657:
784:
58:
188:
775:
interpellation was extended by allowing the question under discussion to be put to a vote. Under the constitution, the
Reichstag had no direct influence on the appointment or dismissal of the chancellor, which was a matter for the emperor. In practice, however, no policy could be implemented in the long term against the will of the Reichstag because it had to pass the laws by a majority vote and approve the budget. The chancellor therefore needed the Reichstag's political support even if he did not have to resign in the event of a vote of no confidence.
387:
228:
750:, who was Chancellor from 1871 to 1890, had proposed a budget covering three years, but the Reichstag enforced a period of one year. If unbudgeted expenditures occurred, a supplementary budget had to be passed. The Reichstag did not vote on the total amount as Bismarck had originally envisaged; instead the expenditures were broken down in detail, and the Reichstag could discuss each item separately. In this context, the discussion of the budget became the central debate on the government's actions as a whole.
739:
399:, had 1,282,000. The layout of the electoral districts, which was based on the 1864 census and did not change afterwards, disadvantaged those political parties that had their constituencies primarily in the cities. The small electoral districts that coincided with individual "dwarf" states continued to send one deputy to the Reichstag because the federal structure of the Reich required that each state have a seat regardless of population, as was notably the case in
615:) supported Reichstag members financially and expected political support in return. Industrial associations and the Catholic Church acted similarly. A government-funded expense allowance was made available in 1906, but the 3,000 marks per year was too little to live on. The makeup of the Reichstag showed that these types of financial provisions could not prevent something like professional political class from developing.
335:
2137:
800:
to a more conservative
Reichstag in 1878â79, the parties often confined themselves to either reacting to or obstructing government measures. The parties' limited willingness to compromise among themselves made it easier for the government to achieve its goals. It resorted if necessary to dissolving the Reichstag, the possibility of which always played a background role for parliamentary decisions.
246:. Together with the Bundesrat, the Reichstag had legislative power and shared in decision-making on the budget. It also had certain rights of control over the executive branch and could engage the public through its debates. The emperor had little political power, and over time the position of the Reichstag strengthened with respect to both the imperial government and the Bundesrat.
758:
could not impose them on its own. Article 70 of the constitution stated that additional revenues "shall be raised, as long as no taxes of the Empire shall have been established, by assessing the several States of the Empire according to their population, the amount of the assessment to be fixed by the chancellor of the Empire in accordance with the budget agreed upon."
289:
Members were elected by universal, equal and secret manhood suffrage, with the voting age set at 25. The suffrage was quite extensive both in comparison to other countries and to the various German state parliaments. In most countries at that time, votes were not equal but weighted by such factors as
249:
Reichstag members were elected for three-year terms from 1871 to 1888 and following that for five years. It had one of the most progressive electoral laws of its time: with only a few restrictions, all men 25 and older were allowed to vote, secretly and equally, in direct elections. The
Reichstag met
757:
There were also limits to parliamentary influence over revenue. Indirect taxes and customs duties were fixed for a longer period than the budget, which limited parliament's leeway, and contributions from the states were outside the
Reichstag's competence. Parliament could reject new revenues, but it
577:
Deputies were considered representatives of the entire German people and under the constitution were not bound by instructions. They enjoyed immunity from prosecution on the basis of their office and security against loss or other financial burden (indemnity), as well as protection from disciplinary
309:
Since it was thought that allowing men in active military service to vote would politicize the military, they were denied the franchise, although they had the right to stand for election. Also ineligible to vote were men dependent on public assistance for the poor, those over whose assets bankruptcy
799:
The
Reichstag's position with respect to the government depended on its internal political makeup. The German multi-party system made it difficult to form parliamentary majorities. Bismarck played the parties against each other, relying on shifting majorities or compliant coalitions. After the turn
753:
Military budgets were set for a period of seven years, dropping later to five. It was very difficult to reduce the military budget, and even attempts to influence individual items met with problems. In the years between the adoption of a new military budget, parliament had no say in what was by far
585:
No allowances were paid because there were to be no professional politicians. In practice this meant that deputies had to have the time available and be able to afford the office financially. Candidates who were not wealthy or civil servants were thus at a disadvantage. Lawyers and journalists, for
378:
in 1874, there were 397 until the end of the Empire in 1918. The electoral districts were initially drawn to include about 100,000 people each, with the exception of eight small states that formed their own electoral districts even though they had fewer than 100,000 inhabitants. Since the electoral
795:
Universal manhood suffrage (one of the most liberal voting rights of its time) resulted in large-scale political mobilization. Voter turnout rose from 51% in 1871 to 85% in 1912. Parties and interest groups of all kinds formulated their interests and effectively brought them to bear in parliament.
