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Institute maintains the term "synthetic bacterial cell" but they also clarify "...we do not consider this to be "creating life from scratch" but rather we are creating new life out of already existing life using synthetic DNA". Venter plans to patent his experimental cells, stating that "they are pretty clearly human inventions". Its creators suggests that building 'synthetic life' would allow researchers to learn about life by building it, rather than by tearing it apart. They also propose to stretch the boundaries between life and machines until the two overlap to yield "truly programmable organisms". Researchers involved stated that the creation of "true synthetic biochemical life" is relatively close in reach with current technology and cheap compared to the effort needed to place man on the Moon.
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Sexual reproduction, he argued, was like purchasing fewer tickets but with a greater variety of numbers and therefore a greater chance of success. The point of this analogy is that since asexual reproduction does not produce genetic variations, there is little ability to quickly adapt to a changing environment. The lottery principle is less accepted these days because of evidence that asexual reproduction is more prevalent in unstable environments, the opposite of what it predicts.
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895:), and many plants are examples. When environmental factors are favorable, asexual reproduction is employed to exploit suitable conditions for survival such as an abundant food supply, adequate shelter, favorable climate, disease, optimum pH or a proper mix of other lifestyle requirements. Populations of these organisms increase exponentially via asexual reproductive strategies to take full advantage of the rich supply resources.
852:
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745:. In 2004, by altering the function of a few genes involved with imprinting, other Japanese scientists combined two mouse eggs to produce daughter mice and in 2018 Chinese scientists created 29 female mice from two female mice mothers but were unable to produce viable offspring from two father mice. Researches noted that there is little chance these techniques would be applied to humans in the near future.
903:). In addition, sexual reproduction usually results in the formation of a life stage that is able to endure the conditions that threaten the offspring of an asexual parent. Thus, seeds, spores, eggs, pupae, cysts or other "over-wintering" stages of sexual reproduction ensure the survival during unfavorable times and the organism can "wait out" adverse situations until a swing back to suitability occurs.
486:). Offspring inherit one allele for each trait from each parent. Thus, offspring have a combination of the parents' genes. It is believed that "the masking of deleterious alleles favors the evolution of a dominant diploid phase in organisms that alternate between haploid and diploid phases" where recombination occurs freely.
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There is some debate within the scientific community over whether this cell can be considered completely synthetic on the grounds that the chemically synthesized genome was an almost 1:1 copy of a naturally occurring genome and, the recipient cell was a naturally occurring bacterium. The Craig Venter
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Organisms that reproduce through asexual reproduction tend to grow in number exponentially. However, because they rely on mutation for variations in their DNA, all members of the species have similar vulnerabilities. Organisms that reproduce sexually yield a smaller number of offspring, but the large
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Scientists have speculated about the possibility of creating life non-reproductively in the laboratory. Several scientists have succeeded in producing simple viruses from entirely non-living materials. However, viruses are often regarded as not alive. Being nothing more than a bit of RNA or DNA in a
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depends on a variety of circumstances. Animals with few offspring can devote more resources to the nurturing and protection of each individual offspring, thus reducing the need for many offspring. On the other hand, animals with many offspring may devote fewer resources to each individual offspring;
898:
When food sources have been depleted, the climate becomes hostile, or individual survival is jeopardized by some other adverse change in living conditions, these organisms switch to sexual forms of reproduction. Sexual reproduction ensures a mixing of the gene pool of the species. The variations
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in one explanation for the widespread use of sexual reproduction. He argued that asexual reproduction, which produces little or no genetic variety in offspring, was like buying many tickets that all have the same number, limiting the chance of "winning" – that is, producing surviving offspring.
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Gibson, D.; Glass, J.; Lartigue, C.; Noskov, V.; Chuang, R.; Algire, M.; Benders, G.; Montague, M.; Ma, L.; Moodie, M.M.; Merryman, C.; Vashee, S.; Krishnakumar, R.; Assad-Garcia, N.; Andrews-Pfannkoch, C.; Denisova, E.A.; Young, L.; Qi, Z.-Q.; Segall-Shapiro, T.H.; Calvey, C.H.; Parmar, P.P.;
516:. The advantage of diploidy, heterosis, only exists in the diploid life generation. Bryophytes retain sexual reproduction despite the fact that the haploid stage does not benefit from heterosis. This may be an indication that the sexual reproduction has advantages other than heterosis, such as
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Scientific research is currently investigating the possibility of same-sex procreation, which would produce offspring with equal genetic contributions from either two females or two males. The obvious approaches, subject to a growing amount of activity, are
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found in offspring of sexual reproduction allow some individuals to be better suited for survival and provide a mechanism for selective adaptation to occur. The meiosis stage of the sexual cycle also allows especially effective repair of DNA damages (see
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or abiotic carriers such as wind. Fertilization begins when the pollen is brought to a female gamete through the pollen tube. Allogamy is also known as cross fertilization, in contrast to autogamy or geitonogamy which are methods of self-fertilization.
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for these types of animals it is common for many offspring to die soon after birth, but enough individuals typically survive to maintain the population. Some organisms such as honey bees and fruit flies retain sperm in a process called
1734:
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179:. These organisms often do not possess different sexes, and they are capable of "splitting" themselves into two or more copies of themselves. Most plants have the ability to reproduce asexually and the ant species
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Asexual reproduction is a process by which organisms create genetically similar or identical copies of themselves without the contribution of genetic material from another organism. Bacteria divide asexually via
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Allogamy is the fertilization of flowers through cross-pollination, this occurs when a flower's ovum is fertilized by spermatozoa from the pollen of a different plant's flower. Pollen may be transferred through
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Sexual reproduction has many drawbacks, since it requires far more energy than asexual reproduction and diverts the organisms from other pursuits, and there is some argument about why so many species use it.
