500:
484:
445:
465:
31:
414:
402:). X-ray observations have been obtained, but there is no detected radio signature nor accretion disk. Initially, this pulsar was presumed to be rapidly spinning, but later measurements indicate the spin rate is only 15.9 Hz. Such a slow spin rate and lack of accretion material suggest the jet is neither rotation nor accretion powered, though it appears aligned with the pulsar rotation axis and perpendicular to the pulsar's true motion.
430:
383:
245:
348:. However, the frequency of high-energy astrophysical sources with jets suggests combinations of different mechanisms indirectly identified with the energy within the associated accretion disk and X-ray emissions from the generating source. Two early theories have been used to explain how energy can be transferred from a black hole into an astrophysical jet:
336:, while others are consistent with jets composed of positron–electron plasma. Trace nuclei swept up in a relativistic positron–electron jet would be expected to have extremely high energy, as these heavier nuclei should attain velocity equal to the positron and electron velocity.
355:. This theory explains the extraction of energy from magnetic fields around an accretion disk, which are dragged and twisted by the spin of the black hole. Relativistic material is then feasibly launched by the tightening of the field lines.
499:
483:
444:
1039:
Georganopoulos, M.; Kazanas, D.; Perlman, E.; Stecker, F. W. (2005). "Bulk
Comptonization of the Cosmic Microwave Background by Extragalactic Jets as a Probe of Their Matter Content".
369:
to be able to extract relativistic particle energy and momentum, and subsequently shown to be a possible mechanism for jet formation. This effect includes using general relativistic
282:. Beam lengths may extend between several thousand, hundreds of thousands or millions of parsecs. Jet velocities when approaching the speed of light show significant effects of the
258:
Relativistic jets are beams of ionised matter accelerated close to the speed of light. Most have been observationally associated with central black holes of some
680:
324:
Mechanisms behind the composition of jets remain uncertain, though some studies favour models where jets are composed of an electrically neutral mixture of
464:
1185:
293:
Massive central black holes in galaxies have the most powerful jets, but their structure and behaviours are similar to those of smaller galactic
1347:
Williams, R. K. (2004). "Collimated
Escaping Vortical Polar e−e+Jets Intrinsically Produced by Rotating Black Holes and Penrose Processes".
1601:
Blandford, Roger; Agol, Eric; Broderick, Avery; Heyl, Jeremy; Koopmans, Leon; Lee, Hee-Won (2001). "Compact
Objects and Accretion Disks".
1094:
Hirotani, K.; Iguchi, S.; Kimura, M.; Wajima, K. (2000). "Pair Plasma
Dominance in the Parsec-Scale Relativistic Jet of 3C 345".
829:
1650:
1619:
1302:(1995). "Extracting X-rays, Ύ-rays, and relativistic ee pairs from supermassive Kerr black holes using the Penrose mechanism".
413:
344:
Because of the enormous amount of energy needed to launch a relativistic jet, some jets are possibly powered by spinning
1256:
155:
are organised to aim two diametrically opposing beams away from the central source by angles only several degrees wide
429:
131:
The formation and powering of astrophysical jets are highly complex phenomena that are associated with many types of
833:
548:, elliptical galaxy located 600 million light-years from Earth, known for having the longest galactic jet discovered
17:
964:
Dereli-Bégué, Hüsne; Pe’er, Asaf; Ryde, Felix; Oates, Samantha R.; Zhang, Bing; Dainotti, Maria G. (2022-09-24).
493:, an extragalactic jet of material moving at nearly the speed of light can be seen at the three o'clock position.
1161:
1645:
1532:
Halpern, J. P.; et al. (2014). "Discovery of X-ray
Pulsations from the INTEGRAL Source IGR J11014-6103".
61:
530:
352:
1478:
788:
916:"Jet Velocity in SS 433: Its Anticorrelation with Precession-Cone Angle and Dependence on Orbital Phase"
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202:(GRB). Jets on a much smaller scale (~parsecs) may be found in star forming regions, including
1470:
1254:
Penrose, R. (2002). ""Golden Oldie": Gravitational
Collapse: The Role of General Relativity".