734:
On the first reading of a bill, only a general debate on the principles of the draft was to take place. Not until the second reading were the individual articles allowed to be debated. At that point amendments could also be proposed. In the third reading, there was to be a synthesis of the results
716:
If the
Reichstag president did not come from a strong party, he had to follow the council to a greater extent than if he came from a strong one. Until 1884 members of the presidium were not members of the council of elders. After that, the first vice president was also head of the council. In 1899
684:
and his deputies. The president represented the parliament externally and had the task of maintaining internal order. He set the agenda, and members could reject it only by a majority vote. The president could call speakers to order, request that they be deprived of the floor if they disobeyed, or
394:
Due to differing rates of population growth caused primarily by internal migration to the big cities and industrial centers, large differences arose in the populations of the individual electoral districts. In 1912 there were twelve electoral districts with fewer than 75,000 inhabitants and twelve
791:
Although the chancellor was not accountable to parliament, he still depended on parliament's approval for laws and the budget. The newly formed Reich needed additional laws, and the increasingly complex economy and society led to a further need for legal regulations. By at times voting down major
712:
The council of elders operated outside the official rules of procedure. As the governing body of the
Reichstag, leading representatives of the parties came together to vote on such matters as the agenda, committee appointments and procedural issues. The decisions of the council of elders were not
761:
Also in the area of foreign policy, parliament's rights of participation were limited. Only in customs, trade, transport and similar areas was approval of international treaties required (Articles 4 and 11). In the making of alliances, agreements did not even need to be made known to parliament.
708:
There was no compulsion to belong to a parliamentary party. The threat of exclusion was nevertheless an important means of internal discipline. Abstaining from a vote was often the option for members in disagreement. Party discipline became more and more prevalent as time went on. Discipline was
770:
For any area of government action, the
Reichstag had the right of petition or interpellation (interruption of the order of the day by demanding an explanation from a minister). An interpellation required the consent of 30 deputies. The chancellor was not obliged to appear in the Reichstag or to
730:
Under
Article 23 of the constitution, one of the Reichstag's central rights was that it could propose bills (its legislative initiative) and that a bill could become law only with its consent. The Reichstag shared both rights with the Bundesrat (Article 16). Even though no law could be enforced
406:
An 1869 electoral law stipulated that it was parliament and not a statutory order by the administration that adjusted electoral boundaries to reflect population changes. The
Reichstag was suspicious of the administration because it had regularly manipulated district boundaries in Prussian state
354:â there were only directly elected deputies. If no candidate received an absolute majority in the first round, a runoff election was held between the two candidates with the highest number of votes. Runoff elections became increasingly important during the life of the Empire. Whereas in the
774:
Control of the executive was further developed in the committees. A minor reform of the Reichstag's rules of procedure in 1912 introduced the right of each deputy to put a minor question to the Reich chancellor. The question was answered without subsequent debate. Furthermore, the right of
704:
The parliamentary groups in the Empire were generally associations of deputies from the same party. The parties elected an executive committee, usually from the respective party leadership. They financed themselves through contributions from members. Regular meetings were held to discuss
314:, 22.2% of the population (14.442 million men) were eligible to vote; by comparison the figures were 16% in Great Britain and 28% in the United States. The percentage eligible to vote in Reichstag elections was also significantly higher than in German state elections, such as in
688:
The members of the Bundesrat enjoyed a special position in parliament. They were not subject to the presidential power of order and had the right to be heard. The chancellor as such did not have the right to speak, but in practice he was almost always a member of the Bundesrat.
