282:
266:
43:
477:
probably reduces respiratory infections but not mortality. However, the combination of treatments cannot rule out the relevant contribution in the systemic component of the observed reduction of mortality. There is no sufficient evidence to recommend that antibiotics be used to prevent complications
425:
The CDC has reported that antibiotic prescription is high; 47 million prescriptions in the United States in 2018 were made for infections that do not need antibiotics to be treated with. It is recommended to avoid antibiotic use unless bacterial infections are severe, transmissible, or have a high
358:
help determine the functional residual capacity and total lung capacity. To discover whether or not to perform a set of advanced
Pulmonary Function Testing will be based on abnormally high values in previous test results. A 2014 systematic review of clinical trials does not support routine rapid
478:
from an RTI of unknown cause in children under the age of 5 years old. High-quality clinical research in the form of randomized controlled trials assessed the effectiveness of
Vitamin D, another review of poorer quality RCTs addressed the effectiveness of
482:
for preventing respiratory tract infections. Despite some uncertainty due to small study sizes, there is some evidence that exercise may reduce severity of symptoms but had no impact on number of episodes or number of symptom days per episode.
457:
measured in vitro, insufficient clinical evidence has been published to determine whether standard surgical masks and N95 filtering facepiece respirators are equivalent to preventing respiratory infections in healthcare workers.
506:. Several factors explain winter peaks in respiratory infections, including environmental conditions and changes in human behaviors. Viruses that cause respiratory infections are affected by environmental conditions like
1203:
444:
found that narrow-spectrum antibiotics, such as amoxicillin, are just as effective as broad-spectrum alternatives for treating acute respiratory tract infections in children, but have a lower risk of side effects.
354:(PFT) allows for the evaluation and assessment of airways, lung function, as well as specific benchmarks to diagnose an array of respiratory tract infections. Methods such as gas dilution techniques and
418:
and common respiratory tract infections. This is because antibiotics were developed to target features of bacteria that are not present in viruses, and so antibiotics are ineffective as
375:
utilization in children screened with rapid viral testing is 77% compared with controls. In 2013 researchers developed a breath tester that can promptly diagnose lung infections.
1211:
814:
359:
viral testing to decrease antibiotic use for children in emergency departments. It is unclear if rapid viral testing in the emergency department for children with acute
647:"Applying psychological theories to evidence-based clinical practice: identifying factors predictive of managing upper respiratory tract infections without antibiotics"
1325:"Association of Broad- vs Narrow-Spectrum Antibiotics With Treatment Failure, Adverse Events, and Quality of Life in Children With Acute Respiratory Tract Infections"
1376:"Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus surgical masks in protecting health care workers from acute respiratory infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1577:
Del-Rio-Navarro BE, Espinosa
Rosales F, Flenady V, Sienra-Monge JJ (October 2006). "Immunostimulants for preventing respiratory tract infection in children".
849:
van Riel D, Munster VJ, de Wit E, Rimmelzwaan GF, Fouchier RA, Osterhaus AD, Kuiken T (April 2006). "H5N1 Virus
Attachment to Lower Respiratory Tract".
490:; ideal humidity for indoor spaces is between 40 and 60%. Therefore, relative humidity in this range can help lessen the risk of aerosol transmission.
242:
Lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs) are generally more severe than upper respiratory infections. LRIs are the leading cause of death among all
996:
1528:"Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data"
1479:"Antibiotics for preventing suppurative complications from undifferentiated acute respiratory infections in children under five years of age"
1783:
440:
1245:
1232:
1150:
1142:
1122:
1114:
1079:
60:
1430:"Topical antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving mechanical ventilation"
1303:
1271:
1182:
17:
1236:
773:
510:
and temperature. Temperate climate winters have lower relative humidity, which is known to increase the transmission of
281:
790:
214:
113:
88:
84:
517:
Of the viruses that cause respiratory infections in humans, most have seasonal variation in prevalence. Influenza,
398:
that need a more severe treatment course; antibiotic use is not recommended for common bacterial infections as the
258:
affects both the upper and lower respiratory tracts, but more dangerous strains such as the highly pernicious
1778:
899:
Zavorsky GS (March 2013). "The rise in carboxyhemoglobin from repeated pulmonary diffusing capacity tests".
