrade the
61:cyclic nucleotide
57:phosphodiesterase
41:phosphodiesterase
2532:
2502:
2501:
2493:
2365:Hanes–Woolf plot
2308:Enzyme activator
2303:Enzyme inhibitor
2277:Enzyme catalysis
2221:
2214:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2043:Endoribonuclease
2029:
2023:
1991:
1990:
1937:
1936:
1923:
1922:
1623:Acid phosphatase
1504:Monoacylglycerol
1414:ester hydrolases
1383:
1376:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1286:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1237:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1144:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1103:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1002:
992:
960:
954:
953:
935:
929:
928:
910:
893:(11): 1198–220.
878:
872:
866:
860:
855:
849:
848:
838:
828:
819:(32): 19681–96.
803:
797:
796:
767:
761:
760:
732:
726:
725:
715:
691:
685:
684:
656:
650:
649:
625:
619:
618:
598:
592:
591:
555:
549:
548:
520:
119:second messenger
16:Class of enzymes
2540:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2496:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2393:Oxidoreductases
2379:
2355:Enzyme kinetics
2343:
2339:List of enzymes
2312:
2281:
2252:Catalytic triad
2230:
2225:
2195:
2182:
2149:
2037:
2027:
2021:
1984:
1971:
1959:Exoribonuclease
1953:
1930:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1875:Arylsulfatase L
1870:Arylsulfatase B
1865:Arylsulfatase A
1840:
1753:
1744:
1583:
1551:
1413:
1401:
1387:
1345:
1340:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1269:(Pt 1): 221–9.
1255:
1251:
1206:
1202:
1181:(2–3): 464–70.
1170:
1166:
1121:
1117:
1063:
1059:
1020:
1016:
975:(19): 7028–33.
961:
957:
950:
936:
932:
879:
875:
867:
863:
859:phosphosite.org
856:
852:
804:
800:
779:(23): 8312–25.
768:
764:
733:
729:
692:
688:
657:
653:
626:
622:
599:
595:
566:(6): 1097–103.
556:
552:
521:
517:
513:
504:
468:
459:
422:red blood cells
368:
309:
182:
149:and coworkers.
139:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2538:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2507:
2506:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2466:
2453:
2440:
2427:
2414:
2401:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2317:Classification
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2062:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1988:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1934:
1920:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1854:
1852:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1823:
1818:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
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1509:Diacylglycerol
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1462:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1438:Pectinesterase
1435:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1421:Cholinesterase
1417:
1415:
1403:
1402:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1363:
1357:
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1344:
1343:External links
1341:
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706:(9): 1317–27.
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466:
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367:
364:
308:
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241:
238:
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229:
195:splice variant
181:
178:
174:PDE4 inhibitor
166:PDE5 inhibitor
138:
135:
65:phospholipases
51:that breaks a
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2298:Cooperativity
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2257:Oxyanion hole
2255:
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2240:
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2222:
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2097:
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2040:
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2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
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2001:
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1998:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1982:
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1968:
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1924:
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1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
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1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1859:arylsulfatase
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
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1819:
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1800:
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1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1768:Phospholipase
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1736:
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1519:
1518:Phospholipase
1516:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
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1477:
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1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:(4): 634–46.
1219:
1215:
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1192:
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1184:
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1160:
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1033:
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1025:
1018:
1010:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
982:
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974:
970:
966:
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951:
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941:
934:
926:
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909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
877:
871:
865:
858:
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842:
837:
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814:
810:
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790:
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714:
709:
705:
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697:
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682:
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674:
670:
666:
662:
655:
647:
643:
640:(4): 678–87.
639:
635:
631:
624:
616:
612:
608:
604:
597:
589:
585:
581:
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573:
569:
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526:
519:
515:
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488:
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482:
478:
474:
470:
464:
463:P. falciparum
460:
453:
449:
448:
443:
439:
435:
433:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
405:
404:schizophrenia
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
363:
361:
357:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
304:
301:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
223:
218:
214:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
196:
191:
187:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:and coworkers
155:
150:
148:
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132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
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101:
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93:
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77:
73:
69:
66:
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50:
46:
42:
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21:
2471:Translocases
2468:
2455:
2442:
2429:
2416:
2406:Transferases
2403:
2390:
2247:Binding site
2028:}}
2022:{{
1986:Endonuclease
1917:ribonuclease
1857:
1754:
1640:Nucleotidase
1561:Thioesterase
1315:. Retrieved
1310:
1301:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1135:(2): 69–73.
1132:
1128:
1118:
1075:
1071:
1060:
1030:(1): 49–54.
1027:
1023:
1017:
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968:
958:
939:
933:
890:
886:
876:
864:
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816:
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773:Biochemistry
772:
765:
740:
736:
730:
703:
699:
689:
664:
660:
654:
637:
633:
623:
606:
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596:
563:
559:
553:
531:(1): 220–6.
