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American
Communist Party, in examining the status and role of intellectuals in American Society, particularly the literary intelligentsia, and in analyzing the symbolic as well as the economic and political impact of the Depression on the American scene.” Based upon her overall academic achievement and her senior thesis work, Fox graduated from Smith in 1949 with summa cum laude honors. Fox returned to Smith in 1975 to be awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree and in 1980 as a visiting William Allen Neilson Professor of Sociology and Anthropology. As a visiting professor, she taught courses and delivered a lecture series entitled, “
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organizational structure among them. However, the
Russian staff in the office were helpful in the regard that they had vast amounts of cultural capital and knowledge about Russian lifestyles at the time. In 1992, the main project generated in Russia combated the rising homeless population in Moscow by offering medical consultants, preventative and curative health care, and social consultants. The end goal of the project was to hopefully de-stigmatize how the homeless were seen by the general public and to transfer the program to municipal authorities and the Department of Health in Moscow. MSF-B also coordinated two other programs in
386:“Dr. Fox has explored basic cultural phenomena and questions associated with health, illness, and medicine: values, beliefs, symbols, rites, and the nuances of language: ethical and existential dilemmas and dualities; and the complex interrelationships between medicine, science, religion, and magic. She draws systematically and imaginatively upon anthropological, psychological, historical, and biological insights and integrates observations and analyses from her own studies in American, Western European, and Central African societies.”
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pandemic scale of HIV/AIDS requires long-term surveillance of communities such as
Khayelitsha, Fox had the opportunity to make many successive trips to Cape Town, where she observed the evolution of the program. Two macro-issues became apparent while observing the operation of the program: "patient selection" (the endeavor to maximize the treatment and medicines available to as many people with HIV/AIDS) and the struggle to have the government implement a national HIV/AIDS prevention program.
342:. Both territories were subject to the First Chechen Campaign (1994-1996) and Second Chechen Campaign (1999-2000). The area affected by both wars still are under influence of insurgent activity and has led to the displacement of Chechens. The "Caucasus Project" aimed to provide medical assistance and psychosocial care, food, and shelter to thousands of civilians in Chechnya and
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program was put in motion, providing prisoners with TB screening and anti-TB medication, sanitary conditions, and training for prison medical staff to adopt a protocol to carry out effective treatment and analysis of any future epidemics. MSF-B also tried persuading the
Kemerovo government and the Ministry of Justice to adopt the TB control strategy that the
302:(MSF) and the dilemmas the organization and its members and staff face while delivering medical care, bearing witness of violence in affected areas, and advocacy. Previous work in medical sociology and cultural immersion in Belgium was pertinent to her decision to pursue the endeavor to study the multidimensional problems within MSF.
266:. She conducted ethnographic research there nearly every summer for forty years. To start she was interested in researching Belgians because they often return to Belgium after attending medical school in the United States. Eventually, her focal point became researching Belgium through the lens of their medical system.
393:. The Republic of Congo was a newly independent country when she was visiting. She studied religion, rebellions, and politics in the Congo. They were gaining their first Congolese physicians and developing medical practices and ethics. Her studies were centered on how the outside factors influenced medical practices.
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work not only considered medical practice but also medical research, patient experiences and the nature of uncertainty for patients and healers. Out of this work grew her interests in medical education as well as medical ethics, a field she engaged some years before there was such a thing as
Bioethics.
