Research - Knowledge

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is usually done free of charge. The tradition of peer reviews being done for free has however brought many pitfalls which are also indicative of why most peer reviewers decline many invitations to review. It was observed that publications from periphery countries rarely rise to the same elite status as those of North America and Europe, because limitations on the availability of resources including high-quality paper and sophisticated image-rendering software and printing tools render these publications less able to satisfy standards currently carrying formal or informal authority in the publishing industry. These limitations in turn result in the under-representation of scholars from periphery nations among the set of publications holding prestige status relative to the quantity and quality of those scholars' research efforts, and this under-representation in turn results in disproportionately reduced acceptance of the results of their efforts as contributions to the body of knowledge available worldwide.

1945:) research is an approach that involves the development of theory as opposed to using observation and experimentation. As such, non-empirical research seeks solutions to problems using existing knowledge as its source. This, however, does not mean that new ideas and innovations cannot be found within the pool of existing and established knowledge. Non-empirical research is not an absolute alternative to empirical research because they may be used together to strengthen a research approach. Neither one is less effective than the other since they have their particular purpose in science. Typically empirical research produces observations that need to be explained; then theoretical research tries to explain them, and in so doing generates empirically testable hypotheses; these hypotheses are then tested empirically, giving more observations that may need further explanation; and so on. See 1607: 1800: 4104: 2818: 76: 5088: 3754: 3844: 2556: 576: 2782: 1685: 4032: 2746: 4200: 2890: 2252: 1773:. However, some researchers advocate for the reverse approach: starting with articulating findings and discussion of them, moving "up" to identification of a research problem that emerges in the findings and literature review. The reverse approach is justified by the transactional nature of the research endeavor where research inquiry, research questions, research method, relevant research literature, and so on are not fully known until the findings have fully emerged and been interpreted. 5160: 3862: 4776: 3484: 4728: 3448: 933: 5184: 3880: 2210:) and the geographic locations where research occurs. Periphery scholars face the challenges of exclusion and linguicism in research and academic publication. As the great majority of mainstream academic journals are written in English, multilingual periphery scholars often must translate their work to be accepted to elite Western-dominated journals. Multilingual scholars' influences from their native communicative styles can be assumed to be incompetence instead of difference. 7743: 2414: 2618: 1372:: Consists of the subject area of one's interest and following that subject area to conduct subject-related research. The subject area should not be randomly chosen since it requires reading a vast amount of literature on the topic to determine the gap in the literature the researcher intends to narrow. A keen interest in the chosen subject area is advisable. The research will have to be justified by linking its importance to already existing knowledge about the topic. 5016: 3682: 4752: 3466: 5040: 3700: 1812: 8599: 4704: 4488: 4128: 3412: 3232: 2836: 4584: 3304: 4560: 3286: 4944: 4656: 3984: 3628: 3358: 3106: 2710: 8574: 4992: 4608: 4056: 3664: 3322: 2764: 5112: 4968: 4848: 3772: 3646: 3556: 3520: 2962: 5136: 4392: 4344: 4320: 4152: 3826: 3790: 3394: 3142: 3070: 3052: 2854: 5208: 4872: 4248: 4224: 4008: 3960: 3916: 3898: 3574: 3430: 2998: 2944: 2908: 2728: 2692: 1117: 4920: 4536: 4512: 4440: 4176: 3808: 3610: 3268: 3250: 3214: 3160: 2872: 7757: 4800: 4680: 4296: 3502: 3376: 3034: 4632: 4080: 3340: 2926: 2800: 1319: 3016: 1524:, in artistic research, "perhaps more so than other disciplines, intuition is utilized as a method to identify a wide range of new and unexpected productive modalities". Most writers, whether of fiction or non-fiction books, also have to do research to support their creative work. This may be factual, historical, or background research. Background research could include, for example, geographical or procedural research. 1076: 3124: 1293: 3736: 4824: 3538: 1693: 4896: 4272: 3592: 2980: 1308: 4416: 3178: 1430:). However, if the outcome is consistent with the hypothesis, the experiment is said to support the hypothesis. This careful language is used because researchers recognize that alternative hypotheses may also be consistent with the observations. In this sense, a hypothesis can never be proven, but rather only supported by surviving rounds of scientific testing and, eventually, becoming widely thought of as true. 5064: 4464: 4368: 3718: 3196: 3088: 7769: 1219: 1992: 1453:. Humanities scholars usually do not search for the ultimate correct answer to a question, but instead, explore the issues and details that surround it. Context is always important, and context can be social, historical, political, cultural, or ethnic. An example of research in the humanities is historical research, which is embodied in 2667:

in the UK. These are managed primarily through universities and in some cases through military contractors. Many senior researchers (such as group leaders) spend a significant amount of their time applying for grants for research funds. These grants are necessary not only for researchers to carry out

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the work and make it available for a wider audience. The system varies widely by field and is also always changing, if often slowly. Most academic work is published in journal article or book form. There is also a large body of research that exists in either a thesis or dissertation form. These forms

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This could be due to changes in funding for research both in the East and the West. Focused on emphasizing educational achievement, East Asian cultures, mainly in China and South Korea, have encouraged the increase of funding for research expansion. In contrast, in the Western academic world, notably

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is often used to determine an academic paper's suitability for publication. Usually, the peer review process involves experts in the same field who are consulted by editors to give a review of the scholarly works produced by a colleague of theirs from an unbiased and impartial point of view, and this

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has brought big impacts on research methods so that now many researchers do not put much effort into data collection; furthermore, methods to analyze easily available huge amounts of data have also been developed. Types of Research Method 1. Observatory Research Method 2. Correlation Research Method

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This research mainly focus on culture of group of people which includes share attributes, language, practices, structure, value, norms and material things, evaluate human lifestyle. Ethno: people, Grapho: to write, this disciple may include ethnic groups, ethno genesis, composition, resettlement and

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Mixed-method research, i.e. research that includes qualitative and quantitative elements, using both primary and secondary data, is becoming more common. This method has benefits that using one method alone cannot offer. For example, a researcher may choose to conduct a qualitative study and follow

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Research is often conducted using the hourglass model structure of research. The hourglass model starts with a broad spectrum for research, focusing in on the required information through the method of the project (like the neck of the hourglass), then expands the research in the form of discussion

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Research, in its simplest terms, is searching for knowledge and searching for truth. In a formal sense, it is a systematic study of a problem attacked by a deliberately chosen strategy, which starts with choosing an approach to preparing a blueprint (design) and acting upon it in terms of designing

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In either qualitative or quantitative research, the researcher(s) may collect primary or secondary data. Primary data is data collected specifically for the research, such as through interviews or questionnaires. Secondary data is data that already exists, such as census data, which can be re-used

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The steps generally represent the overall process; however, they should be viewed as an ever-changing iterative process rather than a fixed set of steps. Most research begins with a general statement of the problem, or rather, the purpose for engaging in the study. The literature review identifies

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A useful hypothesis allows prediction and within the accuracy of observation of the time, the prediction will be verified. As the accuracy of observation improves with time, the hypothesis may no longer provide an accurate prediction. In this case, a new hypothesis will arise to challenge the old,

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are somewhat interdisciplinary, and publish work from several distinct fields or subfields. The kinds of publications that are accepted as contributions of knowledge or research vary greatly between fields, from the print to the electronic format. A study suggests that researchers should not give

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work, there are typically some new (for example) mathematical results produced or a new way of approaching an existing problem. In some subjects which do not typically carry out experimentation or analysis of this kind, the originality is in the particular way existing understanding is changed or

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If the research question is about people, participants may be randomly assigned to different treatments (this is the only way that a quantitative study can be considered a true experiment). If this is not feasible, the researcher may collect data on participant and situational characteristics to

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The open access movement assumes that all information generally deemed useful should be free and belongs to a "public domain", that of "humanity". This idea gained prevalence as a result of Western colonial history and ignores alternative conceptions of knowledge circulation. For instance, most

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comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use historical sources and other evidence to research and then to write history. There are various history guidelines that are commonly used by historians in their work, under the headings of external criticism, internal criticism, and

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in the following manner – "Artistic research is to investigate and test with the purpose of gaining knowledge within and for our artistic disciplines. It is based on artistic practices, methods, and criticality. Through presented documentation, the insights gained shall be placed in a context."

