229:
of a ship, the approximately cylindrical cask would have air space around it when stowed in a ship. Therefore the volume of hold space required for several tuns was greater than the total of the capacity of those tuns. 252 imperial gallons is just over 40 cubic feet (1.1 m). British practice by the 19th century was for a ton of cargo volume to be 50 cubic feet (1.4 m). This is derived from an estimate of the hull space needed to fit the roughly cylindrical tun and is broadly consistent with the much earlier French definition given below.
417:
202:
289:, ships were often impressed by the crown for military use. To do this in an efficient and speedy manner, a measurement of size was needed. The payment to the owner of the requisitioned ship was based on the tonnage. Port dues and various licences were based on tonnage, and it was a useful measure for a ship builder who needed to build a vessel that met the new owner's requirements.
308:
The Tudor bounty paid for the construction of larger ship was apparently paid without any measurement system to confirm the actual size. The presumption is that it was taken from the amount of cargo unloaded after the first voyage (which would be recorded in the customs records of the relevant port).
304:
In the middle ages, the normal way of discovering the tonnage of a ship was to load her with wine and see how many tuns could be fitted in. There is an instance of the owner of a new ship, in 1459, being challenged that his safe-conduct was for a 400 ton vessel, whilst he had already loaded more than
228:
The wine trade to
England originated in France, which is where the tuns were made. A French standard tun cask size was established about 1450. The 15th century Bordeaux wine tun was between 240 and 252 imperial gallons (1,090 and 1,150 L; 288 and 303 US gal). When measuring the tonnage
88:
Convention (International
Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969 (London-Rules)), which initially applied to all ships built after July 1982, and to older ships from July 1994. A commonly defined measurement system is important, since a ship's registration fee, harbour dues, safety and
115:
Gross tonnage is therefore a kind of capacity-derived index that is used to rank a ship for purposes of determining manning, safety, and other statutory requirements and is expressed simply as GT, which is a unitless entity, even though it derives from the volumetric capacity in cubic metres.
305:
600 tons. The excuse was accepted that he had no idea of her tonnage until she was loaded. In another case, in 1456, a dispute over the actual tonnage of a ship had to be resolved by having coopers part load her with (presumably empty) barrels to estimate what she could carry.
232:
The
Bordeaux tun was used as a measurement elsewhere in Europe. By the 16th century, multi-decked ships which were loaded through hatchways (as opposed to earlier undecked or single decked ships) found it more convenient to use a smaller size of standard barrel. This was the
480:
One complexity with understanding the actual volume of the medieval wine tun was that there was a wine gallon of 232 cubic inches (3.80 L) compared to the imperial gallon of 277 cubic inches (4.54 L).
130:
Net tonnage (NT) is based on a calculation of the volume of all cargo spaces of the ship. It indicates a vessel's earning space and is a function of the moulded volume of all cargo spaces of the ship.
64:
or casks of wine. In modern maritime usage, "tonnage" specifically refers to a calculation of the volume or cargo volume of a ship. Although tonnage (volume) should not be confused with
296:
a bounty per ton was paid for the construction of larger ships, so the threshold for that payment had to be determined, as well as the amount paid for those qualifying.
148:
purposes. PC/UMS is based on a mathematical formula to calculate a vessel's total volume; one PC/UMS net ton is equivalent to 100 cubic feet (2.83 m) of capacity.
367:
Net register tonnage (NRT) is the volume of cargo the vessel can carry—that is, the gross register tonnage less the volume of spaces that do not hold
508:
166:
and was established by the
International Commission of Constantinople in its Protocol of 18 December 1873. It is still in use, as amended by the
265:
fitted, with the casks aligned two directly above the two below (so not optimising the layout). This redefined ton worked out as 42 cubic
761:
529:
353:
in 1982 under the
Tonnage Measurement convention of 1969, with all ships measured in GRT either scrapped or re-measured in GT by 1994.
111:) measured to the outside of the hull framing. The numerical value for a ship's GT is always smaller than the numerical values of
440:
587:
85:
162:
The Suez Canal Net
Tonnage (SCNT) is derived with a number of modifications from the former net register tonnage of the
225:), used in the wine trade. The number of tuns that a ship could carry was used as a measure of the size of the ship.
