341:
41:
1202:
346:
409:
1139:
1035:(EPRP). In September 1976, EPRP militants were arrested and executed, at the same time as the EPRP carried out an assassination campaign against ideologues and supporters of the Derg. This activity is known as White Terror. Although an unsuccessful attempt to kill Mengistu on 23 September was attributed to the EPRP, the first prominent victim of the EPRP's terroristic or insurgency activity was Dr. Feqre Mar'ed, a member of the Political Bureau and
1135:
an advanced stage of pregnancy, which shocked the city. The deaths were found to be the responsibility of a certain Girma Kebede, and who was later found to be "the
Political Bureau's chief executioner; he had already murdered twenty-four persons and had a list of over two hundred others he was supposed to liquidate." Embarrassed, the Derg had him and five associates executed as counterrevolutionaries on 2 April.
1131:
Ottways note, with "each squad a law unto itself. Some looked only for arms, but others confiscated food supplies, building materials, and gasoline; some considered cameras espionage equipment and others regarded typewriters as highly dangerous." Despite many being taken from their homes in the middle of the night, some never to return home, few of the top leaders of the EPRP were among the dead.
179:
1245:. Eighteen associates of Mengistu, 16 of whom are in Ethiopian prisons, also are under a death sentence. Two senior regime officials lived in the Italian embassy in Addis Ababa from 2008 until their death sentences were commuted and they were granted parole in 2020. Another individual who was found guilty
1134:
A number of distinctly ugly incidents followed. One was at the
Berhanena Selam Printing Press, where three days later a dozen workers were arrested for being EPRP members, then afterwards released for lack of evidence; on the morning of 26 March, nine of them were found murdered, including a woman in
1150:
In and around the capital, the main opposition group is the
Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (E.P.R.P.) .... E.P.R.P. has given the Dergue good reason to be nervous: it has assassinated more than 20 government officials, mounted at least one daring raid on Dergue headquarters, and even wounded
1130:
The
Ottaways date the height of the Red Terror in Addis Ababa to a search that began on 22 March 1977, when the Derg felt that they had armed enough civilian groups to permit a house-by-house search for EPRP members, arms, and other paraphernalia. However, the search was anything but systematic, the
1042:
However, the Derg was split between then-temporary chair
Colonel Mengistu and a faction allied against him, which limited his control. This rivalry was resolved at the meeting of the Standing Committee of the Derg on 3 February 1977, at which fifty-eight top Derg officers were killed in an hour-long
213:
1167:
to arrest any young person suspected of being an EPRP member. According to the
Ottaways, "Hundreds were arrested, taken to three different sites on the outskirts of Addis Ababa, and executed en masse. Scores of others were gunned down in the streets by the Derg's 'permanent secretaries', the jeeps
1079:. Col. Berhanu had sided with Mengistu, and Lt. Colonel Atnafu quickly sided with the victor of the bloodbath, leaving Mengistu as the undisputed head of the Derg, and ruler of Ethiopia. A few days later, Mengistu turned his attention to his rivals outside of the Derg, foremost being the EPRP.
1175:
At the same time, the Red Terror made MEISON its next target. "Sensing danger," writes Bahru Zewde, "the leaders of the organization hastily tried to go underground. But almost all of them were either captured or killed in August 1977 as they tried to retreat into the countryside in several
1168:
mounted with machine guns constantly patrolling the streets of Addis Ababa. The death toll may have been as high as one thousand." Afterwards, the Derg disavowed this outrage and put the blame for the slaughter on the
Political Bureau in a proclamation on 14 July. The Bureau's leader
1151:
Mengistu in an ambush. One rebel sympathizer accosted
Correspondent Griggs on a busy downtown street and boasted: "We have 700 marksmen, and some of them are Mengistu's own soldiers. It will take time, but we will clean out the pseudo-Marxist military leaders eventually."
