Retinitis pigmentosa

1447:

small and progressively decreasing visual area in the visual field test, and compromised levels of clarity measured during the visual acuity test. Additionally, optical tomography such as fundus and retinal (optical coherence) imagery provide further diagnostic tools when determining an RP diagnosis. Photographing the back of the dilated eye allows the confirmation of bone spicule accumulation in the fundus, which presents during the later stages of RP retinal degeneration. Combined with cross-sectional imagery of optical coherence tomography, which provides clues into photoreceptor thickness, retinal layer morphology, and retinal pigment epithelium physiology, fundus imagery can help determine the state of RP progression.

42: 1810:

lines; thus, allowing certain RP cases to be concentrated to specific geographical regions with an ancestral history of the disease. Several hereditary studies have been performed to determine the varying prevalence rates in Maine (USA), Birmingham (England), Switzerland (affects 1/7000), Denmark (affects 1/2500), and Norway. Navajo Indians display an elevated rate of RP inheritance as well, which is estimated as affecting 1 in 1878 individuals. Despite the increased frequency of RP within specific familial lines, the disease is considered non-discriminatory and tends to equally affect all world populations.

1455:(ERG) confirms the RP diagnosis by evaluating functional aspects associated with photoreceptor degeneration, and can detect physiological abnormalities before the initial manifestation of symptoms. An electrode lens is applied to the eye as photoreceptor response to varying degrees of quick light pulses is measured. Patients exhibiting the retinitis pigmentosa phenotype would show decreased or delayed electrical response in the rod photoreceptors, as well as possibly compromised cone photoreceptor cell response. 1696: 272:) and the loss of the mid-peripheral visual field. The rod photoreceptor cells, which are responsible for low-light vision and are orientated mainly in the retinal periphery, are the retinal processes affected first during non-syndromic (without other conditions) forms of this disease. Visual decline progresses relatively quickly to the far peripheral field, eventually extending into the central visual field as tunnel vision increases. 209:. The underlying mechanism involves the progressive loss of rod photoreceptor cells that line the retina of the eyeball. The rod cells secrete a neuroprotective substance (Rod-derived cone viability factor, RdCVF) that protects the cone cells from apoptosis (cell death). However, when the rod cells die, this substance is no longer provided. This is generally followed by the loss of cone photoreceptor cells. Diagnosis is by 1789:

and the rate of photoreceptor degradation, rather than access to prospective treatments. Corrective visual aids and personalized vision therapy provided by Low Vision Specialists may help patients correct slight disturbances in visual acuity and optimize their remaining visual field. Support groups, vision insurance, and lifestyle therapy are additional useful tools for those managing progressive visual decline.

1341: 257: 1640:(NCT 03011541). Outcomes were encouraging with 45.5% of eyes showing an average of 7.9 lines of improvement (40.9% LogMAR improvement over baseline) and 45.5% of eyes showing stable acuity over the follow-up. Results were statistically significant(p=0.016). Retinitis Pigmentosa continues to be treated and evaluated in the study. 1653:

adults with RP who have lost the ability to perceive shapes and movement to be more mobile and to perform day-to-day activities. In June 2013, twelve hospitals in the US announced they would soon accept consultation for patients with RP in preparation for the launch of Argus II later that year. The Alpha-IMS is a

1611:, in delaying disease progression remains an unresolved, yet prospective treatment option. Clinical trials investigating optic prosthetic devices, gene therapy mechanisms, and retinal sheet transplantations are active areas of study in the partial restoration of vision in retinitis pigmentosa patients. 1788:

in order to prepare for the physical and social implications associated with progressive vision loss. While the psychological prognosis can be slightly alleviated with active counseling the physical implications and progression of the disease depend largely on the age of initial symptom manifestation

1652:

became the first approved treatment for the disease in February 2011, and is currently available in Germany, France, Italy, and the UK. Interim results on 30 patients long term trials were published in 2012. The Argus II retinal implant has also received market approval in the US. The device may help

649:. Several other studies have reported various codon mutations associated with retinitis pigmentosa, including Thr58Arg, Pro347Leu, Pro347Ser, as well as deletion of Ile-255. In 2000, a rare mutation in codon 23 was reported causing autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa, in which proline changed to 375:

Eventual blindness (legally defined in the USA as 20 degrees or less in the best seeing eye or visual acuity of 20/200 or worse, and in the UK as having central visual acuity of less than 3/60 with normal fields of vision, or gross visual field restriction, or being unable to see at 3 metres (10 ft)

213:

finding dark pigment deposits caused by the rupture of the underlying retinal pigmented epithelial cells, given that these cells contain a pigment known as melanin. Other supportive testing may include the electroretinogram (ERG), visual field testing (VFT), ocular coherence tomography (OCT) and DNA

3626:

Bainbridge JW, Smith AJ, Barker SS, Robbie S, Henderson R, Balaggan K, Viswanathan A, Holder GE, Stockman A, Tyler N, Petersen-Jones S, Bhattacharya SS, Thrasher AJ, Fitzke FW, Carter BJ, Rubin GS, Moore AT, Ali RR (2008). "Effect of Gene Therapy on Visual Function in Leber's Congenital Amaurosis".

2923:

Bujakowska K, Maubaret C, Chakarova CF, Tanimoto N, Beck SC, Fahl E, Humphries MM, Kenna PF, Makarov E, Makarova O, Paquet-Durand F, Ekstrom PA, Van Veen T, Leveillard T, Humphries P, Seeliger MW, Bhattacharya SS (2009). "Study of Gene-Targeted Mouse Models of Splicing Factor Gene Prpf31 Implicated

1809:

Due to the genetic inheritance patterns of RP, many isolate populations exhibit higher disease frequencies or increased prevalence of a specific RP mutation. Pre-existing or emerging mutations that contribute to rod photoreceptor degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa are passed down through familial

1780:

The progressive nature of and lack of a definitive cure for retinitis pigmentosa contribute to the inevitably discouraging outlook for patients with this disease. While complete blindness is rare, the person's visual acuity and visual field will continue to decline as initial rod photoreceptor and

1639:

MD Stem Cells, a clinical research company using autologous bone marrow derived stem cells (BMSC) in the treatment of retinal and optic nerve disease, published results from the Retinitis Pigmentosa cohort within their ongoing NIH registered Stem Cell Ophthalmology Study II (SCOTS2) clinical trial

1446:

Visual field and acuity tests measure and compare the size of the patient's field of vision and the clarity of their visual perception with the standard visual measurements associated with healthy 20/20 vision. Clinical diagnostic features indicative of retinitis pigmentosa include a substantially

1376:

are classified into distinct classes that depend on the specific folding abnormality and the resulting molecular pathway defects. The Class I mutant protein's activity is compromised as specific point mutations in the protein-coding amino acid sequence affect the pigment protein's transport to the

1797:

Retinitis pigmentosa is the leading cause of inherited blindness, with approximately 1/4,000 individuals experiencing the non-syndromic form of their disease within their lifetime. It is estimated that 1.5 million people worldwide are currently affected. Early onset RP occurs within the first few

667:

Autosomal recessive inheritance patterns of RP have been identified in at least 45 genes. This means that two unaffected individuals who are carriers of the same RP-inducing gene mutation in diallelic form can produce offspring with the RP phenotype. A mutation on the USH2A gene is known to cause

244:

protein that is produced within the retinal pigmented epithelium. It has been found to effectively work in about 50% of the patients who receive the therapy. The earlier the child receives the RPE65 therapy, the better their chances are for a positive outcome. There are many other therapies being

1801:

Autosomal dominant and recessive forms of retinitis pigmentosa affect both male and female populations equally; however, the less frequent X-linked form of the disease affects male recipients of the X-linked mutation, while females usually remain unaffected carriers of the RP trait. The X-linked

1678:

retinitis pigmentosa phenotype measured modest improvements in vision; however, the degradation of retinal photoreceptors continued at the disease-related rate. Likely, gene therapy may preserve remaining healthy retinal cells while failing to repair the earlier accumulation of damage in already

1673:

studies is to virally supplement retinal cells expressing mutant genes associated with the retinitis pigmentosa phenotype with healthy forms of the gene; thus, allowing the repair and proper functioning of retinal photoreceptor cells in response to the instructions associated with the inserted

280:

can become compromised due to accompanying loss of the cone photoreceptor cells, which are responsible for color vision, visual acuity, and sight in the central visual field. The progression of disease occurs in both eyes in a similar but not identical pattern. A variety of indirect symptoms

545:

Acquired conditions resulting in ophthalmoscopic findings resembling RP include eye inflammation associated with infection in early age (rubella, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, herpesvirus), autoimmune paraneoplastic retinopathy, drug toxicity (phenothiazines and chloroquine, less commonly with

1897:

in a human patient was reported with partial recovery of non-functional vision in a series of one patient only. They did not use standard protocol to measure visual improvement, but created their own criteria. The serendipitous discovery of the novel algal

4049: 617:

gene associated with the RP since the Pro23His mutation in the intradiscal domain of the protein was first reported in 1990. These mutations are found throughout the opsin gene and are distributed along the three domains of the protein (the intradiscal,

601:

or misfolding of the rhodopsin protein, and most frequently follow autosomal dominant inheritance patterns. Since the discovery of the rhodopsin gene, more than 100 RHO mutations have been identified, accounting for 15% of all types of

1404:

for retinal degeneration mutation, rod photoreceptors stop developing and undergo degeneration before cellular maturation completes. A defect in cGMP-phosphodiesterase has also been documented; this leads to toxic levels of cGMP.

4173: 6948: 1871:

2016: RetroSense Therapeutics aimed to inject viruses with DNA from light-sensitive algae into the eyes of several blind people (who have retinitis pigmentosa). If successful, they will be able to see in black and white.

1772:, a drug used to treat alcoholism in humans, had potential to partially restore vision loss in rats with retinitis pigmentosa, even during late stages of the disease. Efforts to continue research in humans is ongoing. 3576:

Stingl K, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Besch D, Braun A, Bruckmann A, Gekeler F, Greppmaier U, Hipp S, Hörtdörfer G, Kernstock C, Koitschev A, Kusnyerik A, Sachs H, Schatz A, Stingl KT, Peters T, Wilhelm B, Zrenner E (2013).

1377:

outer segment of the eye, where the phototransduction cascade is localized. Additionally, the misfolding of Class II rhodopsin gene mutations disrupts the protein's conjunction with 11-cis-retinal to induce proper

4923: 4908: 3441:

Weiss JN, Levy S. Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study: bone marrow derived stem cells in the treatment of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Stem Cell Investig. 2018 Jun 6;5:18. doi: 10.21037/sci.2018.04.02. eCollection

1853:). Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley were able to restore vision to blind mice by exploiting a "photoswitch" that activates retinal ganglion cells in animals with damaged rod and cone cells. 1450:

While visual field and acuity test results combined with retinal imagery support the diagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa, additional testing is necessary to confirm other pathological features of this disease.

2657:

Senin II, Bosch L, Ramon E, Zernii EY, Manyosa J, Philippov PP, Garriga P (2006). "Ca2+/recoverin dependent regulation of phosphorylation of the rhodopsin mutant R135L associated with retinitis pigmentosa".

1602:

There is currently no cure for retinitis pigmentosa, but the efficacy and safety of various prospective treatments are currently being evaluated. The efficiency of various supplements, such as vitamin A,

573:) acquired, and are dependent on the specific RP gene mutations present in the parental generation. (Of note, Autosomal Dominant RP Type 11 (PRPF-31) can be inherited as a genotype only, because of 6941: 1368:), which is responsible for the majority of autosomal-dominantly inherited RP cases, disrupts the rhodopsin protein essential for translating light into decipherable electrical signals within the 1683:

would theoretically benefit young patients exhibiting the shortest progression of photoreceptor decline; thus, correlating to a higher possibility of cell rescue via the healthy inserted gene.

