466:
708:) lines the inner surface of the chest wall. This membrane secretes a small amount of fluid, allowing the lungs to move freely within the pleural cavity while expanding and contracting during breathing. The lungs are divided into different lobes. The right lung is larger in size than the left, because of the heart's being situated to the left of the midline. The right lung has three lobes – upper, middle, and lower (or superior, middle, and inferior), and the left lung has two – upper and lower (or superior and inferior), plus a small tongue-shaped portion of the upper lobe known as the lingula. Each lobe is further divided up into segments called
828:
744:
1095:. This can be either viral, bacterial, or fungal. This infection is very common because pneumonia can be airborne, and when you inhale this infection in the air, the particles enter the lungs and move into the air sacs. This infection quickly develops in the lower part of the lung and fills the lung with fluid, and excess mucus. This causes difficulty in breathing and coughing as the lower respiratory tract tries to get rid of the fluid in the lungs. You can be more prone to developing this infection if you have asthma, flu, heart disease, or cancer
406:
344:
281:
382:, and structures inside the lungs – the bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles. The conduction zone conducts air breathed in that is filtered, warmed, and moistened, into the lungs. It represents the 1st through the 16th division of the respiratory tract. The conducting zone is most of the respiratory tract that conducts gases into and out of the lungs but excludes the respiratory zone that exchanges gases. The conducting zone also functions to offer a low resistance pathway for airflow. It provides a major
840:
51:
1192:
1124:
1169:, and raised chest. The decreased number of alveoli causes loss of oxygen supply to the lungs and an increased accumulation of carbon dioxide. There are two types of COPD: primary and secondary. Primary COPD can be found in younger adults. This type of COPD deteriorates the air sacs, and lung mass. Secondary COPD can be found in older adults who smoke or have smoked and have a history of bronchitis. COPD includes symptoms of
712:. Each lung has a costal surface, which is adjacent to the ribcage; a diaphragmatic surface, which faces downward toward the diaphragm; and a mediastinal surface, which faces toward the center of the chest, and lies against the heart, great vessels, and the carina where the two mainstem bronchi branch off from the base of the trachea.
1161:(COPD) is a common lower respiratory disease that can be caused by exposure to harmful chemicals, or prolonged use of tobacco. This disease is chronic and progressive, the damage to the lungs is irreversible and eventually fatal. COPD destroys the alveoli, and lung tissue which makes breathing very difficult, causing
1211:, tightness of the chest, and severe difficulty in breathing. There are different types of asthma that affect the functions of the bronchial tubes. Allergies can also set off an allergic reaction, causing swelling of the bronchial tubes; as a result, the air passage will swell up, or close up completely.
1101:
is another common infection that takes place in the lower respiratory tract. It is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes. There are two forms of this infection: acute bronchitis, which is treatable and can go away without treatment, or chronic bronchitis, which comes and goes, but will always affect
1108:
is one of many other infections that occurs in the lower respiratory tract. You can contract this infection from airborne droplets, and if inhaled you are at risk of this disease. This is a bacterial infection that deteriorates the lung tissue resulting in coughing up blood. This infection is deadly
719:
are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place. The mean number of alveoli in a human lung is 480 million. When the diaphragm contracts, a negative pressure is generated in the thorax and air rushes in to fill the cavity. When that happens, these sacs fill with air, making the lung
474:
1058:
The respiratory system is very prone to developing infections in the lungs. Infants and older adults are more likely to develop infections in their lungs because their lungs are not as strong in fighting off these infections. Most of these infections used to be fatal, but with new research and
1135:
have environmental causes such as smoking. When a tobacco product is inhaled, the smoke paralyzes the cilia, causing mucus to enter the lungs. Frequent smoking, over time, causes the cilia hairs to die and can no longer filter mucus. Tar from the smoke inhaled enters the lungs, turning the
653:
has up to 13 generations. Proximal divisions (those closest to the top of the tree, such as the bronchi) mainly function to transmit air to the lower airways. Later divisions including the respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, are specialized for
720:
expand. The alveoli are rich with capillaries, called alveolar capillaries. Here the red blood cells absorb oxygen from the air and then carry it back in the form of oxyhaemaglobin, to nourish the cells. The red blood cells also carry carbon dioxide (CO
393:
with the blood. The respiratory bronchioles and the alveolar ducts are responsible for 10% of the gas exchange. The alveoli are responsible for the other 90%. The respiratory zone represents the 16th through the 23rd division of the respiratory tract.
