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22:
403:
553:
290:
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200:. Multiple generations of regular satellite systems may have formed around the giant planets before interactions with the circumplanetary disc and with each other resulted in inward spiralling into the parent planet. As gas inflow into the parent planet begins to end, the effects of gas-induced migration decrease, allowing for a final generation of moons to survive.
443:
is unusual as, in contrast to most other regular moons of the giant planets, Io is rocky in composition with extremely little water. Io's high levels of volcanism instead erupt large basaltic flows which continuously resurfaces the moon, whilst also ejecting large volumes of sulfur and sulfur dioxide
584:
are responsible for
Jupiter's unusually extensive magnetosphere, generating an internal pressure which inflates it from within. Jupiter's intense magnetic field also couples an intense flux tube with Io's atmosphere and its associated neutral cloud to Jupiter's polar upper atmosphere, generating an
452:
Significant atmospheres on regular moons are rare, likely due to the comparatively small sizes of most regular moons leading to high rates of atmospheric escape. Thinner atmospheres have been detected on several regular moons; the
Galilean moons all have known atmospheres. The sparse atmospheres of
572:
raised by the Moon on the Earth. Just as Earth raises tidal bulges on the Moon which results in tidal locking, the Moon raises tidal bulges on the Earth which manifest most noticeably as the rising and falling of the local sea level roughly diurnally (though local coastal topography can result in
219:
are thought to have originated from giant impacts between two protoplanets early in the Solar System's history. These impacts ejected a dense disc of debris into orbit whence satellites can accrete. The giant impact model has also been applied to explain the origin of other dwarf planet satellite
317:
relative to their parent body. These traits are largely constrained by their origins and subsequent tidal interactions with the parent body. In the case of the giant planet satellite systems, much like protoplanetary discs, infalling material surrounding a forming planet flattens out into a disc
346:
which can sustain geological activity. A particularly apparent example of this is the 1:2:4 mean-motion resonance (MMR) chain Io, Europa, and
Ganymede participate in, contributing to Io's volcanism and Europa's liquid subsurface ocean. Orbital resonances and near-resonances can also act as a
597:
Due to their ability to support large internal volumes of liquid water, regular moons of the outer Solar System are of particular interest to scientists as targets in the search for extraterrestrial life. Subsurface oceans are believed to be capable of hosting complex organic chemistry, an
516:
due to Titan's gravitational influence on its irregular shape; Hyperion's chaotic rotation may be further facilitated by its 3:4 orbital resonance with Titan. The four small circumbinary moons of Pluto, which are similarly elongated, also rotate chaotically under the influence of
322:. As a consequence, any moons formed from the circumplanetary disc will orbit roughly coplanar with the planet's equator; even if future perturbations increase a moon's inclination, tidal effects work to eventually decrease it back to a coplanar state. Likewise,
484:). As Io's surface temperature is below the deposition point of sulfur dioxide, most of the outgassed material quickly freezes onto its surface, though it remains uncertain whether volcanic outgassing or sublimation is the dominant supporter of Io's atmosphere.
220:
systems, including Eris's moon
Dysnomia, Orcus's moon Vanth, and Haumea's ring and two moons. In contrast to regular moon systems of the giant planets, giant impacts can give rise to unusually massive satellites; Charon's mass ratio to Pluto is roughly 0.12.
231:âwould have severely disrupted the existing primordial moon system. Once Triton was tidally dampened into a lower-eccentricity orbit, the debris resulting from the disruption of the primordial moons re-accreted into the current regular moons of Neptune.
598:
expectation which was supported after the potential indirect detection of various salts in Europa's ocean and the detection of organic compounds and hydrogen cyanide in
Enceladus's plumes. As a result, dedicated missions to investigate the nature and
347:
stabilizing and shepherding mechanism, allowing for moons to be closely packed whilst still remaining stable, as is thought to be the case with Pluto's small outer moons. A small handful of regular moons have been discovered to participate in various
495:
on its surface. The complex interactions between Titan's thick, hazy atmosphere, its surface, and its 'hydrocarbon cycle' have led to the creation of many unusual features, including canyons and floodplains eroded by rivers, possible
280:
formation of Phobos and Deimos have been proposed to better explain their origins and current configuration, including a giant impact scenario similar to the one which formed the Moon and a 'recycling' model for Phobos.
2246:
SzakĂĄts, R.; Kiss, Cs.; Ortiz, J. L.; Morales, N.; PĂĄl, A.; MĂŒller, T. G.; et al. (2023). "Tidally locked rotation of the dwarf planet (136199) Eris discovered from long-term ground based and space photometry".
820:
Young, Edward D.; Kohl, Issaku E.; Warren, Paul H.; Rubie, David C.; Jacobson, Seth A.; Morbidelli, Alessandro (29 January 2016). "Oxygen isotopic evidence for vigorous mixing during the Moon-forming giant impact".