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from 1944 to 1945. While attending, she lived in Jordan House. As a freshman, she took courses in
Introductory English and Speech, the latter of which was taken to lessen her New York accent. At the end of the year she was named a Sophie Smith Scholar for academic achievement. During the summer after
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Upon arrival to the Médicins Sans Frontières-Belgium (MSF-B) office in Russia, Fox and a former student, Olga
Shevchenko, noticed that the office personnel was divided between nationals and foreigners, although not all Belgian, which lead to difficulties with the decision-making capabilities and the
164:
Renée Claire Fox was born on
February 15, 1928, in New York City to parents Fred Fox and Henrietta and had two younger siblings, a brother, Howard, and a sister, Rosa. She was of East European Jewish descent. Her father was the founder of P.F. Fox & Co. Investment Securities. Fox was raised in
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Fox was primarily a sociologist of medicine. Based on fieldwork in a variety of medical settings in the United States, Belgium, and Zaire, her ethnographic work examined chronic and terminal illness, medical research, therapeutic innovation, medical education and socialization, and bio-ethics. Her
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In 1978 Fox published “Why
Belgium” to explain her area and location of research. In this essay, she described Belgium as particularistic due to society being divided into distinct groups – by social class, religion, political affiliation, language, and region. Fox noted this particularism creates
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to eventually have the community have maximized access to treatment through a primary care infrastructure. Additionally, it geared toward breaking down the stigma associated with having the disease by building up "treatment literacy" and community education to lower the transmission. Because the
144:, where she studied in the Department of Social Relations. Renée Fox’s major teaching and research interests – sociology of medicine, medical research, medical education, and medical ethics – involved her in first-hand, participant observation-based studies in Continental Europe (particularly in
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In 1995, MSF-B moved their attention to prison colonies in
Siberia after an appeal was made to have MSF facilitate the treatment of TB in those colonies. When the MSF staff reached the colony, they replenished the community with construction materials, soap, and clothes. Afterward, the medical
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in Harlem and Knickerbocker Hospital. In September 1947, Fox returned to Smith College to continue in her Junior year. She lived in Chapin House and joined the honors program for sociology. Her senior honors thesis research involved “learning more about the history of the Soviet Union and the
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There have been disputes over Belgium’s existence, and Fox wrote in “Why Belgium” that she observed distinct culture in Belgium and believed Belgium indeed exists. Her discovery that there is a common culture throughout Belgium has been disputed by Belgians due to Belgium’s particularism.
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perspective, Fox viewed Belgium to be divided into these various groups yet functioning through pluralism due to the wide acceptance of ‘separate but equal.’ Fox also observed Belgians to be energized and united due to their Catholic-equivalent of the
238:. “What is translucently clear is that it was Talcott Parsons, my foremost teacher, and mentor, who had the most profound and enduring influence on shaping the sociologist that I was to become.” Parsons sparked Fox’s initial interest in the field of
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Following her long bout with polio, Fox and her family ventured to Southern California for the summer of 1946. While there it was found that the weather agreed with the still recovering Fox. Wanting to resume her education, she enrolled in
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with her siblings. She graduated from 8th grade at the age of twelve and went to Julia Richman, an all-girls public school, for high school. Fox graduated high school at the age of 16 and then enrolled in Smith College in Massachusetts.
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Chair of the University of Pennsylvania Sociology Department, Annenberg Professor of the Social Sciences, Annenberg Professor Emerita of the Social Sciences, Emerita Senior Fellow of the Center for Bioethics at the University of
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American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Philosophical Society, Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, American Association for the Advancement of Science,
1389:
Shevchenko, Olga; Fox, Renée (2008). ""Nationals" and "Expatriates": Challenges of Fulfilling "Sans Frontières" ("Without Borders") Ideals in International Humanitarian Action".
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Fox went on to combine ethnography with history in her study of the development of the Congolese medical profession (1968). During the years of 1962-1967 she made five trips to
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Fox argued that bioethicists should be trained in the social sciences before being trained in bioethics. In an abstract of a collection of her essays, the author writes that
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156:, as well as in the United States. She lectured in colleges, universities, and medical schools throughout the United States, and taught in a number of universities abroad.
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246:(TB) patients and their physicians, who both cared for the patients and conducted clinical research on them. Her work was published under the title, "
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Fox was the author of a number of academic books, mainly on medical sociology and ethics; some of them have been translated into French or Japanese.
