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temperatures only a few tens of degrees above absolute zero. Astronomers use this light to study the chemical and physical conditions in these molecular clouds — the dense regions of gas and cosmic dust where new stars are being born. Seen in visible light, these regions of the
Universe are often dark and obscured due to the dust, but they shine brightly in the millimetre and submillimetre part of the spectrum. This wavelength range is also ideal for studying some of the earliest and most distant galaxies in the Universe, whose light has been redshifted into these longer wavelengths.
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355:(Atacama Large Millimeter Array) prototype antenna and is at the site of the ALMA observatory. APEX is designed to work at sub-millimetre wavelengths, in the 0.2 to 1.5 mm range — between infrared light and radio waves — and to find targets that ALMA will be able to study in greater detail. Submillimetre astronomy provides a window into the cold, dusty and distant Universe, but the faint signals from space are heavily absorbed by water vapour in the Earth's atmosphere.
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405:. Among the many new findings published then, most in the field of star formation and astrochemistry, are the discovery of a new interstellar molecule and the detection of light emitted at 0.2 mm from CO molecules, as well as light coming from a charged molecule composed of two forms of hydrogen.
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APEX, the largest submillimetre-wavelength single-dish telescope operating in the southern hemisphere, has a suite of instruments for astronomers to use in their observations, a major one being LABOCA, the Large APEX Bolometer Camera. LABOCA uses an array of extremely sensitive micro-calorimeters —
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Recent APEX observations lead to the first ever discovery of hydrogen peroxide in space, the first image of a dusty disc closely encircling a massive baby star, providing direct evidence that massive stars form in the same way as their smaller brethren, and the first direct measurements of the size
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and the first radio pointing model was compiled. At the time of the inauguration in 2005, APEX was equipped with state-of-the-art sub-millimetre spectrometers developed by MPIfR's
Division for Sub-Millimetre Technology and followed by the first facility receiver built at Chalmers University (OSO).
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APEX science goals include studying the formation of stars, planets, and galaxies, including very distant galaxies in the early
Universe, and the physical conditions of molecular clouds. Its first results proved the telescope lives up to the ambitions of the scientists by providing access to the
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Submillimetre astronomy is a relatively unexplored frontier in astronomy and reveals a
Universe that cannot be seen in the more familiar visible or infrared light. It is ideal for studying the "cold Universe": light at these wavelengths shines from vast cold clouds in interstellar space, at
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To operate at the shorter sub-millimetre wavelengths, APEX presents a surface of exceedingly high quality. After a series of high precision adjustments, the surface of the primary mirror can be adjusted with remarkable precision. Over the 12 m diameter of the antenna, the
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was chosen as the location for such a telescope because the region is one of the driest on the planet and is more than 750 m higher than the observatories on Mauna Kea and 2400 m higher than the Very Large
Telescope (VLT) on Cerro Paranal.
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All ESO and
Swedish APEX data are stored in the ESO archive. These data follow the standard ESO archive rules, i.e., they become publicly available one year after they have been delivered to the principal investigator of the project.
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built and operated by three
European research institutes. The main dish has a diameter of 12 m and consists of 264 aluminium panels with an average surface accuracy of 17 micrometres (
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This video shows the construction of part of APEX as well as the way from APEX at the
Chajnantor plateau to the APEX Sequitor base, located nearby San Pedro de Atacama in Chile.
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738:"Sub-millimetre Astronomy in Full Swing on Southern Skies — Impressive set of APEX Results to be published in Special Issue of Astronomy & Astrophysics"
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deviation from the perfect parabola is less than 17 thousandths of a millimetre. This is smaller than one fifth of the average thickness of a human hair.
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APEX first light was achieved in May 2004 using the SEST Imaging
Bolometer Array (SIMBA) that had been moved to APEX after the decommissioning of the
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No fewer than 26 articles based on early science with APEX were published in July 2006 in a special issue of the research journal
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476:— minus 272.85 degrees Celsius). LABOCA's high sensitivity, together with its wide field of view (11
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ESO (32%). It is now a sole project of the MPIfR, hosted and operated by ESO on behalf of the MPIfR.
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The APEX telescope is made up of three "receiver" cabins: Cassegrain, Nasmyth A, and
Nasmyth B.
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Combined APEX and Spitzer data in an area known as Extended Chandra Deep Field South.
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European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere
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and brightness of regions of star-birth in a very distant galaxy.
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801:"APEX Snaps First Close-up of Star Factories in Distant Universe"
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in Hawaii has set the world-record in angular resolution: 28.6
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For more information about APEX instruments, consult the
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Sub-millimetre Astronomy in Full Swing on Southern Skies
896:"The Wild Early Lives of Today's Most Massive Galaxies"
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Radio telescope in the Atacama desert, northern Chile
387:APEX instrument for finding water in the Universe.
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604:Central region of the Milky Way (LABOCA on APEX)
166:0.2, 1.5 mm (1.50, 0.20 THz)
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328:5,064 meters above sea level, at the
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826:Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com
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871:"APEX Stands Sentry on Chajnantor"
759:"Hydrogen Peroxide Found in Space"
209:12 m (39 ft 4 in)
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970:"APEX Extension Agreement Signed"
852:from the original on 25 July 2011
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451:APEX Stands Sentry on Chajnantor.