341:
are a common feature in regular moon systems and are a crucial aspect in their evolution and structure. Such resonances can excite the eccentricity and inclination of participating moons, leading to appreciable
444:
into its tenuous atmosphere. Analogous to the subsurface oceans of liquid water on icy moons such as Europa, Io may have a subsurface ocean of silicate magma beneath its crust, fuelling Io's volcanic activity.
529:, the larger outer moon of Haumea, was revealed to have a very rapid rotational period of approximately 9.8 hours via lightcurve data, approximately 120 times faster than its orbital period. Results for
326:
acts to decrease the eccentricity of the regular moons by dissipating energy towards a circular orbit, which is a minimum-energy state. Several regular moons do depart from these orbital traits, such as
663:. The probe intends to launch in 2026, arriving at Mars by 2027 and collecting data about Phobos before collecting a surface sample from the moon and returning to Earth by 2031. A major goal of
417:
Of the nineteen regular moons large enough to be gravitationally rounded, several of them show geological activity, and many more exhibit signs of past activity. Several regular moons, such as
106:, although only one regular moonâTitanâhosts a significant atmosphere capable of supporting weather and climate. As a result of their complexity, the rounded regular moons are often considered
536:
Uniquely, Charon is large enough to have also tidally locked Pluto, creating a mutual tidally locked state where Charon is only visible from one hemisphere of Pluto and vice versa. Similarly,
1206:
580:
in a roughly toroidal region surrounding Io's orbit as well as a neutral cloud of sulfur, oxygen, sodium, and potassium atoms which immediately surround the moon. Escaping ions from the
1616:
Iess, L.; Jacobson, R. A.; Ducci, M.; Stevenson, D. J.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Armstrong, J. W.; Asmar, S. W.; Racioppa, P.; Rappaport, N. J.; Tortora, P. (2012). "The Tides of Titan".
2657:
Weiss, P.; Yung, K. L.; Kömle, N.; Ko, S. M.; Kaufmann, E.; Kargl, G. (2011). "Thermal drill sampling system onboard high-velocity impactors for exploring the subsurface of Europa".
385:'. Shepherd moons may also act as a direct source of ring material ejected from impacts. The material may then be corralled by the moon in its orbital path, as is the case with the
335:
unusually inclined orbit, but in these cases, orbital eccentricity and inclination are often increased and subsequently maintained by resonant interactions with neighboring moons.
110:
in their own right by planetary scientists. In contrast, the smallest regular moons lack active geology. Most are heavily cratered and irregular in shape, often resembling small
896:
Stern, SA; Weaver, HA; Steffl, AJ; Mutchler, MJ; et al. (2006). "A giant impact origin for Pluto's small natural satellites and satellite multiplicity in the Kuiper belt".
223:
Regular moons may also originate from secondary disruption events, being fragments of other regular moons following collisions or due to tidal disruption. The regular moons of
196:
are generally believed to have formed from accreting material within circumplanetary discs, growing progressively from smaller moonlets in a manner similar to the formation of
2713:
3550:
2149:
433:
of liquid water, maintained by tidal heating from their respective parent planets. These subsurface oceans can drive a variety of geological processes, including widespread
266:
However, the capture model may be inconsistent with the small, low-eccentricity, low-inclination orbits of the two moons, which are more typical of regular satellites. The
675:
is a mission under development by NASA to send a robotic rotorcraft to the surface of Titan with the goal of researching Titan's complex atmospheric and ground chemistry.
1791:
Keszthelyi, L.; et al. (2001). "Imaging of volcanic activity on
Jupiter's moon Io by Galileo during the Galileo Europa Mission and the Galileo Millennium Mission".
1734:
87:
2171:
Hastings, Danielle M.; Ragozzine, Darin; Fabrycky, Daniel C.; Burkhart, Luke D.; Fuentes, Cesar; Margot, Jean-Luc; Brown, Michael E.; Holman, Matthew (December 2016).
533:
were less clear, potentially pointing towards a slower rotational period or a pole-on configuration, with a significant axial tilt relative to its orbital plane.
751:
2813:
E. P. Turtle, J. W. Barnes, M. G. Trainer, R. D. Lorenz, S. M. MacKenzie, K. E. Hibbard, D. Adams, P. Bedini, J. W. Langelaan, K. Zacny, and the
Dragonfly Team
2635:
2875:
381:
can gravitationally interact with nearby material, either confining material into narrow ringlets or clearing out gaps within a ring in a process known as '
568:
Due to their close nature and long, shared histories, regular moons can have a significant influence on their primary. A familiar example of this are the
276:
orbiter have revealed that the moon's surface is basaltic in composition, more consistent with an origin around Mars. As a result, various models for the
832:
2405:
Hao, Jihua; Glein, Christopher R.; Huang, Fang; Yee, Nathan; Catling, David C.; Postberg, Frank; Hillier, Jon K.; Hazen, Robert M. (27 September 2022).