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in pursuit of a Ph.D. in sociology. At the time women were not eligible for doctorate degrees at Harvard and subsequently her degree was issued by
1347:""Nationals" and "Expatriates": Challenges of Fulfilling "Sans Frontières" ("Without Borders") Ideals in International Humanitarian Action"
1306:""Nationals" and "Expatriates": Challenges of Fulfilling "Sans Frontières" ("Without Borders") Ideals in International Humanitarian Action"
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Leif, Harold I.; Fox, Renée C. (1963). "Training for 'Detached Concern' in Medical Students". In Leif, Harold I.; et al. (eds.).
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Fox, RC (Winter 1996). "Experiment Perilous: Forty-Five Years as a Participant Observer of Patient-Oriented Clinical Research".
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Fox, Renée C. (1957). "Chapter 2: Training for Uncertainty". In Merton, Robert K.; Reader, George; Kendall, Patricia L. (eds.).
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Fox, Renée C. (2000). "Medical Uncertainty Revisited". In Albrecht, Gary L.; Fitzpatrick, Ray; Scrimshaw, Susan C. (eds.).
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Fox, RC; Swazey, JP (Spring 1985). "Medical Morality Is Not Bioethics: Medical Ethics in China and the United States".
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Blumberg, BS; Fox, RC (March 1985). "The Daedalus Effect: Changes in Ethical Questions Relating to Hepatitis B Virus".
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In 1992, Fox, already in her late sixties, decided to study one of the most renowned nongovernmental organizations,
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Fox was widely known for her interdisciplinary and cross-cultural fieldwork. In 1959, Fox began research in
218:. She spent one year studying and gaining influence from her peers there before returning to Smith College.
875:"Medical Humanitarianism and Human Rights: Reflections on Doctors Without Borders and Doctors of the World"
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To develop a deeper understanding of the Belgian society, Fox travelled to Belgium’s former colony,
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labels that effect Belgian’s education and research opportunities as well as medical access. From a
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Ward F-Second and the Research Physician: A study of Stress and Ways of Coming to Terms with Stress
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de Craemer, W; Vansina, J; Fox, RC (October 1976). "Religious Movements in Central Africa".
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In the Belgian Château. The Spirit and Culture of a European Society in an Age of Change
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In the Belgian Chateau: The Spirit and Culture of a European Society in an Age of Change
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After graduating from Smith College, Fox entered the Department of Social Relations of
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Fox, RC (Winter 1977). "The Medicalization and Demedicalization of American Society".
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Fox, RC (September 2004). "Observations and Reflections of a Perpetual Fieldworker".
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The Student-Physician: Introductory Studies in the Sociology of Medical Education
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After observing the work done by MSF in Russia, Fox moved onto field research in
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and were dubbed the "Siberia Project" and the "Caucasus Project", respectively.
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Radcliffe Graduate School Medal, Leo G. Reeder Award, Lifetime Achievement Award
331:. The "Siberia Project" was spread to aid in the treatment of non-prisoners in
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Fox, Renée (2004). "Observations and Reflections of a Perpetual Fieldworker".
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Bendelow, Gillian; Carpenter, Mick; Vautier, Carol; et al., eds. (2002).
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Spare Parts: Organ Replacement in American Society, and Observing Bioethics
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125:(February 15, 1928 – September 23, 2020) was an American sociologist.
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The Courage to Fail: A Social View of Organ Transplants and Dialysis
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The third program that MSF-B facilitated was based in Chechnya and
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The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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1027:"Renée C. Fox, Founding Figure of Medical Sociology, Dies at 92"
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1058:. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishing. pp. 31–48, 61–69.
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Experiment Perilous: Physicians and Patients Facing the Unknown
1123:. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. pp. 5–28, 31–81.
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Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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Fox, RC (May 1962). "The Medical Scientists in a Château".
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her freshman year, Smith became diagnosed with bulbospinal
1153:. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. pp. 71–85.