601:(SPD) paid its deputies a kind of salary from 1876 on. Numerous parliamentarians were also employed as party functionaries or journalists for the party press. In 1898 about 40% of Social Democratic deputies were party employees and another 15â20% were employed by the socialist
623:
The proceedings of the Reichstag were public (Article 22 of the Reich Constitution), and the press reported widely on the debates. The electoral period was three years until 1888, then five. The Reichstag had no right of self-assembly but was convened annually by the
824:
that required the Reichstag's approval for declaring war and making peace and that made the chancellor dependent on the confidence of the Reichstag rather than the emperor. But the reforms were not enough for either the Allies or the people of Germany, and in the
803:
After the Bismarck era, the threat of dissolution became less and less important. The fact that fixed political electoral camps were forming played a role in the change. There were few non-voters left for the government to win over. With the exception of the
631:
The Bundesrat was allowed to dissolve the Reichstag with the emperor's consent. New elections had to be held within sixty days, and the newly elected Reichstag had to be convened after 90 days at the latest. The Reichstag was dissolved only four times: in
677:), generally made up of members of the parties' leadership, agreement was reached on committee chairmanships. Unlike the rules of procedure for the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic, there was no specification of the numbers or tasks of committees.
581:
Strong emphasis was placed on the separation between the executive and parliament. A deputy who was appointed Reich chancellor or a state secretary (minister) subordinate to him, or to a state government, had to resign his seat in the Reichstag.
808:, new elections no longer brought any changes that would have improved the government's position. On the other hand, the contrast between the political camps continued to intensify, making joint action against the government more difficult.
648:. The initiative always came from the chancellor, who hoped that the Reichstag parties supporting him would gain seats. Such an outcome was uncertain, which was a main factor behind the low number of Reichstag dissolutions.
594:, industrialists, pensioners and high officials among the group. The majority of businessmen, on the other hand, were rarely free because of the demands of their occupation. This was even more true for workers.
229:
379:
district boundaries were based on the borders of the individual German states, some electoral districts consisted of widely separated areas. The fragmentation was particularly pronounced in the
238:
was Germany's lower House of Parliament from 1871 to 1918. Within the governmental structure of the Reich, it represented the national and democratic element alongside the federalism of the
1585:
Ritter, Gerhard A. (1980). "Erstes Kapitel: Das Deutsche Reich, Unterkapitel 17: Die Stichwahlen 1871â1912" [Chapter 1: The German Reich, Section 17: the Runoffs 1871â1912].
1105:
993:
310:
or insolvency proceedings had been initiated, and those who had been declared incapacitated or been deprived of their civil rights by a court judgment. In the
1009:
671:
The expansion of parliamentary committees was halting. The number of members depended on the strength of the parliamentary parties. In the council of elders (
735:
from the first and second readings. Newly proposed motions had to have the support of at least thirty deputies. Finally, the entire draft was put to a vote.
977:
731:
against the will of the state governments represented in the Bundesrat, the latter's importance in everyday constitutional life gradually diminished.
685:
exclude them from the session. It was inadmissible to enter into a debate about the emperor. If a member dared to do so, the president intervened.
713:
subject to the majority principle, but were made unanimously. From around 1890, parties were represented in the body according to their strength.
746:
The Reichstag's core responsibility was its budgetary authority and thus the decision on the Reich's budget in the form of a law (Article 69).
17:
821:
1615:
407:
elections. But in the following decades, the Bundesrat, as a part of parliament, prevented a legislative adjustment of electoral districts.
1525:
2157:
275:
2141:
816:
In October 1918, with the prospect of imminent defeat in World War I and in the hope of obtaining more favorable peace terms from the
697:
Parliamentary parties were not mentioned in parliamentary rules, but they de facto played a decisive role. They chose members of the
792:
proposals supported by both the government and the emperor, the Reichstag showed its growing importance in the law-making process.
1357:
1213:
961:
2162:
108:
2167:
1989:
1948:
1762:
1683:
1475:
1363:
2093:
Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte, Bd. 3: Von der Deutschen Doppelrevolution bis zum Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges 1849â1914
1259:
243:
762:
Declarations of war or peace were a matter for the emperor. He needed the consent of the Bundesrat but not the Reichstag.
1827:
915:
681:
499:
346:
Elections were held in districts that elected a single member by absolute majority, which meant that â unlike under the
1496:
1269:
826:
598:
251:
1437:
701:
that was responsible for routine administrative activities and decided on speakers and the composition of committees.