1773:
1091:
546:
1618:"Exercise versus no exercise for the occurrence, severity, and duration of acute respiratory infections"
465:(ICU) have a higher risk of acquiring an RTI. A combination of topical and systematic antibiotics taken
748:
351:
1526:
Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Hooper RL, Greenberg L, Aloia JF, Bergman P, et al. (February 2017).
949:"Rapid viral diagnosis for acute febrile respiratory illness in children in the Emergency Department"
782:
469:
can prevent infection and improve adults' overall mortality in the ICU for adult patients receiving
1746:
427:
1291:
1259:
1170:
220:
119:
1323:
Gerber JS, Ross RK, Bryan M, Localio AR, Szymczak JE, Wasserman R, et al. (December 2017).
426:
risk of further complications if left untreated. Unnecessary use of antibiotics could increase
519:
474:
470:
431:
402:
will resolve such infections. This medicine does not effectively treat a viral infection like
533:
524:
645:
Eccles MP, Grimshaw JM, Johnston M, Steen N, Pitts NB, Thomas R, et al. (August 2007).
1696:
1679:
1146:
1035:
1024:"Detecting bacterial lung infections: in vivo evaluation of in vitro volatile fingerprints"
462:
387:
368:
1295:
8:
796:
570:
Thapa S, Gokhale S, Sharma AL, Sapkota LB, Ansari S, Gautam R, et al. (2017-10-01).
395:
1503:
1478:
1039:
1709:
1650:
1617:
1598:
1554:
1527:
1454:
1429:
1400:
1375:
1351:
1324:
1056:
1047:
1023:
973:
948:
924:
876:
673:
646:
598:
571:
269:
243:
224:
76:
1713:
1701:
1655:
1637:
1590:
1559:
1508:
1459:
1428:
Minozzi S, Pifferi S, Brazzi L, Pecoraro V, Montrucchio G, D'Amico R (January 2021).
1405:
1356:
1207:
1061:
978:
916:
868:
851:
786:
705:
678:
603:
507:
499:
487:
135:
127:
80:
55:
1083:
880:
621:
1691:
1645:
1633:
1629:
1602:
1586:
1582:
1549:
1539:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1395:
1387:
1346:
1338:
1051:
1043:
968:
964:
960:
928:
908:
860:
829:
723:
668:
658:
593:
583:
572:"Burden of bacterial upper respiratory tract pathogens in school children of Nepal"
372:
190:
1576:
1374:
Smith JD, MacDougall CC, Johnstone J, Copes RA, Schwartz B, Garber GE (May 2016).
1174:
1751:
1616:
Grande, Antonio Jose; Keogh, Justin; Silva, Valter; Scott, Anna M. (2020-04-04).
834:
528:
479:
419:
265:
697:
588:
390:
present on Earth can thrive in various environments, including the human body.
1476:
912:
355:
228:
1477:
Alves Galvão MG, Rocha
Crispino Santos MA, Alves da Cunha AJ (February 2016).
1118:
1767:
1641:
1263:
399:
1342:
1238:
Antibiotic Use in the United States, 2018 Update: Progress and
Opportunities
864:
95:, tend to be far more severe than upper respiratory infections, such as the
1705:
1659:
1594:
1563:
1512:
1463:
1409:
1360:
1065:
982:
920:
872:
709:
682:
663:
607:
166:
42:
1231:
1141:
1113:
550:
542:
466:
403:
182:
174:
154:
150:
96:
1391:
1078:
947:
Doan Q, Enarson P, Kissoon N, Klassen TP, Johnson DW (September 2014).
538:
411:
391:
364:
247:
232:
186:
158:
1738:
1544:
511:
415:
407:
255:
251:
170:
162:
92:
454:
383:
202:
194:
1119:"Antibiotic Use Questions and Answers – What Everyone Should Know"
553:, with the exception of rhinoviruses, tend to peak in the summer.
486:
Viruses that cause RTI are more transmissible at very high or low
622:"Upper respiratory tract: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Image"
498:
Respiratory infections often have strong seasonal patterns, with
435:
139:
123:
1525:
848:
815:"Book Review – Therapeutic Guidelines: Antibiotics (Version 13)"
83:. An infection of this type usually is further classified as an
503:
285:
Deaths from respiratory infections per million persons in 2012
143:
724:"Upper respiratory infection: Symptoms, treatment, and causes"
126:
or vocal cords; sometimes, it is taken as the tract above the
1373:
360:
198:
178:
1427:
1022:
Zhu J, Bean HD, Wargo MJ, Leclair LW, Hill JE (March 2013).