6934: 3344:

Berson EL, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, Hayes KC, Nicholson BW, Weigel-Difranco C, Willett W (1993). "A Randomized Trial of Vitamin a and Vitamin E Supplementation for Retinitis Pigmentosa".

3477:

Humayun MS, Dorn JD, Da Cruz L, Dagnelie G, Sahel JA, Stanga PE, Cideciyan AV, Duncan JL, Eliott D, Filley E, Ho AC, Santos A, Safran AB, Arditi A, Del Priore LV, Greenberg RJ (2012).

4865: 2785:

Berson EL, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, Weigel-Difranco C, Dryja TP (1991). "Ocular findings in patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and rhodopsin, proline-347-leucine".

5037: 546:

Thioridazine and Hydroxychloroquine), diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis and eye trauma. Acquired conditions may be unilateral or bilateral, and static or progressive.

1661:. Measures of visual improvements from Alpha-IMS studies require the demonstration of the device's safety before proceeding with clinical trials and granting market approval. 4143:"Mesencephalic Astrocyte-derived Neurotrophic Factor (MANF) Protects Rod and Cone Photoreceptors from Degeneration in Transgenic Rats Carrying the S334ter Rhodopsin Mutation" 1864:/Cas9 can be used to treat rats with the autosomal dominant form of retinitis pigmentosa. Researchers find that two molecules, rod-derived cone viability factor (RdCVF) and 4175:

Mesencephalic Astrocyte-derived Neurotrophic Factor (MANF) Protects Rod and Cone Photoreceptors from Degeneration in Transgenic Rats Carrying the S334ter Rhodopsin Mutation

2693:

Dryja TP, McGee TL, Reichel E, Hahn LB, Cowley GS, Yandell DW, Sandberg MA, Berson EL (1990). "A point mutation of the rhodopsin gene in one form of retinitis pigmentosa".

3870:

Mezer E, Babul-Hirji R, Wise R, Chipman M, Dasilva L, Rowell M, Thackray R, Shuman CT, Levin AV (2007). "Attitudes regarding predictive testing for retinitis pigmentosa".

2622:

Berson EL, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, Dryja TP (1991). "Ocular Findings in Patients with Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa and a Rhodopsin Gene Defect (Pro-23-His)".

3721: 1381:

formation. Additional mutants in this pigment-encoding gene affect protein stability, disrupt mRNA integrity post-translationally, and affect the activation rates of

281:

characterize retinitis pigmentosa along with the direct effects of the initial rod photoreceptor degeneration and later cone photoreceptor decline. Phenomena such as

4013:

Prokisch H, Hartig M, Hellinger R, Meitinger T, Rosenberg T (2007). "IOVS – A Population-Based Epidemiological and Genetic Study of X-Linked Retinitis Pigmentosa".

698:. These factors are ubiquitously expressed and it is proposed that defects in a ubiquitous factor (a protein expressed everywhere) should only cause disease in the 1458:

The patient's family history is also considered when determining a diagnosis due to the genetic mode of inheritance of retinitis pigmentosa. At least 35 different

372:

Central vision is the last to go, because this is a disease of the rods and not the cones which are the highest in number in the Central Vision (Macula and Fovea)

3044: 2198: 2504:

Bastek JV, Foos RY, Heckenlively J. Traumatic pigmentary retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1981 Nov;92(5):621-4. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)74652-5. PMID 7304688.

330: 2492:

Adamus, G., Ren, G. & Weleber, R.G. Autoantibodies against retinal proteins in paraneoplastic and autoimmune retinopathy. BMC Ophthalmol 4, 5 (2004).

6636: 4569: 2959:

Mendes HF, van der Spuy J, Chapple JP, Cheetham ME (April 2005). "Mechanisms of cell death in rhodopsin retinitis pigmentosa: implications for therapy".

1849:

presented data showing protection of photoreceptors in an animal model when eyes were injected with mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (

293:, the presence of blinking, swirling or shimmering lights spontaneously occurring within the visual field, often manifest during the later stages of RP. 2867:"Description of a New Mutation in Rhodopsin, Pro23Ala, and Comparison with Electroretinographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Pro23His Mutation" 3526: 1631:

supplementation can postpone blindness by up to 10 years (by reducing the 10% loss pa to 8.3% pa) in some patients in certain stages of the disease.

1802:

forms of the disease are considered severe, and typically lead to complete blindness during later stages. In rare occasions, a dominant form of the

6074: 7015: 4673: 4147: 4786: 5471: 713:

patterns of RP are currently identified with the mutations of six genes, the most common occurring at specific loci in the RPGR and RP2 genes.

389:

RP may be: (1) non-syndromic, that is, it occurs alone, without any other clinical findings, (2) syndromic, with other neurosensory disorders,

1749: 6761: 6737: 4416: 1721: 6143: 6069: 4869: 4112: 951: 6997: 4658: 4631: 3835:

Shintani K, Shechtman DL, Gurwood AS (July 2009). "Review and update: Current treatment trends for patients with retinitis pigmentosa".

1728: 304:(RPE) that gives the same visual appearance of bone spicule patterns (but are not bone spicules), (2) a waxy yellow appearance of the 2095: 1594:

depends on an accurate diagnosis, determination of the mode of inheritance in each family, and results of molecular genetic testing.

1189: 657:

associated with this mutation was characteristically mild in presentation and course. Furthermore, there was greater preservation in

4195:"Restoring Visual Function to Blind Mice with a Photoswitch that Exploits Electrophysiological Remodeling of Retinal Ganglion Cells" 2162: 7235: 4618: 4244:"In Vivo CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing Corrects Retinal Dystrophy in the S334ter-3 Rat Model of Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa" 2447: 2262:

Shintani K, Shechtman DL, Gurwood AS (2009). "Review and update: Current treatment trends for patients with retinitis pigmentosa".

1219: 6629: 5083: 2479: 2046: 1798:

years of life and is typically associated with syndromic disease forms, while late onset RP emerges from early to mid-adulthood.

1735: 966: 4113:"Ophthalmologists Implant Five Patients with Artificial Silicon Retina Microchip To Treat Vision Loss from Retinitis Pigmentosa" 1584:, affecting both males and females, although males are usually more mildly affected. Some digenic (controlled by two genes) and 6091: 6086: 5911: 5042: 300:(back layer) of the eye as the "ophthalmic triad". This includes the development of (1) a mottled appearance of the retina and 214:

testing to determine the gene responsible for a person's particular type of RP (now called Inherited Retinal Dystrophy (IRD)).

4595: 3428: 2100: 740: 3452: 1717: 6824: 5951: 1550: 1400:

the outer rod segment discs that have been shed, leading to an accumulation of outer rod segment debris. In mice that are

312:

of blood vessels in size and Arterial/Venous ratio as they enter and exit the optic disk of the retina and transverse it.

7156: 6064: 4938: 4734: 3051: 2559: 1883: 569:. Inheritance patterns of RP have been identified as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, and maternally ( 7166: 7109: 6622: 6059: 5946: 5513: 2105: 315:

Non-syndromic RP (RP appears alone without other co-morbidities) usually presents a variety of the following symptoms:

6682: 5814: 5674: 4717: 2207: 205:

Retinitis pigmentosa is generally inherited from one or both parents. It is caused by genetic variants in nearly 100

4417:"A blind woman in Texas is first person to undergo optogenetic therapy, which could let her see again if successful" 5779: 4436:"Press Announcements - FDA approves novel gene therapy to treat patients with a rare form of inherited vision loss" 3810: 1279: 607: 4242:

Bakondi B, Lv W, Lu B, Jones MK, Tsai Y, Kim KJ, Levy R, Akhtar AA, Breunig JJ, Svendsen CN, Wang S (March 2016).

6354: 5872: 5784: 1675: 519: 7120: 6962: 5774: 5503: 4116: 3674:"Age-dependent effects of RPE65 gene therapy for Leber's congenital amaurosis: a phase 1 dose-escalation trial" 710: 485: 6926: 1674:

healthy gene. Clinical trials investigating the insertion of the healthy RPE65 gene in retinas expressing the

7190: 7125: 7061: 6820: 5867: 5758: 5624: 1803: 1742: 1707: 668:

10-15% of a syndromic form of RP known as Usher's Syndrome when inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion.

477: 416: 6265: 5956: 5941: 4435: 4389: 3531: 565:

that code for proteins needed in the visual pathway, when mutated, they can cause the retinitis pigmentosa

408: 3536: 1352:

photoreceptors. The elongated rods are colored yellow and orange, while the shorter cones are colored red.

358:

Development of the appearance of melanin pigment in a bone spicule pattern in the fundus (not bone tissue)

217:

There is currently no cure for retinitis pigmentosa. Efforts to manage the problem may include the use of

7105: 7069: 6980: 5153: 5111: 5076: 5056: 4293:"Viral-mediated RdCVF and RdCVFL expression protects cone and rod photoreceptors in retinal degeneration" 2089: 1886:

as "probably effective" (level B) in retinitis pigmentosa, based on the evidence available at that time.

1857: 1846: 236:

Currently there is only one FDA-approved gene therapy that is commercially available to RP patients with

41: 6614: 4291:

Byrne LC, Dalkara D, Luna G, Fisher SK, Clérin E, Sahel JA, Léveillard T, Flannery JG (2 January 2015).

7200: 7146: 6784: 6081: 5877: 5851: 5809: 5804: 5669: 5542: 5530: 5486: 4841: 1903: 1393: 1373: 301: 237: 52:

of a person with mid-stage retinitis pigmentosa. Note pigment deposits in the mid periphery along with

4794: 1466:

are known to cause "nonsyndromic RP" (RP that is not the result of another disease or part of a wider

597:

a principal protein of photoreceptor outer segments. Mutations in this gene most commonly presents as

7002: 6916: 6710: 6260: 6148: 6054: 5901: 5746: 5547: 5493: 1927: 570: 523: 443: 435: 390: 376:

what the normally sighted person sees at 60 metres (200 ft)). The majority of patients do not become

210: 3641: 1627:; thus, stalling disease progression in some patients. Recent investigations have shown that proper 7225: 6796: 5799: 5770: 5394: 5359: 4949: 3381:"Long-term visual prognoses in patients with retinitis pigmentosa: The Ludwig von Sallmann lecture" 1649: 1619:

Studies have demonstrated the delay of rod photoreceptor degeneration by the daily intake of 15000

1369: 590: 515: 377: 222: 134: 3104:"Diagnostic Challenges in Retinitis Pigmentosa: Genotypic Multiplicity and Phenotypic Variability" 7142: 7056: 6270: 6024: 5824: 5344: 5337: 3550: 264:

The initial retinal degenerative symptoms of retinitis pigmentosa are characterized by decreased

4120: 2826:"A 3-bp deletion in the rhodopsin gene in a family with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa" 2461: 7051: 6958: 6836: 6539: 6509: 6444: 6439: 6166: 5444: 5309: 5069: 3636: 1915: 702:

because the retinal photoreceptor cells have a far greater requirement for protein processing (

4989: 4142: 2746:"Mutations within the Rhodopsin Gene in Patients with Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa" 2580:"Retinitis pigmentosa and allied diseases: Numerous diseases, genes, and inheritance patterns" 1541: 1533: 1519: 1511: 1479: 6863: 6482: 6158: 4709: 4390:"FDA approves novel gene therapy to treat patients with a rare form of inherited vision loss" 2744:

Dryja TP, McGee TL, Hahn LB, Cowley GS, Olsson JE, Reichel E, Sandberg MA, Berson EL (1990).