528:
524:
518:
505:
490:Sildenafil,
489:
471:
462:
451:
445:
436:
432:Dipyridamole
430:
412:
408:
372:hypertension
369:
356:Paraxanthine
354:
328:
314:
310:
243:
200:
193:
189:
185:
183:
151:
140:
104:
56:
55:. Usually,
44:
40:
38:
2242:Active site
2161:Nuclease S1
1932:Exonuclease
1826:Lecithinase
1655:Calcineurin
1593:Phosphatase
1499:Lipoprotein
1489:Endothelial
1078:: 476–484.
743:: 481–511.
609:: 195–211.
481:theobromine
444:parasites (
2514:Categories
2445:Isomerases
2419:Hydrolases
2286:Regulation
1474:Pancreatic
1411:Carboxylic
1311:Springwise
667:: 441–77.
511:References
496:Vardenafil
414:Cilostazol
384:depression
330:Sildenafil
226:amino acid
186:PDE family
162:sildenafil
121:molecules
59:refers to
2324:EC number
2051:RNase III
1909:(includes
1850:Sulfatase
1763:Autotaxin
1627:Prostatic
1479:Lysosomal
1394:esterases
1390:Hydrolase
1151:0955-9930
1092:0028-3908
1052:205840859
492:Tadalafil
473:Xanthines
438:Zaprinast
396:protozoal
228:sequences
76:autotaxin
2520:EC 3.1.4
2348:Kinetics
2272:Cofactor
2235:Activity
2145:RNase T1
1907:Nuclease
1542:Cutinase
1327:cite web
1317:7 August
1293:16038615
1244:21649691
1195:21946102
1159:23034509
1110:23261866
1044:19887943
1009:18474859
917:15798894
908:11139162
845:26055709
793:15938621
757:17376027
722:10976911
588:46018589
477:caffeine
475:such as
454:with an
452:in vitro
380:dementia
360:caffeine
170:Rolipram
47:) is an
2504:Biology
2458:Ligases
2228:Enzymes
2118:RNase E
2113:RNase Z
2108:RNase A
2103:RNase P
2076:RNase H
1694:Phytase
1494:Hepatic
1469:Lingual
1465:Gastric
1284:1317681
1235:3195739
1101:3562388
1000:2383977
977:Bibcode
925:9806864
836:4528132
580:4375704
545:4342220
442:malaria
400:malaria
211:mammals
137:History
117:in the
111:enzymes
2490:Portal
2432:Lyases
2056:Drosha
1981:3.1.21
1949:RecBCD
1927:3.1.11
1547:PETase
1455:Lipase
1355:(MeSH)
1291:
1281:
1242:
1232:
1193:
1157:
1149:
1108:
1098:
1090:
1050:
1042:
1007:
997:
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720:
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615:165666
613:
586:
578:
543:
402:) and
388:asthma
285:, and
265:, and
90:, and
88:RNases
84:DNases
49:enzyme
2384:Types
2065:Dicer
2020:;see
1846:3.1.6
1816:PDE4B
1812:PDE4A
1750:3.1.4
1719:IMPA3
1715:IMPA2
1711:IMPA1
1589:3.1.3
1557:3.1.2
1407:3.1.1
1048:S2CID
921:S2CID
681:17360
584:S2CID
300:PDE12
209:, in
207:PDE11
172:as a
164:as a
147:Weiss
143:Weiss
2476:list
2469:EC7
2463:list
2456:EC6
2450:list
2443:EC5
2437:list
2430:EC4
2424:list
2417:EC3
2411:list
2404:EC2
2398:list
2391:EC1
1983:-31:
1929:-16:
1915:and
1821:PDE5
1807:PDE3
1802:PDE2
1797:PDE1
1689:PTEN
1674:OCRL
1667:PP2A
1616:ALPP
1611:ALPL
1606:ALPI
1400:3.1)
1333:link
1319:2024
1289:PMID
1240:PMID
1191:PMID
1155:PMID
1147:ISSN
1106:PMID
1088:ISSN
1040:PMID
1005:PMID
944:ISBN
913:PMID
841:PMID
789:PMID
753:PMID
718:PMID
677:PMID
642:PMID
611:PMID
576:PMID
541:PMID
494:and
485:cAMP
483:are
479:and
418:PDE3
392:COPD
348:and
324:cGMP
320:cAMP
295:PDE2
291:PDE3
271:PDE1
259:PDE5
253:and
247:PDE4
203:PDE1
168:and
127:cGMP
125:and
123:cAMP
105:The
70:and
34:cAMP
24:cGMP
2138:4/5
1279:PMC
1271:doi
1267:392
1230:PMC
1222:doi
1183:doi
1179:670
1137:doi
1096:PMC
1080:doi
1076:67C
1032:doi
995:PMC
985:doi
973:105
903:PMC
895:doi
831:PMC
821:doi
817:290
781:doi
745:doi
708:doi
669:doi
568:doi
533:doi
529:284
322:or
289:).
176:).
100:RNA
98:or
96:DNA
45:PDE
2516::
2096:2C
2091:2B
2086:2A
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