1390:
647:, intending to conduct 44 flybys of Europa to better investigate Europa's interior and plume activity. The spacecraft intends to launch on October 2024.
1553:"Turbulent Drag at the Ice-Ocean Interface of Europa in Simulations of Rotating Convection: Implications for Nonsynchronous Rotation of the Ice Shell"
2551:
2300:
2057:
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2304:
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1996:
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1230:
1147:
Madeira, Gustavo; Charnoz, SĂ©bastian; Zhang, Yun; Hyodo, Ryuki; Michel, Patrick; Genda, Hidenori; Giuliatti Winter, Silvia (April 2023).
2868:
2702:
2141:
3352:
2118:
1677:
Thomas, P. C.; Tajeddine, R.; et al. (2016). "Enceladus's measured physical libration requires a global subsurface ocean".
1756:
Figueredo, Patricio H.; Greeley, Ronald (February 2004). "Resurfacing history of Europa from pole-to-pole geological mapping".
2742:
2861:
2338:
1835:
804:
1529:
1474:
Murray, C. D.; Cooper, N. J.; Evans, M. W.; Beurle, K. (December 2005). "S/2004 S 5: A new co-orbital companion for Dione".
2521:
86:
Regular moons are extremely diverse in their physical characteristics. The largest regular moons are massive enough to be
1881:
76:
1122:
950:
Arakawa, Sota; et al. (2019). "Early formation of moons around large trans-Neptunian objects via giant impacts".
755:
2631:
1315:
Michele Moons and
Jacques Henrard (June 1994). "Surfaces of Section in the Miranda-Umbriel 3:1 Inclination Problem".
512:
to their parent planet, though several exceptions are known. One such exception is Saturn's
Hyperion, which exhibits
319:
1826:
Geissler, P. E.; Goldstein, D. B. (2007). "Plumes and their deposits". In Lopes, R. M. C.; Spencer, J. R. (eds.).
577:
2021:
Walker, A. C.; et al. (2010). "A Comprehensive
Numerical Simulation of Io's Sublimation-Driven Atmosphere".
3590:
75:. Young regular moons then begin to accumulate material within the circumplanetary disc in a process similar to
2325:
Schneider, N. M.; Bagenal, F. (2007). "Io's neutral clouds, plasma torus, and magnetospheric interactions". In
725:
and all rounded moons excluding Triton. For simplicity, Mars's two moons are included, while Saturn's spurious
624:(ESA) which plans to study Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto and investigate their respective subsurface oceans.
589:. Similar, albeit much weaker flux tubes were also discovered to be associated with the other Galilean moons.
437:, resurfacing, and tectonics, acting as reservoirs of 'cryomagma' which can be erupted onto a moon's surface.
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nature of Phobos has further pointed against a captured origin, and infrared observations of Deimos by the
2543:
2308:
2053:
3565:
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612:
386:
149:âhosting the most extensive and complex regular satellite systems. At least four of the nine likeliest
126:
2782:
2827:
1032:
Banfield, Don; Murray, Norm (October 1992). "A dynamical history of the inner Neptunian satellites".
651:
1953:
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is endogenously produced by volcanic outgassing, creating a thin atmosphere composed primarily of
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following a relatively close, stable, and circular orbit which is generally aligned to its
8:
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102:. Large regular moons also support varied and complex geology. Several are known to have
72:
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1417:"A Pluto-Charon Sonata: The Dynamical Architecture of the Circumbinary Satellite System"
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959:
929:
878:
836:
782:
2207:
2172:
1067:
Goldreich, P.; Murray, N.; Longaretti, P. Y.; Banfield, D. (1989). "Neptune's story".
576:
Io's volcanic activity results in extreme interactions with Jupiter, constructing the
3310:
3052:
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2517:
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2454:
2436:
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823:
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526:
338:
56:
3519:
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2232:
1663:
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301:, demonstrating the organized, low-eccentricity orbits typical of regular satellites
192:
Regular moons have several different formation mechanisms. The regular moons of the
21:
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2917:
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2602:
2594:
2505:
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2102:
2085:
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1988:
1932:
1808:
1773:
1704:
1641:
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1491:
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1382:
1332:
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260:
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were originally proposed to be captured asteroids originating from the neighboring
99:
2278:
1268:
Wisdom, J.; Peale, S. J.; Mignard, F. (1984). "The chaotic rotation of Hyperion".
83:, which formed independently before being captured into orbit around the primary.