1960: 1876: 574: 454: 194:(side and upper or lower visual field). As peripheral vision worsens, people may experience " 6126: 1503: 1495: 1487: 577:, thus coded for in the DNA but, does not manifest the disease as a phenotype.) In 1989, a 7174: 7151: 6859: 6749: 6255: 5836: 5794: 5609: 5525: 3758: 3308: 2702: 1604: 1401: 1356:

A variety of retinal molecular pathway defects have been matched to multiple known RP gene

906: 634: 555: 462: 4189:

Tochitsky I, Polosukhina A, Degtyar VE, Gallerani N, Smith CM, Friedman A, Van Gelder RN,

3151: 2068:, S.T. Lee Professor of Business in the Management Department at Columbia Business School 503:

purposes, these patients are considered completely incompatible with all normal and K0/K0

8: 7195: 6898: 6714: 6560: 6434: 6234: 6117: 6109: 5897: 5861: 5846: 5701: 5481: 5261: 4927: 3357: 2635: 2617: 2615: 2302:"A Novel Signaling Pathway from Rod Photoreceptors to Ganglion Cells in Mammalian Retina" 2170: 1624: 1565: 1452: 1440: 1329:

Retinitis pigmentosa, X-linked, and sinorespiratory infections, with or without deafness

658: 539: 496: 226: 151: 6190: 3762: 3747:"Retinoic acid inhibitors mitigate vision loss in a mouse model of retinal degeneration" 3312: 2909: 2706: 7230: 6992: 6171: 5921: 5829: 5753: 5706: 5518: 5454: 5439: 5299: 5248: 4932: 4485: 4460: 4366: 4341: 4317: 4292: 4268: 4243: 4219: 4194: 3990: 3963: 3939: 3914: 3895: 3787: 3746: 3698: 3673: 3603: 3578: 3503: 3478: 3456: 3405: 3380: 3269: 3244: 3225: 3128: 3103: 3023: 2842: 2825: 2726: 2542: 2424: 2399: 2375: 2350: 2331: 1835: 1785: 1620: 1591: 1561: 1428: 1412: 679: 473: 412: 81: 3689: 3213: 2798: 2612: 2530: 2318: 2301: 1657:

involving the surgical implantation of a small image-recording chip beneath the optic

7135: 7079: 7011: 6694: 6514: 6411: 6176: 6036: 5819: 5476: 5382: 4960: 4815: 4713: 4702: 4531: 4490: 4371: 4322: 4273: 4224: 4071: 4066: 4030: 3995: 3944: 3887: 3852: 3792: 3774: 3703: 3654: 3608: 3508: 3410: 3361: 3326: 3274: 3217: 3182: 3133: 3084: 3015: 2976: 2941: 2888: 2847: 2802: 2767: 2718: 2675: 2639: 2601: 2534: 2429: 2380: 2323: 2279: 2032: 1882:

In 2020, a literature review estimated the experimental therapeutic technique called

1432: 1424: 598: 500: 439: 230: 191: 183: 115: 90: 65: 3899: 3229: 3027: 2546: 7116: 6645: 6302: 6292: 6138: 6113: 6046: 6012: 5931: 5562: 5552: 5449: 5304: 5191: 5181: 5000: 4521: 4480: 4472: 4361: 4353: 4312: 4304: 4263: 4255: 4214: 4206: 4094: 4061: 4022: 3985: 3975: 3934: 3926: 3879: 3844: 3782: 3766: 3693: 3685: 3646: 3598: 3590: 3579:"Artificial vision with wirelessly powered subretinal electronic implant alpha-IMS" 3498: 3490: 3400: 3392: 3353: 3316: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3209: 3174: 3165:

Zhao GY, Hu DN, Xia HX, Xia ZC (1995). "Chinese family with retinitis pigmentosa".

3123: 3115: 3007: 2968: 2933: 2878: 2837: 2794: 2757: 2730: 2710: 2667: 2631: 2591: 2526: 2419: 2411: 2370: 2362: 2335: 2313: 2271: 2002: 1899: 1894: 1819: 1463: 1408: 469: 341: 202:

is uncommon. Onset of symptoms is generally gradual and often begins in childhood.

175: 4510:"Partial recovery of visual function in a blind patient after optogenetic therapy" 3479:"Interim Results from the International Trial of Second Sight's Visual Prosthesis" 2996:"Oxidative damage is a potential cause of cone cell death in retinitis pigmentosa" 2351:"Seeing through their eyes: lived experiences of people with retinitis pigmentosa" 629:). One of the main biochemical causes of RP in the case of rhodopsin mutations is 7043: 6808: 6670: 6649: 6369: 6333: 6297: 5916: 5741: 5728: 5662: 5619: 5537: 5349: 5281: 5201: 5186: 5032: 4954: 4760: 4461:"Non-invasive current stimulation in vision recovery: a review of the literature" 4210: 3494: 2972: 2041: 2036: 2020: 1990: 1823: 1658: 1654: 1581: 1554: 675: 630: 481: 423: 404: 218: 130: 120: 53: 3245:"Vitamin A and fish oils for preventing the progression of retinitis pigmentosa" 2883: 2866: 2762: 2745: 2234: 245:

researched at this time, with the goal of being approved in the next few years.

7087: 6956: 6902: 6886: 6599: 6451: 6396: 6239: 6007: 5936: 5718: 5688: 5634: 5588: 5459: 5332: 5266: 5256: 4965: 4635: 4526: 4509: 3930: 3848: 3396: 3119: 2671: 2275: 2079: 2065: 1427:

of retinitis pigmentosa relies on the documentation of the progressive loss of

626: 554:

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is one of the most common forms of inherited retinal

504: 398: 364: 286: 5051: 5011: 4917: 4089:

Graham-Rowe D (8 September 2008). "Retinal transplants see fleeting success".

3883: 3178: 3076: 7219: 6519: 6374: 6314: 6031: 5979: 5926: 5856: 5765: 5652: 5629: 5557: 5466: 5271: 5176: 5027: 4632:"Wheel turns a full circle as proud Lindy rides for two countries in Beijing" 4342:"NRF2 promotes neuronal survival in neurodegeneration and acute nerve damage" 3778: 3745:

Telias M, Sit KK, Frozenfar D, Smith B, Misra A, Goard MJ, Kramer RH (2022).

3527:"FDA approves first retinal implant for adults with rare genetic eye disease" 2596: 2579: 1996: 1585: 1436: 646: 637:. It was found that the mutation of codon 23 in the rhodopsin gene, in which 619: 594: 535: 531: 393:, or complex clinical findings, or (3) secondary to other systemic diseases. 324: 273: 195: 70: 5061: 2994:

Shen J, Yang X, Dong A, Petters RM, Peng YW, Wong F, Campochiaro PA (2005).

1879:

to treat people with biallelic RPE65 mutation-associated retinal dystrophy.

593:

enabling vision in low-light conditions, was identified. The rhodopsin gene

7130: 6384: 6212: 5593: 5508: 5416: 5294: 5289: 5234: 5229: 4550: 4535: 4494: 4375: 4340:

Xiong W, MacColl Garfinkel AE, Li Y, Benowitz LI, Cepko CL (1 April 2015).

4326: 4277: 4228: 4190: 4098: 4075: 4034: 3999: 3980: 3948: 3891: 3856: 3796: 3770: 3707: 3658: 3612: 3594: 3512: 3414: 3330: 3278: 3221: 3137: 3088: 3019: 2980: 2945: 2892: 2821: 2679: 2605: 2538: 2433: 2384: 2283: 2008: 1949: 1890: 1868:, can protect cone photoreceptors in mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa. 1839: 1827: 1680: 1670: 511: 492: 297: 277: 265: 49: 3650: 3365: 3186: 2851: 2806: 2771: 2722: 2643: 2327: 1784:

Studies indicate that children carrying the disease genotype benefit from

6644: 6583: 6534: 6477: 6472: 6429: 6407: 6318: 6309: 6229: 6207: 6019: 5991: 5789: 5657: 5498: 5319: 5196: 5148: 5095: 5006: 4984: 4738: 4026: 3200:

Hartong DT, Berson EL, Dryja TP (November 2006). "Retinitis pigmentosa".

2937: 2366: 2084: 2053: 1966: 1954: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1921: 1850: 1569: 1471: 1397: 1378: 654: 623: 603: 458: 352: 309: 282: 4735:"Big Brother's Reggie Bird tears up detailing her battle with blindness" 4259: 2493: 1695: 6504: 6467: 6391: 6379: 6323: 6284: 6105: 5995: 5354: 5219: 4995: 4476: 4459:

Perin C, Viganò B, Piscitelli D, Matteo BM, Meroni R, Cerri CG (2020).

3722:"A key to restoring sight may be held in a drug that treats alcoholism" 3102:

Chang S, Vaccarella L, Olatunji S, Cebulla C, Christoforidis J (2011).

2059: 2026: 2014: 1984: 1972: 1769: 1382: 1309: 770: 319: 305: 269: 187: 147: 142: 86: 4900: 3243:

Schwartz SG, Wang X, Chavis P, Kuriyan AE, Abariga SA (18 June 2020).

3011: 2415: 285:, which describes the event in which light is perceived as an intense 7097: 6555: 6529: 6403: 6349: 6337: 6222: 6217: 6202: 6198: 5736: 5434: 5411: 5224: 5171: 5166: 5143: 4678: 4357: 4308: 2865:

Oh KT, Weleber RG, Lotery A, Oh DM, Billingslea AM, Stone EM (2000).

2714: 1978: 1831: 1628: 1577: 1573: 1361: 1349: 703: 661: 642: 582: 566: 488: 427: 349:(Spontaneously occurring flashes/blinking/swirling/shimmering lights) 346: 290: 199: 179: 74: 4188: 3811:"A drug once used to treat alcoholism may cure retinal degeneration" 3321: 3296: 2995: 976: 6976: 6594: 6359: 5893: 5696: 5327: 2922: 2784: 1999:, Mayor of Bogota, New Jersey; Republican candidate for U.S. Senate 1467: 1357: 1345: 1024: 672: 578: 447: 256: 108: 4172:

Wen R, Luo L, Huang D, Xia X, Wang Z, Chen P, Li Y (May 7, 2012).

645:, accounts for the largest fraction of rhodopsin mutations in the 6421: 6364: 5906: 5713: 5644: 5614: 5604: 5211: 4141:

Wen R, Luo L, Huang D, Xia X, Wang Z, Chen P, Li Y (March 2012).

2958: 1987:, entrepreneur, television personality and professional traveller 1470:). Indications of the RP mutation type can be determined through 1415:

is a potential cause of cone cell death in retinitis pigmentosa.

650: 638: 586: 4943: 4339: 4012: 3429:"Bone Marrow Derived Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study II" 2563: 2517:

Hartong DT, Berson EL, Dryja TP (2006). "Retinitis pigmentosa".

1993:, Australian singer/songwriter, actress and motivational speaker 1963:, urban planner, author, and former Mayor of Ventura, California 1319: 1304: 1289: 1274: 1259: 1244: 1229: 1214: 1199: 1184: 1169: 1154: 1139: 1124: 1109: 1094: 1079: 1064: 1049: 1034: 1019: 1004: 989: 961: 946: 931: 916: 901: 886: 871: 856: 840: 825: 810: 795: 780: 765: 750: 735: 397:

RP combined with deafness (congenital or progressive) is called

6756: 6705: 6524: 5426: 5403: 5123: 5046: 4912: 4674:"'I was 16. My doctor said, "You'll go blind. Get on with it"'" 3672:

Maguire AM, High KA, Auricchio A, et al. (November 2009).