248:
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966:"A wind environment and Lorentz factors of tens explain gamma-ray bursts X-ray plateau"
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681:"A rapidly changing jet orientation in the stellar-mass black-hole system V404 Cygni"
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139:, whose active processes are commonly connected with compact central objects such as
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Pavan, L.; et al. (2015). "A closer view of the IGR J11014-6103 outflows".
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231:
164:
152:
136:
117:
27:
Beam of ionized matter flowing along the axis of a rotating astronomical object
1615:
1277:
1232:
Penrose, R. (1969). "Gravitational
Collapse: The Role of General Relativity".
1217:
1180:
773:
748:
717:
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1325:
1299:
1007:
294:
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509:, which contains the highest concentration of jets known anywhere in the sky
390:
Jets may also be observed from spinning neutron stars. An example is pulsar
1607:
1403:"Chandra :: Photo Album :: IGR J11014-6103 :: June 28, 2012"
1333:
1025:
892:
725:
545:
275:
263:
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144:
49:
832:. Yale University – Office of Public Affairs. 20 June 2006. Archived from
458:(the viewing field is larger and rotated with respect to the above image.)
1363:
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932:
867:
471:
435:
302:
210:; these objects are partially formed by the interaction of jets with the
38:
30:
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The pulsar IGR J11014-6103 with supernova remnant origin, nebula and jet
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116:. When this greatly accelerated matter in the beam approaches the
420:
1471:"The long helical jet of the Lighthouse nebula, IGR J11014-6103"
398:, and whose velocity is estimated at 80% the speed of light (0.8
190:
in length. Other astronomical objects that contain jets include
830:"Evidence for Ultra-Energetic Particles in Jet from Black Hole"
475:
306:
279:
267:
187:
179:
148:
85:
77:
65:
53:
1181:"Electromagnetic extraction of energy from Kerr black holes"
186:
or within galaxy clusters. Such jets can exceed millions of
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89:
73:
1600:
1093:
963:
244:
84:(WFI) on the MPG/ESO 2.2 m telescope located at La Silla,
361:. Here energy is extracted from a rotating black hole by
1616:
Hubble Video Shows Shock
Collision inside Black Hole Jet
170:
Most of the largest and most active jets are created by
846:
816:"Hubble Detects Faster-Than-Light Motion in Galaxy M87"
377:
313:. Relativistic jet formation may also explain observed
1596:
SPACE.com – Twisted
Physics: How Black Holes Spout Off
1591:
632:"A Uniform Description of All the Astrophysical Jets"
339:
317:, which have the most relativistic jets known, being
135:. They likely arise from dynamic interactions within
1149:
Electron–positron Jets Associated with Quasar 3C 279
849:"Simulations of Jets Driven by Black Hole Rotation"
394:, which has the largest jet so far observed in the
1186:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1162:"Vast Cloud of Antimatter Traced to Binary Stars"
1627:
847:Semenov, V.; Dyadechkin, S.; Punsly, B. (2004).
41:, with its plasma jets extending over a million
1178:
112:matter are emitted as extended beams along the
309:jet, for example, has a mean velocity of 0.26
1522:Long helical jet of Lighthouse nebula page 7
1142:
678:
251:emitting a relativistic jet, as seen by the
290:that changes the apparent beam brightness.
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365:, which was later theoretically proven by
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1179:Blandford, R. D.; Znajek, R. L. (1977).
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813:
625:
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438:in x-rays showing the relativistic jet
305:and show a large range of velocities.
301:. These SMBH systems are often called
1468:
1415:
914:Blundell, Katherine (December 2008).
746:
629:
575:
1153:
618:
378:Relativistic jets from neutron stars
237:
1160:Naeye, R.; Gutro, R. (2008-01-09).
24:
1257:General Relativity and Gravitation
789:"Star sheds via reverse whirlpool"
679:Miller-Jones, James (April 2019).
