429:
socialism (commentators were quick to note), lacked a constituency in
Czechoslovakia. Nonetheless, clericalism acted on "instructions of the church and clerical centers in the capitalist world." The official media were particularly critical of the "secret church," which the Vatican described as "not only the secretly ordained priests and bishops, secret convents and secret printing establishments in the country, but also the existing Catholic organizations and spiritual underground movements, as well as all priests and believers who are working illegally in the sphere of the church." These, however, were not organized into a single network. The underground church was believed to be particularly strong in Slovakia.
397:
for the country, Daniel Mayer, studied for the rabbinate in
Budapest. In 1972 the death of three Roman Catholic bishops and the revocation of state approval of a fourth exacerbated the already acute shortage of Roman Catholic leaders. Talks between the Vatican and the regime were sporadic through the 1970s and produced few material gains for Czechoslovak Roman Catholics. The perennial conflict remained: the appointment of regime loyalists in opposition to choices for parish and diocesan posts. In 1986, out of thirteen church offices, nine bishoprics were vacant and two archbishoprics (Olomouc and Trnava) had only bishops holding office.
1680:
864:
168:
1668:
66:
25:
347:
believers, as were three-fourths of all blue-collar workers and slightly more than one-half of all white-collar employees . Perhaps most disconcerting for the party was the realization that after two decades of denouncing clerics and clerical meddling in politics ("clerico-fascism"), 28 percent of those surveyed thought the clergy should have a public and political role.
433:
Government-controlled organizations existed for most religious creeds except
Jehovah's Witnesses, who were prohibited. The most prominent was the Roman Catholic Church. There were also a variety of Protestant denominations, including the Czechoslovak Baptist Church, the Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren, the Slovak Evangelical Church, the
312:
Between 1950 and 1968, the Greek
Catholic Church was prohibited. Greek Catholics, sometimes called Uniates, are part of the Catholic Church but with very close cultural and liturgical similarities to the Eastern Orthodox churches. The communist regime sought to Russify whatever it could and followed
304:
trials of the 1950s, more than 6,000 religious people (some old and sick) received prison sentences averaging more than five years apiece. Between 1948 and 1968, the number of priests declined by half, and half the remaining clergy were over sixty years of age. The
Catholic Church had already lost a
396:
Theology departments continued to operate under strict admission quotas, and staffing problems grew throughout the 1970s. Chief Rabbi
Richard Feder died in 1970, leaving the Czech Jewish communities without rabbinical direction until 1984. (Slovakia's rabbi was Samuel Grossman.) The new chief rabbi
392:
on the high divorce rate or neglected children. Because the state licensed all clergy, it could weed out anyone deemed unresponsive to state requirements. Thus the clergy, who needed state approval to minister at all, were in a vulnerable position. By mid-1986 the regime had prohibited some 400 (of
354:
allowed the most closely controlled of the government-sponsored religious organizations (the Peace
Movement of the Catholic Clergy and its Protestant counterpart) to lapse into inactivity. In 1968 the government also promised a prompt and humane solution to the Uniates' predicament (induced in part
325:
was so extreme that the party gave a crash course in
Orthodox doctrine to "politically mature" teachers in the region and sent them into Uniate churches to replace the Catholic clergy. Uniates responded with various forms of resistance, ranging from simply leaving church whenever an Orthodox priest
416:
Official policy toward religious groups in the 1980s was consistent with that of the early socialist era, when a series of measures sought to bring organized religion to heel. The state exercised substantial control over clerical appointments, religious instruction, preaching, and proselytization.
428:
in protest against Pacem in Terris. The state-controlled movement, they said, tried to undermine unity between priests and bishops. In an apparent reply to the incident, Bratislava's Pravda took the opportunity to denounce the resurgence of "clerico-fascist ideology," which, given the growth of
346:
might have hoped after twenty years of party rule. In the traditionally
Catholic Slovakia, only 14 percent were atheists and 15 percent undecided; atheism was highest among people between the ages of 25 and 39. Religious sentiment reflected social background: nine-tenths of all farmers were
432:
The relationship between the advocates of "scientific atheism" and various religious groups has been uneasy at best. The
Czechoslovak Constitution permitted freedom of religion and expression, but in the 1980s citizens were well advised not to take these guarantees too literally.