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The production of a truly living organism (e.g. a simple bacterium) with no ancestors would be a much more complex task, but may well be possible to some degree according to current biological knowledge. A
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The existence of life without reproduction is the subject of some speculation. The biological study of how the origin of life produced reproducing organisms from non-reproducing elements is called
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824:(including all grain crops), and certain species of salmon, spider, bamboo and century plant. Often, they die shortly after reproduction. This is often associated with
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Tobler, M. & Schlupp, I. (2005) Parasites in sexual and asexual mollies (Poecilia, Poeciliidae, Teleostei): a case for the Red Queen? Biol. Lett. 1 (2): 166–168.
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T.M. Sonneborn (1938). "Mating Types in
Paramecium Aurelia: Diverse Conditions for Mating in Different Stocks; Occurrence, Number and Interrelations of the Types".
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between members of the species, allowing the expression of a wider range of traits and thus making the population more able to survive environmental variation.
202: – reproduction without seeds or spores – but can also reproduce sexually. Likewise, bacteria may exchange genetic information by
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for many years after birth and even then produce few offspring. Others reproduce quickly; but, under normal circumstances, most offspring do not survive to
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is a major puzzle for biologists. The two-fold cost of sexual reproduction is that only 50% of organisms reproduce and organisms only pass on 50% of their
56:). The small plant in front is about 1 cm (0.4 in) tall. The concept of "individual" is obviously stretched by this asexual reproductive process.
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of an organism is a form of asexual reproduction. By asexual reproduction, an organism creates a genetically similar or identical copy of itself. The
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482:. Most animals (including humans) and plants reproduce sexually. Sexually reproducing organisms have different sets of genes for every trait (called
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578:. The term "autogamy" is sometimes substituted for autogamous pollination (not necessarily leading to successful fertilization) and describes
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In asexual reproduction, an organism can reproduce without the involvement of another organism. Asexual reproduction is not limited to
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Hutchison Ca, C.A.; Smith, H.O.; Venter, J.C. (2010). "Creation of a
Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome".
1796:
Li, Zhi-Kun; Wang, Le-Yun; Wang, Li-Bin; Feng, Gui-Hai; Yuan, Xue-Wei; Liu, Chao; Xu, Kai; Li, Yu-Huan; Wan, Hai-Feng (2018-10-01).
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has been transferred into an existing bacterium where it replaced the native DNA, resulting in the artificial production of a new
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467:). Because both gametes look alike, they generally cannot be classified as male or female. For example, in the green alga,
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Eckert, C.G. (2000). "Contributions of autogamy and geitonogamy to self-fertilization in a mass-flowering, clonal plant".
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The resultant number of cells is four times the number of original cells. This results in cells with half the number of
137:. This produces offspring organisms whose genetic characteristics are derived from those of the two parental organisms.
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There are a wide range of reproductive strategies employed by different species. Some animals, such as the human and
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838:. Iteroparous animals survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes). This is more associated with
1798:"Generation of Bimaternal and Bipaternal Mice from Hypomethylated Haploid ESCs with Imprinting Region Deletions"
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Sexual reproduction typically requires the sexual interaction of two specialized reproductive cells, called
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779:(mature after 10–14 days) can produce up to 900 offspring per year. These two main strategies are known as
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1993:"Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template"
1944:"Reproductive polyphenism and its advantages in aphids: Switching between sexual and asexual reproduction"
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Young, Truman P.; Carol K. Augspurger (1991). "Ecology and evolution of long-lived semelparous plants".
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471:, there are so-called "plus" and "minus" gametes. A few types of organisms, such as many fungi and the
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915:. Whether or not there were several independent abiogenetic events, biologists believe that the
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Bernstein, H.; Hopf, F.A.; Michod, R.E. (1987). "The
Molecular Basis of the Evolution of Sex".
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237:. Parthenogenesis occurs naturally in some species, including lower plants (where it is called
2336:
Dr. Tatiana's Sex Advice to All
Creation: Definitive Guide to the Evolutionary Biology of Sex.
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The resultant number of cells in mitosis is twice the number of original cells. The number of
432:. Each of two parent organisms contributes half of the offspring's genetic makeup by creating
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Biological process by which new organisms are generated from one or more parent organisms
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198:) and jellyfish, may also reproduce sexually. For instance, most plants are capable of
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1968:
1943:
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Cole, Lamont C. (June 1954). "The
Population Consequences of Life History Phenomena".
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463:), but may have separable properties and then may be given other different names (see
83:" – are produced from their "parent" or parents. There are two forms of reproduction:
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Segers, Seppe; Mertes, Heidi; Pennings, Guido; de Wert, Guido; Dondorp, Wybo (2017).
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1663:"Using stem cell-derived gametes for same-sex reproduction: an alternative scenario"
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Kumar R, Meena M, Swapnil P (2019). "Anisogamy". In Vonk J, Shackelford T (eds.).
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stage is relatively small and short-lived compared to the haploid stage, i.e.
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Production of new individuals along a leaf margin of the miracle leaf plant (
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859:. If each organism were to contribute to the same number of offspring (two),
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Parasite Rex: Inside the
Bizarre World of Nature's Most Dangerous Creatures
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amount of variation in their genes makes them less susceptible to disease.
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produce offspring in successive (e.g. annual or seasonal) cycles, such as
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1126:"A Guide to the Recognition of Parthenogenesis in Incubated Turkey Eggs"
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315: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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Ridley M (2004) Evolution, 3rd edition. Blackwell
Publishing, p. 314.
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489:
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1975. Sex and
Evolution. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.
708:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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cells. This process occurs in two phases, meiosis I and meiosis II.