351:The APEX telescope is a modified
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58:Llano de Chajnantor Observatory
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1823:European Southern Observatory
1445:European Southern Observatory
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580:Looking over to the ALMA site
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318:Atacama Pathfinder Experiment
126:European Southern Observatory
20:Atacama Pathfinder Experiment
1828:2005 establishments in Chile
1648:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1264:Arcminute Microkelvin Imager
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1339:Mobile Anisotropy Telescope
1299:Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope
1259:Atacama Cosmology Telescope
552:APEX and clusters of white
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1069:Discovery of CMB radiation
945:"Setting the Dark on Fire"
644:APEX and snowy Chajnantor.
616:Colour composite image of
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369:Onsala Space Observatory
298:Related media on Commons
134:Onsala Space Observatory
875:ESO Picture of the Week
418:Event Horizon Telescope
54:Event Horizon Telescope
1023:Organisational Release
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37:Alternative names
846:"APEX data archiving"
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340:, 50 km east of
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1459:La Silla Observatory
1384:South Pole Telescope
1128:image (2018) of the
493:instrumentation page
371:(OSO, 13%), and the
342:San Pedro de Atacama
188:Telescope style
1469:Paranal Observatory
1284:BICEP (1,2,3,Array)
416:Network and in the
367:(MPIfR) (55%), the
101:23.0058°S 67.7592°W
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1379:Simons Observatory
1115:Thomson scattering
1105:Sachs–Wolfe effect
1012:ESO LABOCA website
632:APEX 12m Telescope
592:APEX at Chajnantor
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31:The APEX telescope
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949:ESO Press Release
926:. ESO. 2005-07-14
900:ESO Press Release
803:. ESO. 2010-03-21
782:. ESO. 2010-07-14
761:. ESO. 2011-07-06
740:. ESO. 2006-07-13
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1770:Solar System
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977:. Retrieved
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692:"ESO - APEX"
510:
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474:millikelvins
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336:in northern
321:
317:
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122:Organization
1758:Spaceflight
1579:instruments
1553:(cancelled)
1140:Experiments
974:www.eso.org
954:12 February
443:Instruments
104: /
80:Coordinates
72:Location(s)
1792:Categories
1640:Miscellany
1527:(national)
1492:Telescopes
1452:Facilities
1334:LSPE/STRIP
1329:Keck Array
1324:GroundBIRD
1314:COSMOSOMAS
1208:LSPE/SWIPE
930:2011-08-19
905:27 January
856:2011-08-19
831:2019-04-10
807:2011-08-19
786:2011-08-19
765:2011-08-19
744:2011-08-19
722:6 November
702:2011-06-14
671:References
554:penitentes
499:Technology
478:arcminutes
472:(300
466:bolometers
422:black hole
357:Chajnantor
176:2004
162:Wavelength
92:67°45′33″W
89:23°00′21″S
1654:ESO Hotel
1577:Telescope
1535:(project)
1374:Saskatoon
1349:POLARBEAR
1203:BOOMERanG
464:known as
1678:Category
1596:ESPRESSO
1519:ESO 3.6m
1394:Tenerife
1193:Archeops
1172:RELIKT-1
1160:LiteBIRD
880:16 April
850:Archived
696:Archived
620:(LABOCA)
220:Mounting
206:Diameter
148:Altitude
1782:Science
1720:Portals
1706:Commons
1621:PIONIER
1591:CORALIE
1545:MPG/ESO
1369:QUIJOTE
1186:Balloon
1124:4-year
1083:Effects
694:. ESO.
618:RCW 120
515:Gallery
379:Science
332:in the
324:) is a
239:Website
50:Part of
1626:SPHERE
1586:ADONIS
1294:CAPMAP
1242:Ground
1233:TopHat
1228:Spider
1218:MAXIMA
1198:ARCADE
1166:Planck
1126:Planck
979:12 May
426:3C 279
291:
227:
194:
136:
60:
1746:Stars
1734:Chile
1694:Space
1631:VIMOS
1606:HARPS
1601:GROND
1558:VISTA
1524:EULER
1364:QUIET
1359:QUBIC
1309:CLASS
1269:AMiBA
1254:ACBAR
1148:Space
338:Chile
305:[
40:APEX
1616:MUSE
1611:KMOS
1532:NGTS
1504:APEX
1499:ALMA
1354:QUaD
1344:OVRO
1319:DASI
1289:BIMA
1279:ATCA
1274:APEX
1223:QMAP
1213:EBEX
1177:WMAP
1155:COBE
981:2017
956:2013
907:2012
882:2012
724:2015
485:SEST
414:VLBI
353:ALMA
322:APEX
316:The
248:.org
1568:VST
1563:VLT
1550:OWL
1540:NTT
1509:ELT
1389:SZA
1249:ABS
1130:CMB
1021:ESO
506:rms
430:SMA
346:rms
244:www
1794::
1019:—
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