1861: 1608: 1372:

of the central nervous system. Defects in the activity of this

1294: 1039: 1009: 845: 830: 699: 691: 431: 57: 5052:

GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Retinitis Pigmentosa Overview

3101: 1340: 361:

Slow adjustment from dark to light environments and vice versa

16:

Gradual retinal degeneration leading to progressive sight loss

7022: 6893: 6881: 6854: 6831: 6815: 6803: 6791: 6779: 6744: 6732: 6689: 6677: 6665: 6496: 4570:"Blind actor Alex Bulmer leads the way into theatre's future" 3575: 1386: 1264: 1249: 1234: 1159: 1144: 1129: 1114: 1099: 1084: 1069: 994: 936: 921: 891: 876: 800: 687: 683: 614: 562: 468:

RP is seen clinically in association with several other rare

241: 206: 4508:

Sahel JA, Boulanger Scemama E, Pagot C, et al. (2021).

3915:"Clinics, Epidemiology and Genetics of Retinitis Pigmentosa" 296:

Findings related to RP have often been characterized in the

6986: 5576: 5138: 4507: 4458: 3869: 3625: 2577: 2300:

Soucy E, Wang Y, Nirenberg S, Nathans J, Meister M (1998).

2206:. University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center. Archived from 1865: 1526: 1459: 1324: 1204: 1174: 1054: 861: 785: 722: 3837:

Optometry - Journal of the American Optometric Association

3476: 2348: 2062:, American business magnate and Las Vegas casino developer 60:

is preserved there is some loss of pigmentation around it.

4819: 3343: 3242: 2819: 2621: 2299: 1969:, American businessman and professional sports team owner 815: 755: 695: 3834: 2924:

in Human Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP)".

2261: 1634: 233:

may be an option in certain people with severe disease.

3744: 3453:"Nahrungsergänzungsmittel: ALLES, was du wissen musst!" 4290: 1918:, American author of YA paranormal and Science Fiction 4866:"Take 5: Sheena Iyengar, author and expert on choice" 4050:"The epidemiology of retinitis pigmentosa in Denmark" 2692: 2656: 613:

Over 100 mutations have been reported to date in the

4890: 3671: 3039: 3037: 2743: 2578:

Rivolta C, Sharon D, Deangelis MM, Dryja TP (2002).

1299:

Retinitis pigmentosa, juvenile, autosomal recessive

6125: 2993: 2660:

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications

2397: 2029:, American record producer, songwriter and arranger 2011:, English record producer, musician and businessman 1344:Scanning electron micrograph depicting the retinal 848:Inheritance can be either phenotypic or genotypic. 495:, and therefore markedly reduced expression of all 380:, often retaining limited or non-functional vision. 4701: 3199: 2904: 2902: 2516: 2400:"Genes and mutations causing retinitis pigmentosa" 6070:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION) 4761:"SHEL TALMY INTERVIEWED BY ARTIE WAYNE, PART TWO" 4596:"Losing his vision has opened Mark Erelli's eyes" 3034: 2864: 2349:Prem Senthil M, Khadka J, Pesudovs K (May 2017). 1439:tests, fundus and optical coherence imagery, and 7217: 5057:NCBI/Molecular diagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa 4241: 4015:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2926:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 7016:Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter 6762:Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis 2 6738:Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis 3 4704:Jazz and Death: Medical Profiles of Jazz Greats 4548: 3290: 3288: 3074: 2899: 2573: 2571: 1781:later cone photoreceptor degradation proceeds. 229:supplements may be useful to slow worsening. A 4551:"Algae proteins partially restore man's sight" 4171: 4140: 2257: 2255: 1474:, which is available on a clinical basis for: 653:. However, this study showed that the retinal 6942: 6630: 5091: 5077: 3912: 3543: 2295: 2293: 1392:Additionally, animal models suggest that the 866:Retinitis pigmentosa-12, autosomal recessive 248:It is estimated to affect 1 in 4,000 people. 6144:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia 4708:. University of Mississippi Press. pp. 4452: 4433: 3470: 3372: 3285: 3164: 3077:"Nonsyndromic Retinitis Pigmentosa Overview" 2858: 2568: 1948:, American singer/songwriter, guitarist for 1942:, Canadian YouTuber and motivational speaker 1845:2012: Scientists at the University of Miami 1806:will affect both males and females equally. 6998:Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome 5472:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy 5131: 4088: 3551:"'First Bionic Eye' Retinal Chip for Blind" 3337: 2820:Inglehearn CF, Bashir R, Lester DH, Jay M, 2252: 1643: 851:Retinitis pigmentosa-11 Autosomal Dominant 664:than the more prevalent Pro23His mutation. 6949: 6935: 6637: 6623: 5084: 5070: 4839: 2512: 2510: 2290: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 1981:, Australian tandem cyclist and triathlete 1875:In 2017 the FDA approved the gene therapy 1679:diseased photoreceptor cells. Response to 1314:Retinitis pigmentosa, late-onset dominant 453:RP combined with intellectual disability, 336:(due to patchy loss of peripheral vision) 40: 4525: 4484: 4365: 4316: 4267: 4218: 4065: 3989: 3979: 3938: 3786: 3697: 3640: 3602: 3502: 3404: 3320: 3268: 3127: 2882: 2841: 2761: 2595: 2423: 2398:Daiger SP, Sullivan LS, Bowne SJ (2013). 2374: 2317: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2096:Retinal degeneration (rhodopsin mutation) 1930:, 41st Mayor of San Francisco, California 5036:) is being considered for deletion. See 4629: 2196: 1431:function, confirmed by a combination of 1339: 255: 4732: 4699: 4671: 3249:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2507: 2035:, German Tibetologist and developer of 1557:is available on a research basis only. 491:characterized by a complete absence of 7218: 4465:Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 3378: 2229: 2227: 2185: 2118: 1818:Future treatments may involve retinal 1614: 1483:(autosomal recessive, Bothnia type RP) 407:is associated with RP and an abnormal 7157:Multiple familial trichoepithelioma 1 6930: 6618: 6581: 5977: 5380: 5109: 5065: 4659:"Lonegan opens up about is blindness" 4656: 4593: 3961: 3083:. University of Washington, Seattle. 2494:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2415-4-5 2101:Retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator 2005:, British stand-up comedian and actor 1635:Bone marrow derived stem cells (BMSC) 1580:, affecting primarily only males, or 251: 5952:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy 4567: 4047: 3358:10.1001/archopht.1993.01090060049022 3045:"Understanding Retinitis Pigmentosa" 2636:10.1001/archopht.1991.01080010094039 2044:, American Paralympic alpine skier, 1975:, Mexican musician, singer and actor 1768:One study at UC Berkeley found that 1690: 686:(human PRPF3 is HPRPF3; also PRP3), 589:that plays an essential part in the 457:, acanthotic (spiked) RBCs, ataxia, 35:Inherited Retinal Dystrophy/Diseases 6683:Surfactant metabolism dysfunction 3 6075:non-arteritic anterior (NAION) 5912:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy 4842:"Doh! Dept: The $ 40-Million Elbow" 4414: 3294: 2560:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 2462:"Diseases – MM – Types Of Overview" 2239:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 2224: 2023:, Australian television personality 1924:. American broadcaster, Kansas City 1884:transcorneal electrical stimulation 1856:2015: A study by Bakondi et al. at 13: 7110:X-linked spinal muscular atrophy 2 5947:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis 2830:American Journal of Human Genetics 2235:"OMIM Entry: Retinitis Pigmentosa" 2200:Understanding Retinitis Pigmentosa 2163:"Facts About Retinitis Pigmentosa" 2106:Retinitis Pigmentosa International 2085:List of eye diseases and disorders 1576:manner. X-linked RP can be either 1335: 327:(due to loss of peripheral vision) 14: 7247: 5675:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy 5040:to help reach a consensus. › 4886: 4758: 4394:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 4346:Journal of Clinical Investigation 4297:Journal of Clinical Investigation 4054:Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 3968:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2787:American Journal of Ophthalmology 2564:RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; RP - 268000 1718:"Retinitis pigmentosa Disulfiram" 1254:Retinitis pigmentosa, concentric 461:, and absence of VLDL is seen in 260:Example of tunnel vision (bottom) 240:type 2. It replaces the miscoded 5780:Central retinal artery occlusion 4067:10.1046/j.1395-3907.2002.00001.x 3297:"Curing blindness: Vision quest" 1909: 1694: 1588:forms have also been described. 682:retinitis pigmentosa. These are 446:(also known as Ragged Red Fiber 7236:Disorders of choroid and retina 5785:Branch retinal artery occlusion 5514:Terrien's marginal degeneration 4858: 4833: 4808: 4779: 4752: 4726: 4693: 4665: 4650: 4623: 4612: 4587: 4561: 4549:James Gallagher (24 May 2021). 4542: 4501: 4427: 4408: 4382: 4333: 4284: 4235: 4182: 4165: 4134: 4105: 4082: 4041: 4006: 3955: 3906: 3863: 3828: 3803: 3738: 3714: 3665: 3629:New England Journal of Medicine 3619: 3569: 3519: 3445: 3435: 3421: 3236: 3193: 3158: 3144: 3095: 3068: 2987: 2952: 2916: 2813: 2778: 2750:New England Journal of Medicine 2737: 2686: 2650: 2553: 2498: 2486: 2472: 1792: 1664: 1623:(equivalent to 4.5 mg) of 1284:Retinitis pigmentosa, juvenile 520:autosomal recessive inheritance 7036:Posttranslational modification 6963:posttranslational modification 6582: 5815:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy 5775:Central retinal vein occlusion 5504:Pellucid marginal degeneration 4594:Daley L (September 29, 2022). 4434:Commissioner Oo (2018-11-03). 4193:, Kaufer D, Kramer RH (2014). 4117:Rush University Medical Center 3261:10.1002/14651858.CD008428.pub3 3000:Journal of Cellular Physiology 2480:"Bardet-Biedl (Laurence Moon)" 2466:Muscular Dystrophy Association 2454: 2440: 2391: 2342: 1269:Retinitis pigmentosa, digenic 745:Retinitis pigmentosa Y-linked 1: 7191:Multiple sulfatase deficiency 7070:3-Methylglutaconic aciduria 5 5868:Vitelliform macular dystrophy 5759:Posterior vitreous detachment 5625:Persistent pupillary membrane 5025: 5012:Retinitis Pigmentosa Overview 4148:Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 3690:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61836-5 3214:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69740-7 3081:Retinitis Pigmentosa Overview 2799:10.1016/s0002-9394(14)73708-0 2531:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69740-7 2319:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80560-7 2112: 478:chronic granulomatous disease 211:eye examination of the retina 6355:Leber's congenital amaurosis 6266:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia 5978: 5957:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease 5942:Persistent fetal vasculature 5873:Leber's congenital amaurosis 4211:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.003 4119:. 2005-01-31. Archived from 3532:Food and Drug Administration 3495:10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.09.028 2973:10.1016/j.molmed.2005.02.007 2961:Trends in Molecular Medicine 1957:, British paralympic cyclist 1775: 1597: 1418: 706:) than any other cell type. 497:Kell red blood cell antigens 409:glomerular-basement membrane 7: 7003:Premature ovarian failure 1 5154:Meibomian gland dysfunction 4840:Paumgarten N (2006-10-16). 4733:Guertin L (26 April 2022). 4568:Maga C (12 December 2017). 2884:10.1001/archopht.118.9.1269 2763:10.1056/NEJM199011083231903 2090:Progressive retinal atrophy 2072: 1893:application of the protein 1858:Cedars-Sinai Medical Center 1847:Bascom Palmer Eye Institute 1813: 1545:(autosomal recessive, RP20) 1537:(autosomal recessive, RP19) 1529:(autosomal recessive, RP12) 606:, and approximately 25% of 591:visual transduction cascade 549: 391:developmental abnormalities 355:(aversion to bright lights) 10: 7252: 7121:Johanson–Blizzard syndrome 5878:Birdshot chorioretinopathy 5852:Central serous retinopathy 5670:Focal choroidal excavation 5543:Corneal neovascularization 5360:Subconjunctival hemorrhage 5110: 4672:Thomson A (15 July 2023). 4630:McDonald M (31 May 2008). 4527:10.1038/s41591-021-01351-4 3931:10.2174/138920211795860080 3849:10.1016/j.optm.2008.01.026 3815:interestingengineering.com 3397:10.1016/j.exer.2007.03.001 3120:10.2174/138920211795860116 2824:, Bhattacharya SS (1991). 2672:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.048 2276:10.1016/j.optm.2008.01.026 2169:. May 2014. Archived from 1904:1000 Plant Genomes Project 1560:RP can be inherited in an 1549:For all other genes (e.g. 1523:(autosomal dominant, RP18) 1515:(autosomal dominant, RP13) 1394:retinal pigment epithelium 1374:G-protein-coupled receptor 302:retinal pigment epithelium 238:Leber congenital amaurosis 7183: 7165: 7126:Von Hippel–Lindau disease 7096: 7078: 7062:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 7042: 7035: 6969: 6912: 6873: 6846: 6837:Dilated cardiomyopathy 1O 6771: 6724: 6711:Harlequin-type ichthyosis 6657: 6590: 6577: 6548: 6495: 6460: 6420: 6345: 6332: 6283: 6261:Convergence insufficiency 6248: 6189: 6157: 6134: 6104: 6045: 6003: 5990: 5986: 5973: 5902:Primary juvenile glaucoma 5886: 5747:Cytomegalovirus retinitis 5727: 5687: 5643: 5584: 5575: 5425: 5402: 5393: 5389: 5381: 5376: 5318: 5280: 5247: 5210: 5162: 5122: 5118: 5105: 5096:Diseases of the human eye 4975: 4894: 3884:10.1080/13816810701199423 3385:Experimental Eye Research 3346:Archives of Ophthalmology 3179:10.3109/13816819509056916 2871:Archives of Ophthalmology 2624:Archives of Ophthalmology 2092:for the condition in dogs 2017:, American jazz trumpeter 1786:presymptomatic counseling 1507:(autosomal dominant, RP7) 1499:(autosomal dominant, RP4) 1491:(autosomal dominant, RP1) 1370:phototransduction cascade 530:Other conditions include 384: 157: 141: 126: 114: 104: 96: 80: 64: 48: 39: 31: 26: 7201:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome 6 6797:Pseudoxanthoma elasticum 5771:Ocular ischemic syndrome 5038:templates for discussion 3295:Lok C (September 2014). 3075:Abigail T Fahim (1993). 2584:Human Molecular Genetics 1686: 1650:Argus retinal prosthesis 1644:Argus retinal prosthesis 1239:Retinitis pigmentosa 59 1224:Retinitis pigmentosa 58 1209:Retinitis pigmentosa 55 1194:Retinitis pigmentosa 54 1179:Retinitis pigmentosa 51 1164:Retinitis pigmentosa-50 1149:Retinitis pigmentosa-45 1134:Retinitis pigmentosa-42 1119:Retinitis pigmentosa-41 1104:Retinitis pigmentosa-39 1089:Retinitis pigmentosa-38 1074:Retinitis pigmentosa-37 1059:Retinitis pigmentosa-36 1044:Retinitis pigmentosa-35 1029:Retinitis pigmentosa 33 1014:Retinitis pigmentosa-31 999:Retinitis pigmentosa-30 984:Retinitis pigmentosa-28 971:Retinitis pigmentosa-26 956:Retinitis pigmentosa-25 941:Retinitis pigmentosa-19 926:Retinitis pigmentosa-18 911:Retinitis pigmentosa-17 896:Retinitis pigmentosa-14 881:Retinitis pigmentosa-13 835:Retinitis pigmentosa-10 633:, and the disruption of 493:XK cell surface proteins 223:orientation and mobility 221:, portable lighting, or 135:orientation and mobility 7143:Deubiquitinating enzyme 7027:Retinitis pigmentosa 33 6981:Diamond–Blackfan anemia 6699:Retinitis pigmentosa 19 6271:One and a half syndrome 6025:Foster Kennedy syndrome 4816:"CSI Cast: Jon Wellner" 2197:Openshaw A (Feb 2008). 1836:nutritional supplements 820:Retinitis pigmentosa-9 805:Retinitis pigmentosa-7 790:Retinitis pigmentosa-3 775:Retinitis pigmentosa-2 760:Retinitis pigmentosa-1 438:defects is seen in the 188:trouble seeing at night 87:Trouble seeing at night 7147:Machado–Joseph disease 6785:Dubin–Johnson syndrome 6510:Argyll Robertson pupil 5310:Periorbital cellulitis 4657:Rizzo S (2013-09-25). 