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and error. These activities are characterized by accounting and controlling for biases. A research project may be an expansion of past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole.

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There is alleged to be a double standard in the Western knowledge system. On the one hand, "digital right management" used to restrict access to personal information on social networking platforms is celebrated as a protection of privacy, while simultaneously when similar functions are used by

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The quantitative data collection methods rely on random sampling and structured data collection instruments that fit diverse experiences into predetermined response categories. These methods produce results that can be summarized, compared, and generalized to larger populations if the data are

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rather than present the existing knowledge in a new form (e.g., summarized or classified). Original research can take various forms, depending on the discipline it pertains to. In experimental work, it typically involves direct or indirect observation of the researched subject(s), e.g., in the

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to systematically investigate a topic, and then to write histories in the form of accounts of the past. Other studies aim to merely examine the occurrence of behaviours in societies and communities, without particularly looking for reasons or motivations to explain these. These studies may be

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This kind of research approach reduces the quality of research because international researchers may not ask the right questions or draw connections to local issues. The result of this approach is that local communities are unable to leverage the research to their own advantage. Ultimately,

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Generalization is the process of more broadly applying the valid results of one study. Studies with a narrow scope can result in a lack of generalizability, meaning that the results may not be applicable to other populations or regions. In comparative politics, this can result from using a

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Meta-research is the study of research through the use of research methods. Also known as "research on research", it aims to reduce waste and increase the quality of research in all fields. Meta-research concerns itself with the detection of bias, methodological flaws, and other errors and

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methods. The quantitative research designs are experimental, correlational, and survey (or descriptive). Statistics derived from quantitative research can be used to establish the existence of associative or causal relationships between variables. Quantitative research is linked with the

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are the focus of very few studies. Patterns of geographic bias also show a relationship with linguicism: countries whose official languages are French or Arabic are far less likely to be the focus of single-country studies than countries with different official languages. Within Africa,

1477:, also seen as 'practice-based research', can take form when creative works are considered both the research and the object of research itself. It is the debatable body of thought which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge and truth. 1952:

A simple example of a non-empirical task is the prototyping of a new drug using a differentiated application of existing knowledge; another is the development of a business process in the form of a flow chart and texts where all the ingredients are from established knowledge. Much of

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For comparative politics, Western countries are over-represented in single-country studies, with heavy emphasis on Western Europe, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Since 2000, Latin American countries have become more popular in single-country studies. In contrast, countries in

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Qualitative research refers to much more subjective non- quantitative, use different methods of collecting data, analyzing data, interpreting data for meanings, definitions, characteristics, symbols metaphors of things. Qualitative research further classified into following types:

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There are two major types of empirical research design: qualitative research and quantitative research. Researchers choose qualitative or quantitative methods according to the nature of the research topic they want to investigate and the research questions they aim to answer:

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The controversial trend of artistic teaching becoming more academics-oriented is leading to artistic research being accepted as the primary mode of enquiry in art as in the case of other disciplines. One of the characteristics of artistic research is that it must accept

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great consideration to findings that are not replicated frequently. It has also been suggested that all published studies should be subjected to some measure for assessing the validity or reliability of its procedures to prevent the publication of unproven findings.

981:, who states that "research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue". It consists of three steps: pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question. 1790:

talks about an inherent difficulty, if not a paradox, of doing research that can be paraphrased in the following way, "If you know what you're searching for, why do you search for it?! If you don't know what you're searching for, what are you searching for?!"

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and to the extent that the new hypothesis makes more accurate predictions than the old, the new will supplant it. Researchers can also use a null hypothesis, which states no relationship or difference between the independent or dependent variables.

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populations, and is based on dimensions of mental health important to the Māori people – "taha wairua (the spiritual dimension), taha hinengaro (the mental dimension), taha tinana (the physical dimension), and taha whanau (the family dimension)".

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statistically control for their influence on the dependent, or outcome, variable. If the intent is to generalize from the research participants to a larger population, the researcher will employ probability sampling to select participants.

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are different in the electronic environment. Since about the early 1990s, licensing of electronic resources, particularly journals, has been very common. Presently, a major trend, particularly with respect to scholarly journals, is

901:, one should have enormous knowledge of subjects related to social science that they are specialized in. Similarly, in order to be a natural science researcher, the person should have knowledge of fields related to natural science ( 1761:. The hypothesis is the supposition to be tested. The researcher(s) collects data to test the hypothesis. The researcher(s) then analyzes and interprets the data via a variety of statistical methods, engaging in what is known as 2263:. The reason given is: This subsection's claims are potentially outdated in the "digital age" given that near-total penetration of Web access among scholars worldwide enables any scholar to submit papers to any journal anywhere. 1826:

The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge or deepen understanding of a topic or issue. This process takes three main forms (although, as previously discussed, the boundaries between them may be obscure):

1396:: Consists of identifying a population and selecting samples, gathering information from or about these samples by using specific research instruments. The instruments used for data collection must be valid and reliable. 2285:

is a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field. Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards of quality, improve performance, and provide credibility. In academia,

988:: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws" 6312: 2320:

in the United Kingdom as well as in some state governments in the United States, funding cuts for university research have occurred, which some say may lead to the future decline of Western dominance in research.

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says, "... no researcher should accept any one or two tests as definitive. It is only when a range of tests are consistent over many kinds of data, researchers, and methods can one have confidence in the results."

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Research input and output worldwide, various years since 2014, Statistical Annex, by country, Table B1: Research expenditure as a share of GDP and in purchasing power parity dollars (PPP$ ), 2015–2018, year 2018

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Reverby, Susan M. (1 April 2012). "Zachary M. Schrag. Ethical Imperialism: Institutional Review Boards and the Social Sciences, 1965–2009. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2010. Pp. xii, 245. $ 45.00".

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of research can be found in databases explicitly for theses and dissertations. In publishing, STM publishing is an abbreviation for academic publications in science, technology, and medicine. Most established

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collected using proper sampling and data collection strategies. Quantitative research is concerned with testing hypotheses derived from theory or being able to estimate the size of a phenomenon of interest.

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of the world. It makes practical applications possible. Scientific research may be funded by public authorities, charitable organizations, and private organizations. Scientific research can be subdivided by

1426:). Generally, a hypothesis is used to make predictions that can be tested by observing the outcome of an experiment. If the outcome is inconsistent with the hypothesis, then the hypothesis is rejected (see 6983:

Minasny, Budiman; Fiantis, Dian; Mulyanto, Budi; Sulaeman, Yiyi; Widyatmanti, Wirastuti (15 August 2020). "Global soil science research collaboration in the 21st century: Time to end helicopter research".

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Research has been defined in a number of different ways, and while there are similarities, there does not appear to be a single, all-encompassing definition that is embraced by all who engage in it.

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single-country study, rather than a study design that uses data from multiple countries. Despite the issue of generalizability, single-country studies have risen in prevalence since the late 2000s.

1875:: It is very powerful strategy for demonstrating methodology to health professions education as well as best suited for exploring challenging problems in health professions educations. In addition, 1900:

This involves systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships, by asking a narrow question and collecting numerical data to analyze it utilizing

2372:) and the careers of local scientists. This form of "colonial" science has reverberations of 19th century scientific practices of treating non-Western participants as "others" in order to advance 5646:

Callaham, Michael; Wears, Robert; Weber, Ellen L. (2002). "Journal Prestige, Publication Bias, and Other Characteristics Associated With Citation of Published Studies in Peer-Reviewed Journals".

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Schiesser, G. (2015). What is at stake – Qu'est ce que l'enjeu? Paradoxes – Problematics – Perspectives in Artistic Research Today, in: Arts, Research, Innovation and Society. Eds. Gerald Bast,

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In many disciplines, Western methods of conducting research are predominant. Researchers are overwhelmingly taught Western methods of data collection and study. The increasing participation of

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research hypotheses, choosing methods and techniques, selecting or developing data collection tools, processing the data, interpretation, and ending with presenting solution(s) of the problem.

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name seven points of attention to specify the Doctorate / PhD in the Arts compared to a scientific doctorate / PhD. The Florence Principles have been endorsed and are supported also by

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resulting from parachute science frequently only contribute to the career of the scientists from rich countries, thus limiting the development of local science capacity (such as

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Research input and output worldwide, various years since 2014, Statistical Annex, by country, Table C2: Total researchers and researchers per million inhabitants, 2015 and 2018

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Canagarajah, Suresh (October 1996). "'Nondiscursive' Requirements in Academic Publishing, Material Resources of Periphery Scholars, and the Politics of Knowledge Production".