2104:
2075:
1919:
1890:
1654:
1598:
1569:
1421:
665:
303:
271:
205:
656:
1309:
1203:
1183:
259:
2097:
German Social History, Vol. 3: From the German Double Revolution to the Beginning of the First World War 1849â1914
1121:
1329:
1231:
299:
783:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
805:
645:
641:
637:
633:
509:
363:
359:
355:
311:
174:
162:
709:
weakest in the middle-class parties in which individual voting behavior was for a long time not uncommon.
1041:
602:
351:
347:
796:
The Reichstag thus also held a key position in the Reich's institutionalized decision-making structure.
1755:
Between Honorary Post and Professional Politics: Professionalization of Local Politics in German Cities
279:
1751:
Zwischen Ehrenamt und Berufspolitik: Professionalisierung der Kommunalpolitik in deutschen GroĂstĂ€dten
374:
In 1871 the Reichstag consisted of 382 deputies. After the addition of fifteen electoral districts to
1369:
1335:
1313:
1073:
283:
239:
459:
1908:
Der steinige Weg zur Demokratie: Die Weimarer Nationalversammlung zwischen Kaiserreich und Republik
1299:
1187:
519:
255:
222:
118:
597:
Financial compensation could come through support from a member's party or an interest group. The
1381:
150:
771:
answer questions. In practice, however, chancellors did so in order to justify their positions.
1303:
1293:
606:
187:
1707:
1341:
1241:
1153:
817:
57:
1701:
1347:
1219:
1173:
1089:
489:
469:
439:
8:
1325:
1247:
1199:
1057:
1025:
549:
375:
698:
1982:
The Other Side of Power. Reichstag and Public Sphere in the "Bismarck System" 1871â1890
1978:
Die andere Seite der Macht. Reichstag und Ăffentlichkeit im "System Bismarck" 1871â1890
1281:
1253:
625:
529:
429:
339:
319:
315:
295:
386:
2100:
2071:
1985:
1944:
1915:
1912:
The Stony Road to Democracy: The Weimar National Assembly between Empire and Republic
1886:
1758:
1679:
1650:
1594:
1587:
Wahlgeschichtliches Arbeitsbuch: Materialien zur Statistik des Kaiserreichs 1871â1918
1565:
1558:
Wahlgeschichtliches Arbeitsbuch: Materialien zur Statistik des Kaiserreichs 1871â1918
1471:
1417:
1387:
1265:
945:
747:
479:
449:
380:
323:
1470:] (in German) (Kindle ed.). Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. p. 121.
1225:
1179:
400:
291:
145:
139:
1591:
Electoral History Workbook: Materials on Statistics of the German Empire 1871â1918
1562:
Electoral History Workbook: Materials on Statistics of the German Empire 1871â1918
586:
example, were able to combine being a member of parliament with their profession.
1757:] (in German). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag fĂŒr Sozialwissenschaften. pp. 55 f.
1649:] (in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. pp. 18 f.
1319:
1275:
1137:
274:
did not change the legal form of the parliament as it had been laid down for the
1830:[Law concerning the amendment of Article 24 of the Reich Constitution].
1237:
1790:
1375:
664:
The Reichstag based its internal organization on the rules of procedure of the
539:
358:, runoffs had to be held in 46 of the 397 electoral districts (11.6%), in the
2151:
1618:[Reichstag Electoral Districts â Problems of Electoral Districting].
1378:(German Progress Party, German Free-minded Party, Free-minded Peoples' Party)
1353:
1193:
242:
and the monarchic and bureaucratic element of the executive, embodied in the
235:
49:
738:
1287:
1209:
1499:[German Empire Domestic Policy: Parties, Elections and Suffrage].
254:. Its last session took place on 26 October 1918. Its successors were the
250:
throughout the First World War, but was prevented from sitting during the
75:
1828:"Gesetz, betreffend die AbÀnderung des Artikels 24 der Reichsverfassung"
1798:
1700:
395:
with more than 400,000, the largest of which, electoral district 10 in
578:
sanctions resulting from their political actions as parliamentarians.
587:
668:. They remained in force until 1922, after the end of the Empire.