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2309:"Allogamy, cross-fertilization, cross-pollination, hybridization".
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1286:"What do isogamous organisms teach us about sex and the two sexes?"
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reproduce sexually, but the larger and commonly-seen organisms are
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1550:(3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Academic Press. pp. 595–606.
1462:"Living together and living apart: the sexual lives of bryophytes"
265:(e.g. some reptiles, some fish, and very rarely, domestic birds).
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fused in fertilization come from the same individual, e.g., many
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the population remains the same size each generation, where the
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in the offspring cells is the same as that of the parent cell.
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439:. Most organisms form two different types of gametes. In these
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134:
114:
1991:
Cello, Jeronimo; Paul, Aniko V.; Wimmer, Eckard (2002-08-09).
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Lehtonen, Jussi; Kokko, Hanna; Parker, Geoff A. (2016-10-19).
156:; viruses take control of host cells to produce more viruses;
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Some species that are capable of reproducing asexually, like
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Many organisms can reproduce sexually as well as asexually.
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10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[0532:coaagt]2.0.co;2
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230:
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1759:"No father necessary as mice are created with two mothers"
1637:"Timeline of same-sex procreation scientific developments"
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species, the two sexes are referred to as male (producing
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1255:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–5.
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Promiscuity: An Evolutionary History of Sperm Competition
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1423:. Advances in Genetics. Vol. 24. pp. 323–370.
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material of two organisms in a process that starts with
3947:
586:, transfer of pollen to a different flower on the same
2352:. Sinauer Associates Inc., Publishers, Sunderland, MA
2348:
Richard E. Michod and Bruce E. Levin, editors (1987).
1725:"Japanese scientists produce mice without using sperm"
1609:
Kissin DM, Adamson GD, Chambers G, DeGeyter C (2019).
1153:
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cell duplicates itself, then undergoes two divisions (
2350:
The Evolution of Sex: An Examination of Current Ideas
1086:"Female Sharks Can Reproduce Alone, Researchers Find"
37:"Procreate" redirects here. For the application, see
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thereby increasing the duration of their fertility.
652:
to diploid to haploid), in the process forming four
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Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics (Second Edition)
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asexual population doubles in size each generation.
225:. Parthenogenesis is the growth and development of
183:is thought to reproduce entirely by asexual means.
2366:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, MA
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1942:Yan, Shuo; Wang, Wan-xing; Shen, Jie (June 2020).
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5605:Termination of the patient-physician relationship
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1343:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
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5653:
814:reproduce intermittently throughout their lives.
787:(many offspring). Which strategy is favoured by
459:, the gametes are similar or identical in form (
2364:Eros and Evolution: A natural philosophy of sex
2110:
1990:
1216:, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 338–341,
820:reproduce only once in their lifetime, such as
2167:
1795:
1349:(3). American Philosophical Society: 411–434.
1340:
1160:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 583–.
5190:
3646:
3054:
2452:
1612:Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance
1370:"Recombination and the Evolution of Diploidy"
1367:
1253:Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior
1059:Halliday, Tim R.; Adler, Kraig, eds. (1986).
1058:
508:, which in turn produces haploid spores. The
2240:
1581:
1207:
1154:Libbie Henrietta Hyman (15 September 1992).
1941:
1733:. Sarasota Herald-Tribune. April 22, 2004.
1602:
1240:
1212:, in Maloy, Stanley; Hughes, Kelly (eds.),
1208:Griswold, M. D.; Hunt, P. A. (2013-01-01),
582:within the same flower, distinguished from
209:Other ways of asexual reproduction include
5197:
5183:
3653:
3639:
2459:
2445:
2241:Lively, C. M.; Morran, L. T. (July 2014).
2961:
2266:
2106:
2104:
2016:
1967:
1937:
1935:
1813:
1485:
1395:
1317:
919:to all present life on Earth lived about
724:Learn how and when to remove this message
331:Learn how and when to remove this message
2113:"Scientists Create First Synthetic Cell"
1180:
1147:
1124:Savage, Thomas F. (September 12, 2005).
1083:
850:
45:
1755:
1541:
1052:
14:
5654:
2101:
1932:
1520:from the original on 25 September 2021
1157:Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
1123:
1037:
600:
478:, have more than two "sexes", called
449:or microspores) and female (producing
5178:
3634:
2440:
2311:GardenWeb Glossary of Botanical Terms
2123:from the original on January 29, 2015
1889:
5149:
2243:"The ecology of sexual reproduction"
1844:
1459:
1368:Otto, S.P.; Goldstein, D.B. (1992).
960:
673:
558:, also known as autogamy, occurs in
313:adding citations to reliable sources
284:
5159:
2431:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2320:Stedman's Online Medical Dictionary
857:twofold cost of sexual reproduction
121:of normal cells and are created by
117:, which contain half the number of
24:
4074:Evolutionary developmental biology
2396:Journal of Biology of Reproduction
2327:
1948:Journal of Integrative Agriculture
1737:from the original on July 23, 2021
935:with the assistance of a hijacked
25:
5673:
4099:Post-transcriptional modification
2377:
1544:"13 – Plant Reproductive Biology"
1421:Molecular Genetics of Development
1174:
5158:
5148:
5139:
5138:
5126:
4475:
2429:"Replication and Reproduction."
2111:Robert Lee Hotz (May 21, 2010).
678:
364:
347:
289:
104:evolution of sexual reproduction
2247:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
2234:
2222:
2211:from the original on 2007-01-21
2191:
2161:
2135:
2049:
1984:
1898:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
1847:The Quarterly Review of Biology
1838:
1789:
1778:from the original on 2018-10-12
1749:
1717:
1654:
1643:from the original on 2011-02-08
1629:
1575:
1564:from the original on 2022-08-20
1502:
1460:Haig, David (19 October 2016).