1102:
one's lungs. Bronchitis increases the amount of mucus that is natural in your respiratory tract. Chronic bronchitis is common in smokers, because the tar from smoking accumulates over time, causing the lungs to work harder to repair themselves.
790:
Glands are abundant in the upper respiratory tract, but there are fewer lower down and they are absent starting at the bronchioles. The same goes for goblet cells, although there are scattered ones in the first bronchioles.
992:. This helps to filter waste, which is eventually either swallowed into the highly acidic stomach environment or expelled via spitting. The epithelium lining the respiratory tract is covered in small hairs called
728:
and release it into the alveoli through the alveolar capillaries. When the diaphragm relaxes, a positive pressure is generated in the thorax and air rushes out of the alveoli expelling the carbon dioxide.
839:
1019:
expels all irritants within the mucous membrane to the outside. The airways of the lungs contain rings of muscle. When the passageways are irritated by some allergen, these muscles can constrict.
802:, whereas in the bronchi the cartilage takes the form of interspersed plates. Smooth muscle starts in the trachea, where it joins the C-shaped rings of cartilage. It continues down the
787:. The cilia beat in one direction, moving mucus towards the throat where it is swallowed. Moving down the bronchioles, the cells get more cuboidal in shape but are still ciliated.
433:
is sometimes included in both the upper and lower airways. The larynx is also called the voice box and has the associated cartilage that produces sound. The tract consists of the
920:) is transferred from returning blood back into gaseous form in the lungs and exhaled through the lower respiratory tract and then the upper, to complete the process of
1885:
1554:
88:
908:. When a human being inhales, air travels down the trachea, through the bronchial tubes, and into the lungs. The entire tract is protected by the rib cage,
1070:
are the most common causes of an upper respiratory tract infection, which can cause more serious illness that can develop in the lower respiratory tract.
935:, the upper airway is a collapsible, compliant tube. As such, it has to be able to withstand suction pressures generated by the rhythmic expansion of the
1059:
medicine, they are now treatable. With bacterial infections, antibiotics are prescribed, while viral infections are harder to treat but still curable.
827:
649:, one airway branches into two smaller airways. The human respiratory tree may consist on average of 23 generations, while the respiratory tree of the
2186:
795:
1878:
1871:
397:
From the bronchi, the dividing tubes become progressively smaller with an estimated 20 to 23 divisions before ending at an alveolus.
389:
The respiratory zone includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, and is the site of oxygen and carbon dioxide
1580:
Ochs M, Nyengaard JR, Jung A, Knudsen L, Voigt M, Wahlers T, et al. (January 2004). "The number of alveoli in the human lung".
2552:
17:
916:. In the lungs, oxygen from the inhaled air is transferred into the blood and circulated throughout the body. Carbon dioxide (CO
562:, to describe the branching structure of airways supplying air to the lungs, and includes the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles.
1844:
1199:
The bronchi are the main passages to the right and left lungs. These airways carry oxygen to the bronchioles inside the lungs.
939:
that sucks air into the lungs. This is accomplished by the contraction of upper airway muscles during inhalation, such as the
1446:
1412:
1378:
1158:
1153:
1141:
821:
cell. The epithelial cells form the lining of the tracheal, and bronchial tubes, while the mesenchymal cells line the lungs.
2179:
780:
328:. The lungs can be included in the lower respiratory tract or as separate entity and include the respiratory bronchioles,
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1538:
1698:
810:, which it completely encircles. Instead of hard cartilage, the bronchi and bronchioles are composed of elastic tissue.
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2478:
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1626:
1616:
1092:
1052:
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316:(cords). The lower airways or lower respiratory tract includes the portion of the larynx below the vocal folds,
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465:
151:
acts as a filter and traps pollutants and other harmful substances found in the air. Next, air moves into the
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83:
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is the primary muscle that allows for lung expansion and contraction. Smaller muscles between the ribs, the
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1223:. It can be inhaled through the mouth if it is not possible to breathe through the nose. However, chronic
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2361:
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controlling the muscles also receive tonic innervation that sets a baseline level of stiffness and size.
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Most of the respiratory tract exists merely as a piping system for air to travel in the lungs, and
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167:, that opens to allow air to pass through but closes to prevent food from moving into the airway.