363:
respiratory infections reduces the rates of antibiotic use,
1329:
772:
Beaglehole, Robert; Irwin, Alec; Prentice, Thomson (2004).
644:
259:
236:
131:
1677:
149:
Typical infections of the upper respiratory tract include
946:
569:
1678:
Moriyama M, Hugentobler WJ, Iwasaki A (September 2020).
1204:"Antibiotics — When To Use & Do They Treat Viruses?"
1290:
1258:
1169:
771:
438:, and other intense side effects. A study published in
1322:
549:
have variable peaks depending on the specific strain.
1615:
91:(LRI or LRTI). Lower respiratory infections, such as
1728:
1109:
1107:
208:
107:
1021:
997:"Breath Test Could Sniff Out Infections in Minutes"
27:
Infectious disease affecting nose, throat and lungs
1104:
1765:
775:The World Health Report 2004 - Changing History
704:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
453:Despite the superior filtration capability of
1680:"Seasonality of Respiratory Viral Infections"
806:
262:tend to bind to receptors deep in the lungs.
696:Thomas, Micah; Bomar, Paul A. (2023-06-26).
1622:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1579:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1483:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1434:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
953:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
942:
940:
938:
695:
545:) occur mostly in the spring and fall, and
1246:US Department of Health and Human Services
1233:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1151:US Department of Health and Human Services
1143:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1123:US Department of Health and Human Services
1115:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
41:
1695:
1649:
1553:
1543:
1502:
1453:
1399:
1350:
1055:
972:
901:Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology
833:
672:
662:
638:
597:
587:
1080:National Human Genome Research Institute
935:
898:
280:
264:
1673:
1671:
1669:
765:
14:
1766:
1697:10.1146/annurev-virology-012420-022445
1304:Department of Health & Social Care
1272:Department of Health & Social Care
1183:Department of Health & Social Care
130:. This part of the tract includes the
1423:
1421:
1419:
894:
892:
890:
812:
1666:
1201:
698:"Upper Respiratory Tract Infection"
473:for at least 48 hours, and topical
455:N95 filtering facepiece respirators
122:is considered the airway above the
24:
1784:Viral respiratory tract infections
1416:
887:
527:are more prevalent in the winter.
25:
1795:
1724:
394:are a medicine designed to treat
371:. The relative risk reduction of
215:Lower respiratory tract infection
209:Lower respiratory tract infection
114:Upper respiratory tract infection
108:Upper respiratory tract infection
89:lower respiratory tract infection
85:upper respiratory tract infection
1147:"Treatment for Common Illnesses"
1609:
1570:
1519:
1470:
1367:
1316:
1284:
1252:
1225:
1195:
1163:
1135:
1072:
1015:
989:
493:
246:. The two most common LRIs are
177:. Symptoms of URIs can include
1634:10.1002/14651858.CD010596.pub3
1587:10.1002/14651858.CD004974.pub2
1495:10.1002/14651858.CD007880.pub3
1446:10.1002/14651858.CD000022.pub4
965:10.1002/14651858.CD006452.pub4
842:
741:
716:
689:
614:
563:
13:
1:
813:Dwyer, Sophie (1 June 2007).
576:BMJ Open Respiratory Research
556:
448:
79:involving the lower or upper
1296:"Antibiotics – Side Effects"
1092:National Institute of Health
1048:10.1088/1752-7155/7/1/016003
835:10.18773/austprescr.2007.042
378:
276:
69:Respiratory tract infections
7:
589:10.1136/bmjresp-2017-000203
547:human parainfluenza viruses
36:Respiratory tract infection
10:
1800:
1028:Journal of Breath Research
913:10.1016/j.resp.2013.01.001
352:Pulmonary Function Testing
212:
111:
1732:
1684:Annual Review of Virology
783:World Health Organization
502:more affected during the
54:
49:
40:
35:
1264:"Antibiotics – Overview"
1202:Kent, Dan (2019-03-01).