701:
688:
647:
562:
341:. The definition and calculation of the internal volume is complex; for instance, a ship's hold may be assessed for
754:
240:
349:(omitting the spaces into which bulk, but not baled cargo, would spill). Gross register tonnage was replaced by
1030:
1190:
1040:
1025:
789:
1035:
662:
271:(1.44 cubic metres (51 cu ft). The difference between this measure and, for instance, the Spanish
239:, measuring a quarter of the size of the tun (in English, this barrel was termed a hogshead). For instance,
995:
430:
17:
503:
974:
285:
Tonnage measurement was important for an increasing number of reasons through history. In
England in the
1195:
747:
184:
Thames measurement tonnage (TM) is another volumetric system, generally used for small vessels such as
895:
580:
The World of the
Newport Medieval Ship: Trade, Politics and Shipping in the Mid-Fifteenth Century
937:
841:
537:
320:
524:
831:
613:
144:
The Panama Canal/Universal
Measurement System (PC/UMS) is based on net tonnage modified for
978:
942:
846:
836:
362:
8:
1020:
435:
65:
391:
does the calculations). It represents the volume of the ship available for transporting
103:
Gross tonnage (GT) is a function of the volume of all of a ship's enclosed spaces (from
89:
manning rules, and the like may be based on its gross tonnage (GT) or net tonnage (NT).
1154:
1081:
1071:
969:
921:
728:
210:
179:
1133:
553:
Grenier, Robert (2007). Grenier, Robert; Bernier, Marc-Andre; Stevens, Willis (eds.).
770:
720:
697:
684:
643:
583:
558:
170:
of the Suez Canal
Authority and is registered in the Suez Canal Tonnage Certificate.
40:
794:
422:
1180:
810:
533:
512:
376:
346:
1056:
1000:
784:
696:; Thomas Lamb, Editor. Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 2004.
163:
1185:
1174:
1066:
1061:
890:
724:
108:
98:
1128:
916:
826:
416:
293:
145:
139:
201:
900:
334:
286:
125:
1119:
732:
708:
342:
330:
214:
157:
73:
60:
337:); a volume that, if filled with fresh water, would weigh around 2.83
1144:
1114:
862:
450:
396:
739:
582:(Kindle ed.). Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 379.
72:(or imperial ton) of 2,240 lb is derived from the fact that a "
1159:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
445:
244:
69:
55:
52:
683:, by I. C. B. Dear and Peter Kemp. Oxford University Press, 1979.
1149:
1124:
1089:
392:
388:
259:
was legally defined, in 1681, as the cubic space into which four
329:
of a vessel, where one register ton is equal to a volume of 100
555:
The Underwater Archaeology of Red Bay. Vol. 2: Material Culture
372:
326:
515:, International Maritime Organisation. Retrieved May 10, 2006.
505:
International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969
1138:
460:
368:
338:
185:
403:
in 1994, under the Tonnage Measurement convention of 1969.
384:
380:
325:
Gross register tonnage (GRT) represents the total internal
222:
218:
188:; it uses a formula based on the vessel's length and beam.
104:
44:
640:
The Tea Clippers, Their History and Development 1833-1875
455:
48:
31:
548:
546:
345:(accounting for all the air space in the hold) or for
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
543:
412:
571:
596:
383:spaces, again with differences depending on which
277:was calculated by recognised adjustment factors.
1172:
280:
755:
664:CWP Handbook of Fishery Statistical Standards
631:
614:"Early Tonnage Measurement in England Part I"
272:
248:
173:
58:. The term derives from the taxation paid on
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497:
266:
260:
254:
234:
191:
27:Measure of the volumetric capacity of a ship
681:The Oxford Companion To Ships & The Sea
762:
748:
577:
213:, tunnage was the medieval import duty on
917:Panama Canal/Universal Measurement System
637:
611:
494:
314:
243:ships engaged in 16th century whaling in
151:
79:
247:used this size of barrel (with the name
200:
84:Tonnage measurements are governed by an
694:Ship Design and Construction, Volume II
578:Jones, Evan T.; Stone, Richard (2018).
552:
356:
76:" of wine typically weighed that much.
14:
1173:
962:
612:Salisbury, William (2 February 1966).
441:List of largest ships by gross tonnage
299:
769:
743:
68:(the actual mass of the vessel), the
706:
196:
217:of wine. A tun was a large size of
205:Traditional English wine cask units
133:
24:
25:
1207:
642:. Conway Maritime Press Limited.
47:, and is commonly used to assess
415:
92:
709:"Tonnages, Medieval and Modern"
674:
656:
518:
474:
119:
13:
1:
790:Length between perpendiculars
487:
113:gross register tonnage (GRT).
638:MacGregor, David R. (1983).
281:Purpose of measuring tonnage
7:
975:Twenty-foot equivalent unit
713:The Economic History Review
408:
10:
1212:
922:Thames measurement tonnage
707:Lane, Frederic C. (1964).