1109:! Death to the EPRP!". When he delivered these words, he produced three bottles of what appeared to be blood and smashed them to the ground to show what the revolution would do to its enemies. This campaign involved organized groups of civilians, or
1115:, which within a month's time began to receive arms from the Derg. "Contrary to expectations," note researcher Marina Ottaway and then Washington Post correspondent David Ottaway in their account, "these squads did not all side with the
363:
1123:
or factory. Not only had numerous defense squads been infiltrated by the EPRP, but also those controlled by the
Political Bureau were often bent on furthering the interests of MEISON rather than the
1692:
1187:
reported that the victims of the Red Terror included not only adults but 1,000 or more children, mostly aged between eleven and thirteen, whose corpses were left in the streets of Addis Ababa.
1183:
estimates that the death toll could be as high as 500,000. Groups of people were herded into churches that were then burned down, and women were subjected to systematic rape by soldiers. The
1313:
1119:
or heed its call to track down 'reactionaries' and 'anarchists'. Rather, many followed their own whim and law, in accordance to the political faction that controlled each
1400:
1159:(and presumably Mengistu) and the civilian Political Bureau. Concern over the threat of the EPRP kept this tension from becoming a definite break until the eve of
370:
2159:
2264:
2154:
2211:
1282:
1216:
1205:
1092:
46:
2398:
2428:
1961:
1789:
1567:
995:
became chairman of the Derg on 3 February 1977. It is estimated that 10,000 to 980,000 people were killed over the course of the Qey Shibir.
910:
734:
2248:
803:
2403:
2296:
1032:
126:
763:
296:
1935:
1902:
847:
2388:
753:
356:
1031:
on 12 September 1974, the Derg was faced with a number of civilian groups competing for control of
Ethiopia, most notably the
333:
2333:
2185:
1408:
1350:
1323:
1277:
571:
2113:
2016:
1859:
1832:
1013:
666:
192:
2418:
2274:
196:
1866:
686:
626:
1736:
1509:
340:
1782:
1478:
903:
864:
676:
408:
2301:
2059:
1146:
Despite this brutality, the EPRP continued to strike back, best as it could. As one contemporary report describes:
313:
2021:
1024:
2311:
2286:
1669:
1036:
250:
130:
40:
2378:
2216:
2126:
2064:
1462:
1088:
646:
2423:
2102:
1758:
616:
301:
245:
2413:
2005:
1883:
1775:
1163:, when the Political Bureau, on the pretext that an anti-government protest was in the offing, ordered the
1064:
896:
857:
852:
837:
793:
773:
696:
492:
388:
345:
323:
2349:
1697:
1634:
453:
1201:
1043:
shootout. Seven of these officers were opponents of Mengistu, including chairman and Lieutenant General
2393:
2383:
2291:
2195:
2190:
1930:
1925:
1847:
1196:
743:
539:
167:
2373:
2368:
2327:
1910:
1837:
2049:
2039:
1640:
1237:, said it would not extradite him. On 26 May 2008, the Ethiopian Supreme Court sentenced Mengistu
783:
596:
1365:
Harff, Barbara & Gurr, Ted Robert: "Toward an Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides",
1172:
and a group of his followers attempted to flee the capital the following August, but were caught.
1097:
Mengistu officially began his campaign with a speech in Revolution Square (formerly and currently
2269:
2074:
1966:
1253:, was returned from his exile in the United States several years later to serve a life sentence.
941:
636:
281:
2306:
2069:
1272:
1184:
1106:
976:
606:
517:
1138:
2281:
2044:
1340:
1267:
1180:
992:
972:
227:
120:
2408:
2180:
2011:
952:
425:
276:
8:
2090:
1854:
1814:
1798:
1262:
980:
881:
842:
706:
656:
397:
291:
32:
1506:
1920:
1516:
1242:
869:
1629:
1474:
1346:
1319:
1226:
1000:
988:
971:
from 1976 to 1978. The Qey Shibir was an attempt to consolidate Derg rule during the
874:
482:
89:
1179:
Thousands of men and women were rounded up and executed in the following two years.
2175:
2120:
1915:
1896:
1871:
1842:
1466:
1443:
1056:
960:
932:
551:
527:
462:
328:
1767:
1978:
1956:
1762:
1572:
1250:
561:
306:
186:
1652:
1614:
2096:
1888:
1824:
1401:"Genocides, Politicides, and Other Mass Murder Since 1945, With Stages in 2008"
1384:
1156:
1048:
1028:
2362:
1670:"Ethiopian war criminals able to leave Italian embassy after nearly 30 years"
1513:
1287:
1234:
1098:
1072:
472:
1750:
1229:
and was sentenced to life in prison in January 2007. After his conviction,
1076:
1044:
1209:
1102:
1052:
97:
50:
1471:
The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World.