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2401:
996:. These beat rhythmically out from the lungs, moving secreted mucus foreign particles toward the
264:
is attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity. The pleurae enclose a cavity called the
35:
849:
tissue. Note that image is incorrectly labeled "ciliated stratified epithelium" at upper right.
743:
272:. This fluid is used to decrease the amount of friction that lungs experience during breathing.
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979:
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Hair in the nostrils plays a protective role, trapping particulate matter such as dust. The
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Organs involved in transmission of air to and from the point where gases diffuse into tissue
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2411:
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2241:
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are the largest organs in the lower respiratory tract. The lungs are suspended within the
8:
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1968:
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of the bronchii and bronchioles can cause them to swell up, which could lead to an
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2017:
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are two thin membranes, one cell layer thick, which surround the lungs. The inner (
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pink-coloured lungs black. The accumulation of this tar could eventually lead to
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1650:"Cellular structure, function and organization in the lower respiratory tract"
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The lungs are made up of thirteen different kinds of cells, eleven types of
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The epithelial lining of the upper respiratory tract is interspersed with
101:
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2149:
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1063:
985:
818:
779:. The epithelium from the nose to the bronchioles is covered in ciliated
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678:
540:
446:
422:
313:
677:. The bronchi branch off into smaller sections inside the lungs, called
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1989:
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1005:
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195:
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1275:"Anatomy and physiology of respiratory system relevant to anaesthesia"
681:. These bronchioles give rise to the air sacs in the lungs called the
2504:
2144:
1088:
1083:
1067:
921:
897:
887:
776:
238:
156:
30:"Airway" redirects here. For an aerial route taken by airplanes, see
1191:
1123:
673:. It branches off into two bronchial tubes, a left and a right main
221:. At the base of the lungs is a sheet of skeletal muscle called the
1963:
1956:
1940:
1367:
Ronald M. Perkin; James D Swift; Dale A Newton (1 September 2007).
932:
674:
572:
536:
473:
366:
The conducting zone includes structures outside of the lungs – the
321:
218:
191:
187:
183:
1925:
1912:
913:
803:
772:
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566:
532:
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442:
379:
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163:. The opening of the larynx has a special flap of cartilage, the
152:
198:
that eventually connect with tiny specialized structures called
2209:
1208:
1204:
1186:
1132:
867:
430:
375:
309:
171:
160:
129:
1621:. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division. p. 545.
1529:
Robert M. Kacmarek, Steven Dimas & Craig W. Mack (2013).
1370:
Pediatric hospital medicine: textbook of inpatient management
993:
989:
944:
875:
760:
756:
665:
is the largest tube in the respiratory tract and consists of
650:
296:. The upper airways or upper respiratory tract includes the
2606:
2305:
367:
210:
140:
1893:
1582:
American
Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
900:, in which air is drawn into the alveoli of the lungs via
1579:
1401:
Jeremy P. T. Ward; Jane Ward; Charles M. Wiener (2006).
182:
that branches to form the right and left primary (main)
1033:
The respiratory tract is a common site for infections.
155:, a passage that contains the intersection between the
1055:
are probably the most common infections in the world.
947:
muscles. In addition to rhythmic innervation from the
1494:"Tracheobronchial tree | Radiology Reference Article"
1073:
1614:
1373:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 473–.
359:, based on the distinction of transporting gases or
1008:in the alveoli are part of the immune system which
575:(diameter approximately 1 – 1.4 cm in adults)
120:involved with the process of conducting air to the
1798:"Emphysema: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology"
1434:
833:Differences in cells along the respiratory tract.
351:The respiratory tract can also be divided into a
2653:
1699:"Anatomy and function of the respiratory system"
1004:, they prevent mucus accumulation in the lungs.
590:subsegmental bronchus (diameter 1 to 6 mm)
554:The lower respiratory tract is also called the
260:covers the surface of the lungs, and the outer
1360:
1227:can cause a dry mouth and lead to infections.
1041:
256:– a two-layered protective barrier. The inner
2180:
1879:
973:
798:. In the trachea, they are C-shaped rings of
225:. The diaphragm separates the lungs from the
1790:
217:, are protected from physical damage by the
1394:
551:). It also sometimes includes the larynx.
2194:
2187:
2173:
1886:
1872:
1752:Centers For Disease Control And Prevention
1647:
1615:Moore EJ, Feliciano DV, Mattox KL (2004).