1453:
1412:
1361:
1334:
1277:
1261:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_340-1
1230:from the original on 2021-04-20
1084:Eilperin, Juliet (2007-05-23).
906:
847:Asexual vs. sexual reproduction
300:needs additional citations for
3206:Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous
1615:. Cambridge University Press.
1201:
1117:
1077:
1063:. Torstar Books. p. 101.
1028:
927:protein capsule, they have no
799:
644:present in the parent cell. A
13:
1:
5204:
3176:Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid
2305:, New York: Touchstone, 2001.
2287:
1969:10.1016/S2095-3119(19)62767-X
1679:10.1136/medethics-2016-103863
1429:10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60012-7
748:
500:. The gametes fuse to form a
32:Reproduction (disambiguation)
1918:10.1016/0169-5347(91)90006-J
1756:Blakely, Rhys (2018-10-12).
1542:Simpson, Michael G. (2019).
1187:. Harvard University Press.
7:
3660:
2168:W. Wayte Gibbs (May 2004).
982:
806:Semelparity and iteroparity
704:the claims made and adding
659:
543:
523:
10:
5678:
5636:Institutional review board
1815:10.1016/j.stem.2018.09.004
1639:. samesexprocreation.com.
1388:10.1093/genetics/131.3.745
803:
752:
663:
620:, while meiosis occurs in
547:
527:
278:
272:
144:
140:
36:
29:
5613:
5537:
5491:
5403:
5370:
5342:
5314:
5266:Doctrine of double effect
5243:
5212:
5120:
5089:
4649:
4619:
4585:Polymerase chain reaction
4545:Green fluorescent protein
4495:
4484:
4473:
4381:
4313:
4245:
4185:
4122:Earliest known life forms
4107:
4054:
3971:
3878:
3718:
3709:
3668:
3515:
3449:
3374:
3351:
3318:
3251:
3125:
3118:
3084:
3045:
3020:
2994:
2985:
2952:
2917:
2881:
2850:
2827:
2818:
2788:
2767:
2749:
2740:
2710:
2684:
2675:
2645:
2619:
2584:
2575:
2568:
2482:
1667:Journal of Medical Ethics
1061:Reptiles & Amphibians
584:geitonogamous pollination
469:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
412:Sexual reproduction is a
268:
175:are able to reproduce by
2497:Mastigophora/Flagellates
2142:Craig Venter Institute.
1021:
939:'s metabolic machinery.
562:organisms where the two
428:, a specialized type of
125:, with typically a male
75:by which new individual
5357:Reproductive technology
4637:species discovery curve
3765:Response to environment
3535:Baas-Becking hypothesis
2421:Encyclopædia Britannica
2333:Judson, Olivia (2003).
2199:"NOVA: Artificial life"
2117:The Wall Street Journal
2079:10.1126/science.1190719
2018:10.1126/science.1072266
1130:Oregon State University
917:last universal ancestor
670:Reproductive technology
200:vegetative reproduction
133:to create a fertilized
96:single-celled organisms
5112:Plant morphology terms
4714:Biological engineering
4396:Biological interaction
3530:Microbial biogeography
2424:(11th ed.). 1911.
1478:10.1098/rstb.2015.0535
1302:10.1098/rstb.2015.0532
1181:Birkhead, Tim (2000).
868:
504:which develops into a
384:internal fertilization
57:
5641:Human challenge study
5580:Scientific misconduct
5509:Jewish medical ethics
4799:Developmental biology
4774:Computational biology
4754:Cellular microbiology
4094:Mendelian inheritance
4006:Energy transformation
2550:Fungus-like organisms
2362:Michod, R.E. (1994).
2313:(2.1 ed.). 2002.
1005:Modes of reproduction
921:3.5 billion years ago
854:
832:Iteroparous organisms
818:Semelparous organisms
755:Modes of reproduction
753:Further information:
590:, or within a single
518:genetic recombination
357:mate in midair flight
129:a female of the same
49:
5492:Cultural differences
5395:Genetic modification
5019:Reproductive biology
4904:Mathematical biology
4829:Evolutionary biology
4779:Conservation biology
4590:Two-hybrid screening
4560:Protein purification
4391:Biogeochemical cycle
4353:Internal environment
4001:Cellular respiration
3265:Simple cell membrane
3201:Pseudoparenchymatous
3189:Filamentous/trichal/
3173:Colonial flagellated
3106:Collar of microvilli
2415:"Reproduction"
2401:Journal of Andrology
2384:Asexual Reproduction
2322:(27 ed.). 2004.
1136:on November 15, 2006
1047:The Evolution of Sex
855:Illustration of the
783:(few offspring) and
616:. Mitosis occurs in
309:improve this article
147:Asexual reproduction
39:Procreate (software)
30:For other uses, see
5406:emergent situations
4804:Ecological genetics
4515:Gel electrophoresis
4505:Genetic engineering
4458:Population dynamics
4368:Reproductive system
3479:Contractile vacuole
3430:Meiosis in protists
3411:Mitosis in protists
3389:Multinucleate cells
2611:Flagellar apparatus
2560:Ambiregnal protists
2502:Sarcodina/Amoeboids
2207:. 18 October 2005.
2174:Scientific American
2071:2010Sci...329...52G
2009:2002Sci...297.1016C
2003:(5583): 1016–1018.