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Talja, Sanna and Pamela J. Mckenzie (2007). Editor's Introduction: Special Issue on Discursive Approaches to Information Seeking in Context, The University of Chicago Press.

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Creswell, J.W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 2008

2341:, frequently described as helicopter research, parachute science or research, parasitic research, or safari study, is when researchers from wealthier countries go to a 2057:

to the treatment of human and animal subjects. The societal responsibilities that science and research have are not traditionally included and are less well defined.

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defines artistic research as any kind of research employing the artistic mode of perception. For a survey of the central problematics of today's artistic research, see

7535: 5910: 2595:. There are two main forms of open access: open access publishing, in which the articles or the whole journal is freely available from the time of publication, and 7801: 6952: 1365:. Though the order may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following steps are usually part of most formal research, both basic and applied: 1627:

and sensual criticism. Though items may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following concepts are part of most formal historical research:

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Patricia Leavy addresses eight arts-based research (ABR) genres: narrative inquiry, fiction-based research, poetry, music, dance, theatre, film, and visual art.

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is identified. A gap in the current literature, as identified by a researcher, then engenders a research question. The research question may be parallel to the

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methods of data collection. Western methods of data collection may not be the most accurate or relevant for research on non-Western societies. For example, "

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The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research more generally to also include studying already existing knowledge: "studious inquiry or examination;

8607: 219: 1015:, is research that is not exclusively based on a summary, review, or synthesis of earlier publications on the subject of research. This material is of a 6173:

Rocco, T.S., Hatcher, T., & Creswell, J.W. (2011). The handbook of scholarly writing and publishing. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons. 2011

6046: 2523:) has been used both as a generic term for a person who has been carrying out scientific research, and as a job position within the frameworks of the 7431: 482: 5435: 8617: 8612: 7463: 7132: 5350: 6240: 7509: 2424: 1510: 962:

term "recerchier," a compound word from "re-" + "cerchier", or "sercher", meaning 'search'. The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577.

6418: 6887: 5710:"Resolving ethical challenges when researching with minority and vulnerable populations: LGBTIQ victims of violence, harassment and bullying" 6666: 7794: 2316:, argue for "the need a plural university world". Marginson argues that the East Asian Confucian model could take over the Western model. 2190: 7351:

Stefanoudis, Paris V.; Licuanan, Wilfredo Y.; Morrison, Tiffany H.; Talma, Sheena; Veitayaki, Joeli; Woodall, Lucy C. (22 February 2021).

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The total number of researchers (full-time equivalents) per million inhabitants for individual countries is shown in the following table.

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which led to international codes of research ethics. No approach has been universally accepted, but typically-cited codes are the 1947

551: 7934: 6690:"Commentary on Cultural Diversity Across the Pacific: The Dominance of Western Theories, Models, Research and Practice in Psychology" 5560: 2628: with: funding for research in the humanities and other areas. Presently, only scientific research is addressed. You can help by 1569: 5765: 5999:

Hughes, Rolf: "Leap into Another Kind: International Developments in Artistic Research", in Swedish Research Council, ed. (2013),

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indigenous communities consider that access to certain information proper to the group should be determined by relationships.

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Cohen, N.; Arieli, T. (2011). "Field research in conflict environments: Methodological challenges and snowball sampling".

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Artistic research aims to enhance knowledge and understanding with presentation of the arts. A simpler understanding by

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Research expenditure by type of research as a share of GDP for individual countries is shown in the following table.

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cultural groups (i.e. indigenous communities) this is denounced as "access control" and reprehended as censorship.

2115: 8340: 7712: 1577: 487: 17: 7747: 7032:"Neo-colonial science by the most industrialised upon the least developed countries in peer-reviewed publishing" 5615:"Early career researcher originality: Engaging Richard Florida's international competition for creative workers" 1411: 1160: 850:, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: 7810: 7408: 5790:

Eisner, E. W. (1981). "On the Differences between Scientific and Artistic Approaches to Qualitative Research".

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Frequently, during this kind of research, the local colleagues might be used to provide logistics support as

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and samples, and publish the results with no or little involvement of local researchers. A 2003 study by the

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to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of

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Canagarajah, A. Suresh (1 January 1996). "From Critical Research Practice to Critical Research Reporting".

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qualitative or quantitative, and can use a variety of approaches, such as queer theory or feminist theory.

668: 472: 7438: 1167: 846:(R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on 2381: 2165:

across a large number of fields. This widespread difficulty in reproducing research has been termed the "

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Gauch, Jr., H.G. (2003). Scientific method in practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2003

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The degree of originality of the research is among the major criteria for articles to be published in

8585: 8542: 8537: 8512: 8427: 8417: 8412: 7773: 7599: 6080: 2669: 2354: 2010: 1301: 1243: 1234: 1149: 1134: 1089: 537: 499: 286: 32: 7731: 7107: 6916:"Does Information Really Want to be Free? Indigenous Knowledge Systems and the Question of Openness" 1606: 8422: 8325: 7972: 7919: 6554:

Ioannidis, John P. A.; Fanelli, Daniele; Dunne, Debbie Drake; Goodman, Steven N. (2 October 2015).

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Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research.

6291:"Applying a project management approach to survey research projects that use qualitative methods" 2364:

but are not engaged for their expertise or given credit for their participation in the research.

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Educational Research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research

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for the research. It is good ethical research practice to use secondary data wherever possible.

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of the 20th century, is credited with saving more lives than any other scientist in that time.

8549: 8517: 8492: 8377: 8330: 8226: 8204: 8194: 8179: 8119: 8106: 8079: 7944: 7909: 7866: 7696: 7631: 7620: 5964:(Chapter 11: The Case of the Journal for Artistic Research), Leiden: Leiden University Press. 5587: 5315: 2388: 2287: 2054: 1895: 1837: 1408:: This can be represented through tables, figures, and pictures, and then described in words. 1381: 1350: 871: 734: 724: 504: 477: 383: 214: 154: 6073: 6072: 2399:

of the findings in local communities in order to address issues being studied by scientists.

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A Playbook for Research Methods: Integrating Conceptual Frameworks and Project Management

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provides a comprehensive list of U.S. Government and private foundation funding sources.

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flaws or holes in previous research which provides justification for the study. Often, a

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Even though Western dominance seems to be prominent in research, some scholars, such as

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1378:: A testable prediction which designates the relationship between two or more variables. 8502: 8372: 8174: 8074: 8069: 7854: 7684: 7558: 7501: 7430:

Heiner Evanschitzky, Carsten Baumgarth, Raymond Hubbard and J. Scott Armstrong (2006).

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which rely on local communities to implement solutions, neo-colonial science prevents

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of artistic research and its methodologies, from all arts disciplines and it runs the

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Dahdouh-Guebas, Farid; Ahimbisibwe, J.; Van Moll, Rita; Koedam, Nico (1 March 2003).

7009: 6861: 6780: 6656: 6631: 6595: 6577: 6534: 6489: 6400: 6390: 6269: 6263: 6174: 6157: 6137: 6113: 6084: 6018: 5757: 5688: 5663: 5593: 5525: 5402: 5320: 5252: 3003: 2232: 2182: 1946: 1754: 1750: 1717: 1708: 1619: 1611: 1601: 1494: 1454: 1362: 1229: 1065: 940: 799: 588: 527: 435: 420: 378: 361: 296: 281: 97: 92: 59: 7505: 7257: 7200: 7063: 6530: 5862: 1769:

are then reported and evaluated. At the end, the researcher may discuss avenues for

1402:: Involves breaking down the individual pieces of data to draw conclusions about it. 8507: 8482: 8382: 8243: 8238: 8019: 7676: 7550: 7493: 7364: 7227: 7170: 7043: 7005: 7001: 6915: 6851: 6843: 6810: 6768: 6730: 6701: 6623: 6585: 6567: 6526: 6347: 6302: 5721: 5655: 5447: 5394: 5386: 2608: 2582: 2561: 2061: 1815: 1547: 1049: 1041: 978: 898: 827: 683: 398: 366: 356: 324: 137: 102: 5467: 2581:

have their own scientific journals and other outlets for publication, though many

2432: 8522: 8367: 8345: 8114: 8029: 8014: 7779: 6847: 6572: 6521:

Liu, Alex (2015). "Structural Equation Modeling and Latent Variable Approaches".