2107:
1169:
1068:
984:
813:
716:
318:
101:
212:
1292:
1004:
by Ethiopia for his role in the Qey Shibir while leader of the Derg.
1142:
Piece of sketch showing civilian torture by the Derg police officers
1972:
1951:
1380:
1378:
1230:
1223:
964:
148:
105:
79:
125:
Anti-government movement of rival political groups, primarily the
1160:
968:
1375:
1342:
Ethiopia and the United States: History, Diplomacy, and Analysis
435:
1111:
16:
1976–1978 political repression campaign in Ethiopia by the Derg
1755:
1060:
93:
2243:
956:
144:
1655:
1617:
1387:
1507:
Backgrounders: Ethiopian Dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam
1233:, where he received sanctuary due to friendship with
946:
1756:"Red Terror" Martyrs' Memorial Museum in Addis Ababa
1071:." Two rivals to Mengistu were still alive: Colonel
1797:
1315:
Ethiopia: The Land, Its People, History and Culture
1723:Talk of the Devil: Encounters with Seven Dictators
1155:Events like this led to tension between the Derg
2360:
1448:The Mitrokhin Archive II: The KGB and the World
1283:Crimes against humanity under communist regimes
1667:
1051:, Captain Mogas Wolde Mikael, and Lt. Colonel
2160:Massacres in the Eritrean War of Independence
1783:
904:
364:
1215:The victims' lives are immortalized in the
264:1974–1974, 1977–1987, 1984–1991 (1987–1991)
1790:
1776:
911:
897:
371:
357:
39:
1338:
998:In 2007 and 2008, Mengistu was convicted
2249:People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
1311:
1200:
1137:
1039:(MEISON), a rival revolutionary party.
197:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2361:
2270:Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement
1751:Victims of Red Terror Memorial website
1725:by Riccardo Orizio, 2003, p. 150.
1610:
1608:
1502:
1500:
1082:
1033:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party
220:This article is part of a series about
127:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party
2399:War crimes in the Ethiopian Civil War
2297:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Army
2212:"Red Terror" Martyrs' Memorial Museum
2155:Casualties of the Ethiopian Civil War
1771:
1278:Mass killings under communist regimes
1217:"Red Terror" Martyrs' Memorial Museum
1206:"Red Terror" Martyrs' Memorial Museum
1105:, which included the words "Death to
1093:"Red Terror" Martyrs' Memorial Museum
47:"Red Terror" Martyrs' Memorial Museum
2429:20th-century mass murder in Ethiopia
1737:"L'Ethiopie juge la "terreur rouge""
1690:
1458:
1456:
1442:As quoted by Christopher Andrew and
1405:Genocide Prevention Advisory Network
1312:Mekonnen, Yohannes K. (April 2013).
1014:History of the Red Terror (Ethiopia)
991:, and most visibly took place after
199: instead of Ethiopic characters.
1668:Eoin McSweeney (30 December 2020).
1605:
1497:
1059:. Mengistu said "We are doing what
13:
2334:Eritrean People's Liberation Front
1576:23 May 1977 (accessed 14 May 2009)
1433:(New York: Africana, 1978), p. 247
983:. The Qey Shibir was based on the
14:
2440:
1729:
1653:Court Sentences Mengistu to Death
1453:
1385:US admits helping Mengistu escape
1345:. Algora Publishing. p. 67.
71:23 September 1976 – 22 March 1978
2404:Political repression in Ethiopia
2302:Ogaden National Liberation Front
2275:Tigray People's Liberation Front
1615:Mengistu is handed life sentence
407:
344:
339:
211:
177:
2312:Western Somali Liberation Front
2287:All-Ethiopia Socialist Movement
1684:
1661:
1646:
1623:
1592:
1579:
1568:"A Despot at War On All Fronts"
1561:
1548:
1535:
1522:
1367:International Studies Quarterly
1037:All-Ethiopia Socialist Movement
131:All-Ethiopia Socialist Movement
2217:Downfall of the Derg (holiday)
2127:Somaliland War of Independence
1484:
1436:
1431:Ethiopia: Empire in Revolution
1423:
1393:
1359:
1332:
1305:
297:1987 constitutional referendum
108:by the Ethiopian Federal Court
1:
2389:Political and cultural purges
1867:Ethiopian–Eritrean Federation
1716:
1222:Mengistu was found guilty of
1055:, the latter being an avowed
1018:
302:1987 Constitution of Ethiopia
2006:Eritrean War of Independence
1691:Rice, Andrew (4 June 2006).