1960:2020JIAgr..19.1447Y
1910:1991TEcoE...6..285Y
1730:The Washington Post
1091:The Washington Post
1015:Reproductive system
759:Life history theory
601:Mitosis and meiosis
453:or megaspores). In
416:that creates a new
275:Sexual reproduction
221:that involves only
181:Mycocepurus smithii
5585:Medical misconduct
5550:Continuity of care
5433:Court intervention
5404:Death, dying, and
5213:Classic principles
5133:Biology portal
5029:Structural biology
5014:Relational biology
4839:Generative biology
4834:Freshwater biology
4632:mark and recapture
4580:Restriction enzyme
4373:Respiratory system
4328:Circulatory system
4255:Epidermis (botany)
3310:Periplast/pellicle
3033:Periplast/pellicle
2973:Cruciform division
2406:2005-11-07 at the
2389:2018-01-22 at the
1516:. 7 October 2019.
1472:(1706): 20150535.
1044:John Maynard Smith
1010:Plant reproduction
968:George C. Williams
887:, some species of
869:
812:Polycyclic animals
689:possibly contains
476:Paramecium aurelia
414:biological process
281:Human reproduction
73:biological process
58:
5649:
5648:
5483:Transplant ethics
5473:Health care proxy
5362:Gender assignment
5172:
5171:
5034:Synthetic biology
4914:Molecular biology
4769:Cognitive biology
4645:
4644:
4471:
4470:
4162:Natural selection
3943:Organic compounds
3840:Scientific method
3830:Emergent property
3771:Hierarchy of life
3741:Energy processing
3628:
3627:
3525:Microbial ecology
3511:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3484:Eyespot apparatus
3114:
3113:
3096:Choanoflagellates
3080:
3079:
3041:
3040:
2981:
2980:
2948:
2947:
2814:
2813:
2736:
2735:
2671:
2670:
2372:978-0-201-44232-8
2358:978-0-87893-459-1
2344:978-0-09-928375-1
2259:10.1111/jeb.12354
1808:(5): 665–676.e4.
1622:978-1-108-49858-6
1548:Plant systematics
1270:978-3-319-47829-6
1223:978-0-08-096156-9
1194:978-0-674-00666-9
1167:978-0-226-87013-7
1070:978-0-920269-81-7
961:Lottery principle
734:
733:
726:
691:original research
666:LGBT reproduction
514:haploid dominance
456:isogamous species
420:by combining the
380:mammals reproduce
341:
340:
333:
53:Kalanchoe pinnata
16:(Redirected from
5669:
5621:Informed consent
5590:Competence (law)
5538:Personal conduct
5443:Ethics committee
5324:Consequentialism
5244:Other principles
5199:
5192:
5185:
5176:
5175:
5162:
5161:
5152:
5151:
5142:
5141:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5107:Ecological terms
4759:Chemical biology
4620:Field techniques
4493:
4492:
4479:
4338:Digestive system
4333:Endocrine system
3906:Chemical element
3865:Biology journals
3761:Self-replication
3716:
3715:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3632:
3631:
3499:Mastigont system
3452:
3377:
3354:
3343:Gliding motility
3321:
3258:
3203:/plektenchymatic
3159:Amoeboflagellate
3132:
3123:
3122:
3099:
3091:
3090:
3060:
3052:
3051:
3026:
3000:
2992:
2991:
2966:
2959:
2958:
2923:
2887:
2856:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2794:
2773:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2716:
2690:
2682:
2681:
2651:
2625:
2589:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2572:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2425:
2417:
2323:
2314:
2281:
2280:
2270:
2253:(7): 1292–1303.
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2176:. Archived from
2170:"Synthetic Life"
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2146:. Archived from
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2020:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1971:
1954:(6): 1447–1457.
1939:
1930:
1929:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1817:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1761:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1399:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1321:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1132:. Archived from
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1102:. Archived from
1081:
1075:
1074:
1056:
1050:
1041:
1035:
1032:
945:synthetic genome
836:perennial plants
729:
722:
718:
715:
709:
706:inline citations
682:
681:
674:
580:self-pollination
368:
351:
336:
329:
325:
322:
316:
293:
285:
196:Mating of yeasts
21:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5626:Informed assent
5614:Research ethics
5609:
5533:
5487:
5405:
5399:
5390:Genetic testing
5366:
5338:
5310:
5256:Confidentiality
5239:
5230:Non-maleficence
5208:
5203:
5173:
5168:
5125:
5124:
5116:
5102:Botanical terms
5085:
5084:
5083:
5044:Systems biology
5009:Quantum biology
4641:
4615:
4497:
4487:
4480:
4467:
4377:
4358:Muscular system
4315:
4309:
4300:Vascular tissue
4247:
4241:
4181:
4142:History of life
4103:
4084:Gene regulation
4079:Gene expression
4050:
3967:
3874:
3705:
3664:
3659:
3629:
3624:
3517:
3503:
3450:
3445:
3375:
3370:
3352:
3347:
3319:
3314:
3255:
3252:
3247:
3129:
3126:
3110:
3094:
3076:
3055:
3037:
3021:
3016:
2995:
2977:
2962:
2944:
2918:
2913:
2882:
2877:
2853:Dinoflagellates
2851:
2846:
2828:
2810:
2789:
2784:
2768:
2763:
2750:
2732:
2711:
2706:
2685:
2667:
2646:
2641:
2620:
2615:
2585:
2564:
2485:classifications
2484:
2478:
2465:
2412:
2408:Wayback Machine
2391:Wayback Machine
2380:
2330:
2328:Further reading
2317:
2308:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2181:
2166:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2109:
2102:
2065:(5987): 52–56.
2054:
2050:
1989:
1985:
1940:
1933:
1894:
1890:
1843:
1839:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1673:(10): 688–691.