728:www.medicalnewstoday.com
102:
1343:10.1001/jama.2017.18715
1292:National Health Service
1260:National Health Service
1171:National Health Service
865:10.1126/science.1125548
430:infections, affect the
221:lower respiratory tract
201:, facial pressure, and
120:upper respiratory tract
664:10.1186/1748-5908-2-26
651:Implementation Science
520:Human orthopneumovirus
475:antibiotic prophylaxis
471:mechanical ventilation
348:
273:
822:Australian Prescriber
534:Human metapneumovirus
388:unicellular organisms
284:
268:
18:Respiratory infection
1779:Respiratory diseases
1175:"Antibiotics – Uses"
802:on December 5, 2004.
749:"Respiratory system"
463:intensive care units
428:antibiotic-resistant
396:bacterial infections
1774:Infectious diseases
1392:10.1503/cmaj.150835
1040:2013JBR.....7a6003Z
1001:Scientific American
753:myhealth.alberta.ca
525:human coronaviruses
244:infectious diseases
87:(URI or URTI) or a
77:infectious diseases
50:Conducting passages
1302:. United Kingdom:
1270:. United Kingdom:
1206:. Washington, DC:
1181:. United Kingdom:
785:. pp. 120–4.
537:occur year-round,
500:temperate climates
436:allergic reactions
349:
274:
270:Respiratory system
61:Infectious disease
1761:
1760:
1545:10.1136/bmj.i6583
1337:(23): 2325–2336.
1208:Kaiser Permanente
1003:. 11 January 2013
541:(which cause the
508:relative humidity
488:relative humidity
345: 1,210-2,090
128:cricoid cartilage
81:respiratory tract
66:
65:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
1791:
1730:
1729:
1718:
1717:
1699:
1675:
1664:
1663:
1653:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1547:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1457:
1425:
1414:
1413:
1403:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1210:. Archived from
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
993:
987:
986:
976:
944:
933:
932:
896:
885:
884:
846:
840:
839:
837:
819:
810:
804:
803:
801:
795:. Archived from
780:
769:
763:
762:
760:
759:
745:
739:
738:
736:
735:
720:
714:
713:
693:
687:
686:
676:
666:
642:
636:
635:
633:
632:
618:
612:
611:
601:
591:
567:
480:immunostimulants
467:prophylactically
432:digestive system
420:antiviral agents
344:
338:
332:
326:
320:
314:
308:
302:
296:
290:
223:consists of the
191:nasal congestion
45:
33:
32:
21:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1741:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1676:
1667:
1628:(4): CD010596.
1614:
1610:
1581:(4): CD004974.
1575:
1571:
1524:
1520:
1489:(2): CD007880.
1475:
1471:
1440:(1): CD000022.
1426:
1417:
1372:
1368:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1274:
1257:
1253:
1244:. Atlanta, GA:
1241:
1230:
1226:
1217:
1215:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1185:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1153:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1125:
1112:
1105:
1096:
1094:
1077:
1073:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1004:
995:
994:
990:
959:(9): CD006452.
945:
936:
897:
888:
847:
843:
817:
811:
807:
799:
793:
778:
770:
766:
757:
755:
747:
746:
742:
733:
731:
722:
721:
717:
694:
690:
643:
639:
630:
628:
626:medlineplus.gov
620:
619:
615:
568:
564:
559:
529:Human bocavirus
496:
451:
381:
356:plethysmography
347:
346:
342:
340:
339: 867-1,209
336:
334:
330:
328:
324:
322:
318:
316:
312:
310:
306:
304:
300:
298:
294:
292:
288:
279:
229:bronchial tubes
217:
211:
173:types, and the
116:
110:
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23:
22:
15:
12:
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1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:Classification
1726:
1725:External links
1723:
1720:
1719:
1665:
1608:
1569:
1518:
1469:
1415:
1386:(8): 567–574.
1366:
1315:
1294:(2022-11-11).
1283:
1262:(2022-11-11).
1251:
1224:
1194:
1173:(2022-11-11).
1162:
1145:(2021-10-07).
1134:
1117:(2021-10-06).
1103:
1082:(2024-01-05).
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1301:
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1293:
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1269:
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1240:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1214:on 2020-11-14
1213:
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1172:
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859:(5772): 399.
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794:
792:92-4-156265-X
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233:bronchioles
183:sore throat
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151:tonsillitis
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1768:Categories
1309:2024-01-08
1277:2024-01-08
1218:2020-11-19
1188:2024-01-08
1156:2024-01-08
1128:2024-01-08
1097:2024-01-08
1088:Genome.gov
1084:"Bacteria"
1007:5 February
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702:StatPearls
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557:References
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