1637:: Crimes, Terror, Repression
1600:A History of Modern Ethiopia
1339:Metaferia, Getachew (2009).
1190:
7:
1698:The New York Times Magazine
1635:The Black Book of Communism
1450:, Penguin, 2006, pp. 467–8.
1256:
979:in 1974 and the subsequent
947:
10:
2445:
2419:Ethnic cleansing in Africa
2292:Ethiopian Democratic Union
2196:Trials of the Derg members
1926:Ethiopian Student Movement
1429:Marina and David Ottaway,
1197:Trials of the Derg members
1194:
1089:1983–85 famine in Ethiopia
1086:
1011:
1007:
647:Second Italo–Ethiopian War
334:Soviet-ethiopian relations
324:Eritrea(EPLF)-Ethiopia War
168:Trials of the Derg members
2347:
2328:Eritrean Liberation Front
2320:
2257:
2236:
2229:
2204:
2168:
2147:
2140:
2103:Ethiopian–Somali conflict
2083:
2032:
1998:
1991:
1944:
1882:
1872:Eritrean loss of autonomy
1813:
1806:
975:after their overthrow of
936:
697:Eritrean Independence War
617:First Italo–Ethiopian War
162:
154:
139:
119:Assassination attempt of
112:
85:
75:
67:
61:
57:
38:
30:
1693:"The Long Interrogation"
1641:Harvard University Press
1298:
959:against other competing
804:Ethiopian civil conflict
754:Eritrean border conflict
2075:Fall of the Derg regime
2050:Death of Haile Selassie
1761:30 January 2020 at the
687:Federation with Eritrea
572:Ottoman border conflict
493:Amda Seyon's Expansions
2307:Oromo Liberation Front
2191:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
1979:Pan-Somali nationalism
1931:1972–1975 Wollo famine
1911:Gugsa Wale's rebellion
1273:March of the Iron Will
1212:
1185:Save the Children Fund
1143:
1107:counterrevolutionaries
1063:did. You cannot build
977:Emperor Haile Selassie
744:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
483:Early Solomonic period
185:This article contains
2379:Communism in Ethiopia
2282:Afar Liberation Front
2186:Eritrean independence
2045:Massacre of the Sixty
1962:Ethnic discrimination
1829:Italo-Ethiopian Wars
1268:Hutu Ten Commandments
1204:
1181:Amnesty International
1141:
993:Mengistu Haile Mariam
973:political instability
677:Italian guerrilla war
229:Mengistu Haile Mariam
121:Mengistu Haile Mariam
2424:Ethiopian war crimes
2181:Djiboutian Civil War
2012:Ethiopian Revolution
1512:21 December 2012 at
1318:. New Africa Press.
953:political repression
927:, also known as the
925:Ethiopian Red Terror
510:Early modern history
277:Ethiopian Revolution
2414:Mass murder in 1978
2091:Eritrean Civil Wars
1855:Italian East Africa
1825:Italian colonialism
1799:Ethiopian Civil War
1473:Basic Books, 2005.
1372:(3), p. 364 (1988).
1263:Ethiopian Civil War
1083:Attacks on the EPRP
981:Ethiopian Civil War
784:East Africa drought
707:Ethiopian Civil War
657:Italian East Africa
607:Menelik's Invasions
33:Ethiopian Civil War
27:
2350:Cold War in Africa
2093:(1972–74; 1980–81)
2065:Peasant revolution
1921:1958 Tigray famine
1517:Human Rights Watch
1463:Christopher Andrew
1390:, 22 December 1999
1213:
1144:
1101:) in the heart of
858:Army of the Empire
545:1557 – 17th cent.
533:1543 – 17th cent.