1659:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1607:
1603:
1580:
1576:
1567:
1565:
1558:
1540:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1458:
1454:
1439:
1417:
1413:
1366:
1362:
1339:
1335:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1231:
1224:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1107:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1057:
1053:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
990:Breeding season
985:
963:
909:
849:
808:
802:
769:sexual maturity
767:, do not reach
765:northern gannet
761:
751:
730:
719:
713:
710:
695:
683:
679:
672:
664:Main articles:
662:
603:
588:flowering plant
568:vascular plants
552:
546:
532:
526:
410:
409:
408:
407:
406:
386:. Male mammals
369:
360:
359:
358:
352:
337:
326:
320:
317:
306:
294:
283:
277:
271:
259:parasitic wasps
219:spore formation
211:parthenogenesis
149:
143:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5675:
5665:
5664:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5545:Abuse of trust
5541:
5539:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5458:Family meeting
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5409:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5376:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5348:
5346:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5320:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5202:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5179:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5156:
5146:
5136:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4899:Marine biology
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4709:Bioinformatics
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4540:DNA microarray
4537:
4535:DNA sequencing
4532:
4527:
4525:Centrifugation
4522:
4520:Chromatography
4517:
4512:
4510:Transformation
4507:
4501:
4499:
4490:
4482:
4481:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4421:Climate change
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4387:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4363:Nervous system
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4295:Vascular plant
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4202:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4152:Microevolution
4149:
4147:Macroevolution
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4041:Photosynthesis
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3996:Cell signaling
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3879:Chemical basis
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3845:Taxonomic rank
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3825:Reductionistic
3822:
3768:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3686:
3681:
3672:Introduction (
3669:
3666:
3665:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3521:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3227:Siphonocladous
3225:
3217:
3210:Multinucleated
3207:
3204:
3198:
3196:Parenchymatous
3193:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3135:
3133:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2997:Kinetoplastids
2989:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2663:Phycobilisomes
2660:
2658:Pit connection
2654:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2637:Phycobilisomes
2634:
2628:
2626:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2592:
2590:
2587:Chloroplastida
2579:
2577:Archaeplastida
2570:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2499:
2488:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2464:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2410:
2398:
2393:
2379:
2378:External links
2376:
2375:
2374:
2360:
2346:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2233:
2229:Williams G. C.
2221:
2190:
2160:
2134:
2100:
2048:
1983:
1931:
1904:(9): 285–289.
1888:
1859:10.1086/400074
1853:(2): 103–137.
1837:
1802:Cell Stem Cell
1788:
1748:
1716:
1653:
1628:
1621:
1601:
1590:(2): 532–542.
1574:
1557:978-0128126288
1556:
1531:
1514:Biology Online
1501:
1452:
1438:978-0120176243
1437:
1411:
1382:(3): 745–751.
1360:
1333:
1276:
1269:
1239:
1222:
1200:
1193:
1173:
1166:
1146:
1116:
1076:
1069:
1051:
1036:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
986:
984:
981:
974:tickets as an
962:
959:
908:
905:
848:
845:
844:
843:
829:
815:
804:Main article:
801:
798:
750:
747:
732:
731:
686:
684:
677:
661:
658:
602:
599:
572:foraminiferans
560:hermaphroditic
548:Main article:
545:
542:
537:pollen vectors
528:Main article:
525:
522:
370:
363:
362:
361:
353:
346:
345:
344:
343:
342:
339:
338:
297:
295:
288:
273:Main article:
270:
267:
154:binary fission
145:Main article:
142:
139:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5674:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5423:Cardiac death
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5335:
5334:Virtue ethics
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5200:
5195:
5193:
5188:
5186:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5165:
5157:
5155:
5147:
5145:
5137:
5134:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4979:Phylogenetics
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4874:Human biology
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4764:Chronobiology
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4739:Biotechnology
4737:
4735:
4734:Biostatistics
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4627:Belt transect
4625:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4575:Southern blot
4573:
4571:
4570:Northern blot
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4483:
4478:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4348:Immune system
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4265:Ground tissue
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4167:Phylogenetics
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4132:Genetic drift
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:Nucleic acids
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3901:Chemical bond
3899:
3897:
3896:Carbohydrates
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3651:
3649:
3644:
3642:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3556:Fertilization
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3514:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3424:Pleuromitosis
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3361:Hydrogenosome
3359:
3358:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3235:Multicellular
3233:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:Dictyostelids
3053:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2920:Apicomplexans
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2854:
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2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
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2832:
2826:
2823:
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2817:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Stramenopiles
2739:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2225:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2180:on 2012-10-13
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2150:on 2010-12-28
2149:
2145:
2138:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1777:
1773:
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1760:
1752:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1106:on 2018-04-28
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1045:
1040:
1031:
1027:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
1000:Mating system
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
980:
977:
973:
969:
958:
954:
952:
951:
946:
940:
938:
934:
931:and can only
930:
924:
922:
918:
914:
904:
902:
896:
894:
893:fragmentation
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
866:
862:
858:
853:
841:
840:K-strategists
837:
833:
830:
827:
826:r-strategists
823:
822:annual plants
819:
816:
813:
810:
809:
807:
797:
795:
794:sperm storage
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
760:
756:
746:
744:
740:
728:
725:
717:
707:
703:
699:
693:
692:
687:This section
685:
676:
675:
671:
667:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
633:
629:
625:
623:
619:
618:somatic cells
615:
614:cell division
612:are types of
611:
607:
598:
596:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:fertilization
551:
541:
538:
531:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
485:
481:
477:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:
452:
448:
444:
443:
438:
435:
431:
430:cell division
427:
423:
419:
415:
404:
400:
396:
392:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
367:
356:
350:
335:
332:
324:
314:
310:
304:
303:
298:This section
296:
292:
287:
286:
282:
276:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:invertebrates
240:
236:
235:fertilization
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:fragmentation
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
162:invertebrates
159:
155:
148:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
55:
54:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5662:Reproduction
5631:Human rights
5600:Incompetency
5385:Gene therapy
5344:Reproduction
5343:
5024:Sociobiology
5004:Protistology
4969:Photobiology
4964:Pharmacology
4954:Parasitology
4949:Paleontology
4929:Neuroscience
4909:Microbiology
4819:Epidemiology
4789:Cytogenetics
4749:Cell biology
4729:Biosemiotics
4719:Biomechanics
4699:Biogeography
4694:Biochemistry
4689:Bacteriology
4684:Astrobiology
4608:
4601:
4594:
4565:Western blot
4555:Enzyme assay
4530:Cell culture
4431:Conservation
4316:and function
4314:Animal form
4248:and function
4021:Fermentation
3799:Organ system
3757:Reproduction
3756:
3735:Properties (
3576:Heterotrophy
3546:Reproduction
3545:
3421:Orthomitosis
3406:Heterokaryon
3353:Mitochondria
3254:Cell surface
3130:organization
3086:Opisthokonta
2909:Micronucleus
2904:Macronucleus
2806:Pneumatocyst
2622:Glaucophytes
2606:Phragmoplast
2545:Thallophytes
2472:Protistology
2468:Microbiology
2430:
2419:
2363:
2349:
2334:
2319:
2318:"Allogamy".