1520:
1518:
1516:
1467:
1465:
1000:upwards and outwards, in a process called
543:(including terminal and respiratory), and
460:
400:
288:The respiratory tract is divided into the
194:, that branch into smaller airways called
178:and down to the intersection known as the
49:
1673:
1428:
1300:
1290:
1272:
755:, which varies down the tract. There are
1837:
1190:
1122:
1022:
742:
472:
464:
404:
342:
279:
186:. Each of these bronchi branches into a
1845:"Your Nose, the Guardian of Your Lungs"
1696:
1608:
1547:
1513:
1462:
1268:
1266:
1012:and digest any inhaled harmful agents.
14:
2654:
132:. The respiratory tract is lined with
2168:
1903:
1867:
1195:3D still showing constricted airways.
1159:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1154:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1142:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
724:) away from the cells in the form of
469:Parts of the lower respiratory tract.
457:) and sometimes includes the larynx.
2553:oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve
1824:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1777:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1727:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1573:
1263:
781:pseudostratified columnar epithelium
751:The respiratory tract is covered in
252:that folds in on itself to form the
863:are the only part of the lung that
581:(diameter approximately 1 cm)
539:(primary, secondary and tertiary),
409:Details of upper respiratory tract.
24:
2479:hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
1404:The respiratory system at a glance
1342:
1273:Patwa A, Shah A (September 2015).
1214:
1074:Lower respiratory tract infections
1053:Upper respiratory tract infections
704:) covers the lungs and the outer (
347:Adult and pediatric airway anatomy
25:
2683:
1703:Penn State Hershey Medical Center
1654:Environmental Health Perspectives
1407:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 11–.
1127:3D still showing increased mucus.
1093:lower respiratory tract infection
1091:is the most common, and frequent
1048:Upper respiratory tract infection
233:. The diaphragm is also the main
1438:Principles of medical physiology
838:
826:
1812:
1765:
1748:"Chest Cold (Acute Bronchitis)"
1740:
1715:
1690:
1648:Breeze R, Turk M (April 1984).
1641:
794:Cartilage is present until the
732:
527:is derived from the developing
139:Air is breathed in through the
1531:Essentials of Respiratory Care
1486:
1317:
904:and subsequently expelled via
881:
417:can refer to the parts of the
13:
1:
1279:Indian Journal of Anaesthesia
1257:
587:(diameter 4.5 to 13 mm)
1533:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
1036:
970:, assist with this process.
386:in its filtering abilities.
275:
192:tertiary (segmental) bronchi
7:
2511:Ventilation/perfusion ratio
2362:pulmonary stretch receptors
1697:Blaivas AJ (29 June 2012).
1230:
1219:In general, air is inhaled
1080:Lower respiratory infection
1042:Upper respiratory infection
854:
284:Complete respiratory system
248:The lungs are encased in a
241:, and is controlled by the
10:
2688:
2667:Respiratory system anatomy
2543:alveolar–arterial gradient
1594:10.1164/rccm.200308-1107OC
1555:"Human Respiratory System"
1435:Sabyasachi Sircar (2008).
1184:
1151:
1116:
1077:
1045:
1026:
988:that secrete a protective
977:
974:Defences against infection
885:
736:
645:At each division point or
243:sympathetic nervous system
188:secondary (lobar) bronchus
116:is the subdivision of the
29:
2616:
2492:
2466:
2424:respiratory minute volume
2377:
2336:ventral respiratory group
2295:
2202:
2120:
2068:
2055:Middle lobe of right lung
1997:
1988:
1939:
1911:
1902:
1441:. Thieme. pp. 309–.
1180:
1112:
710:bronchopulmonary segments
308:, and the portion of the
213:which are located in the
94:
82:
77:
65:
60:
48:
43:
2672:Routes of administration
2331:dorsal respiratory group
2225:obligate nasal breathing
1292:10.4103/0019-5049.165849
1207:attack. This results in
2533:pulmonary gas pressures
1896:lower respiratory tract
1147:
521:lower respiratory tract
461:Lower respiratory tract
415:upper respiratory tract
401:Upper respiratory tract
136:as respiratory mucosa.