360:
318:
177:
174:Thames measurement tonnage
155:
137:
123:
96:
29:
1080:
1049:
1013:
996:Builder's Old Measurement
988:
955:
930:
909:
896:Compensated gross tonnage
878:
871:
855:
842:Load line (Plimsoll Line)
819:
803:
777:
667:. Retrieved May 10, 2006.
540:. Retrieved May 10, 2006.
431:Builder's Old Measurement
192:Historical maritime units
557:. Ottawa: Parks Canada.
467:
30:Not to be confused with
1072:Metacentric height (GM)
795:Length at the waterline
938:Gross register tonnage
538:Panama Canal Authority
321:Gross register tonnage
315:Gross register tonnage
273:
267:
261:
255:
249:
235:
206:
152:Suez Canal Net Tonnage
80:Current maritime units
1031:Standard displacement
979:Intermodal containers
399:. It was replaced by
204:
1191:Nautical terminology
943:Net register tonnage
847:Under keel clearance
363:Net register tonnage
357:Net register tonnage
1041:Normal displacement
1026:Loaded displacement
436:Displacement (ship)
300:Method of measuring
262:barrique bordelaise
236:barrique bordelaise
168:Rules of Navigation
1036:Light displacement
970:Deadweight tonnage
532:2008-09-16 at the
526:Panama Canal Tolls
511:2008-01-16 at the
207:
180:Thames Measurement
43:the capacity of a
1196:Ship measurements
1168:
1167:
1129:§ Neopanamax
1110:Handymax/Supramax
1009:
1008:
951:
950:
771:Ship measurements
589:978-1-78683-146-0
463:(or 'metric ton')
197:Traditional casks
16:(Redirected from
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423:Transport portal
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209:Historically in
134:Panama Canal/UMS
21:
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41:is a measure of
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5:
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1057:Inclining test
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1001:Moorsom System
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719:(2): 213–233.
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256:tonneau de mer
253:). The French
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1155:VLCC and ULCC
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891:Gross tonnage
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832:Moulded depth
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702:99909-0-620-3
699:
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689:0-19-860616-8
686:
682:
679:
678:
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649:0-85177-256-0
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379:station, and
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375:compartment,
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351:gross tonnage
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99:Gross tonnage
93:Gross tonnage
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50:
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39:
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19:
1021:Displacement
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675:Bibliography
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621:. Retrieved
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161:
146:Panama Canal
143:
140:Panama Canal
129:
112:
102:
83:
66:displacement
59:
37:
36:
18:Register ton
1141:(Qatar-max)
910:Specialized
901:Net tonnage
623:13 December
536:, from the
401:net tonnage
333:(2.83
287:Middle Ages
126:Net tonnage
120:Net tonnage
1175:Categories
1120:Malaccamax
488:References
397:passengers
343:bulk grain
331:cubic feet
158:Suez Canal
156:See also:
138:See also:
53:commercial
1145:Seawaymax
1115:Handysize
1050:Stability
879:Worldwide
863:Air draft
837:Freeboard
725:0013-0117
451:Short ton
274:toneladas
221:used for
1160:Yamalmax
1105:Chinamax
1100:Capesize
1095:Baltimax
956:Capacity
530:Archived
509:Archived
446:Long ton
409:See also
245:Labrador
70:long ton
56:shipping
1150:Suezmax
1134:Péniche
1125:Panamax
1090:Aframax
989:Archaic
963:Current
931:Archaic
886:Tonnage
804:Breadth
733:2593003
393:freight
389:country
371:(e.g.,
292:In the
250:barrica
211:England
38:Tonnage
1181:Volume
1082:Limits
1014:Weight
872:Volume
856:Height
778:Length
731:
723:
700:
687:
646:
586:
561:
373:engine
339:tonnes
327:volume
241:Basque
186:yachts
109:funnel
1139:Q-Max
827:Draft
820:Depth
729:JSTOR
468:Notes
461:Tonne
369:cargo
347:bales
219:casks
1186:Mass
1127:and
1062:List
811:Beam
721:ISSN
698:ISBN
685:ISBN
644:ISBN
625:2023
584:ISBN
559:ISBN
385:port
381:crew
377:helm
223:wine
215:tuns
105:keel
61:tuns
49:fees
45:ship
618:SNR
456:Ton
395:or
387:or
107:to
86:IMO
74:tun
51:on
32:Ton
1177::
727:.
717:17
715:.
711:.
616:.
598:^
545:^
496:^
981:)
977:(
763:e
756:t
749:v
735:.
652:.
627:.
592:.
567:.
335:m
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