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3479:
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2999:
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1992:
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91:
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259:, and thus would not be classified as regular satellites. Their similarities to
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689:
639:
492:
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332:
306:
216:
154:
80:
3301:
2678:
2216:
981:
704: â Regular and periodic mutual gravitational influence of orbiting bodies
402:
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3534:
3524:
3514:
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3454:
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3429:
3424:
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530:
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382:
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343:
298:
256:
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244:
228:
193:
130:
2431:
1637:
1360:"Tidal Evolution into the Laplace Resonance and the Resurfacing of Ganymede"
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858:
465:
are composed largely of oxygen sputtered off from their icy surfaces due to
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1655:
1594:
1386:
1149:"Exploring the Recycling Model of Phobos Formation: Rubble-pile Satellites"
1096:
925:
874:
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of several regular moons' internal oceans have been proposed and launched.
360:
263:
with respect to spectra, density, and albedo further supported this model.
166:
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122:
95:
25:
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Dragonfly: Exploring Titan's Prebiotic Organic Chemistry and Habitability
1937:
1912:
1812:
1576:
552:
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378:
352:
267:
33:
2474:"Detection of HCN and diverse redox chemistry in the plume of Enceladus"
1646:
917:
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3206:
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3113:
2687:
2573:
Trumbo, Samantha K.; Brown, Michael E.; Hand, Kevin P. (12 June 2019).
2224:
1336:
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103:
227:
are likely examples of this, as the capture of Neptune's largest moonâ
3484:
3414:
3127:
3101:
3038:
2407:"Abundant phosphorus expected for possible life in Enceladus's ocean"
581:
440:
3509:
3344:
2382:
2355:
698: â Natural satellite orbiting inside the orbit of a larger moon
2492:
2261:
2189:
1691:
1433:
1165:
964:
841:
111:
2173:"The Short Rotation Period of Hiʻiaka, Haumea's Largest Satellite"
1954:"Mid-infrared detection of large longitudinal asymmetries in Io's
1911:
Liang, M. C.; Lane, B. F.; Pappalardo, R. T.; et al. (2005).
787:
3192:
2942:
2760:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2307:(NOAA) National Ocean Service (Education section). Archived from
2170:
1910:
1314:
294:
224:
146:
134:
107:
2989:
2954:
1199:"EMM unveils new Deimos observations at EGU23, extends mission"
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is to better constrain the origins and history of Mars's moons.
586:
557:
197:
142:
138:
67:
that once surrounded their primary, usually the aftermath of a
41:
2774:
2142:"NASA's Hubble Finds Pluto's Moons Tumbling in Absolute Chaos"
2054:"River networks on Titan point to a puzzling geologic history"
3504:
544:, which may indicate an unusually high density for the moon.
212:
204:
3419:
2907:
660:
644:
569:
240:
208:
2883:
1852:"Hubble Finds Oxygen Atmosphere on Jupiter's Moon, Europa"
1615:
1550:
1415:
Kenyon, Scott J.; Bromley, Benjamin C. (28 January 2019).
2709:
2544:"Cassini Tastes Organic Material at Saturn's Geyser Moon"
1228:
Pringle, J.E. (1981). "Accretion discs in astrophysics".
895:
1146:
540:
has been observed to be tidally locked to its satellite
2245:
1473:
692: â Captured satellite following an irregular orbit
2081:"Conditions for aeolian transport in the Solar System"
1518:"NASA Finds Saturn's Moons May Be Creating New Rings"
172:
2305:
U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1731:"Cassini Spots Potential Ice Volcano on Saturn Moon"
819:
2079:Gunn, Andrew; Jerolmack, Douglas J. (19 May 2022).
1003:Naeye, R. (September 2006). "Triton Kidnap Caper".
833:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
752:"Should Large Moons Be Called 'Satellite Planets'?"
2819:
1267:
413:, fed by a global subsurface ocean of liquid water
2472:Peter, Jonah S.; et al. (14 December 2023).
2045:
1882:"Hubble Finds Thin Oxygen Atmosphere on Ganymede"
1825:
949:
16:Satellites that formed around their parent planet
3603:
2656:
2404:
2324:
1844:
1755:
659:) is a sample-return mission being developed by
547:
2572:
2471:
2411:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2356:"A nebula of gases from Io surrounding Jupiter"
2320:
2318:
1723:
1676:
1357:
2828:"NASA postpones Dragonfly review, launch date"
2632:"Life in Our Solar System? Meet the Neighbors"
1784:
1263:
1261:
1142:
1140:
1031:
743:
2869:
2078:
1874:
1749:
1414:
1227:
1025:
945:
943:
620:) is a mission developed and launched by the
2347:
2315:
2164:
1819:
1351:
1060:
779:Origin of Europa and the Galilean Satellites
643:is a mission currently under development by
2815:Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2017
2731:
2629:
2239:
1945:
1510:
1317:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
1258:
1231:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
1221:
1137:
1111:
781:. University of Arizona Press. p. 59.