36:Airway (disambiguation)
18:Upper respiratory tract
2287:mechanical ventilation
2196:Respiratory physiology
2096:Respiratory bronchiole
1196:
1128:
845:Transverse section of
817:cell and two types of
785:respiratory epithelium
748:
747:Respiratory epithelium
739:Respiratory epithelium
605:respiratory bronchiole
516:
470:
410:
348:
285:
134:respiratory epithelium
96:Anatomical terminology
34:. For other uses, see
2538:alveolar gas equation
2474:pulmonary circulation
1849:Boston Medical Center
1247:Nasopharyngeal airway
1194:
1126:
1023:Clinical significance
1002:mucociliary clearance
980:Mucociliary clearance
978:Further information:
968:external intercostals
767:in parts, as well as
746:
560:tracheobronchial tree
476:
468:
408:
346:
283:
235:muscle of respiration
174:, air moves into the
2593:respiratory quotient
2448:body plethysmography
2367:Hering–Breuer reflex
2242:pulmonary surfactant
2050:Lingula of left lung
1325:"Respiratory mucosa"
1252:Oropharyngeal airway
531:and consists of the
300:and nasal passages,
124:for the purposes of
2662:Human head and neck
2436:Lung function tests
2270:hyperresponsiveness
2086:Terminal bronchiole
1473:"Bronchial Anatomy"
1350:"Respiratory tract"
1163:shortness of breath
1029:Respiratory disease
892:Respiration is the
726:carbaminohemoglobin
696:of the thorax. The
600:terminal bronchiole
190:that branches into
147:, where a layer of
55:Conducting passages
2603:diffusion capacity
2598:arterial blood gas
2578:carbonic anhydrase
2312:pneumotaxic center
1356:. 2 February 2011.
1197:
1175:chronic bronchitis
1129:
949:respiratory center
894:rhythmical process
783:, commonly called
749:
585:segmental bronchus
517:
496:Segmental bronchus
471:
419:respiratory system
411:
349:
286:
118:respiratory system
72:Respiratory system
2649:
2648:
2557:Oxygen saturation
2523:zones of the lung
2262:airway resistance
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2111:Blood-air barrier
1984:
1983:
1926:Annular ligaments
1666:10.1289/ehp.84553
1448:978-3-13-144061-7
1414:978-1-4051-3448-4
1380:978-0-7817-7032-3
1329:mesh..nlm.nih.gov
953:medulla oblongata
943:(tongue) and the
800:hyaline cartilage
671:hyaline cartilage
486:Mainstem bronchus
439:paranasal sinuses
427:cricoid cartilage
302:paranasal sinuses
202:that function in
114:respiratory tract
110:
109:
105:
44:Respiratory tract
32:Airway (aviation)
16:(Redirected from
2679:
2458:nitrogen washout
2317:apneustic center
2232:respiratory rate
2189:
2182:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2092:Respiratory zone
1995:
1994:
1909:
1908:
1904:Respiratory tree
1888:
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1557:. Archived from
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1490:
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1358:
1357:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1294:
1270:
1221:through the nose
1167:hyperventilation
1109:if not treated.
842:
830:
556:respiratory tree
421:lying above the
357:respiratory zone
102:edit on Wikidata
99:
53:
41:
40:
21:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2636:oxygen toxicity
2612:
2500:ventilation (V)
2488:
2484:pulmonary shunt
2462:
2453:peak flow meter
2373:
2291:
2198:
2193:
2163:
2154:
2116:
2082:Conducting zone
2064:
1980:
1935:
1898:
1894:Anatomy of the
1892:
1862:
1853:
1851:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1800:. 26 March 2020
1796:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1705:
1695:
1691:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1613:
1609:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1540:978-032327778-5
1523:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1365:
1361:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1271:
1264:
1260:
1242:Jet ventilation
1233:
1225:mouth breathing
1217:
1215:Mouth breathing
1189:
1183:
1156:
1150:
1121:
1115:
1086:
1078:Main articles:
1076:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1031:
1025:
982:
976:
937:thoracic cavity
919:
890:
884:
857:
850:
843:
834:
831:
741:
735:
723:
706:parietal pleura
702:visceral pleura
515:
463:
425:, or above the
403:
353:conducting zone
278:
262:parietal pleura
258:visceral pleura
250:serous membrane
215:thoracic cavity
106:
56:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2685:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2582:chloride shift
2575:
2572:Haldane effect
2569:
2564:
2559:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:FEV1/FVC ratio
2426:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2344:chemoreceptors
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2252:elastic recoil
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2128:Alveolar cells
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2089:
2074:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2001:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1945:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1921:Tracheal rings
1917:
1915:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1836:
1811:
1789:
1773:"Tuberculosis"
1764:
1739:
1714:
1689:
1640:
1627:
1607:
1588:(1): 120–124.