6485: 6475: 6190: 6131: 5474: 5340: 5275: 4781: 3489: 2555: 2482: 2313: 2162: 2125: 2065: 2042: 1979: 1766: 1624: 1514: 1458: 1423: 1393: 1326: 1323: 951: 863: 699: 405: 344: 261: 256: 251: 246: 85: 75: 6772: 5818: 2194: 1614:(1795–1886), considered to be one of the founders of modern source-based history 8580: 8532: 8487: 8280: 8216: 8129: 8089: 7929: 7889: 7726: 6262:

Pawar, Neelam (December 2020). "6. Type of Research and Type Research Design".

5957: 5165: 4205: 3867: 2895: 2599:, where the author makes a copy of their own work freely available on the web. 2596: 2587: 2472: 2468: 2361: 2100: 2092: 2073: 1961:

research does not rely on externally available data; rather, it seeks to prove

1776: 1684: 1486: 1427: 1016: 823: 575: 430: 373: 271: 224: 204: 174: 7369: 7352: 7047: 6477:

Research design : qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches

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as opposed to the classical scientific methods. As such, it is similar to the

8634: 8392: 8362: 8300: 8101: 8049: 8044: 7954: 7680: 7378: 7241: 7184: 7055: 7013: 6635: 6581: 6556:"Meta-research: Evaluation and Improvement of Research Methods and Practices" 6481: 5962:

The Conflict of the Faculties. Perspectives on Artistic Research and Academia

5761: 5726: 5709: 5659: 5561:"What is Original Research? Original research is considered a primary source" 5390: 5380: 5285: 5189: 3885: 2436: 2155: 2133: 1819: 1551: 1399: 1095: 958:", which means "to go about seeking", the term itself being derived from the 875: 831: 567: 425: 415: 6627: 5620:. Centre for Educational Research, University of Western Sydney. p. 2. 5614: 932: 8352: 8211: 8149: 7884: 7432:"Replication Research in Marketing Revisited: A Note on a Disturbing Trend" 7386: 7249: 7192: 6865: 6599: 5667: 5247: 5021: 3687: 2508: 2377: 1482: 1446: 1053: 847: 266: 7344: 7031: 6352: 6307: 5743:"Who's Afraid of Artistic Research? On measuring artistic research output" 5563:. Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida. Archived from 5452: 5385:. The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities. 1883:

approach is necessary to control the scope, schedule, and cost related to

8387: 8084: 8054: 8039: 7904: 7899: 5093: 5045: 4757: 4733: 3759: 3705: 3471: 3453: 2649: 2573: 2373: 2282: 2137: 2083:

includes many large scale violations and crimes against humanity such as

1958: 1765:. The results of the data analysis in rejecting or failing to reject the 1662: 1544: 1540: 1521: 1422:

A common misconception is that a hypothesis will be proven (see, rather,

1045: 1025: 879: 658: 617: 393: 339: 239: 194: 7742: 6953:"Sun sets on Western dominance as East Asian Confucian model takes lead" 6219:

Plato, & Bluck, R. S. (1962). Meno. Cambridge, UK: University Press.

2617: 1887:

design, participant recruitment, data collection, reporting, as well as

1811: 8320: 8315: 8260: 7924: 7894: 7876: 7029: 6742: 6706: 6689: 5803: 5436:"Professional Association and Pathways to Leadership in Our Profession" 5257: 4709: 4589: 4493: 4133: 3417: 3309: 3237: 2841: 2476: 2207: 1906: 1840:, which tests theories and proposes solutions to a problem or question. 1758: 1375: 959: 855: 795: 719: 673: 447: 351: 319: 291: 209: 199: 189: 39: 7070: 2223:

English-speaking countries are more represented than other countries.

889:

is a person engaged in conducting research, possibly recognized as an

8497: 7964: 7939: 7818: 7497: 4949: 4661: 4565: 3989: 3941:

Research expenditure as a share of GDP by type of research (%), 2018

3633: 3363: 3291: 3111: 2715: 2648:

Most funding for scientific research comes from three major sources:

2219: 2161:

inefficiencies. Among the finding of meta-research is a low rates of

1954: 1656: 1505: 1450: 1338: 1020: 936: 913: 906: 894: 803: 704: 678: 637: 622: 388: 7400: 6832:"Generalizability: The trees, the forest, and the low-hanging fruit" 6734: 6001:

Artistic Research Then and Now: 2004–2013, Yearbook of AR&D 2013

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found that 70% of articles in a random sample of publications about

1116: 7695:

Soeters, Joseph; Shields, Patricia and Rietjens, Sebastiaan. 2014.

6462:

Research and Evaluation for Busy Practitioners: A Time-Saving Guide

6449:

Research and Evaluation for Busy Practitioners: A Time-Saving Guide

5117: 4997: 4973: 4853: 4613: 4061: 3777: 3669: 3651: 3561: 3525: 3327: 2769: 1929: 1649: 1637: 1559: 1462: 939:, (384–322 BC), one of the early figures in the development of the 859: 811: 807: 729: 627: 314: 112: 107: 1744:

Communicating the research findings and, possibly, recommendations

1318: 1019:

character. The purpose of the original research is to produce new

7841: 7756: 5213: 5141: 4877: 4349: 4325: 4253: 4229: 4157: 4037: 4013: 3965: 3921: 3903: 3831: 3795: 3579: 3435: 3399: 3075: 3057: 3021: 2967: 2949: 2913: 2859: 2751: 2733: 2697: 2684:

researchers (full-time equivalents) per million inhabitants 2018

2345:, collect information, travel back to their country, analyze the 2215: 1962: 1692: 1361:

Generally, research is understood to follow a certain structural

1342: 1292: 917: 910: 902: 851: 709: 7350: 1803:

The research room at the New York Public Library, an example of

1307: 1052:

are commonly required to perform original research as part of a

8474: 7768: 7533: 7476: 6978: 6976: 6974: 5975:

The Exposition of Artistic Research: Publishing Art in Academia

4925: 4901: 4829: 4805: 4685: 4541: 4517: 4445: 4301: 4277: 4181: 3813: 3741: 3615: 3597: 3543: 3507: 3381: 3273: 3255: 3219: 3165: 3039: 2985: 2877: 2787: 2527:, universities, and in other research-oriented establishments. 2046: 1942: 1585: 6982: 2507:

In present-day Russia, and some other countries of the former

2206:

Research is often biased in the languages that are preferred (

878:, etc. The scientific study of research practices is known as 5069: 4637: 4469: 4421: 4373: 4109: 4085: 3723: 3345: 3201: 3183: 3093: 2931: 2823: 2805: 2193:" was created as a criterion for psychological evaluation in 1926:

it up with a quantitative study to gain additional insights.

1783: 632: 6971: 6553: 1384:: Description of a concept by relating it to other concepts. 6652:

Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples

5376: 3129: 2346: 2122:, govern and oversee the responsible conduct of research. 1834:, which helps to identify and define a problem or question. 1787: 815: 7591: 7294: 7292: 7264: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7025: 7023: 5986:

Wilson, Nick and van Ruiten, Schelte / ELIA, eds. (2013),

924:

provide one pathway to mature in the research profession.

1701:

and results. The major steps in conducting research are:

6103:

Trochim, W.M.K, (2006). Research Methods Knowledge Base.

2294: 7289: 7150: 7095: 7020: 5938:"Swiss Science and Technology Research Council (2011), 5903:"Whose Terms? A Glossary for Social Practice: Research" 2572:

is a system that is necessary for academic scholars to

2076:

are the areas that raise ethical questions most often.

1033:

re-interpreted based on the outcome of the work of the

38:"Researched" redirects here. For the organisation, see 7133:"Scientists Say It's Time To End 'Parachute Research'" 5680: 5263:

List of countries by research and development spending

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In several national and private academic systems, the

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as researchers has brought increased attention to the

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of artistic research, to which anyone can contribute.

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Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences

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Sha, Mandy; Childs, Jennifer Hunter (1 August 2014).