392:
377:Regular moons which orbit near or within a
2876:
2862:
2575:"Sodium chloride on the surface of Europa"
2566:
2014:
1904:
1790:
1670:
1467:
1408:
940:
777:Canup, Robin M.; Ward, William R. (2008).
632:
284:
71:or leftover material accumulated from the
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2606:
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2465:
2448:
2430:
2381:
2293:
2260:
2206:
2188:
1936:
1690:
1645:
1584:
1450:
1432:
1358:Showman, Adam P.; Malhotra, Renu (1997).
1308:
1291:
1191:
1182:
1164:
963:
840:
786:
318:aligned with the planet's equator due to
2623:
2536:
2353:
2133:
2072:
1917:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
1793:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
1609:
1557:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
996:
889:
813:
770:
551:
500:, and extensive equatorial dune fields.
401:
288:
20:
2767:
2398:
2139:
1951:
1888:. NASA. 23 October 1996. Archived from
1544:
749:
679:currently plans to launch on July 2028.
247:remains the subject of ongoing debate.
3604:
2020:
1551:Hay, H. C. F. C.; et al. (2023).
2857:
2825:
2785:from the original on 22 February 2020
2695:
2524:from the original on 15 December 2023
2354:Krimigis, S. M.; et al. (2002).
2333:. Springer-Praxis. pp. 265â286.
1830:. Springer-Praxis. pp. 163â192.
1209:from the original on 14 February 2024
1125:from the original on 14 November 2011
1002:
239:Despite the extensive exploration of
2719:from the original on 16 October 2015
2121:from the original on 25 January 2024
2060:from the original on 30 October 2012
1952:Spencer, A. C.; et al. (2005).
2051:
1252:10.1146/annurev.aa.19.090181.001033
564:, contributed by the Galilean moons
409:on the south pole of Saturn's moon
305:Regular moons are characterized by
13:
2745:from the original on 23 March 2021
2638:from the original on 30 March 2023
2301:"Types and causes of tidal cycles"
2002:from the original on 17 March 2023
1862:from the original on 16 April 2023
605:
573:semidiurnal or complex patterns).
508:The majority of regular moons are
173:Origin and orbital characteristics
14:
3623:
2838:from the original on 3 April 2024
2775:"MMX - Martian Moons eXploration"
2703:"ESAâSelection of the L1 mission"
2554:from the original on 20 July 2021
1528:. 11 October 2006. Archived from
628:is currently en route to Jupiter.
491:dominated by nitrogen as well as
487:One regular moon, Titan, hosts a
366:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2826:Foust, Jeff (28 November 2023).
2755:
2630:Pat Brennan (10 November 2020).
2152:from the original on 4 June 2015
1737:from the original on 14 May 2023
1396:from the original on 14 May 2011
754:. Discovery News. Archived from
320:conservation of angular momentum
234:
153:also host regular moon systems:
121:Six of the eight planets of the
2140:Northon, Karen (3 June 2015).
715:
592:
447:
331:unusually eccentric orbit and
98:âbeing larger than the planet
1:
736:
548:Parent-satellite interactions
521:and generally have very high
363:within the Saturnian system.
63:'s equator. They form within
2249:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2039:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.012
1993:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.01.019
1778:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.09.016
1709:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.037
1496:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.06.009
1302:10.1016/0019-1035(84)90032-0
1119:"New Views of Martian Moons"
1089:10.1126/science.245.4917.500
1054:10.1016/0019-1035(92)90155-Z
750:Villard, Ray (14 May 2010).
721:Count derived by adding all
177:
7:
2279:10.1051/0004-6361/202245234
2208:10.3847/0004-6256/152/6/195
2052:Chu, Jennifer (July 2012).
683:
503:
10:
3628:
2659:Advances in Space Research
2510:10.1038/s41550-023-02160-0
2107:10.1038/s41550-022-01669-0
2025:. in. press (1): 409â432.
613:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
397:
370:
181:
3546:
3380:
3013:
2962:
2939:
2895:
2679:10.1016/j.asr.2010.01.015
2329:; Spencer, J. R. (eds.).