1572:
1546:
1539:
1512:
1485:
1461:
1447:
1427:
1413:
1393:
1379:
1359:
1354:www.cancer.gov
1341:
1316:
1285:(9): 533–541.
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1216:
1213:
1185:Main article:
1182:
1179:
1152:Main article:
1149:
1146:
1131:Some of these
1117:Main article:
1114:
1111:
1075:
1072:
1046:Main article:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1024:
1021:
998:laryngopharynx
975:
972:
917:
886:Main article:
883:
880:
872:carbon dioxide
856:
853:
852:
851:
844:
837:
835:
832:
825:
734:
731:
721:
694:pleural cavity
667:tracheal rings
643:
642:
641:
640:
639:
638:
637:
636:
635:
634:
633:
632:
631:
630:
629:
628:
627:
626:
625:
624:
623:
622:
579:lobar bronchus
514:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
491:Lobar bronchus
488:
483:
477:
462:
459:
455:laryngopharynx
402:
399:
330:alveolar ducts
277:
274:
268:that contains
266:pleural cavity
108:
107:
98:
92:
91:
86:
80:
79:
75:
74:
69:
63:
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2684:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2624:high altitude
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:Insufficiency
2615:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2588:oxyhemoglobin
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:hysteresivity
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:Alveolar duct
2099:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2060:Inferior lobe
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2045:Superior lobe
2043:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1799:
1793:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1630:
1628:0-07-137069-2
1624:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1561:on 2008-10-15
1560:
1556:
1550:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1450:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1125:
1120:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
981:
971:
969:
965:
960:
958:
957:motor neurons
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
925:
923:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
889:
879:
877:
873:
869:
866:
862:
848:
841:
836:
829:
824:
823:
822:
820:
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:small bronchi
792:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:smooth muscle
766:
762:
758:
754:
745:
740:
730:
727:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
652:
648:
621:
618:
617:
616:
613:
612:
611:
610:alveolar duct
608:
607:
606:
603:
602:
601:
598:
597:
596:
592:
591:
589:
588:
586:
583:
582:
580:
577:
576:
574:
570:
569:
568:
565:
564:
563:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
512:
509:
507:
506:Alveolar duct
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
475:
467:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
407:
398:
395:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
345:
341:
339:
335:
334:alveolar sacs
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:lower airways
291:
290:upper airways
282:
273:
271:
270:pleural fluid
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
103:
97:
93:
90:
87:
85:
81:
76:
73:
70:
68:
64:
59:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2528:gas exchange
2493:Interactions
2418:calculations
2379:Lung volumes
2342:
2323:
2304:
2275:constriction
2237:respirometer
1895:
1852:. Retrieved
1839:
1827:. Retrieved
1823:
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1776:
1767:
1755:. Retrieved
1751:
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1726:
1717:
1706:. Retrieved
1702:
1692:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1632:. Retrieved
1617:
1610:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1563:. Retrieved
1559:the original
1549:
1530:
1503:. Retrieved
1497:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1452:. Retrieved
1437:
1430:
1418:. Retrieved
1403:
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1369:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1328:
1319:
1282:
1278:
1218:
1201:Inflammation
1198:
1157:
1130:
1106:Tuberculosis
1104:
1097:
1087:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1032:
1017:cough reflex
1014:
986:goblet cells
983:
961:
941:genioglossus
926:
891:
858:
812:
793:
789:
765:goblet cells
763:produced by
750:
733:Microanatomy
716:
714:
689:
687:
662:
660:
656:gas exchange
646:
644:
615:alveolar sac
559:
555:
553:
525:lower airway
524:
520:
518:
435:nasal cavity
414:
412:
396:
388:
384:defense role
365:
356:
352:
350:
293:
289:
287:
247:
237:involved in
208:
204:gas exchange
169:
149:nasal mucosa
145:nasal cavity
138:
126:gas exchange
113:
111:
2567:Bohr effect
2467:Circulation
2203:Respiration
2150:Goblet cell
1723:"Pneumonia"
1505:7 September
1499:Radiopaedia
1237:Airway tone
1138:lung cancer
1119:Lung cancer
1064:common cold
1006:Macrophages
927:Unlike the
882:Respiration
819:mesenchymal
808:bronchioles
679:bronchioles
593:conducting
547:(including
541:bronchioles
447:nasopharynx
423:vocal folds
326:bronchioles
314:vocal folds
196:bronchioles
78:Identifiers
2656:Categories
2629:death zone
2548:hemoglobin
2443:spirometry
2402:dead space
2355:peripheral
2280:dilatation
2266:bronchial
2247:compliance
2220:exhalation
2215:inhalation
2078:Bronchiole
2070:BP segment
2033:Horizontal
2004:Landmarks
1969:eparterial
1854:2020-06-29
1708:2017-09-20
1634:2008-06-15
1258:References
1099:Bronchitis
1027:See also:
906:exhalation
902:inhalation
815:epithelial
753:epithelium
737:See also:
647:generation
595:bronchiole
501:Bronchiole
451:oropharynx
361:exchanging
312:above the
231:intestines
165:epiglottis
157:oesophagus
2505:Perfusion
2145:Club cell
2029:Fissures
1964:Secondary
1171:emphysema
1089:Pneumonia
1084:Pneumonia
1037:Infection
964:diaphragm
922:breathing
898:breathing
888:Breathing
874:with the
865:exchanges
777:cartilage
276:Structure
239:breathing
223:diaphragm
170:From the
2516:V/Q scan
2106:Alveolus
1976:Tertiary
1820:"Asthma"
1660:: 3–24.
1602:14512270
1454:26 April
1420:26 April
1386:26 April
1311:26556911
1231:See also
1209:wheezing
855:Function
847:tracheal
675:bronchus
620:alveolus
573:bronchus
511:Alveolus
391:exchange
219:rib cage
159:and the
2641:hypoxia
2562:2,3-BPG
2350:central
2325:medulla
2297:Control
2138:Type II
2038:Oblique
1998:General
1941:Bronchi
1913:Trachea
1684:6376102
1675:1568358
1525:Page 81
1334:26 July
1302:4613399
1133:cancers
951:in the
933:bronchi
929:trachea
914:sternum
861:alveoli
804:bronchi
773:elastin
717:alveoli
698:pleurae
683:alveoli
663:trachea
567:trachea
549:alveoli
537:bronchi
533:trachea
529:foregut
481:Trachea
443:pharynx
380:trachea
372:pharynx
338:alveoli
322:bronchi
318:trachea
306:pharynx
254:pleurae
227:stomach
200:alveoli
184:bronchi
176:trachea
153:pharynx
143:to the
130:mammals
122:alveoli
61:Details
2210:breath
2133:Type I
1931:Carina
1829:2 July
1804:3 July
1782:1 July
1757:2 July
1732:2 July
1682:
1672:
1625:
1618:Trauma
1600:
1537:
1445:
1411:
1377:
1309:
1299:
1205:asthma
1187:Asthma
1181:Asthma
1113:Cancer
1066:, and
1010:engulf
955:, the
912:, and
868:oxygen
757:glands
441:, the
431:larynx
429:. The
378:, and
376:larynx
363:them.
355:and a
336:, and
310:larynx
304:, the
180:carina
172:larynx
161:larynx
89:265130
67:System
2121:Cells
2023:Hilum
1990:Lungs
1957:right
1948:Main
1565:5 Oct
1478:5 Mar
1140:, or
994:cilia
990:mucus
945:hyoid
910:spine
876:blood
761:mucus
690:lungs
651:mouse
571:main
545:lungs
211:lungs
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2507:(Q)
2306:pons
2018:Root
2013:Apex
2008:Base
1952:left
1831:2021
1806:2020
1784:2021
1759:2021
1734:2021
1680:PMID
1623:ISBN
1598:PMID
1567:2008
1535:ISBN
1507:2017
1480:2014
1456:2010
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1422:2010
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1388:2010
1375:ISBN
1336:2019
1307:PMID
1173:and
1148:COPD
1082:and
1062:The
962:The
931:and
870:and
806:and
759:and
715:The
688:The
661:The
519:The
453:and
437:and
413:The
368:nose
324:and
298:nose
292:and
229:and
209:The
141:nose
112:The
2412:PEF
2392:FRC
1670:PMC
1662:doi
1590:doi
1586:169
1527:in
1297:PMC
1287:doi
1068:flu
896:of
775:or
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