1138:. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. pp. 49–59.
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Gender, Health, and Healing: The Public/Private Divide
626:. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. pp.
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The Handbook of Social Studies in Health and Medicine
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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Dr. Fox's Web page at the University of Pennsylvania
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Essays in Medical Sociology: Journeys into the Field
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Essays in Medical Sociology: Journeys Into the Field
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234:. It was while at Harvard that Fox met sociologist
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362:pandemic was concentrated. The MSF program in
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683:. London & New York: Routledge. pp.
1497:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 175–201.
1428:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 369–370.
1283:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 365–367.
1258:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 365–366.
706:. New York: Harper and Row. pp. 12–35.
1601:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
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704:The Psychological Basis of Medical Practice
165:the city and attended elementary school at
1168:. Transaction Publisher. pp. 109–116.
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767:Comparative Studies in Society and History
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1451:"Honoring the Life and Work of Renée Fox"
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815:Fox, RC (November 1978). "Why Belgium?".
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250:." This was the foundation for her book
148:), in Central Africa (especially in the
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653:. London: Sage Publications. pp.
569:Fox, Renée C.; Swazey, Judith (2008).
546:Fox, Renée C.; Swazey, Judith (1974).
504:Fox, Renée C.; Swazey, Judith (1992).
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128:She was a summa cum laude graduate of
1495:In the Field: A Sociologist's Journey
1426:In the Field: A Sociologist's Journey
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1345:Shevchenko, Olga; Fox, Renée (2008).
1304:Shevchenko, Olga; Fox, Renée (2008).
1281:In the Field: A Sociologist's Journey
1256:In the Field: A Sociologist's Journey
1151:In the Field: A Sociologist's Journey
1136:In the Field: A Sociologist's Journey
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1025:Genzlinger, Neil (October 1, 2020).
947:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
910:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
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242:. Fox conducted her dissertation on
179:Smith College (1944-1945, 1947-1949)
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199:Life, Death, and Modern Medicine.
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366:aimed to integrate a regimen of
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150:Democratic Republic of the Congo
16:American sociologist (1928–2020)
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554:. University of Chicago Press.
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294:Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)
192:. She spent several months at
79:Harvard University (1949–1954)
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1586:Scientists from New York City
1078:European Journal of Sociology
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879:Social Science & Medicine
817:European Journal of Sociology
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132:in 1949, earned her Ph.D. in
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750:10.1126/science.136.3515.476
368:antiretroviral therapy (ART)
205:Whittier College (1946-1947)
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75:Whittier College (1946–1947)
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1606:21st-century American women
1576:American women sociologists
858:10.7326/0003-4819-102-3-390
846:Annals of Internal Medicine
575:. Oxford University Press.
510:. Oxford University Press.
10:
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1164:Messikomer, Carla (2003).
596:. Transaction Publishers.
154:People’s Republic of China
64:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1468:10.1007/s11013-013-9348-5
1090:10.1017/s0003975600005221
873:Fox, RC (December 1995).
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1556:Radcliffe College alumni
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300:Médecins Sans Frontières
1449:Gaines, Atwood (2013).
1391:Health and Human Rights
1351:Health and Human Rights
1310:Health and Human Rights
1279:Fox, Renée Fox (2011).
397:Publications (selected)
356:Cape Town, South Africa
590:Fox, Renée C. (2011).
525:Fox, Renée C. (2008).
481:Fox, Renée C. (1979).
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922:10.1353/pbm.1984.0060
277:Protestant work ethic
1571:Medical sociologists
1551:Smith College alumni
1166:Society and Medicine
258:Fieldwork in Belgium
252:"Experiment Perilous
216:Whittier, California
1493:Fox, Renée (2011).
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572:Observing Bioethics
222:Harvard (1949-1954)
1031:The New York Times
391:Congo-Léopoldville
228:Harvard University
142:Harvard University
56:September 23, 2020
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