1885:] (in German). Oldenbourg: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 37 f.
396:
334:
1943:] (in German). Berlin: Duncker and Humblot. pp. 26â29.
1556:
Ritter, Gerhard A. (1980). "EinfĂŒhrung" [Introduction].
1416:] (in German). Vol. 2. Munich: C.H. Beck. p. 102.
369:
326:, where the right to vote was subject to additional conditions.
2136:
1678:] (in German). Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien. p. 55.
1250:(General German Workers' Association, Socialist Workers' Party)
591:
1941:
Legal Comparison of Parliamentary Parties in Germany and Spain
1937:
Die Parlamentsfraktionen im deutsch-spanischen Rechtsvergleich
692:
1914:] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Campus. pp. 63 f.
2113:
1957:
2045:
2043:
2003:
2001:
1812:"Gesetz vom 19. MĂ€rz 1888" [Law of 19 March 1888].
1789:
1732:
1730:
1858:
1497:"Kaiserreich Innenpolitik: Parteien, Wahlen und Wahlrecht"
1984:] (in German). DĂŒsseldorf: Droste. pp. 233â234.
1616:"Reichstagswahlkreise â Probleme der Wahlkreiseinteilung"
1464:
Wilhelm II.: Die Herrschaft des letzten deutschen Kaisers
1284:(Socialist Workers' Party, later Social Democratic Party)
2040:
1998:
1727:
829:, brought an end to the Reichstag of the German Empire.
2070:] (in German). TĂŒbingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 28.
2030:
2028:
2013:
651:
298:, for example, the largest state in the Empire, used a
2099:] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. pp. 864 f.
1846:
1715:
837:
Reichstag elections were held in the following years:
2025:
1356:(German Progress Party, German Free-minded Party,
1196:(National Liberal Party, German Free-minded Party)
778:
1372:(German Progress Party, German Free-minded Party)
1290:(German Progress Party, German Free-minded Party)
306:, with votes weighted by the amount of tax paid.
2149:
1672:Der Reichstag vor der improvisierten Revolution
1468:Wilhelm II: the Rule of the Last German Emperor
1322:(German Progress Party, National Liberal Party)
660:Speaker's platform, presidium and stenographers
1963:
1876:
1676:The Reichstag before the Improvised Revolution
258:(February 1919 to June 1920), followed by the
403:, with a population of about 45,000 in 1912.
370:Consequences of electoral district boundaries
262:that met for the first time in June of 1920.
717:the president assumed the function himself.
672:
618:
610:
38:
765:
693:Political parties and the council of elders
410:
2061:
754:the Reich's largest area of expenditure.
186:
2119:
2049:
2019:
2007:
1905:
1864:
1736:
1407:
725:
1058:Albert Erdmann Karl Gerhard von Levetzow
1026:Albert Erdmann Karl Gerhard von Levetzow
782:
737:
655:
628:, an act that proved to be a formality.
385:
333:
1975:
1934:
1647:Domestic Policy in the Empire 1871â1914
962:Maximilian Franz August von Forckenbeck
922:Presidents of the Reichstag (1871â1918)
14:
2150:
2090:
2034:
1852:
1748:
1721:
1698:
1640:
1593:] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck.
1584:
1564:] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck.
1555:
265:
195:Leipziger StraĂe 4, Berlin (1871â1894)
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1643:Innenpolitik im Kaiserreich 1871â1914
1613:
1461:
909:
390:Reichstag electoral districts in 1907
221:
1669:
1551:
1549:
1520:
1518:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1438:"Parliament: The Empire (1871â1918)"
811:
720:
652:Rules of procedure and the president
1877:von Westphalen, Raban, ed. (2001).