280:. Nearly 6 percent of the population was without religious preference. At the time of the communist takeover, more than two out of every three citizens were Roman Catholics, but within each major ethnic group there was a small minority of Protestants: Bohemian Brethren in the
445:
A development that was particularly distressing to the authorities was the growing interest in religion on the part of young people in Czechoslovakia. In 1985, of the more than 100,000 people who took part in celebrations relating to the 1,100th anniversary of the death of
441:
of Czechoslovakia. Also represented were the Czechoslovak National Church, the Uniate Church, and Jewish communities. In 1981 a number of church dignitaries stood before the Czechoslovak minister of culture to take a vow of loyalty to the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.
387:
The regime showed a willingness to permit religious groups to practice their creeds as long as the clergy and the faithful did not bring religion into public life. The complication was that the regime counted almost anything as public life and so, for example, disallowed
404:) religion and an upsurge in belief and practices in the mid-1980s brought on sustained harassment and atheistic propaganda in Slovakia to a greater degree than in the Czech lands. Although methods differed, religious persecution in Slovakia equaled that suffered by the
309:; it faced significant problems with understaffed parishes and an aging clergy. Protestant sects, less dependent on a centralized hierarchy in the running of ecclesiastical affairs and less prominent because of their minority status, fared better.
731:"The Czech Republic: From the Center of Christendom to the Most Atheist Nation of the 21st Century: Part II: The Martyred Church: The Clandestine Catholic Church (Ecclesia Silentii) in Czechoslovakia After Communism 1991-2021)"
375:
literature. Protestant and Jewish groups were also harassed, but the Orthodox churches and the Czechoslovak National Church were generally spared. In an effort to ensure a group of compliant and loyal clergy, the regime of
912:
897:
321:. The Orthodox had been a distinct minority in Czechoslovakia, but Orthodox priests took over Greek Catholic parishes as the Uniate clergy were imprisoned or sent to work on farms in the Czech lands. The
882:
450:, Cardinal Tomášek noted that "two-thirds of the pilgrims were young people...." One culprit was seen to be the education system, which did not sufficiently stress a scientific-atheistic education.
458:
The religious population was as follows, as of c. 1991: Nondenominational (39,9%), not identified (16,2%), Roman Catholic (39%), Evangelical Czech Brethren (2%), and Czechoslovak Hussite (1,7%).
1093:
317:
policy of opposing the Uniate Church. Soon after coming to power, the party forcibly repressed the Greek Catholic Church (following the earlier example of the Soviet Union) in favour of the
1073:
948:
793:
1224:
1219:
1209:
968:
1599:
902:
1604:
892:
1184:
958:
1063:
975:
1156:
1161:
980:
887:
400:
If normalization after 1968 took a higher toll on the Czechs, the Slovaks have more recently borne the brunt of religious persecution. Slovakia's traditional adherence to (
1088:
1176:
1098:
1068:
1083:
1078:
907:
1229:
1214:
1204:
1129:
417:
Roman Catholics and Uniates were the major targets. The government closed convents and monasteries and strictly limited admissions to the two remaining seminaries.
963:
420:
In late 1980, there were signs of temporary worsening church-state relations. In October a number of students at the Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Divinity in
1010:
643:
363:
In the 1970s, the situation of religious groups in Czechoslovakia again deteriorated. The Roman Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of Cardinal
1279:
380:
organized a number of state-controlled associations, including the Ecumenical Council of the Churches of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the
767:
681:
381:
833:
1032:
130:
83:
38:
102:
1337:
1144:
1022:
1710:
355:
by the Uniates seizing "Orthodox" churches and demanding their own clergy and rites) and officially recognized the Uniate Church.