4099:10.1038/news.2008.1088 3981:10.1186/1750-1172-1-40 3964:"Retinitis pigmentosa" 3913:Parmeggiani F (2011). 3771:10.1126/sciadv.abm4643 3595:10.1098/rspb.2013.0077 3152:"Retinitis Pigmentosa" 2910:"Retinitis pigmentosa" 2597:10.1093/hmg/11.10.1219 2167:National Eye Institute 2047:Dancing with the Stars 1916:Jennifer L. Armentrout 1804:X-linked gene mutation 1353: 261: 6864:Adrenomyeloneuropathy 6715:Lamellar ichthyosis 2 6483:Scintillating scotoma 6149:Kearns–Sayre syndrome 6092:Toxic and nutritional 6065:posterior (PION) 5548:Kayser–Fleischer ring 3651:10.1056/NEJMoa0802268 1961:William (Bill) Fulton 1936:, Canadian playwright 1902:used came out of the 1877:voretigene neparvovec 1343: 575:incomplete penetrance 524:Bardet–Biedl syndrome 522:pattern is seen with 455:peripheral neuropathy 444:Kearns–Sayre syndrome 415:. It is inherited as 369:Poor color separation 259: 133:, portable lighting, 7152:Aneurysmal bone cyst 7057:Huntington's disease 6860:Adrenoleukodystrophy 6256:Conjugate gaze palsy 6127:Paralytic strabismus 6060:anterior (AION) 5842:Retinitis pigmentosa 5837:Macular degeneration 5610:Intermediate uveitis 5526:Keratoconjunctivitis 5043:Retinitis pigmentosa 5001:Retinitis pigmentosa 4421:technologyreview.com 4027:10.1167/iovs.07-0071 2938:10.1167/iovs.08-3275 2367:10.1038/eye.2016.315 1402:homozygous recessive 711:X-linked inheritance 635:molecular chaperones 604:retinal degeneration 463:abetalipoproteinemia 168:Retinitis pigmentosa 27:Retinitis pigmentosa 7196:Hyperproinsulinemia 7052:Alzheimer's disease 6899:Gallbladder disease 6695:Stargardt disease 1 6561:Childhood blindness 6540:Parinaud's syndrome 6110:Extraocular muscles 5898:Ocular hypertension 5862:Epiretinal membrane 5847:Retinal haemorrhage 5702:Congenital cataract 4700:Spencer FJ (2002). 4260:10.1038/mt.2015.220 3763:2022SciA....8M4643T 3684:(9701): 1597–1605. 3431:. 22 February 2021. 3313:2014Natur.513..160L 3208:(9549): 1795–1809. 3167:Ophthalmic Genetics 2707:1990Natur.343..364D 2525:(9549): 1795–1809. 1625:vitamin A palmitate 1615:Stalling of disease 1566:autosomal recessive 1453:Electroretinography 1441:electroretinography 1360:. Mutations in the 678:are known to cause 659:electroretinography 561:There are multiple 516:developmental delay 510:RP associated with 227:Vitamin A palmitate 186:. Symptoms include 152:Vitamin A palmitate 6993:Fragile X syndrome 6087:Leber's hereditary 5754:Retinal detachment 5707:Childhood cataract 5519:Post-LASIK ectasia 5300:Orbital cellulitis 5249:Lacrimal apparatus 4976:External resources 4477:10.3233/RNN-190948 4396:. 19 December 2017 4093:: news.2008.1088. 3589:(1757): 20130077. 3379:Berson EL (2007). 1706:. You can help by 1655:subretinal implant 1592:Genetic counseling 1562:autosomal dominant 1429:photoreceptor cell 1413:lipid peroxidation 1389:optical proteins. 1354: 680:autosomal dominant 671:Mutations in four 631:protein misfolding 608:autosomal dominant 599:missense mutations 486:X-linked recessive 474:muscular dystrophy 436:cardiac conduction 413:nephrotic syndrome 365:Blurring of vision 331:Latticework vision 262: 252:Signs and symptoms 7213: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7136:Angelman syndrome 7080:Protein targeting 7012:Initiation factor 6924: 6923: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6573: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6515:Marcus Gunn pupil 6491: 6490: 6412:Visual impairment 6279: 6278: 6185: 6184: 6172:Fourth-nerve (IV) 6100: 6099: 6037:Optic disc drusen 5969: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5683: 5682: 5571: 5570: 5477:Corneal dystrophy 5372: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5243: 5242: 5021: 5020: 4787:"Danelle Umstead" 4248:Molecular Therapy 4115:(Press release). 3307:(7517): 160–162. 3012:10.1002/jcp.20346 2932:(12): 5927–5933. 2416:10.1111/cge.12203 2404:Clinical Genetics 2033:Sabriye Tenberken 1766: 1765: 1333: 1332: 470:genetic disorders 440:mitochondrial DNA 422:RP combined with 417:X-linked dominant 405:Alport's syndrome 231:visual prosthesis 192:peripheral vision 165: 164: 161:1 in 4,000 people 116:Diagnostic method 91:peripheral vision 21:Medical condition 7243: 7040: 7039: 6951: 6944: 6937: 6928: 6927: 6917:ABC transporters 6646:Genetic disorder 6639: 6632: 6625: 6616: 6615: 6579: 6578: 6343: 6342: 6334:Vision disorders 6293:Refractive error 6235:Brown's syndrome 6191:Other strabismus 6177:Sixth-nerve (VI) 6167:Oculomotor (III) 6139:Ophthalmoparesis 6132: 6131: 6123: 6122: 6114:Binocular vision 6047:Optic neuropathy 6013:optic papillitis 6001: 6000: 5988: 5987: 5975: 5974: 5864:(Macular pucker) 5582: 5581: 5563:Band keratopathy 5400: 5399: 5391: 5390: 5378: 5377: 5305:Orbital lymphoma 5192:Blepharophimosis 5182:Blepharochalasis 5129: 5128: 5120: 5119: 5107: 5106: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5063: 5062: 4892: 4891: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4868:. Archived from 4862: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4793:. Archived from 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4707: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4627: 4621: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4600:The Boston Globe 4591: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4529: 4520:(7): 1223–1229. 4505: 4499: 4498: 4488: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4369: 4358:10.1172/JCI79735 4352:(4): 1433–1445. 4337: 4331: 4330: 4320: 4309:10.1172/JCI65654 4288: 4282: 4281: 4271: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4222: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4069: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3993: 3983: 3962:Hamel C (2006). 3959: 3953: 3952: 3942: 3919:Current Genomics 3910: 3904: 3903: 3872:Ophthalmic Genet 3867: 3861: 3860: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3822: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3790: 3757:(11): eabm4643. 3751:Science Advances 3742: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3732: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3701: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3644: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3606: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3535:. Archived from 3523: 3517: 3516: 3506: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3464: 3455:. Archived from 3449: 3443: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3408: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3324: 3292: 3283: 3282: 3272: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3154:. 26 April 2022. 3148: 3142: 3141: 3131: 3108:Current Genomics 3099: 3093: 3092: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3062: 3056: 3050:. Archived from 3049: 3041: 3032: 3031: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2897: 2896: 2886: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2845: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2765: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2715:10.1038/343364a0 2690: 2684: 2683: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2619: 2610: 2609: 2599: 2575: 2566: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2514: 2505: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2448:"Usher Syndrome" 2444: 2438: 2437: 2427: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2378: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2321: 2297: 2288: 2287: 2259: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2231: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2218: 2212: 2205: 2194: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2159: 2056:, American actor 2003:Chris McCausland 1900:channelrhodopsin 1895:Channelrhodopsin 1824:retinal implants 1761: 1758: 1752: 1698: 1691: 1411:associated with 1409:Oxidative damage 719: 718: 709:The somatic, or 676:splicing factors 581:of the gene for 540:Refsum's disease 342:depth perception 176:genetic disorder 44: 24: 23: 7251: 7250: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7226:Channelopathies 7216: 7215: 7214: 7205: 7179: 7161: 7092: 7074: 7044:Protein folding 7031: 6965: 6955: 6925: 6920: 6908: 6869: 6842: 6809:Cystic fibrosis 6767: 6720: 6671:Tangier disease 6653: 6650:ABC transporter 6643: 6613: 6604: 6586: 6565: 6544: 6487: 6456: 6416: 6370:Color blindness 6336: 6328: 6275: 6249:Other binocular 6244: 6181: 6153: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6096: 6041: 5994: 5982: 5961: 5917:Ocular hypotony 5882: 5742:Chorioretinitis 5723: 5679: 5663:Chorioretinitis 5639: 5620:Rubeosis iridis 5598: 5567: 5538:Corneal opacity 5494:Corneal ectasia 5421: 5385: 5364: 5350:Pseudopterygium 5314: 5276: 5239: 5206: 5202:Ankyloblepharon 5158: 5114: 5101: 5100: 5090: 5041: 5022: 5017: 5016: 4971: 4970: 4903: 4889: 4884: 4875: 4873: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4850: 4848: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4800: 4798: 4785: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4768: 4757: 4753: 4743: 4741: 4731: 4727: 4720: 4698: 4694: 4684: 4682: 4670: 4666: 4655: 4651: 4641: 4639: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4613: 4604: 4602: 4592: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4566: 4562: 4547: 4543: 4514:Nature Medicine 4506: 4502: 4457: 4453: 4444: 4442: 4432: 4428: 4413: 4409: 4399: 4397: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4338: 4334: 4289: 4285: 4240: 4236: 4187: 4183: 4170: 4166: 4157: 4155: 4139: 4135: 4126: 4124: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4087: 4083: 4048:Haim M (2002). 4046: 4042: 4011: 4007: 3960: 3956: 3911: 3907: 3868: 3864: 3833: 3829: 3820: 3818: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3743: 3739: 3730: 3728: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3670: 3666: 3642:10.1.1.574.4003 3624: 3620: 3583:Proc. Biol. Sci 3574: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3475: 3471: 3462: 3460: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3436: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3377: 3373: 3342: 3338: 3322:10.1038/513160a 3293: 3286: 3255:(6): CD008428. 3241: 3237: 3198: 3194: 3163: 3159: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3100: 3096: 3073: 3069: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3035: 2992: 2988: 2957: 2953: 2921: 2917: 2908: 2907: 2900: 2863: 2859: 2818: 2814: 2783: 2779: 2742: 2738: 2701:(6256): 364–6. 2691: 2687: 2655: 2651: 2620: 2613: 2590:(10): 1219–27. 2576: 2569: 2558: 2554: 2515: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2396: 2392: 2347: 2343: 2298: 2291: 2260: 2253: 2243: 2241: 2233: 2232: 2225: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2195: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2173:on 7 March 2019 2161: 2160: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2075: 2042:Danelle Umstead 2037:Tibetan Braille 2021:Regina Sorenson 1991:Rachael Leahcar 1912: 1816: 1795: 1778: 1762: 1756: 1753: 1712: 1711: 1704:needs expansion 1689: 1667: 1646: 1637: 1617: 1600: 1555:genetic testing 1421: 1338: 1336:Pathophysiology 716:Types include: 571:mitochondrially 552: 482:McLeod syndrome 424:ophthalmoplegia 387: 320:Night blindness 254: 219:low vision aids 190:and decreasing 131:Low vision aids 121:Eye examination 54:retinal atrophy 50:Back of the eye 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7249: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7177: 7171: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7113: 7112: 7102: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7088:I-cell disease 7084: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7065: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7048: 7046: 7037: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7019: 7018: 7008: 7007: 7006: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6983: 6973: 6971: 6967: 6966: 6954: 6953: 6946: 6939: 6931: 6922: 6921: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6903:Sitosterolemia 6890: 6887:Sitosterolemia 6877: 6875: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6867: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6828: 6812: 6800: 6788: 6775: 6773: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6765: 6753: 6741: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6702: 6686: 6674: 6661: 6659: 6655: 6654: 6642: 6641: 6634: 6627: 6619: 6610: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6602: 6600:Onchocerciasis 6597: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6575: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6552: 6550: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6501: 6499: 6493: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6454: 6452:Quadrantanopia 6449: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6426: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6397:Oguchi disease 6389: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6312: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6289: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6240:Duane syndrome 6237: 6232: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6210: 6205: 6195: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6163: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6135: 6129: 6120: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6051: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6008:Optic neuritis 6004: 5998: 5984: 5983: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5937:Phthisis bulbi 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5820:Coats' disease 5817: 5812: 5810:of prematurity 5807: 5802: 5797: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5768: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5733: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5719:Ectopia lentis 5716: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5693: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5655: 5649: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5577:Vascular tunic 5573: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5460:Photokeratitis 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5431: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5408: 5406: 5397: 5387: 5386: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5333:Conjunctivitis 5330: 5324: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5286: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5267:Dacryocystitis 5264: 5259: 5257:Dacryoadenitis 5253: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5216: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5126: 5116: 5115: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5081: 5074: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5003: 4992: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4957: 4946: 4935: 4920: 4904: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4895:Classification 4888: 4887:External links 4885: 4883: 4882: 4857: 4846:The New Yorker 4832: 4807: 4797:on May 1, 2015 4778: 4765:spectropop.com 4751: 4725: 4718: 4692: 4664: 4649: 4636:The Australian 4622: 4611: 4586: 4560: 4541: 4500: 4471:(3): 239–250. 