419:Illustration of the dynamics of a
340:Rotation as possible energy source
151:. One explanation is that tangled
25:
1662:
1584:
753:Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings
474:image of the relativistic jet in
159:Jets may also be influenced by a
749:"A review of Astrophysical Jets"
578:"A Review of Astrophysical Jets"
498:
482:
463:
443:
428:
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133:high-energy astronomical sources
92:and the galaxy's characteristic
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1469:Pavan, L.; et al. (2014).
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45:, is considered as the closest
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64:on APEX, are shown in orange.
13:
1:
1651:Stellar astrophysics concepts
562:
108:phenomenon where outflows of
1479:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1418:Astronomy & Astrophysics
284:special theory of relativity
218:may also be associated with
120:, astrophysical jets become
7:
1566:10.1088/2041-8205/795/2/L27
1510:10.1051/0004-6361/201322588
1448:10.1051/0004-6361/201527703
514:
470:Hubble Legacy Archive Near-
10:
1667:
1000:10.1038/s41467-022-32881-1
814:Biretta, J. (6 Jan 1999).
192:cataclysmic variable stars
124:as they show effects from
96:in close to "true colour".
1535:The Astrophysical Journal
1350:The Astrophysical Journal
1235:Rivista del Nuovo Cimento
1097:The Astrophysical Journal
1042:The Astrophysical Journal
920:The Astrophysical Journal
774:10.14311/APP.2014.01.0259
718:10.1038/s41586-019-1152-0
70:Chandra X-ray Observatory
1326:10.1103/PhysRevD.51.5387
531:Blandford–Znajek process
450:The M87 jet seen by the
353:Blandford–Znajek process
174:(SMBH) in the centre of
172:supermassive black holes
1502:2014A&A...562A.122P
1440:2016A&A...591A..91P
1278:10.1023/A:1016578408204
1218:10.1093/mnras/179.3.433
885:10.1126/science.1100638
270:, and also by galactic
640:Proceedings of Science
586:Proceedings of Science
387:
255:
253:Hubble Space Telescope
97:
88:, show the background
1646:Concepts in astronomy
970:Nature Communications
576:Beall, J. H. (2015).
385:
249:Elliptical galaxy M87
247:
33:
747:Beall, J. H (2014).
505:Some of the jets in
288:relativistic beaming
1558:2014ApJ...795L..27H
1373:2004ApJ...611..952W
1318:1995PhRvD..51.5387W
1270:2002GReGr..34.1141P
1248:1969NCimR...1..252P
1209:1977MNRAS.179..433B
1120:2000ApJ...545..100H
1065:2005ApJ...625..656G
992:2022NatCo..13.5611D
877:2004Sci...305..978S
765:2014mbhe.conf..259B
710:2019Natur.569..374M
658:10.22323/1.246.0058
649:2015mbhe.confE..58B
604:10.22323/1.246.0058
595:2015mbhe.confE..58B
272:stellar black holes
212:interstellar medium
208:Herbig–Haro objects
1608:astro-ph/0107228v1
795:. 27 December 2007
630:Kundt, W. (2014).
536:Herbig–Haro object
388:
256:
222:, or with evolved
161:general relativity
126:special relativity
98:
1312:(10): 5387–5427.
861:(5686): 978–980.
694:(7756): 374–377.
423:, including a jet
367:Reva Kay Williams
359:Penrose mechanism
319:ultrarelativistic
238:Relativistic jets
228:planetary nebulae
122:relativistic jets
102:astrophysical jet
82:Wide Field Imager
56:. The 870-micron
16:(Redirected from
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1200:astro-ph/0506302
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371:gravitomagnetism
315:gamma-ray bursts
216:Bipolar outflows
200:gamma-ray bursts
163:effect known as
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114:axis of rotation
36:starburst galaxy
21:
18:Relativistic jet
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260:active galaxies
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137:accretion disks
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1128:10.1086/317769
1104:(1): 100–106.
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943:10.1086/429663
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