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Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers

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The Florence Principles' on the Doctorate in the Arts

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as tools to apply measurement and critical analysis.

1337:

is a systematic way of gathering data and harnessing

1296:

Primary scientific research being carried out at the

7401:"Ведущий научный сотрудник: должностные обязанности" 5927:, pp. 4–5. London: A&C Black Publishers Limited. 7216:"Parasitic and parachute research in global health" 7078:"Q&A: Parachute Science in Coral Reef Research" 5973:Schwab, Michael, and Borgdorff, Henk, eds. (2014), 1141:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7809: 5708:Roffee, James A; Waling, Andrea (18 August 2016). 5645: 2668:their research but also as a source of merit. The 2602: 1846:, which tests the feasibility of a solution using 6268:. Vol. 15. KD Publications. pp. 46–57. 5493: 5491: 5489: 806:". It involves the collection, organization, and 45:"Researcher" redirects here. For other uses, see 27:Systematic study undertaken to increase knowledge 8632: 7697:Handbook of Research Methods in Military Studies 6129: 6064: 5684:Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006–2007 edition 5351:Timeline of the history of the scientific method 1345:information and theories for the explanation of 7534:J. Scott Armstrong & Robert Fildes (2006). 7477:J. Scott Armstrong & Peer Soelberg (1968). 6370:Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. 5612: 2659:; and government research councils such as the 2543:Leading Researcher (Leading Research Associate) 2499:of research has resulted in formal job titles. 2005:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling 1679: 1445:involves different methods such as for example 7159:"Closing the door on parachutes and parasites" 6754: 6752: 6079:. New York: Fordham University Press. p. 5988:SHARE Handbook for Artistic Research Education 5486: 1753:is conducted in a given subject area before a 7795: 6829: 6525:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 1–15. 6467: 6384: 5613:Singh, Michael; Li, Bingyi (6 October 2009). 2540:Senior Researcher (Senior Research Associate) 2534:Junior Researcher (Junior Research Associate) 2421:The examples and perspective in this section 1729:Choice of a methodology (for data collection) 1437: 772: 545: 7462:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6947: 6945: 6231:"Maurice R. Hilleman dies; created vaccines" 6191:"QUESTIONS ABOUT FREEDOM, DEMOCIDE, AND WAR" 6130:Shields, Patricia M.; Rangarjan, N. (2013). 5860: 5707: 2357:did not include a local research co-author. 7666: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6792: 6790: 6758: 6749: 6720: 6334:Sha, Mandy; Pan, Yuling (1 December 2013). 5701: 2546:Chief Researcher (Chief Research Associate) 1104:Learn how and when to remove these messages 977:Another definition of research is given by 7802: 7788: 7479:"On the Interpretation of Factor Analysis" 6228: 2439:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 2323: 2241: 1500:Artistic research has been defined by the 1024:laboratory or in the field, documents the 897:. In order to be a social researcher or a 779: 765: 552: 538: 74: 7368: 7231: 7174: 7157:Health, The Lancet Global (1 June 2018). 6942: 6855: 6814: 6705: 6589: 6571: 6389:. New York: Springer Publishing Company. 6351: 6306: 6288: 6070: 5900: 5725: 5451: 2455:Learn how and when to remove this message 2029:Learn how and when to remove this message 1726:, sometimes including a set of hypotheses 1570:European League of Institutes of the Arts 1550:for the identification, publication, and 1280:Learn how and when to remove this message 1262:Learn how and when to remove this message 1201:Learn how and when to remove this message 802:work undertaken to increase the stock of 6913: 6902: 6799:"The Return of the Single-Country Study" 6796: 6787: 6473: 5816: 2554: 1905:philosophical and theoretical stance of 1810: 1798: 1691: 1683: 1605: 1317: 1306: 1291: 931: 483:Library and information science software 7650:Research Methods in Indigenous Contexts 7353:"Turning the tide of parachute science" 6687: 6612: 5891:. Wien/New York: Springer. pp. 197–210. 5585: 5550:(3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson. 2376:—and critics call for the end of these 2144: 1668: 1370:Observations and formation of the topic 14: 8633: 7326:"The Traces of Colonialism in Science" 7156: 7108:"The Problem With 'Parachute Science'" 6959:from the original on 20 September 2016 6920:International Journal of Communication 6333: 6003:, Stockholm: Swedish Research Council. 5913:from the original on 9 September 2014. 5789: 5740: 5523: 2403: 2307: 2172: 1595: 1059: 478:Geographic information system software 7783: 7536:"Monetary Incentives in Mail Surveys" 7330:Observatory of Educational Innovation 7213: 6816:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051017-113314 6648: 6502:from the original on 16 November 2023 6380: 6378: 6376: 6315:from the original on 25 November 2023 6261: 6012: 5847:Schwab, M. (2009). "Draft Proposal". 3951: 3948: 3945: 2295:Influence of the open-access movement 7647: 7543:International Journal of Forecasting 6669:from the original on 25 October 2018 6464:, p. 114. Bristol: The Policy Press. 6451:, p. 102. Bristol: The Policy Press. 6429:from the original on 20 October 2011 6243:from the original on 20 October 2012 6136:. Stillwater, OK: New Forums Press. 6017:(2nd ed.). New York: Guilford. 5990:, Amsterdam: Valand Academy, p. 249. 5829:from the original on 5 November 2011 5810: 5505:from the original on 18 October 2018 5375: 2612: 2407: 2245: 2060:The discipline is most developed in 2045:is a discipline within the study of 1985: 1469: 1417:Conclusion, reiteration if necessary 1212: 1139:adding citations to reliable sources 1110: 1069: 1044:and usually established by means of 996: 991: 8296:Digital media use and mental health 8010:Sociology of the history of science 7301:"The Problem of 'Colonial Science'" 6830:Kukull, W. A.; Ganguli, M. (2012). 6655:(2nd ed.). London: Zed Books. 6520: 6201:from the original on 4 January 2012 5771:from the original on 5 October 2011 5433: 2387:especially for fields dealing with 2226: 1879:researcher Mandy Sha argued that a 1794: 1738:Analyzing and interpreting the data 24: 7641: 6880:"Peer Review of Scholarly Journal" 6803:Annual Review of Political Science 6387:Research Methods for Public Health 6373: 6327: 6037: 5977:, Leiden: Leiden University Press. 5823:Dans och Cirkushögskolan (website) 5627:from the original on 10 April 2011 1972: 1713:Specifying the purpose of research 1705:Identification of research problem 1504:(Dans och Cirkushögskolan, DOCH), 574: 25: 8662: 8005:Sociology of scientific ignorance 7850:History and philosophy of science 7832:Economics of scientific knowledge 7706: 7411:from the original on 1 April 2010 6930:from the original on 15 July 2017 6890:from the original on 30 July 2017 6694:Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 6265:Research Methodology: An Overview 2124:Research in other fields such as 1741:Reporting and evaluating research 1311:Scientific research equipment at 1085:This article has multiple issues. 8598: 8597: 8572: 7767: 7755: 7741: 7602:from the original on 21 May 2021 7555:10.1016/j.ijforecast.2006.04.007 5869:from the original on 13 May 2021 5526:"RESEARCH APPROACH: AN OVERVIEW" 5415:from the original on 5 June 2020 5243:European Charter for Researchers 5206: 5182: 5158: 5134: 5110: 5086: 5062: 5038: 5014: 4990: 4966: 4942: 4918: 4894: 4870: 4846: 4822: 4798: 4774: 4750: 4726: 4702: 4678: 4654: 4630: 4606: 4582: 4558: 4534: 4510: 4486: 4462: 4438: 4414: 4390: 4366: 4342: 4318: 4294: 4270: 4246: 4222: 4198: 4174: 4150: 4126: 4102: 4078: 4054: 4030: 4006: 3982: 3958: 3914: 3896: 3878: 3860: 3842: 3824: 3806: 3788: 3770: 3752: 3734: 3716: 3698: 3680: 3662: 3644: 3626: 3608: 3590: 3572: 3554: 3536: 3518: 3500: 3482: 3464: 3446: 3428: 3410: 3392: 3374: 3356: 3338: 3320: 3302: 3284: 3266: 3248: 3230: 3212: 3194: 3176: 3158: 3140: 3122: 3104: 3086: 3068: 3050: 3032: 3014: 2996: 2978: 2960: 2942: 2924: 2906: 2888: 2870: 2852: 2834: 2816: 2798: 2780: 2762: 2744: 2726: 2708: 2690: 2616: 2412: 2329:This section is an excerpt from 2250: 2149: 2049:. Its scope ranges from general 1990: 1978:This section is an excerpt from 1871:social welfare characteristics. 1558:(RC), a searchable, documentary 1217: 1115: 1074: 7625: 7614: 7584: 7527: 7470: 7423: 7393: 7318: 7298: 7207: 7125: 6872: 6823: 6714: 6681: 6642: 6606: 6547: 6531:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0325 6514: 6454: 6441: 6411: 6360: 6282: 6255: 6222: 6213: 6183: 6167: 6150: 6123: 6106: 6097: 6031: 6006: 5993: 5980: 5967: 5951: 5930: 5917: 5894: 5881: 5854: 5841: 5783: 5734: 5681:US Department of Labor (2006). 