4451: 4426: 4407: 4381: 4332: 4303:(1): 105–116. 4283: 4254:(3): 556–563. 4234: 4181: 4164: 4133: 4104: 4081: 4040: 4005: 3954: 3905: 3862: 3843:(7): 384–401. 3827: 3802: 3737: 3713: 3664: 3635:(21): 2231–9. 3618: 3568: 3557:. 29 June 2013 3542: 3539:on 2013-02-16. 3518: 3469: 3444: 3434: 3420: 3371: 3336: 3284: 3235: 3192: 3157: 3143: 3094: 3067: 3033: 3006:(3): 457–464. 2986: 2967:(4): 177–185. 2951: 2915: 2898: 2877:(9): 1269–76. 2857: 2812: 2777: 2756:(19): 1302–7. 2736: 2685: 2649: 2611: 2567: 2552: 2506: 2497: 2485: 2471: 2453: 2439: 2390: 2361:(5): 741–748. 2341: 2289: 2270:(7): 384–401. 2251: 2223: 2184: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2087: 2082: 2080:Cone dystrophy 2076: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2066:Sheena Iyengar 2063: 2057: 2051: 2039: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1911: 1908: 1840:drug therapies 1815: 1812: 1794: 1791: 1777: 1774: 1764: 1763: 1701: 1699: 1688: 1685: 1666: 1663: 1645: 1642: 1636: 1633: 1616: 1613: 1599: 1596: 1547: 1546: 1538: 1530: 1524: 1516: 1508: 1500: 1492: 1484: 1420: 1417: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1292: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1262: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1247: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1232: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1217: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1157: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1127: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1097: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1067: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1022: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1007: 1001: 1000: 997: 992: 986: 985: 982: 979: 973: 972: 969: 964: 958: 957: 954: 949: 943: 942: 939: 934: 928: 927: 924: 919: 913: 912: 909: 904: 898: 897: 894: 889: 883: 882: 879: 874: 868: 867: 864: 859: 853: 852: 849: 843: 837: 836: 833: 828: 822: 821: 818: 813: 807: 806: 803: 798: 792: 791: 788: 783: 777: 776: 773: 768: 762: 761: 758: 753: 747: 746: 743: 738: 732: 731: 728: 725: 641:is changed to 551: 548: 528: 527: 508: 466: 451: 420: 402: 399:Usher syndrome 386: 383: 382: 381: 373: 370: 367: 362: 359: 356: 350: 344: 334: 333: 328: 322: 308:, and (3) the 253: 250: 184:loss of vision 163: 162: 159: 155: 154: 145: 139: 138: 128: 124: 123: 118: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 98: 94: 93: 84: 78: 77: 68: 62: 61: 46: 45: 37: 36: 33: 29: 28: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7248: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7182: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7095: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7068:chaperonins: 7067: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7034: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6957:Disorders of 6952: 6947: 6945: 6940: 6938: 6933: 6932: 6929: 6919: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6884: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6872: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6845: 6838: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6817: 6813: 6810: 6806: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6794: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6782: 6781: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6770: 6763: 6759: 6758: 6754: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6735: 6734: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6703: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6672: 6668: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6651: 6647: 6640: 6635: 6633: 6628: 6626: 6621: 6620: 6617: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6580: 6576: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6547: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6520:Adie syndrome 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6494: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6375:Achromatopsia 6373: 6372: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6315:Anisometropia 6313: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6118:Accommodation 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6032:Optic atrophy 6030: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5976: 5972: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5932:Keratomycosis 5930: 5928: 5927:Globe rupture 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5857:Macular edema 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5766:Retinoschisis 5764: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5653:Choroideremia 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5630:Iridodialysis 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5558:Arcus senilis 5556: 5554: 5553:Haab's striae 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5467:Corneal ulcer 5465: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5445:acanthamoebic 5443: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5395:Fibrous tunic 5392: 5388: 5384: 5379: 5375: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5272:Xerophthalmia 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5177:Lagophthalmos 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5087: 5082: 5080: 5075: 5073: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5023: 5013: 5009: 5008: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4905: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4872:on 2018-05-10 4871: 4867: 4861: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4821: 4817: 4811: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4767:. Artie Wayne 4766: 4762: 4755: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4721: 4719:9781578064533 4715: 4711: 4706: 4705: 4696: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4668: 4660: 4653: 4637: 4633: 4626: 4620: 4615: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4205:(4): 800–13. 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4177: 4176: 4168: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4137: 4123:on 2005-02-08 4122: 4118: 4114: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4060:(233): 1–34. 4059: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4021:(9): 4012–8. 4020: 4016: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3727: 3726:URMC Newsroom 3723: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3556: 3555:Science Daily 3552: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3489:(4): 779–88. 3488: 3484: 3483:Ophthalmology 3480: 3473: 3459:on 2013-08-19 3458: 3454: 3448: 3438: 3430: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3352:(6): 761–72. 3351: 3347: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3289: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3153: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3114:(4): 267–75. 3113: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3057:on 2017-03-29 3053: 3046: 3040: 3038: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2911: 2905: 2903: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2793:(5): 614–23. 2792: 2788: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2666:(1): 345–52. 2665: 2661: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2630:(1): 92–101. 2629: 2625: 2618: 2616: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2572: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2511: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2481: 2475: 2468:. 2015-12-18. 2467: 2463: 2457: 2449: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2410:(2): 132–41. 2409: 2405: 2401: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2312:(3): 481–93. 2311: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2294: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2258: 2256: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2228: 2213:on 2017-08-29 2209: 2202: 2201: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2117: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1997:Steve Lonegan 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1910:Notable cases 1907: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1822:, artificial 1821: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1799: 1790: 1787: 1782: 1773: 1771: 1760: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1720: – 1719: 1715: 1714:Find sources: 1709: 1705: 1702:This section 1700: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1684: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1641: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1587: 1586:mitochondrial 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1553:), molecular 1552: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1437:visual acuity 1434: 1430: 1426: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1002: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 987: 983: 980: 978: 975: 974: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 959: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 944: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 929: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 914: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 899: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 884: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 869: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 854: 850: 847: 844: 842: 839: 838: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 823: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 808: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 793: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 778: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 763: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 748: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 733: 729: 726: 724: 721: 720: 717: 714: 712: 707: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 674: 669: 665: 663: 660: 656: 652: 648: 647:United States 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 625: 621: 620:transmembrane 616: 611: 610:forms of RP. 609: 605: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 559: 557: 547: 543: 541: 537: 536:toxoplasmosis 533: 532:neurosyphilis 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 487: 484:. This is an 483: 480:) as part of 479: 475: 471: 467: 464: 460: 456: 452: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 418: 414: 410: 406: 403: 400: 396: 395: 394: 392: 379: 378:totally blind 374: 371: 368: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 343: 339: 338: 337: 332: 329: 326: 325:Tunnel vision 323: 321: 318: 317: 316: 313: 311: 307: 303: 299: 294: 292: 288: 284: 279: 275: 274:Visual acuity 271: 267: 258: 249: 246: 243: 239: 234: 232: 228: 224: 220: 215: 212: 208: 203: 201: 197: 196:tunnel vision 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 160: 156: 153: 149: 146: 144: 140: 136: 132: 129: 125: 122: 119: 117: 113: 110: 107: 103: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 83: 79: 76: 72: 71:Ophthalmology 69: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 38: 34: 30: 25: 19: 7131:3-M syndrome 7026: 6985: 6914: 6892: 6880: 6853: 6830: 6814: 6802: 6790: 6778: 6755: 6743: 6731: 6704: 6698: 6688: 6676: 6664: 6648:, membrane: 6410: / 6406: / 6385:Monochromacy 6317: / 6213:Heterophoria 6201: / 5900: / 5896: / 5841: 5800:hypertensive 5773: / 5594:Ciliary body 5509:Keratoglobus 5417:Episcleritis 5295:Enophthalmos 5290:Exophthalmos 5235:Trichomegaly 5230:Distichiasis 5132:Inflammation 5031: 5005: 4994: 4983: 4959: 4948: 4937: 4922: 4907: 4874:. Retrieved 4870:the original 4860: 4849:. Retrieved 4845: 4835: 4823:. Retrieved 4810: 4799:. Retrieved 4795:the original 4790: 4781: 4769:. Retrieved 4764: 4754: 4742:. Retrieved 4728: 4703: 4695: 4683:. Retrieved 4677: 4667: 4652: 4640:. Retrieved 4638:. p. 54 4625: 4614: 4603:. Retrieved 4599: 4589: 4577:. Retrieved 4574:Toronto Star 4573: 4563: 4554: 4544: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4443:. Retrieved 4439: 4429: 4420: 4410: 4398:. Retrieved 4393: 4384: 4349: 4345: 4335: 4300: 4296: 4286: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4202: 4198: 4184: 4178:. ARVO 2012. 