1886:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1421:The Astrophysical Journal
982:10.1038/s41550-019-0797-9
652:Martian Moons eXploration
429:are known to host global
349:co-orbital configurations
90:, with two regular moonsâ
3398:: 5268 km / 0.413 Earths
2177:The Astronomical Journal
1913:"Atmosphere of Callisto"
1522:Cassini Legacy 1997â2007
1452:10.3847/1538-3881/aafa72
1184:10.3847/1538-3881/acbf53
1153:The Astronomical Journal
708:
493:stable hydrocarbon lakes
393:Physical characteristics
129:combined, with the four
40:), two regular moons of
2432:10.1073/pnas.2201388119
2271:2023A&A...669L...3S
1638:10.1126/science.1219631
1244:1981ARA&A..19..137P
1019:2006S&T...112c..18N
859:10.1126/science.aad0525
831:(6272). Washington DC:
633:Missions in development
285:Orbital characteristics
188:Giant-impact hypothesis
88:gravitationally rounded
65:discs of debris and gas
2599:10.1126/sciadv.aaw7123
1387:10.1006/icar.1996.5669
600:potential habitability
565:
414:
309:, usually with little
302:
44:
622:European Space Agency
555:
498:karst-like topography
405:
387:Janus-Epimetheus ring
324:tidal circularization
292:
182:Further information:
127:60 regular satellites
24:
3571:Planetary-mass moons
2781:. 26 December 2023.
1938:10.1029/2004JE002322
1813:10.1029/2000JE001383
1799:(E12): 33025â33052.
1577:10.1029/2022JE007648
184:Circumplanetary disk
2671:2011AdSpR..48..743W
2591:2019SciA....5.7123T
2502:2024NatAs...8..164P
2423:2022PNAS..11901388H
2417:(39): e2201388119.
2374:2002Natur.415..994K
2311:on 1 February 2012.
2199:2016AJ....152..195H
2099:2022NatAs...6..923G
2031:2010Icar..207..409W
1985:2005Icar..176..283S
1929:2005JGRE..110.2003L
1805:2001JGR...10633025K
1770:2004Icar..167..287F
1701:2016Icar..264...37T
1630:2012Sci...337..457I
1569:2023JGRE..12807648H
1488:2005Icar..179..222M
1443:2019AJ....157...79K
1379:1997Icar..127...93S
1329:1994CeMDA..59..129M
1284:1984Icar...58..137W
1175:2023AJ....165..161M
1081:1989Sci...245..500G
1046:1992Icar...99..390B
1006:Sky & Telescope
974:2019NatAs...3..802A
918:10.1038/nature04548
910:2006Natur.439..946S
851:2016Sci...351..493Y
797:2009euro.book...59C
351:, such as the four
311:orbital inclination
77:planetary accretion
73:protoplanetary disc
3551:Discovery timeline
2885:Natural satellites
2809:2018-04-05 at the
1532:on 16 October 2006
1526:Jet Propulsion Lab
1337:10.1007/bf00692129
585:intense region of
566:
415:
339:Orbital resonances
303:
45:
3599:
3598:
3399:
2712:. 17 April 2012.
2550:. 26 March 2008.
2368:(6875): 994â996.
2340:978-3-540-34681-4
1837:978-3-540-34681-4
1205:. 24 April 2023.
1075:(4917): 500â504.
806:978-0-8165-2844-8
702:Orbital resonance
560:within Jupiter's
431:subsurface oceans
108:planetary objects
57:natural satellite
53:regular satellite
3619:
3394:
3373:
3361:
3347:
3333:
3316:
3304:
3297:
3278:
3264:
3250:
3215:
3201:
3187:
3182:
3160:
3155:
3143:
3136:
3122:
3108:
3091:
3074:
3064:
3055:
3041:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2823:
2817:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2739:"Europa Clipper"
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2718:
2707:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2610:
2579:Science Advances
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2495:
2479:Nature Astronomy
2469:
2463:
2462:
2452:
2434:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2385:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2331:Io after Galileo
2322:
2313:
2312:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2264:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2210:
2192:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2086:Nature Astronomy
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2056:. MIT Research.
2049:
2043:
2042:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2001:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1828:Io after Galileo
1823:
1817:
1816:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1694:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1649:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1588:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1436:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1364:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1168:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1000:
994:
993:
967:
947:
938:
937:
904:(7079): 946â49.
893:
887:
886:
844:
817:
811:
810:
790:
774:
768:
767:
765:
763:
747:
730:
719:
562:northern aurorae
514:chaotic rotation
489:dense atmosphere
483:
471:atmosphere of Io
467:space weathering
261:C-type asteroids
245:Mars's two moons
243:, the origin of
79:, as opposed to
47:In astronomy, a
38:smaller crescent
3627:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3561:Irregular moons
3542:
3382:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3357:
3343:
3329:
3314:
3309:
3300:
3293:
3274:
3260:
3246:
3238:Jupiter trojans
3211:
3197:
3185:
3180:
3158:
3153:
3139:
3132:
3118:
3106:
3087:
3072:
3067:
3060:
3051:
3037:
3016:
3009:
2965:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2937:
2898:
2891:
2882:
2852:
2851:
2841:
2839:
2824:
2820:
2811:Wayback Machine
2802:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2756:
2748:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2655:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2628:
2624:
2585:(6): eaaw7123.