2310:
2300:
2297:Zimmer, Carl
2250:
2246:
2236:
2224:
2213:. Retrieved
2202:
2193:
2182:. Retrieved
2178:the original
2173:
2163:
2152:. Retrieved
2148:the original
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2116:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1951:
1947:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1780:. Retrieved
1763:
1751:
1741:November 19,
1739:. Retrieved
1728:
1719:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1645:. Retrieved
1631:
1611:
1604:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1566:. Retrieved
1547:
1522:. Retrieved
1513:
1504:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1420:
1414:
1379:
1373:
1363:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1232:, retrieved
1213:
1203:
1183:
1176:
1156:
1149:
1138:. Retrieved
1134:the original
1129:
1119:
1108:. Retrieved
1104:the original
1089:
1079:
1060:
1054:
1046:
1039:
1030:
964:
955:
948:
941:
925:
910:
907:Life without
897:
885:sea anemones
874:
870:
864:
860:
856:
831:
817:
811:
762:
739:female sperm
735:
720:
711:
688:
637:
636:
627:
626:
604:
553:
533:
513:
496:and produce
488:
480:mating types
475:
468:
455:
454:
441:
440:
411:
393:through the
327:
318:
307:Please help
302:verification
299:
208:
185:
168:
150:
112:
93:
68:
64:
61:Reproduction
60:
59:
51:
43:
5468:Next of kin
5418:Brain death
5413:Arbitration
5225:Beneficence
5164:WikiProject
5074:Xenobiology
5069:Virophysics
5039:Systematics
4994:Primatology
4939:Ornithology
4879:Ichthyology
4864:Herpetology
4859:Gerontology
4824:Epigenetics
4784:Cryobiology
4674:Agrostology
4664:Aerobiology
4659:Abiogenesis
4496:Laboratory
4343:Homeostasis
4246:Plant form
4069:Epigenetics
3991:Cell theory
3891:Amino acids
3870:Common name
3860:Peer review
3835:Mechanistic
3606:Necrotrophy
3591:Saprotrophy
3581:Phagotrophy
3569:Phototrophy
3562:Nutrition:
3551:Life cycles
3542:Development
3516:Ecology and
3384:Nucleomorph
3338:Pseudopodia
3139:Unicellular
3023:Euglenoidea
3007:Kinetoplast
2791:Brown algae
2759:Mastigoneme
2697:Mastigoneme
2687:Cryptophyta
2597:green algae
2555:Slime molds
950:M. mycoides
913:abiogenesis
881:slime molds
800:Other types
785:r-selection
781:K-selection
642:chromosomes
632:chromosomes
442:anisogamous
321:August 2021
263:vertebrates
247:water fleas
204:conjugation
127:fertilizing
119:chromosomes
65:procreation
5595:Competency
5575:Misconduct
5448:Euthanasia
5329:Deontology
5306:Persuasion
5261:Conscience
5090:Glossaries
5059:Toxicology
5054:Teratology
4999:Proteomics
4984:Physiology
4924:Neontology
4889:Lipidology
4884:Immunology
4854:Geobiology
4814:Embryology
4794:Dendrology
4724:Biophysics
4704:Biogeology
4498:techniques
4453:Microbiome
4280:Plant stem
4172:Speciation
4117:Adaptation
4046:Prokaryote
4026:Metabolism
3986:Cell cycle
3817:>
3813:>
3809:>
3807:Population
3805:>
3801:>
3797:>
3793:>
3789:>
3785:>
3781:>
3777:>
3753:Regulation
3737:Adaptation
3620:Auxotrophy
3615:Mixotrophy
3596:Parasitism
3586:Osmotrophy
3564:Autotrophy
3518:physiology
3394:Plasmodium
3320:Locomotion
3256:structures
3220:Coenocytic
2964:Phytomyxea
2935:Apicoplast
2863:Dinokaryon
2842:Trichocyst
2713:Haptophyte
2601:Phycoplast
2569:Morphology
2540:Cryptogams
2288:References
2215:2007-01-19
2184:2012-12-22
2154:2011-04-24
1782:2018-10-12
1647:2008-01-31
1568:2022-08-20
1510:"Allogamy"
1234:2020-10-05
1140:2006-10-11
1110:2023-03-27
953:organism.