5674: 5639: 2603:Research statistics and funding 2537:Researcher (Research Associate) 2530:The following ranks are known: 1578:European University Association 1126:needs additional citations for 1093:or discuss these issues on the 7811:Science and technology studies 7214:Smith, James (1 August 2018). 7006:10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114299 6616:The American Historical Review 6071:Garraghan, Gilbert J. (1946). 5851:. Bern University of the Arts. 5741:Lesage, Dieter (Spring 2009). 5606: 5579: 5553: 5540: 5517: 5460: 5427: 5369: 5301:Psychological research methods 2140:may generate ethical concerns. 1531:(SAR) publishes the triannual 1003:Knowledge:No original research 965: 13: 1: 7746:The dictionary definition of 7233:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30315-2 7176:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30239-0 6649:Smith, Linda Tuhiwai (2012). 5849:Journal for Artistic Research 5480:Scientific American Frontiers 5362: 5346:Society for Artistic Research 5296:Participatory action research 2661:National Institutes of Health 2550: 2351:Hungarian Academy of Sciences 1539:), an international, online, 1533:Journal for Artistic Research 1529:Society for Artistic Research 8358:Normalization process theory 7915:Philosophy of social science 7732:Resources in other libraries 6848:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318258f812 6797:Pepinsky, Thomas B. (2019). 6573:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002264 6229:Sullivan P (13 April 2005). 6075:A Guide to Historical Method 5940:Research Funding in the Arts 5863:"What is artistic research?" 5592:. McGraw Hill Professional. 2559:Cover of the first issue of 2502: 2089:Tuskegee syphilis experiment 1688:Research design and evidence 1680:Steps in conducting research 1412:Test, revising of hypothesis 927: 669:Organizational communication 7: 6914:Christen, Kimberly (2012). 6773:10.1177/0741088396013004001 6040:"Florence principles, 2016" 5819:"Artistic research at DOCH" 5230: 2435:, discuss the issue on the 1237:. The specific problem is: 47:Researcher (disambiguation) 10: 8667: 7981:construction of technology 6474:Creswell, John W. (2014). 5434:Sha, Mandy (14 May 2019). 5311:Research-intensive cluster 2606: 2480: 2466: 2328: 2230: 2153: 2108:research ethics committees 2085:Nazi human experimentation 1977: 1957:is theoretical in nature. 1672: 1599: 1502:School of Dance and Circus 1443:Research in the humanities 1438:Research in the humanities 1063: 1000: 29: 8568: 8513:Politicization of science 8473: 8259: 8028: 7963: 7875: 7840: 7817: 7727:Resources in your library 7669:Journal of Peace Research 7370:10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.029 6419:"Data Collection Methods" 5697:– via Google Books. 5602:– via Google Books. 3940: 3937: 2670:Social Psychology Network 2516: 2355:least-developed countries 2337:Neo-colonial research or 2259:This article needs to be 1623:synthesis. This includes 1341:. This research provides 1302:Idaho National Laboratory 922:Professional associations 505:Qualitative data analysis 33:Research (disambiguation) 7920:Philosophy of technology 7681:10.1177/0022343311405698 7220:The Lancet Global Health 7163:The Lancet Global Health 6013:Leavy, Patricia (2015). 5727:10.1177/1747016116658693 5660:10.1001/jama.287.21.2847 5586:Rozakis, Laurie (2007). 5530:Golden Research Thoughts 5391:10.1787/9789264239012-en 5268:List of words ending in 5190:United States of America 3886:United States of America 2665:Medical Research Council 2653:research and development 844:research and development 822:The primary purposes of 7082:The Scientist Magazine® 7048:10.1023/A:1022374703178 6628:10.1086/ahr.117.2.484-a 6366:Creswell, J.W. (2008). 5546:Creswell, J.W. (2008). 2370:funded research centers 2366:Scientific publications 2324:Neo-colonial approaches 2242:Publication peer review 2201: 2110:, such as those of the 2097:Declaration of Helsinki 7993:Sociology of knowledge 7760:Quotations related to 7652:. New York: Springer. 7486:Psychological Bulletin 6688:Stewart, Lisa (2012). 6385:Eyler, Amy A. (2020). 5792:Educational Researcher 5524:Grover, Vijey (2015). 5468:The Origins of Science 5356:Undergraduate research 2566: 2378:extractivist practices 2130:information technology 2081:list of historic cases 2070:human subject research 1937:Non-empirical research 1889:stakeholder engagement 1823: 1808: 1697: 1689: 1615: 1388:Operational definition 1331: 1315: 1304: 943: 579: 384:Inferential statistics 330:Descriptive statistics 277:Human subject research 8560:Transition management 8550:Technology assessment 8518:Regulation of science 8493:Evidence-based policy 8378:Sociotechnical system 8227:Traditional knowledge 8107:Psychology of science 8080:Mapping controversies 7986:shaping of technology 7945:Social constructivism 7910:Philosophy of science 7867:History of technology 7648:Groh, Arnold (2018). 7276:TheFreeDictionary.com 7272:"Helicopter Research" 6761:Written Communication 6353:10.29115/SP-2013-0024 6308:10.29115/SP-2014-0021 5861:Julian Klein (2010). 5453:10.29115/SP-2018-0039 5316:Research organization 2558: 2481:Further information: 2288:scholarly peer review 1955:cosmological research 1896:Quantitative research 1838:Constructive research 1814: 1802: 1716:Determining specific 1695: 1687: 1609: 1382:Conceptual definition 1321: 1310: 1295: 935: 872:practitioner research 578: 168:Philosophical schools 8465:Women in engineering 8311:Financial technology 8291:Digital anthropology 8060:Criticism of science 7973:Actor–network theory 7935:Religion and science 7827:Economics of science 7776:at Wikimedia Commons 7699:New York: Routledge. 7592:"Home | RePORT" 6955:. 24 February 2011. 5925:Research for Writers 5923:Hoffman, A. (2003). 5473:3 March 2003 at the 5238:Advertising research 3850:United Arab Emirates 2433:improve this section 2423:may not represent a 2404:Professionalisation 2397:institutionalization 2393:conservation biology 2382:decolonize knowledge 2339:neo-colonial science 2331:Neo-colonial science 2187:culturally sensitive 2145:Problems in research 2051:scientific integrity 1967:mathematical objects 1885:qualitative research 1860:Qualitative research 1832:Exploratory research 1724:conceptual framework 1675:Documentary research 1669:Documentary research 1520:According to artist 1491:qualitative research 1244:improve this article 1239:unsourced and vague. 1233:to meet Knowledge's 1135:improve this article 950:is derived from the 613:Communication theory 493:Reference management 443:Scientific modelling 185:Critical rationalism 31:For other uses, see 8306:Engineering studies 8276:Cyborg anthropology 8065:Demarcation problem 7950:Social epistemology 7305:Scientific American 6998:2020Geode.373k4299M 6236:The Washington Post 6052:on 21 December 2016 5889:Elias G. Carayannis 5501:. Merriam-Webster. 5326:Research university 5291:Operations research 2657:private foundations 2570:Academic publishing 2525:Academy of Sciences 2497:professionalisation 2308:Future perspectives 2173:Methods of research 1722:Specification of a 1596:Historical research 1406:Data Interpretation 1335:Scientific research 1060:Scientific research 473:Argument technology 8586:History of science 8503:Funding of science 8373:Skunkworks project 8070:Double hermeneutic 7855:History of science 6884:www.PeerViewer.com 6707:10.1017/prp.2012.1 6038:Rahmat, Omarkhil. 5901:Topal, H. (2014). 5750:Art & Research 5399:20.500.12749/13290 5336:Secondary research 5331:Scholarly research 5306:Research integrity 5281:Marketing research 2663:in the US and the 2567: 2491:Research assistant 2487:Research associate 2343:developing country 2179:indigenous peoples 2167:replication crisis 2009:You can assist by 1881:project management 1848:empirical evidence 1844:Empirical research 1824: 1809: 1805:secondary research 1763:empirical research 1718:research questions 1698: 1690: 1655:Identification of 1616: 1556:Research Catalogue 1332: 1316: 1305: 1300:Laboratory of the 944: 664:Mass communication 654:Discourse analysis 580: 467:Tools and software 411:Secondary research 335:Discourse analysis 8651:Scientific method 8628: 8627: 8555:Technology policy 8286:Dematerialization 8095:black swan events 7772:Media related to 7713:Library resources 7659:978-3-319-72774-5 6842:(23): 1886–1891. 