2571:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2470:
2466:
2403:
2399:
2383:10.1038/415994a
2352:
2348:
2341:
2327:Lopes, R. M. C.
2323:
2316:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2244:
2240:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2050:
2046:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1824:
1820:
1789:
1785:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1675:
1671:
1624:(6093): 457â9.
1614:
1610:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1472:
1468:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1313:
1309:
1293:10.1.1.394.2728
1266:
1259:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1145:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1065:
1061:
1030:
1026:
1001:
997:
948:
941:
894:
890:
818:
814:
807:
775:
771:
761:
759:
748:
744:
739:
734:
733:
727:F ring moonlets
720:
716:
711:
686:
635:
608:
606:Active missions
595:
578:Io plasma torus
550:
506:
482:
478:
450:
400:
395:
389:around Saturn.
375:
369:
307:prograde orbits
287:
237:
217:five satellites
190:
180:
175:
118:in appearance.
81:irregular moons
69:large collision
30:larger crescent
17:
12:
11:
5:
3625:
3615:
3614:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3386:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3353:GÇkĂșnÇÊŒhĂČmdĂmĂ
3350:
3349:
3348:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2893:
2892:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2849:
2818:
2796:
2766:
2741:. NASA (JPL).
2730:
2694:
2649:
2622:
2565:
2535:
2486:(2): 164â173.
2464:
2397:
2346:
2339:
2314:
2292:
2238:
2163:
2132:
2093:(8): 923â929.
2071:
2044:
2013:
1979:(2): 283â304.
1960:
1944:
1923:(E2): E02003.
1903:
1873:
1856:HubbleSite.org
1843:
1836:
1818:
1783:
1764:(2): 287â312.
1748:
1722:
1669:
1608:
1543:
1509:
1482:(1): 222â234.
1466:
1407:
1350:
1323:(2): 129â148.
1307:
1278:(2): 137â152.
1257:
1220:
1190:
1136:
1110:
1059:
1040:(2): 390â401.
1024:
995:
958:(9): 802â807.
939:
888:
812:
805:
769:
758:on 16 May 2010
741:
740:
738:
735:
732:
731:
713:
712:
710:
707:
706:
705:
699:
693:
690:Irregular moon
685:
682:
681:
680:
668:
648:
640:Europa Clipper
634:
631:
630:
629:
607:
604:
594:
591:
549:
546:
510:tidally locked
505:
502:
480:
475:sulfur dioxide
449:
446:
399:
396:
394:
391:
371:Main article:
368:
367:Shepherd moons
365:
299:Galilean moons
286:
283:
236:
233:
179:
176:
174:
171:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3624:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3586:Regular moons
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2837:
2833:
2832:SpaceNews.com
2829:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2763:
2762:public domain
2744:
2740:
2734:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2698:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2200:
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364:
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344:tidal heating
340:
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203:In contrast,
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3120:Petit-Prince
3015:Minor-planet
2964:Dwarf planet
2889:Solar System
2840:. Retrieved
2831:
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745:
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587:auroral glow
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353:trojan moons
337:
315:eccentricity
304:
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202:
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123:Solar System
120:
116:minor bodies
85:
52:
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48:
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37:
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18:
3556:Inner moons
3262:Skamandrios
2842:28 November
2789:26 December
2688:10397/12621
2528:15 December
2125:15 December
1966:atmosphere"
1896:17 February
1536:20 December
1238:: 137â162.
835:: 493â496.
723:inner moons
593:Exploration
570:ocean tides
523:axial tilts
448:Atmospheres
383:shepherding
379:ring system
268:rubble pile
104:atmospheres
3320:SilaâNunam
3186:Cleoselene
3181:Alexhelios
3159:Gorgoneion
3097:Euphrosyne
3024:Near-Earth
2966:satellites
2899:satellites
2665:(4): 743.
2493:2301.05259
2262:2211.07987
2217:6889796157
2190:1610.04305
2156:25 October
1692:1509.07555
1434:1810.01277
1400:22 January
1213:23 January
1166:2302.12556
1159:(4): 161.
965:1906.10833
842:1603.04536
762:4 November
737:References
696:Inner moon
329:Hyperion's
293:Orbits of
114:and other
3485:Enceladus
3359:GÇĂČÊŒĂ© ÇHĂș
3270:Eurybates
3248:Menoetius
3242:Patroclus
3231:Dinkinesh
3176:Kleopatra
3079:Main belt
3039:Dimorphos
2897:Planetary
2749:2 January
2518:255825649
2441:0027-8424
2287:253522934
2183:(6): 12.
2115:228102377
1741:2 January
1717:118429372
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1504:120102820
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1345:123594472
1288:CiteSeerX
1203:Sharjah24
1013:(3): 18.