4174: 4167: 4156:. Retrieved 4151: 4146: 4136: 4125:. Retrieved 4121:the original 4107: 4090: 4084: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4018: 4014: 4008: 3971: 3967: 3957: 3925:(4): 236–7. 3922: 3918: 3908: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3819:. Retrieved 3817:. 2022-03-19 3814: 3805: 3754: 3750: 3740: 3729:. Retrieved 3725: 3716: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3586: 3582: 3571: 3559:. Retrieved 3554: 3545: 3537:the original 3530: 3521: 3486: 3482: 3472: 3461:. Retrieved 3457:the original 3447: 3437: 3423: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3304: 3300: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3173:(2): 75–76. 3170: 3166: 3160: 3146: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3080: 3070: 3059:. Retrieved 3052:the original 3003: 2999: 2989: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2929: 2925: 2918: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2836:(1): 26–30. 2833: 2829: 2815: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2627: 2623: 2587: 2583: 2555: 2522: 2518: 2500: 2488: 2474: 2465: 2456: 2442: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2309: 2305: 2267: 2263: 2242:. Retrieved 2238: 2215:. Retrieved 2208:the original 2199: 2175:. Retrieved 2171:the original 2166: 2045: 2009:Robin Millar 1950:Lori McKenna 1928:Willie Brown 1891:optogenetics 1888: 1881: 1874: 1870: 1860:showed that 1855: 1844: 1828:gene therapy 1817: 1808: 1800: 1796: 1793:Epidemiology 1783: 1779: 1767: 1754: 1746: 1739: 1732: 1725: 1713: 1708:adding to it 1703: 1681:gene therapy 1671:gene therapy 1669:The goal of 1668: 1665:Gene therapy 1647: 1638: 1618: 1601: 1590: 1559: 1548: 1540: 1532: 1518: 1510: 1502: 1494: 1486: 1478: 1457: 1449: 1445: 1433:visual field 1423:An accurate 1422: 1407: 1391: 1365: 1355: 715: 708: 670: 666: 612: 560: 556:degeneration 553: 544: 529: 512:hypogonadism 388: 335: 314: 295: 278:color vision 266:night vision 263: 247: 235: 216: 204: 198:". Complete 182:that causes 171: 167: 166: 89:, decreased 56:. While the 18: 6970:Translation 6959:translation 6535:Cycloplegia 6478:Photophobia 6473:Hemeralopia 6430:Hemianopsia 6408:Vision loss 6319:Aniseikonia 6310:Astigmatism 6230:Cyclotropia 6208:Hypertropia 6020:Papilledema 5992:Optic nerve 5825:Sickle cell 5805:Purtscher's 5790:Retinopathy 5658:Choroiditis 5499:Keratoconus 5320:Conjunctiva 5197:Xanthelasma 5149:Blepharitis 5026:‹ The 5007:GeneReviews 4985:MedlinePlus 4739:Yahoo! News 4619:Neil Fachie 4440:www.fda.gov 4415:Bourzac K. 3878:(1): 9–15. 3391:(1): 7–14. 2054:Jon Wellner 1967:Gordon Gund 1955:Neil Fachie 1946:Mark Erelli 1940:Molly Burke 1934:Alex Bulmer 1922:Walt Bodine 1889:In 2021 an 1820:transplants 1607:, NAC, and 1472:DNA testing 1398:phagocytose 1379:chromophore 624:cytoplasmic 501:transfusion 472:(including 459:steatorrhea 411:leading to 353:Photophobia 310:attenuation 283:photophobia 97:Usual onset 32:Other names 7220:Categories 6584:Infections 6505:Anisocoria 6468:Asthenopia 6461:subjective 6445:homonymous 6440:bitemporal 6392:Nyctalopia 6380:Dichromacy 6324:Presbyopia 6285:Refraction 6106:Strabismus 5996:Optic disc 5355:Pinguecula 5220:Trichiasis 4996:Patient UK 4961:DiseasesDB 4876:2018-05-10 4851:2012-08-13 4825:October 5, 4801:2018-09-13 4642:1 February 4605:2023-09-11 4445:2019-01-16 4158:2016-08-07 4154:(14): 2581 4127:2007-06-16 3821:2022-04-13 3731:2022-04-13 3678:The Lancet 3463:2013-08-19 3202:The Lancet 3061:2015-03-16 2519:The Lancet 2217:2017-12-02 2113:References 2060:Steve Wynn 2050:contestant 2027:Shel Talmy 2015:Woody Shaw 1985:Amar Latif 1973:Rigo Tovar 1832:stem cells 1770:disulfiram 1757:April 2022 1729:newspapers 1383:transducin 662:amplitudes 306:optic disk 270:nyctalopia 225:training. 148:Disulfiram 143:Medication 7231:Blindness 7098:Ubiquitin 6915:see also 6652:disorders 6556:Nystagmus 6530:Mydriasis 6404:Blindness 6350:Amblyopia 6338:Blindness 6298:Hyperopia 6223:Exophoria 6218:Esophoria 6203:Exotropia 6199:Esotropia 5737:Retinitis 5435:Keratitis 5412:Scleritis 5345:Pterygium 5225:Madarosis 5172:Ectropion 5167:Entropion 5144:Chalazion 4759:Wayne A. 4679:The Times 4191:Trauner D 3779:2375-2548 3637:CiteSeerX 2264:Optometry 1979:Lindy Hou 1838:, and/or 1776:Prognosis 1629:vitamin A 1598:Treatment 1578:recessive 1425:diagnosis 1419:Diagnosis 1396:fails to 1362:rhodopsin 1358:mutations 704:rhodopsin 655:dystrophy 643:histidine 583:rhodopsin 567:phenotype 489:phenotype 442:disorder 428:dysphagia 347:Photopsia 291:photopsia 200:blindness 158:Frequency 127:Treatment 100:Childhood 75:Optometry 66:Specialty 6977:Ribosome 6595:Trachoma 6360:Diplopia 6055:Ischemic 5980:Pathways 5894:Glaucoma 5795:diabetic 5697:Cataract 5635:Synechia 5487:Meesmann 5455:Exposure 5440:herpetic 5338:allergic 5328:Chemosis 5262:Epiphora 5028:template 4791:Team USA 4771:31 March 4579:9 August 4555:BBC News 4536:34031601 4495:31884495 4376:25798616 4327:25415434 4278:26666451 4229:24559673 4076:11921605 4035:17724181 4000:17032466 3949:22131868 3900:21636488 3892:17454742 3857:19545852 3797:35302843 3708:19854499 3659:18441371 3613:23427175 3513:22244176 3415:17531222 3331:25209781 3279:32573764 3230:24950783 3222:17113430 3138:22131872 3089:20301590 3028:23961882 3020:15744744 2981:15823756 2946:19578015 2893:10980774 2680:16934219 2606:12015282 2562:(OMIM): 2547:24950783 2539:17113430 2434:23701314 2385:28085147 2284:19545852 2177:18 April 2073:See also 1814:Research 1582:dominant 1574:Y-linked 1570:X-linked 1468:syndrome 1025:SNRNP200 981:FAM161A 673:pre-mRNA 579:mutation 550:Genetics 518:with an 448:Myopathy 340:loss of 137:training 82:Symptoms 6435:binasal 6422:Anopsia 6365:Scotoma 6159:palsies 5922:Red eye 5907:Floater 5714:Aphakia 5645:Choroid 5615:Hyphema 5605:Uveitis 5212:Eyelash 5030:below ( 4955:D012174 4744:13 July 4685:15 July 4486:7504999 4400:18 June 4367:4396467 4318:4382269 4269:4786918 4220:3933823 3991:1621055 3940:3131730 3788:8932665 3759:Bibcode 3699:4492302 3604:3619489 3561:30 June 3504:3319859 3406:2892386 3366:8512476 3309:Bibcode 3270:7388842 3187:7493160 3129:3131734 2852:1985460 2843:1682750 2822:Bird AC 2807:2021172 2772:2215617 2731:4351328 2723:2137202 2703:Bibcode 2644:1987956 2425:3856531 2376:5437327 2336:6636037 2328:9768836 2244:18 July 1743:scholar 1443:(ERG). 1190:C2orf71 651:alanine 639:proline 627:domains 595:encodes 587:pigment 178:of the 174:) is a 109:Genetic 6757:ABCB11 6706:ABCA12 6525:Miosis 6303:Myopia 6082:Kjer's 5830:photic 5729:Retina 5482:Fuchs' 5450:fungal 5427:Cornea 5404:Sclera 5187:Ptosis 5124:Eyelid 5112:Adnexa 5047:Curlie 5033:Curlie 4990:001029 4944:268000 4933:362.74 4716: 4534: 4493: 4483: 4374: 4364: 4325: 4315: 4276: 4266: 4227: 4217: 4199:Neuron 4091:Nature 4074: 4033: 3998: 3988: 3974:: 40. 3947: 3937: 3898: 3890: 3855: 3795: 3785: 3777: 3706: 3696: 3657: 3639: 3611: 3601: 3511: 3501: 3413: 3403: 3364: 3329: 3301:Nature 3277: 3267: 3228: 3220: 3185: 3136: 3126: 3087: 3026: 3018: 2979: 2944: 2891: 2850: 2840: 2805: 2770: 2729: 2721: 2695:Nature 2678: 2642: 2604: 2545: 2537: 2432: 2422: 2383: 2373: 2334: 2326: 2306:Neuron 2282: 1862:CRISPR 1745: 1738: 1731: 1724: 1716: 1609:lutein 1364:gene ( 1320:300455 1305:268000 1295:SPATA7 1290:268000 1275:613341 1260:608133 1245:613194 1230:613861 1220:ZNF513 1215:613617 1200:613575 1185:613428 1170:613464 1155:613194 1140:268000 1125:612943 1110:612095 1095:268000 1080:268000 1065:611131 1050:610599 1040:SEMA4A 1035:610282 1020:610359 1010:TOPORS 1005:609923 990:607921 977:606068 962:608380 947:602772 932:601718 922:HPRPF3 917:601414 902:600852 887:600132 872:600059 857:600105 846:PRPF31 841:600138 831:IMPDH1 826:180105 811:180104 796:608133 781:300029 766:312600 751:180100 736:400004 700:retina 692:PRPF31 622:, and 514:, and 505:donors 499:. For 434:, and 432:ataxia 385:Causes 298:fundus 289:, and 105:Causes 58:macula 7184:Other 7175:OFC10 7023:snRNP 6894:ABCG8 6882:ABCG5 6855:ABCD1 6832:ABCC9 6825:TNDM2 6816:ABCC8 6804:ABCC7 6792:ABCC6 6780:ABCC2 6745:ABCB7 6733:ABCB4 6690:ABCA4 6678:ABCA3 6666:ABCA1 6549:Other 6497:Pupil 5887:Other 5531:sicca 5383:Globe 5282:Orbit 4966:11429 4918:H35.5 4712:–57. 3896:S2CID 3442:2018. 3226:S2CID 3055:(PDF) 3048:(PDF) 3024:S2CID 2727:S2CID 2543:S2CID 2332:S2CID 2211:(PDF) 2204:(PDF) 1750:JSTOR 1736:books 1687:Drugs 1659:fovea 1551:DHDDS 1542:RPE65 1534:ABCA4 1520:PRPF3 1512:PRPF8 1480:RLBP1 1460:genes 1387:opsin 1265:PRPH2 1250:BEST1 1235:DHDDS 1160:BEST1 1145:CNGB1 1130:KLHL7 1115:PROM1 1100:USH2A 1085:MERTK 1070:NR2E3 995:FSCN2 967:CERKL 937:ABCA4 892:TULP1 877:PRPF8 801:PRPH2 730:Type 727:Gene 688:PRPF8 684:PRPF3 615:opsin 563:genes 287:glare 242:RPE65 207:genes 7167:SUMO 6987:FMR1 6961:and 6874:ABCG 6847:ABCD 6821:HHF1 6772:ABCC 6750:ASAT 6725:ABCB 6658:ABCA 5689:Lens 5589:Iris 5139:Stye 4950:MeSH 4939:OMIM 4928:9-CM 4827:2010 4773:2020 4746:2022 4714:ISBN 4687:2023 4644:2012 4581:2020 4532:PMID 4491:PMID 4402:2020 4372:PMID 4323:PMID 4274:PMID 4225:PMID 4072:PMID 4031:PMID 3996:PMID 3945:PMID 3888:PMID 3853:PMID 3793:PMID 3775:ISSN 3704:PMID 3655:PMID 3609:PMID 3563:2013 3509:PMID 3411:PMID 3362:PMID 3327:PMID 3275:PMID 3253:2020 3218:PMID 3183:PMID 3134:PMID 3085:PMID 3016:PMID 2977:PMID 2942:PMID 2889:PMID 2848:PMID 2803:PMID 2768:PMID 2719:PMID 2676:PMID 2640:PMID 2602:PMID 2535:PMID 2430:PMID 2381:PMID 2324:PMID 2280:PMID 2246:2023 2179:2020 1866:Nrf2 1851:MANF 1722:news 1676:LCA2 1648:The 1527:CRB1 1464:loci 1435:and 1385:and 1350:cone 1348:and 1325:RPGR 1280:LRAT 1205:ARL6 1175:TTC8 1055:PRCD 862:CRB1 786:RPGR 723:OMIM 696:PAP1 694:and 585:, a 538:and 476:and 276:and 180:eyes 6901:4, 5045:at 4924:ICD 4909:ICD 4820:CBS 4522:doi 4481:PMC 4473:doi 4362:PMC 4354:doi 4350:125 4313:PMC 4305:doi 4301:125 4264:PMC 4256:doi 4215:PMC 4207:doi 4095:doi 4062:doi 4023:doi 3986:PMC 3976:doi 3935:PMC 3927:doi 3880:doi 3845:doi 3783:PMC 3767:doi 3694:PMC 3686:doi 3682:374 3647:doi 3633:358 3599:PMC 3591:doi 3587:280 3499:PMC 3491:doi 3487:119 3401:PMC 3393:doi 3354:doi 3350:111 3317:doi 3305:513 3265:PMC 3257:doi 3210:doi 3206:368 3175:doi 3124:PMC 3116:doi 3008:doi 3004:203 2969:doi 2934:doi 2879:doi 2875:118 2838:PMC 2795:doi 2791:111 2758:doi 2754:323 2711:doi 2699:343 2668:doi 2664:349 2632:doi 2628:109 2592:doi 2527:doi 2523:368 2420:PMC 2412:doi 2371:PMC 2363:doi 2355:Eye 2314:doi 2272:doi 1605:DHA 1572:or 1504:RDS 1496:RHO 1488:RP1 1462:or 1366:RHO 1346:rod 1310:CRX 952:EYS 907:CA4 816:RP9 771:RP2 756:RP1 741:RPY 7222:: 7145:: 7119:: 7117:E3 7108:: 7106:E1 7025:: 7014:: 6979:: 6862:, 6823:, 6713:, 6697:, 5010:: 4999:: 4988:: 4964:: 4953:: 4942:: 4931:: 4916:: 4913:10 4844:. 4818:. 4789:. 4763:. 4737:. 4710:55 4676:. 4634:. 4598:. 4572:. 4553:. 4530:. 4518:27 4516:. 4512:. 4489:. 4479:. 4469:38 4467:. 4463:. 4438:. 4419:. 4392:. 4370:. 4360:. 4348:. 4344:. 4321:. 4311:. 4299:. 4295:. 4272:. 4262:. 4252:24 4250:. 4246:. 4223:. 4213:. 4203:81 4201:. 4197:. 4152:53 4145:. 4070:. 4058:80 4056:. 4052:. 4029:. 4019:48 4017:. 3994:. 3984:. 3970:. 3966:. 3943:. 3933:. 3923:12 3921:. 3917:. 3894:. 3886:. 3876:28 3874:. 3851:. 3841:80 3839:. 3813:. 3791:. 3781:. 3773:. 3765:. 3753:. 3749:. 3724:. 3702:. 3692:. 3680:. 3676:. 3653:. 3645:. 3631:. 3607:. 3597:. 3585:. 3581:. 3553:. 3529:. 3507:. 3497:. 3485:. 3481:. 3409:. 3399:. 3389:85 3387:. 3383:. 3360:. 3348:. 3325:. 3315:. 3303:. 3299:. 3287:^ 3273:. 3263:. 3251:. 3247:. 3224:. 3216:. 3204:. 3181:. 3171:16 3169:. 3132:. 3122:. 3112:12 3110:. 3106:. 3079:. 3036:^ 3022:. 3014:. 3002:. 2998:. 2975:. 2965:11 2963:. 2940:. 2930:50 2928:. 2901:^ 2887:. 2873:. 2869:. 2846:. 2834:48 2832:. 2828:. 2801:. 2789:. 2766:. 2752:. 2748:. 2725:. 2717:. 2709:. 2697:. 2674:. 2662:. 2638:. 2626:. 2614:^ 2600:. 2588:11 2586:. 2582:. 2570:^ 2541:. 2533:. 2521:. 2509:^ 2464:. 2428:. 2418:. 2408:84 2406:. 2402:. 2379:. 2369:. 2359:31 2357:. 2353:. 2330:. 2322:. 2310:21 2308:. 2304:. 2292:^ 2278:. 2268:80 2266:. 2254:^ 2237:. 2226:^ 2187:^ 2165:. 2120:^ 1906:. 1842:. 1834:, 1830:, 1826:, 1621:IU 1568:, 1564:, 690:, 558:. 542:. 534:, 450:). 430:, 426:, 172:RP 150:, 73:, 6950:e 6943:t 6936:v 6905:) 6897:( 6889:) 6885:( 6866:) 6858:( 6839:) 6835:( 6827:) 6819:( 6811:) 6807:( 6799:) 6795:( 6787:) 6783:( 6764:) 6760:( 6752:) 6748:( 6740:) 6736:( 6717:) 6709:( 6701:) 6693:( 6685:) 6681:( 6673:) 6669:( 6638:e 6631:t 6624:v 5085:e 5078:t 5071:v 4926:- 4911:- 4901:D 4879:. 4854:. 4829:. 4804:. 4775:. 4748:. 4722:. 4689:. 4661:. 4646:. 4608:. 4583:. 4557:. 4538:. 4524:: 4497:. 4475:: 4448:. 4423:. 4404:. 4378:. 4356:: 4329:. 4307:: 4280:. 4258:: 4231:. 4209:: 4161:. 4130:. 4101:. 4097:: 4078:. 4064:: 4037:. 4025:: 4002:. 3978:: 3972:1 3951:. 3929:: 3902:. 3882:: 3859:. 3847:: 3824:. 3799:. 3769:: 3761:: 3755:8 3734:. 3710:. 3688:: 3661:. 3649:: 3615:. 3593:: 3565:. 3515:. 3493:: 3466:. 3417:. 3395:: 3368:. 3356:: 3333:. 3319:: 3311:: 3281:. 3259:: 3232:. 3212:: 3189:. 3177:: 3140:. 3118:: 3091:. 3064:. 3030:. 3010:: 2983:. 2971:: 2948:. 2936:: 2912:. 2895:. 2881:: 2854:. 2809:. 2797:: 2774:. 2760:: 2733:. 2713:: 2705:: 2682:. 2670:: 2646:. 2634:: 2608:. 2594:: 2549:. 2529:: 2482:. 2450:. 2436:. 2414:: 2387:. 2365:: 2338:. 2316:: 2286:. 2274:: 2248:. 2220:. 2181:. 1759:) 1755:( 1747:· 1740:· 1733:· 1726:· 1710:. 526:. 507:. 465:. 419:. 401:. 268:( 170:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Retinitis pigmentosa

Index