6495:978-1-4522-2609-5 6396:978-0-8261-8206-7 6275:978-81-948755-8-1 6179:978-0-470-39335-2 6090:978-0-8371-7132-6 6015:Methods Meets Art 5321:Research proposal 5253:Internet research 5228: 5227: 3930: 3929: 2646: 2645: 2583:academic journals 2565:, 4 November 1869 2521:nauchny sotrudnik 2517:Научный сотрудник 2465: 2464: 2457: 2280: 2279: 2233:External validity 2183:scientific lacuna 2039: 2038: 2031: 1947:Scientific method 1818:, the preeminent 1755:research question 1751:literature review 1709:Literature review 1620:historical method 1612:Leopold von Ranke 1610:German historian 1602:Historical method 1495:intersubjectivity 1475:Artistic research 1470:Artistic research 1457:. Historians use 1455:historical method 1394:Gathering of data 1290: 1289: 1282: 1272: 1271: 1264: 1235:quality standards 1226:This article may 1211: 1210: 1203: 1185: 1108: 1066:Scientific method 1050:Graduate students 1042:academic journals 1009:Original research 997:Original research 992:Forms of research 941:scientific method 789: 788: 562: 561: 528:Philosophy portal 436:Systematic review 421:Literature review 379:Historical method 362:Social experiment 297:Scientific method 282:Narrative inquiry 133:Interdisciplinary 127:Research strategy 98:Research question 93:Research proposal 16:(Redirected from 8658: 8601: 8600: 8576: 8528:Right to science 8508:Horizon scanning 8483:Academic freedom 8383:Technical change 8244:Women in science 8239:Unity of science 8020:Strong programme 7804: 7797: 7790: 7781: 7780: 7771: 7759: 7745: 7692: 7663: 7635: 7629: 7623: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7588: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7571: 7565:. 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(2012). 6445: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6382: 6371: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6310: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6226: 6220: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6187: 6181: 6171: 6165: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6127: 6121: 6110: 6104: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6078: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6051: 6045:. 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Creswell 899:social scientist 828:applied research 781: 774: 767: 684:Sociolinguistics 564: 563: 554: 547: 540: 500:Science software 399:Cultural mapping 367:Quasi-experiment 357:Field experiment 325:Content analysis 220:Critical realism 138:Multimethodology 78: 55: 54: 50: 43: 36: 21: 8666: 8665: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8656: 8655: 8631: 8630: 8629: 8624: 8564: 8523:Research ethics 8469: 8368:Reverse salient 8262: 8255: 8031: 8024: 8015:Sociotechnology 7959: 7871: 7836: 7813: 7808: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7721: 7720: 7716: 7709: 7660: 7644: 7642:Further reading 7639: 7638: 7630: 7626: 7619: 7615: 7605: 7603: 7590: 7589: 7585: 7575: 7573: 7572:on 20 June 2010 7569: 7538: 7532: 7528: 7518: 7516: 7515:on 21 June 2010 7512: 7481: 7475: 7471: 7455: 7454: 7447: 7445: 7444:on 20 June 2010 7441: 7434: 7428: 7424: 7414: 7412: 7399: 7398: 7394: 7357:Current Biology 7349: 7345: 7335: 7333: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7309: 7307: 7297: 7290: 7280: 7278: 7270: 7269: 7265: 7212: 7208: 7155: 7151: 7141: 7139: 7131: 7130: 7126: 7116: 7114: 7106: 7105: 7096: 7086: 7084: 7076: 7075: 7071: 7028: 7021: 6981: 6972: 6962: 6960: 6951: 6950: 6943: 6933: 6931: 6912: 6903: 6893: 6891: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6828: 6824: 6795: 6788: 6757: 6750: 6735:10.2307/3588146 6723:TESOL Quarterly 6719: 6715: 6686: 6682: 6672: 6670: 6663: 6647: 6643: 6611: 6607: 6552: 6548: 6541: 6519: 6515: 6505: 6503: 6496: 6472: 6468: 6460:Kara H (2012). 6459: 6455: 6446: 6442: 6432: 6430: 6417: 6416: 6412: 6397: 6383: 6374: 6365: 6361: 6340:Survey Practice 6332: 6328: 6318: 6316: 6295:Survey Practice 6287: 6283: 6276: 6260: 6256: 6246: 6244: 6227: 6223: 6218: 6214: 6204: 6202: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6172: 6168: 6155: 6151: 6144: 6128: 6124: 6111: 6107: 6102: 6098: 6091: 6069: 6065: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6042: 6036: 6032: 6025: 6011: 6007: 5998: 5994: 5985: 5981: 5972: 5968: 5956: 5952: 5944: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5922: 5918: 5899: 5895: 5886: 5882: 5872: 5870: 5859: 5855: 5846: 5842: 5832: 5830: 5815: 5811: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5745: 5739: 5735: 5714:Research Ethics 5706: 5702: 5695: 5687:. Mcgraw-hill. 5679: 5675: 5654:(21): 2847–50. 5644: 5640: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5617: 5611: 5607: 5600: 5584: 5580: 5570: 5568: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5545: 5541: 5522: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5497: 5496: 5487: 5475:Wayback Machine 5465: 5461: 5440:Survey Practice 5432: 5428: 5418: 5416: 5409: 5382:Frascati Manual 5374: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5341:Social research 5276:Market research 5233: 5207: 5205: 5183: 5181: 5159: 5157: 5135: 5133: 5111: 5109: 5087: 5085: 5063: 5061: 5039: 5037: 5015: 5013: 4991: 4989: 4967: 4965: 4943: 4941: 4919: 4917: 4895: 4893: 4871: 4869: 4847: 4845: 4823: 4821: 4799: 4797: 4782:North Macedonia 4775: 4773: 4751: 4749: 4727: 4725: 4703: 4701: 4679: 4677: 4655: 4653: 4631: 4629: 4607: 4605: 4583: 4581: 4559: 4557: 4535: 4533: 4511: 4509: 4487: 4485: 4463: 4461: 4439: 4437: 4415: 4413: 4391: 4389: 4367: 4365: 4343: 4341: 4319: 4317: 4295: 4293: 4271: 4269: 4247: 4245: 4223: 4221: 4199: 4197: 4175: 4173: 4151: 4149: 4127: 4125: 4103: 4101: 4079: 4077: 4055: 4053: 4031: 4029: 4007: 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2483:Research fellow 2479: 2461: 2450: 2444: 2441: 2430: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2401: 2400: 2334: 2326: 2314:Simon Marginson 2310: 2297: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2255: 2251: 2244: 2235: 2229: 2204: 2175: 2163:reproducibility 2158: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2141: 2126:social sciences 2099:, and the 1978 2066:research design 2043:Research ethics 2041: 2035: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2008: 1995: 1991: 1983: 1980:Research ethics 1975: 1973:Research ethics 1941:Non-empirical ( 1797: 1767:null hypothesis 1732:Data collection 1682: 1677: 1671: 1661:Attribution of 1640:of localization 1625:lower criticism 1604: 1598: 1515:Giaco Schiesser 1487:social sciences 1472: 1459:primary sources 1440: 1424:null hypothesis 1324:research vessel 1286: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1257: 1251: 1248: 1241: 1222: 1218: 1207: 1196: 1190: 1187: 1144: 1142: 1132: 1120: 1079: 1075: 1068: 1062: 1006: 999: 994: 968: 930: 826:(as opposed to 785: 700:Public speaking 604:General aspects 598: 558: 522: 521: 468: 460: 459: 406:Phenomenography 345:Autoethnography 310: 302: 301: 262:Grounded theory 257:Critical theory 252:Art methodology 247:Action research 242: 232: 231: 170: 160: 159: 128: 120: 119: 88: 86:Research design 51: 44: 37: 30: 28: 23: 22: 18:Research method 15: 12: 11: 5: 8664: 8654: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8622: 8621: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8595: 8594: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8546: 8545: 8540: 8533:Science policy 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8488:Digital divide 8485: 8479: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8467: 8462: 8461: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8432: 8431: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8404:Technological 8402: 8401: 8400: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8349: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8281:Design studies 8278: 8273: 8267: 8265: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8241: 8236: 8235: 8234: 8224: 8219: 8217:Scientometrics 8214: 8209: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 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7112:Science Friday 7094: 7069: 7042:(3): 329–343. 7036:Scientometrics 7019: 6970: 6941: 6901: 6871: 6822: 6786: 6767:(4): 435–472. 6748: 6729:(2): 321–331. 6713: 6680: 6662:978-1848139503 6661: 6641: 6622:(2): 484–485. 6605: 6546: 6540:978-1118900772 6539: 6513: 6494: 6466: 6453: 6440: 6410: 6395: 6372: 6359: 6326: 6281: 6274: 6254: 6221: 6212: 6195:www.hawaii.edu 6182: 6166: 6149: 6142: 6122: 6105: 6096: 6089: 6063: 6030: 6024:978-1462519446 6023: 6005: 5992: 5979: 5966: 5958:Henk Borgdorff 5950: 5929: 5916: 5893: 5880: 5853: 5840: 5817:Unattributed. 