518:Ethiopian–Adal War
258:leader of Ethiopia
21:
2394:Conflicts in 1978
2384:Conflicts in 1977
2356:
2355:
2343:
2342:
2225:
2224:
2136:
2135:
2084:Related conflicts
1987:
1986:
1936:1960 coup attempt
1630:Stephane Courtois
1620:, 11 January 2007
1494:, 1978, pp. 142ff
1352:978-0-87586-647-5
1325:978-9987-16-024-2
989:Russian Civil War
951:), was a violent
945:
921:
920:
822:
821:
725:
724:
580:
579:
501:
500:
444:
443:
381:
380:
267:
238:
237:
193:rendering support
173:
172:
143:Consolidation of
90:Summary execution
45:Skull remains at
2436:
2374:1978 in Ethiopia
2369:1977 in Ethiopia
2258:Ethiopian rebels
2234:
2233:
2176:Somali Civil War
2145:
2144:
2121:Somali Rebellion
2060:1983–1985 famine
2022:1974 coup d'état
1996:
1995:
1916:Woyane rebellion
1897:Ethiopian Empire
1811:
1810:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1665:
1659:
1650:
1644:
1627:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1596:
1590:
1583:
1577:
1565:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1539:
1533:
1526:
1520:
1504:
1495:
1488:
1482:
1467:Vasili Mitrokhin
1460:
1451:
1444:Vasili Mitrokhin
1440:
1434:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1411:on 19 April 2019
1407:. Archived from
1397:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1309:
1219:in Addis Ababa.
1075:and Lt. Colonel
1057:Marxist-Leninist
967:and present-day
961:Marxist-Leninist
955:campaign of the
950:
940:
938:
913:
906:
899:
838:Economic history
740:
739:
593:
592:
552:Gondarine period
546:
534:
528:Oromo migrations
514:
513:
459:
458:
422:
421:
411:
401:
383:
382:
373:
366:
359:
348:
343:
329:Fall of the Derg
261:
234:
233:
232:
230:
222:
221:
215:
208:
207:
204:
203:
181:
180:
63:
58:Native name
43:
28:
26:
20:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2339:
2321:Eritrean rebels
2316:
2253:
2221:
2200:
2164:
2132:
2114:1982 border war
2079:
2070:Hawzen massacre
2028:
1983:
1957:1973 oil crisis
1940:
1887:
1878:
1816:
1802:
1796:
1763:Wayback Machine
1741:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1666:
1662:
1651:
1647:
1628:
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1613:
1606:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1580:
1566:
1562:
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1549:
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1505:
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1489:
1485:
1461:
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1441:
1437:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1383:
1376:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1259:
1251:Kelbessa Negewo
1199:
1193:
1095:
1085:
1021:
1016:
1010:
917:
888:
887:
886:
832:
824:
823:
764:Police massacre
737:
727:
726:
590:
582:
581:
562:Zemene Mesafint
544:
532:
511:
503:
502:
456:
446:
445:
419:
399:
392:
377:
338:
268:
266:
255:
228:
226:
225:
224:
223:
219:
218:
202:
201:
200:
191:Without proper
182:
178:
135:
104:, considered a
53:
24:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2442:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
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2324:
2322:
2318:
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2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
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2289:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2100:
2099:(1973–present)
2097:Oromo conflict
2094:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2009:
2002:
2000:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
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1889:Haile Selassie
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1730:External links
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1658:, 26 May 2008.