1526:"Elections in the Empire 1871â1918"
916:List of presidents of the Reichstag
329:
27:Former legislative body (1871â1918)
24:
2158:Historical legislatures in Germany
1771:
1270:National-Democratic Party (Poland)
1167:
1074:Rudolf Freiherr von Buol-Berenberg
25:
2179:
2129:
1792:Constitution of the German Empire
1578:
1546:
1515:
1484:
1260:Ernst von Heydebrand und der Lasa
1212:(Socialist Workers' Party, later
1010:Gustav Konrad Heinrich von GoĂler
666:Prussian House of Representatives
304:Prussian House of Representatives
272:Constitution of the German Empire
206:Constitution of the German Empire
2135:
1310:Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke
1106:Udo Graf zu Stolberg-Wernigerode
994:Adolf Graf von Arnim-Boitzenburg
605:. In the conservative camp, the
362:there were 147 (37%) and 190 in
260:Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
56:
2084:
2055:
1969:
1928:
1899:
1870:
1820:
1805:
1742:
1692:
1663:
779:Position in the power structure
350:of the Weimar Republic and the
1634:
1614:Lilla, Joachim (2 June 2009).
1607:
1503:(in German). 14 September 2014
1455:
1430:
1401:
827:German Revolution of 1918â1919
787:The Reichstag in session, 1889
252:German Revolution of 1918â1919
18:Reichstag of the German Empire
13:
1:
2163:Politics of the German Empire
1410:Deutsche Geschichte 1866â1918
1394:
1122:Hans Graf von Schwerin-Löwitz
2168:Reichstag (legislative body)
2091:Wehler, Hans-Ulrich (1995).
2062:Achterberg, Norbert (1984).
1620:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
1364:Burghard von Schorlemer-Alst
1232:Eduard Georg von Bethusy-Huc
1160:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1005:
1000:
997:
989:
984:
981:
973:
968:
965:
957:
952:
949:
941:
832:
680:Reichstag members elected a
7:
1883:German System of Government
1462:Clark, Christopher (2008).
1296:(German Conservative Party)
1262:(German Conservative Party)
1256:(German Conservative Party)
1244:, German Free-minded Party)
1042:Wilhelm von Wedell-Piesdorf
572:
563:
553:
543:
533:
523:
513:
503:
493:
483:
473:
463:
453:
443:
433:
352:Federal Republic of Germany
348:proportional representation
10:
2184:
1879:Deutsches Regierungssystem
1408:Nipperdey, Thomas (1992).
1358:Free-minded Peoples' Party
913:
280:North German Confederation
2142:Reichstag (German Empire)
1976:Biefang, Andreas (2009).
1935:Winkler, Michael (1997).
1906:Bollmeyer, Heiko (2007).
1816:(in German). p. 110.
1370:Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch
1338:(Free Conservative Party)
1336:Viktor I, Duke of Ratibor
1314:German Conservative Party
1278:(Social Democratic Party)
1234:(Free Conservative Party)
1228:(Social Democratic Party)
936:
933:
930:
705:parliamentary procedure.
619:Convening and dissolution
416:Reichstag seats by state
204:
199:
194:
185:
180:
168:
156:
137:
132:
124:
114:
104:
96:
88:
83:
69:
64:
55:
47:
32:
1702:"Schaumburg-Lippe"
1699:Sacher, Hermann (1912).
1641:Halder, Winfrid (2003).
1501:Lebendiges Museum Online
1414:German History 1866â1918
1384:(National Liberal Party)
1300:Hermann von Mallinckrodt
1222:(National Liberal Party)
1188:German Free-minded Party
927:
766:Control of the executive
411:Composition and function
340:Reichstag's new building
312:1912 Reichstag elections
256:Weimar National Assembly
119:Weimar National Assembly
1749:Reiser, Marion (2006).
1382:Heinrich von Treitschke
1214:Social Democratic Party
599:Social Democratic Party
356:1874 Reichstag election
151:universal male suffrage
1204:National Liberal Party
1184:National Liberal Party
822:constitutional reforms
788:
743:
726:Legislation and budget
673:
661:
611:
607:German Agrarian League
590:also counted Prussian
391:
343:
109:North German Reichstag
39:
1708:Catholic Encyclopedia
1342:August Reichensperger
1330:German Peoples' Party
1242:German Progress Party
1154:Constantin Fehrenbach
820:, parliament enacted
786:
741:
659:
389:
337:
300:three-class franchise
2144:at Wikimedia Commons
1670:Molt, Peter (1963).
1348:Peter Reichensperger
1220:Rudolf von Bennigsen
1174:Franz von Ballestrem
1090:Franz von Ballestrem
302:in elections to the
223:[ËÊaÉȘçstaËk]
128:397 (at dissolution)
48:Legislative body of
2122:, pp. 105â107.