5809: 5782: 5733: 5700: 5694:978-0071472883 5693: 5673: 5638: 5605: 5599:978-0071511223 5598: 5578: 5567:on 9 July 2011 5552: 5539: 5516: 5485: 5459: 5426: 5408:978-9264238800 5407: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5178: 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2501: 2473:Academic staff 2469:Academic ranks 2463: 2462: 2427:of the subject 2425:worldwide view 2420: 2418: 2411: 2405: 2402: 2335: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2309: 2306: 2296: 2293: 2278: 2277: 2258: 2256: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2228: 2225: 2203: 2200: 2174: 2171: 2154:Main article: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2101:Belmont Report 2093:Nuremberg Code 2074:animal testing 2047:applied ethics 2037: 2036: 1998: 1996: 1989: 1984: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1939: 1938: 1911: 1910: 1898: 1863: 1862: 1852: 1851: 1841: 1835: 1796: 1793: 1777:Rudolph Rummel 1746: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1735:Verifying data 1733: 1730: 1727: 1720: 1714: 1711: 1706: 1696:Research cycle 1681: 1678: 1673:Main article: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1635: 1634:of origin date 1632:Identification 1600:Main article: 1597: 1594: 1588:, CUMULUS and 1471: 1468: 1439: 1436: 1428:falsifiability 1420: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1373: 1351:the properties 1288: 1287: 1270: 1269: 1225: 1223: 1216: 1209: 1208: 1123: 1121: 1114: 1109: 1083: 1082: 1080: 1073: 1064:Main article: 1061: 1058: 1017:primary-source 1011:, also called 998: 995: 993: 990: 967: 964: 929: 926: 848:epistemologies 840:interpretation 824:basic research 787: 786: 784: 783: 776: 769: 761: 758: 757: 756: 755: 747: 746: 740: 739: 738: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 694: 693: 689: 688: 687: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 648: 647: 643: 642: 641: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 607: 606: 600: 599: 597: 596: 591: 585: 582: 581: 571: 570: 560: 559: 557: 556: 549: 542: 534: 531: 530: 524: 523: 520: 519: 518: 517: 512: 507: 497: 496: 495: 490: 480: 475: 469: 466: 465: 462: 461: 458: 457: 452: 451: 450: 440: 439: 438: 433: 431:Scoping review 428: 423: 418: 408: 403: 402: 401: 391: 386: 381: 376: 374:Field research 371: 370: 369: 364: 359: 349: 348: 347: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 311: 308: 307: 304: 303: 300: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 272:Historiography 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 243: 238: 237: 234: 233: 230: 229: 228: 227: 225:Subtle realism 222: 212: 207: 205:Postpositivism 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 180:Constructivism 177: 175:Antipositivism 171: 166: 165: 162: 161: 158: 157: 152: 151: 150: 140: 135: 129: 126: 125: 122: 121: 118: 117: 116: 115: 110: 100: 95: 89: 84: 83: 80: 79: 71: 70: 64: 63: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8663: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8605: 8604: 8596: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8578: 8575: 8571: 8570: 8567: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8472: 8466: 8463: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8394: 8393:Technoscience 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8363:Media studies 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8301:Early adopter 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8271:Co-production 8269: 8268: 8266: 8264: 8258: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8120:communication 8118: 8116: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8102:Pseudoscience 8100: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8050:Boundary-work 8048: 8046: 8045:Bibliometrics 8043: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7991: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7966: 7962: 7956: 7955:Transhumanism 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7874: 7868: 7865: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7839: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7805: 7800: 7798: 7793: 7791: 7786: 7785: 7782: 7775: 7770: 7766: 7763: 7758: 7754: 7752:at Wiktionary 7751: 7750: 7744: 7740: 7739: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7701: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7665: 7661: 7655: 7651: 7646: 7645: 7634: 7628: 7622: 7617: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7587: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7537: 7530: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7480: 7473: 7465: 7459: 7440: 7433: 7426: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7396: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7347: 7331: 7327: 7321: 7306: 7302: 7295: 7293: 7277: 7273: 7267: 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June 2017. 6885: 6881: 6875: 6867: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6826: 6817: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6793: 6791: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6755: 6753: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6717: 6708: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6684: 6668: 6664: 6658: 6654: 6653: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6550: 6542: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6517: 6501: 6497: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6482:Thousand Oaks 6479: 6478: 6470: 6463: 6457: 6450: 6444: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6388: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6369: 6363: 6354: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6330: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6285: 6277: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6258: 6242: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6225: 6216: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6180: 6176: 6170: 6163: 6162:0-521-81689-0 6159: 6153: 6145: 6143:9781581072471 6139: 6135: 6134: 6126: 6119: 6118:0-13-613550-1 6115: 6109: 6100: 6092: 6086: 6082: 6077: 6076: 6067: 6048: 6041: 6034: 6026: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6002: 5996: 5989: 5983: 5976: 5970: 5963: 5959: 5954: 5943: 5941: 5933: 5926: 5920: 5912: 5908: 5907:newmuseum.org 5904: 5897: 5890: 5884: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5850: 5844: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5744: 5737: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5704: 5696: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5677: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5601: 5595: 5591: 5590: 5582: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5549: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5463: 5454: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5430: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5372: 5368: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5286:Open research 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5223: 5220: 5217: 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3115: 3113: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3095: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3077: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3059: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3041: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3023: 3012: 3011: 3007: 3005: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2987: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2969: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2951: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2933: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2915: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2897: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2879: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2861: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2843: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2825: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2807: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2789: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2771: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2753: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2735: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2655:departments; 2654: 2651: 2640: 2631: 2627: 2624:This section 2622: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2564: 2563: 2557: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2459: 2456: 2448: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2426: 2419: 2410: 2409: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2389:global issues 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2332: 2321: 2317: 2315: 2305: 2301: 2292: 2289: 2284: 2274: 2262: 2257: 2248: 2247: 2239: 2234: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2211: 2209: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2156:Meta-research 2150:Meta-research 2139: 2135: 2134:biotechnology 2131: 2127: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2033: 2030: 2022: 2012: 2006: 2004: 1999:This article 1997: 1988: 1987: 1981: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1873:Phenomenology 1869: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1821: 1820:vaccinologist 1817: 1813: 1806: 1801: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 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