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1049:Almayahu Haile
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1248:
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1099:Meskel Square
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627:Modernization
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540:Habesh Eyalet
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473:Zagwe dynasty
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427:
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418:Early history
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187:Ethiopic text
169:
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150:
147:control over
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42:
37:
34:
29:
19:
2054:
2033:Major events
1971:
1901:
1815:Scramble for
1740:. Retrieved
1722:
1702:. Retrieved
1696:
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1663:
1648:
1633:
1625:
1599:
1594:
1586:
1581:
1571:
1563:
1555:
1550:
1542:
1537:
1529:
1524:
1491:
1486:
1470:
1447:
1438:
1430:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1409:the original
1404:
1395:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1341:
1334:
1314:
1307:
1247:in absentia
1246:
1238:
1221:
1214:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1154:
1145:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1096:
1077:Atnafu Abate
1045:Tafari Benti
1041:
1022:
999:
997:
928:
924:
922:
808:2018–present
667:World War II
467:100 – 940 AD
440:980 – 400 BC
307:
286:
270:
269:
263:
257:
256:
184:
31:Part of the
18:
2409:Politicides
2336:(1970–1991)
2330:(1961–1981)
2237:Governments
2129:(1981–1991)
2123:(1978–1991)
2008:(1961–1991)
1967:Land reform
1843:1935 crisis
1801:(1974–1991)
1589:, pp. 147ff
1558:, pp. 146ff
1239:in absentia
1227:in absentia
1210:Addis Ababa
1103:Addis Ababa
1053:Asrat Desta
1027:of Emperor
1001:in absentia
948:ḳäy shəbbər
848:Aristocracy
637:World War I
597:Unification
454:Middle Ages
398:History of
282:Land reform
98:mass murder
51:Addis Ababa
2363:Categories
2148:Casualties
2108:Ogaden War
2055:Red Terror
1884:Opposition
1807:Background
1742:8 February
1717:References
1704:3 February
1585:Ottaways,
1554:Ottaways,
1541:Ottaways,
1528:Ottaways,
1490:Ottaways,
1170:Haile Fida
1087:See also:
1069:Red Terror
1047:, Captain
1025:deposition
1019:Background
985:Red Terror
963:groups in
929:Qey Shibir
814:Tigray War
717:Ogaden War
426:Prehistory
319:Ogaden War
287:Red Terror
271:Government
102:politicide
25:Qey Shibir
22:Red Terror
2205:Memorials
2169:Aftermath
2110:(1977–78)
1903:Mekwanint
1632:, et al.
1293:Stalinism
1191:Aftermath
1065:socialism
942:romanized
865:Expansion
818:2020–2022
798:2014–2016
788:2011–2012
778:2006–2009
758:1998–2018
748:1998–2000
721:1977–1978
711:1974–1991
701:1961–1991
691:1952–1962
681:1941–1943
661:1936–1941
651:1935–1936
641:1914–1918
631:1913–1974
621:1895–1896
611:1878–1904
601:1855–1913
576:1832–1848
566:1769–1855
556:1632–1769
522:1527–1543
497:1314–1344
487:1270–1529
292:Civil War
2244:The Derg
2017:Timeline
1973:Neftenya
1952:Cold War
1759:Archived
1587:Ethiopia
1556:Ethiopia
1545:, p. 146
1543:Ethiopia
1532:, p. 145
1530:Ethiopia
1510:Archived
1492:Ethiopia
1257:See also
1231:Zimbabwe
1224:genocide
1067:without
965:Ethiopia
875:Aksumite
870:Currency
853:Military
477:900–1270
400:Ethiopia
389:a series
387:Part of
149:Ethiopia
106:genocide
80:Ethiopia
76:Location
1999:Prelude
1833:1887–89
1676:16 June
1481:ch. 25.
1415:22 July
1165:kebeles
1161:May Day
1112:kebeles
1008:History
987:of the
969:Eritrea
944::
933:Amharic
882:Famines
843:Emperor
430:
2230:Groups
2141:Impact
1848:Second
1817:Africa
1519:, 1999
1477:
1349:
1322:
1121:kebele
937:ቀይ ሽብር
831:Topics
391:on the
314:famine
308:Shengo
155:Deaths
140:Motive
62:ቀይ ሽብር
2265:EPRDF
1838:First
1672:. CNN
1299:Notes
1243:death
1157:junta
1061:Lenin
463:Aksum
163:Trial
113:Cause
94:purge
1860:WWII
1744:2018
1706:2011
1678:2021
1573:Time
1475:ISBN
1465:and
1417:2016
1347:ISBN
1320:ISBN
1125:Derg
1117:Derg
1091:and
957:Derg
923:The
768:2005
671:1941
436:Dʿmt
251:1987
166:See
145:Derg
129:and
86:Type
68:Date
1992:War
1656:BBC
1618:BBC
1388:BBC
1241:to
1208:in
1127:."
246:WPE
49:in
2365::
1886:to
1695:.
1639:.
1607:^
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