929:metabolism
749:Strategies
714:April 2021
698:improve it
650:tetraploid
595:gymnosperm
592:monoecious
506:sporangium
490:Bryophytes
461:isogametes
403:copulation
355:Hoverflies
279:See also:
5565:Liability
5519:Suffering
5504:Etiquette
5463:Mediation
5428:Consensus
5296:Ownership
5251:Authority
5206:Bioethics
4974:Phycology
4959:Pathology
4944:Osteology
4934:Nutrition
4894:Mammalogy
4869:Histology
4610:in silico
4486:Research
4463:Resources
4436:Ecosystem
4426:Community
4411:Biosphere
4323:Breathing
4205:Eukaryote
4187:Diversity
4137:Gene flow
4109:Evolution
4016:Eukaryote
3928:Molecules
3819:Biosphere
3815:Ecosystem
3811:Community
3783:Organelle
3678:Evolution
3601:Biotrophy
3474:Extrusome
3464:Cytostome
3328:Flagellum
3285:Cell wall
3244:/histonal
3224:Siphonous
3215:Syncytial
3183:Coenobial
3179:Sarcinoid
3128:Levels of
3067:Macrocyst
3047:Amoebozoa
3012:Glycosome
2940:Microneme
2820:Alveolata
2728:Haptonema
2723:Coccolith
2702:Periplast
2648:Red algae
2632:Cyanelles
2519:Infusoria
2127:April 13,
2027:1095-9203
1978:218971234
1824:1934-5909
1772:0140-0460
1764:The Times
1687:0306-6800
1524:20 August
1310:0962-8436
1249:Anisogamy
1210:"Meiosis"
1100:0190-8286
933:replicate
789:evolution
777:fruit fly
773:adulthood
743:male eggs
702:verifying
397:into the
388:ejaculate
169:Hydroidea
81:offspring
77:organisms
71:) is the
18:Reproduce
5656:Category
5524:Religion
5453:Executor
5372:Genetics
5352:Abortion
5316:Theories
5271:Equality
5220:Autonomy
5144:Category
5064:Virology
5049:Taxonomy
4989:Pomology
4919:Mycology
4849:Genomics
4844:Genetics
4669:Agronomy
4650:Branches
4603:in vitro
4200:Bacteria
4177:Taxonomy
4157:Mutation
4127:Function
4056:Genetics
3958:Proteins
3803:Organism
3779:Molecule
3763:),
3719:Overview
3694:Timeline
3674:Genetics
3494:Axostyle
3489:Pyrenoid
3469:Fimbriae
3401:Dikaryon
3366:Mitosome
3295:Skeleton
3280:Frustule
3270:Mucilage
3242:tissular
3166:Colonial
3149:Amoeboid
3144:Monadoid
3072:Sorocarp
2987:Excavate
2954:Rhizaria
2884:Ciliates
2868:Dinocyst
2829:General:
2780:Frustule
2751:General:
2677:Hacrobia
2528:Sporozoa
2523:Ciliates
2512:Heliozoa
2492:Protozoa
2476:Protists
2404:Archived
2387:Archived
2277:24617324
2209:Archived
2121:Archived
2087:20488990
2035:12114528
1926:21232483
1883:26986186
1875:13177850
1832:30318303
1776:Archived
1735:Archived
1711:35387886
1703:28122990
1695:26535499
1641:Archived
1562:Archived
1518:Archived
1496:27619699
1375:Genetics
1328:27619696
1296:(1706).
1228:archived
983:See also
889:starfish
660:Same-sex
576:ciliates
550:Autogamy
544:Autogamy
530:Allogamy
524:Allogamy
418:organism
376:reptiles
239:apomixis
233:without
69:breeding
5529:Respect
5499:Dignity
5478:Suicide
5301:Privacy
5235:Justice
5154:Commons
5097:Biology
5079:Zoology
4809:Ecology
4679:Anatomy
4596:in vivo
4488:methods
4441:Habitat
4416:Climate
4401:Biomass
4383:Ecology
4230:Protist
4195:Archaea
4089:Genomes
4036:Mitosis
4031:Meiosis
3953:Polymer
3933:Monomer
3921:Quantum
3755:,
3751:,
3747:,
3743:,
3739:,
3726:Science
3711:Biology
3689:History
3684:Outline
3662:Biology
3437:Zygotic
3434:Gametic
3376:Nucleus
3154:Coccoid
3119:General
2930:Rhoptry
2837:Alveoli
2770:Diatoms
2507:Testate
2268:4077903
2095:7320517
2067:Bibcode
2059:Science
2043:5810309
2005:Bibcode
1997:Science
1956:Bibcode
1906:Bibcode
1867:2817654
1584:Ecology
1487:5031620
1447:3324702
1406:1628815
1397:1205045
1319:5031617
995:Masting
976:analogy
972:lottery
901:Meiosis
696:Please
654:haploid
646:diploid
638:Meiosis
628:Mitosis
622:gametes
610:meiosis
606:Mitosis
597:plant.
574:, some
570:, some
564:gametes
510:diploid
498:gametes
494:haploid
484:alleles
473:ciliate
465:isogamy
437:gametes
434:haploid
426:meiosis
422:genetic
401:during
261:), and
253:, some
223:mitosis
177:budding
164:of the
141:Asexual
131:species
123:meiosis
115:gametes
100:cloning
85:asexual
5380:Gender
5276:Equity
4744:Botany
4550:vector
4406:Biomes
4275:Phloem
4260:Flower
4220:Fungus
4215:Animal
4011:Enzyme
3916:Matter
3911:Lipids
3850:Theory
3791:Tissue
3745:Growth
3440:Sporic
3418:Closed
3333:Cilium
3290:Lorica
3191:hyphal
2899:Cirrus
2894:Cilium
2801:Lamina
2483:Former
2370:
2356:
2342:
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