1964:von Westphalen 2001
1832:Wikisource (German)
1533:Deutscher Bundestag
1442:Deutscher Bundestag
1326:Friedrich von Payer
1294:Otto von Manteuffel
1248:Wilhelm Hasenclever
924:
417:
266:Electoral franchise
40:Deutscher Reichstag
1282:Wilhelm Liebknecht
1254:Otto von Helldorff
978:Otto von Seydewitz
920:
910:List of presidents
789:
744:
662:
612:Bund der Landwirte
415:
392:
344:
2140:Media related to
2068:Parliamentary Law
1991:978-3-7700-5296-7
1950:978-3-428-09091-4
1867:, pp. 104 f.
1814:Reichsgesetzblatt
1764:978-3-531-90112-1
1685:978-3-322-96100-6
1477:978-3-421-04358-0
1388:Ludwig Windthorst
1266:Wojciech Korfanty
1165:
1164:
812:End of the Empire
748:Otto von Bismarck
742:Otto von Bismarck
721:Duties and rights
603:free trade unions
570:
569:
480:Thuringian states
381:Thuringian states
290:class or income (
284:1867 constitution
211:
210:
115:Succeeded by
16:(Redirected from
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2017:
2011:
2005:
1996:
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1967:
1961:
1955:
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1932:
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1200:Ernst Bassermann
1180:Ludwig Bamberger
925:
919:
676:
614:
418:
414:
401:Schaumburg-Lippe
330:Runoff elections
244:Reich chancellor
233:
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146:Two-round system
105:Preceded by
60:
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34:German Reichstag
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2064:Parlamentsrecht
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2018:
2014:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1974:
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1962:
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1397:
1320:Theodor Mommsen
1276:Karl Liebknecht
1170:
1168:Notable members
1138:Johannes Kaempf
918:
912:
907:
835:
814:
781:
768:
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723:
695:
674:Seniorenkonvent
654:
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550:AlsaceâLorraine
413:
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372:
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292:census suffrage
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175:12 January 1912
171:
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100:26 October 1918
92:18 January 1871
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2131:
2130:External links
2128:
2125:
2124:
2120:Nipperdey 1992
2112:
2105:
2083:
2076:
2054:
2052:, p. 103.
2050:Nipperdey 1992
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2020:Bollmeyer 2007
2012:
2010:, p. 491.
2008:Nipperdey 1992
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2021:
2016:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1966:, p. 36.
1965:
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360:1890 election
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1907:
1901:
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1836:. Retrieved
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1797:– via
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1624:. Retrieved
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1505:. Retrieved
1500:
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1445:. Retrieved
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1432:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1304:Centre Party
1238:Albert HĂ€nel
1210:August Bebel
937:End of Term
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200:Constitution
163:3 March 1871
2035:Halder 2003
1853:Halder 2003
1834:(in German)
1722:Halder 2003
1622:(in German)
1288:Ludwig Löwe
500:Mecklenburg
460:WĂŒrttemberg
89:Established
76:Lower house
2152:Categories
1838:14 October
1799:Wikisource
1538:15 October
1507:15 October
1395:References
342:as of 1894
833:Elections
699:presidium
682:president
588:Max Weber
530:Brunswick
520:Oldenburg
366:(47.9%).
276:Reichstag
270:The 1871
240:Bundesrat
234:) of the
215:Reichstag
133:Elections
97:Disbanded
573:Deputies
626:emperor
592:Junkers
440:Bavaria
430:Prussia
397:Potsdam
320:Bavaria
316:Prussia
296:Prussia
282:in its
278:of the
219:German:
84:History
50:Germany
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818:Allies
644:, and
450:Saxony
424:Seats
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324:Saxony
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950:1871
931:Name
560:Total
490:Hesse
470:Baden
125:Seats
2101:ISBN
2072:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1945:ISBN
1916:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1840:2022
1759:ISBN
1680:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1628:2018
1595:ISBN
1566:ISBN
1540:2022
1509:2022
1472:ISBN
1449:2024
1418:ISBN
928:No.
903:1912
898:1907
893:1903
888:1898
883:1893
878:1890
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863:1881
858:1878
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338:The
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