990:195366822
867:0036-8075
788:0812.4995
677:Dragonfly
672:Dragonfly
427:Enceladus
411:Enceladus
333:Miranda's
178:Formation
112:asteroids
3606:Category
3530:Hyperion
3480:Dysnomia
3410:Callisto
3390:Ganymede
3213:Olympias
3083:Kalliope
3053:Squannit
3028:Florence
3000:Gonggong
2995:Makemake
2836:Archived
2807:Archived
2783:Archived
2743:Archived
2723:19 April
2714:Archived
2642:30 March
2636:Archived
2634:. NASA.
2617:31206026
2558:26 March
2552:Archived
2522:Archived
2459:36122219
2392:11875559
2233:33292771
2225:22662917
2150:Archived
2119:Archived
2058:Archived
1997:Archived
1860:Archived
1735:Archived
1733:. NASA.
1664:10966007
1656:22745254
1595:34737306
1391:Archived
1207:Archived
1123:Archived
1105:34095237
1097:17750259
926:16495992
875:26823426
684:See also
542:Dysnomia
504:Rotation
463:Callisto
459:Ganymede
92:Ganymede
3520:Hiʻiaka
3500:Proteus
3490:Miranda
3460:Umbriel
3450:Iapetus
3435:Titania
3396:largest
3383:by size
3368:2013 FY
3325:Salacia
3311:2002 UX
3233:(Selam)
3221:Pulcova
3171:Elektra
3166:Camilla
3149:Minerva
3134:Romulus
3114:Eugenia
3107:Peneius
3069:2001 SN
3062:1994 CC
3033:Didymos
2933:Neptune
2918:Jupiter
2887:of the
2667:Bibcode
2608:6561749
2587:Bibcode
2498:Bibcode
2450:9522369
2419:Bibcode
2370:Bibcode
2267:Bibcode
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2195:Bibcode
2095:Bibcode
2064:24 July
2027:Bibcode
2006:3 April
1981:Bibcode
1925:Bibcode
1801:Bibcode
1766:Bibcode
1697:Bibcode
1626:Bibcode
1618:Science
1586:8569204
1565:Bibcode
1484:Bibcode
1439:Bibcode
1375:Bibcode
1325:Bibcode
1280:Bibcode
1240:Bibcode
1171:Bibcode
1129:2 April
1077:Bibcode
1069:Science
1042:Bibcode
1015:Bibcode
970:Bibcode
934:4400037
906:Bibcode
883:6548599
847:Bibcode
824:Science
793:Bibcode
556:Bright
527:Hi'iaka
398:Geology
295:Jupiter
278:in situ
225:Neptune
198:planets
147:Neptune
135:Jupiter
100:Mercury
61:primary
3576:Naming
3535:Phoebe
3525:Actaea
3515:Nereid
3510:Ilmarë
3475:Tethys
3455:Charon
3445:Oberon
3430:Triton
3425:Europa
3381:Ranked
3345:Ilmarë
3331:Actaea
3256:Hektor
3207:Roxane
3199:Dactyl
3128:Sylvia
3102:Daphne
3047:Moshup
2990:Quaoar
2985:Haumea
2928:Uranus
2923:Saturn
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2285:
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1973:Icarus
1866:13 May
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1758:Icarus
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519:Charon
469:. The
461:, and
455:Europa
425:, and
419:Europa
357:Tethys
253:Deimos
249:Phobos
229:Triton
165:, and
163:Haumea
145:, and
143:Uranus
139:Saturn
42:Saturn
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3612:Moons
3505:Mimas
3495:Vanth
3470:Dione
3465:Ariel
3405:Titan
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3295:Hiisi
3289:Lempo
3276:Queta
3226:Balam
3154:Aegis
3141:Remus
3089:Linus
3017:moons
2980:Pluto
2975:Orcus
2908:Earth
2717:(PDF)
2706:(PDF)
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2283:S2CID
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2229:S2CID
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2111:S2CID
2000:(PDF)
1969:(PDF)
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1500:S2CID
1457:S2CID
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1161:arXiv
1101:S2CID
986:S2CID
960:arXiv
930:S2CID
879:S2CID
837:arXiv
783:arXiv
709:Notes
626:Juice
618:Juice
423:Titan
361:Dione
213:Pluto
205:Earth
167:Orcus
155:Pluto
125:host
96:Titan
55:is a
51:or a
26:Titan
3566:List
3440:Rhea
3420:Moon
3302:Paha
3285:TNOs
3005:Eris
2913:Mars
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2791:2023
2779:JAXA
2751:2019
2725:2012
2644:2023
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2560:2008
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2008:2024
1898:2017
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1093:PMID
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871:PMID
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801:ISBN
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645:NASA
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241:Mars
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209:Moon
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159:Eris
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