109:
1272:
371:, was once more the principal target. Throughout the 1970s, the regime arrested clergy and lay people for distributing religious
848:
1544:
1357:
116:
1627:
1564:
1549:
1382:
1017:
853:
249:
1705:
1051:
985:
760:
1715:
1642:
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1469:
1464:
1265:
1117:
98:
644:"Obyvatelstvo podle náboĹľenskĂ©ho vyznánĂ a pohlavĂ podle vĂ˝sledkĹŻ sÄŤĂtánĂ lidu v letech 1921, 1930, 1950, 1991 a 2001"
343:
214:
149:
52:
1429:
306:
651:
843:
447:
241:
189:
44:
1529:
1194:
1134:
938:
753:
87:
1499:
1459:
1439:
1419:
1322:
995:
705:
1632:
1434:
1005:
953:
828:
434:
1652:
1637:
1584:
1559:
1514:
1509:
1484:
1342:
1151:
1103:
943:
838:
823:
1622:
123:
1554:
1539:
1489:
1449:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1387:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1347:
1332:
1327:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
646:[Population by denomination and sex: as measured by 1921, 1930, 1950, 1991 and 2001 censuses]
1647:
1589:
1534:
1524:
1504:
1494:
1479:
1474:
1454:
1424:
1392:
1377:
1352:
1288:
785:
180:
364:
185:
1519:
1444:
1414:
1189:
1246:
1027:
318:
76:
1199:
1000:
265:
8:
273:
863:
351:
1672:
808:
798:
990:
803:
690:
528:
377:
261:
701:
438:
1139:
818:
813:
322:
926:
776:
401:
237:
1699:
1684:
694:
425:
1257:
730:
745:
384:(more commonly known as Pacem in Terris), with Czech and Slovak branches.
350:
In 1968, the situation for the churches brightened briefly. The regime of
167:
1037:
281:
713:
421:
405:
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689:(3rd ed.). Federal Research Division & Library of Congress.
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arrived, to celebrating a liturgy among themselves without a priest.
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human rights activists and proscribed writers in the Czech lands.
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an approximate 3,200) Roman Catholic priests from ministering.
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heritage. There were nine major creeds listed in its censuses:
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558:
468:
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588:
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509:
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492:
480:
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Czechoslovakia entered the communist era with a varied
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714:"Changes in Religious Values in the Czech Republic"
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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718:SociologickĂ˝ ÄŚasopis / Czech Sociological Review
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761:
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382:Czechoslovak Association of Catholic Clergy
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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342:" had not caught on quite as much as the
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
834:Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)
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305:substantial number of clergy with the
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1145:Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)
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854:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
338:and Slovakia found that "scientific
250:Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren
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88:adding citations to reliable sources
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529:"Orthodox Church of Czechoslovakia"
16:Religious beliefs in Czechoslovakia
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454:Situation at the end of Communism
34:This article has multiple issues.
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1711:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
844:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
683:Czechoslovakia: a country study
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242:Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
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706:Blinken Open Society Archives
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829:Second Czechoslovak Republic
435:Seventh-day Adventist Church
99:"Religion in Czechoslovakia"
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839:Third Czechoslovak Republic
824:First Czechoslovak Republic
288:, and Calvinists among the
179:to comply with Knowledge's
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1706:Religion in Czechoslovakia
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735:Religion in Eastern Europe
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729:Vitkovic, Scott (2023).
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192:may contain suggestions.
177:may need to be rewritten
319:Russian Orthodox Church
1673:Catholicism portal
1338:Bosnia and Herzegovina
680:Gawdiak, Ihor (1989).
712:Spousta, Jan (2002).
702:RFE Czechoslovak Unit
266:Czech Reformed Church
913:World Heritage Sites
84:improve this article
1576:States with limited
657:on 21 February 2011
621:, pp. 122–123.
609:, pp. 120–121.
567:, pp. 121–122.
477:, pp. 118–119.
323:shortage of priests
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1220:National anthem
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1140:Sudeten Germans
1108:
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917:
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344:Communist Party
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313:a longstanding
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296:1950s and 1960s
284:, Lutherans in
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28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1545:United Kingdom
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1358:Czech Republic
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633:, p. 360.
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597:, p. 123.
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555:, p. 120.
542:
520:
518:, p. 121.
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402:Roman Catholic
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238:Roman Catholic
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976:LGBT rights
969:enforcement
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334:Surveys in
300:During the
282:Czech lands
140:August 2007
1700:Categories
1500:San Marino
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1440:Luxembourg
1420:Kazakhstan
1323:Azerbaijan
1028:Parliament
954:Government
462:References
437:, and the
422:Bratislava
406:Charter 77
330:Late 1960s
290:Hungarians
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110:newspapers
39:improve it
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234:religious
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1343:Bulgaria
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1210:Museums
1177:Culture
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1099:Tourism
1069:Banking
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786:History
661:27 June
390:sermons
340:atheism
336:Moravia
315:Russian
278:Judaism
272:), the
124:scholar
1648:Jersey
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1230:Sport
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893:Lakes
687:(PDF)
655:(PDF)
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412:1980s
359:1970s
268:(the
131:JSTOR
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1200:Flag
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