379:
31:
358:
87:
322:, as its population appears to be in decline. It has a global population in the region of 337,000 to 377,000 mature individuals and its breeding range is 192,000 km (74,000 sq mi). Its numbers are thought to have decreased by about 35% between the mid-1970s and the mid-1990s though numbers may have stabilized since. Why they have declined is unclear, but may be related to a change in the availability of prey, possibly associated excessive commercial fishing or climate change.
367:
346:
209:
62:
268:
334:
286:; other differences include the shorter bill, larger eyes, a larger, rounder head, and darker gray wings, and in the juveniles, which barely differ from the adults, lacking the black tail band and "W" across the wings of juvenile black-legged kittiwakes. Juveniles take three years to reach maturity. Adults are 35–39 cm (14–15 in) long, with an 84–92 cm (33–36 in) wingspan and a weight of 325–510 g (11.5–18.0 oz).
289:
Like the
Pacific race of black-legged kittiwakes, the red-legged kittiwake has a well-developed hind toe. As occasional individual black-legged kittiwakes have reddish legs, any reports of red-legged away from the subarctic Pacific must record all of the other differences, not just the leg color, for
302:(Myctophidae), squid, and invertebrates. It spends the summer at the cliff breeding colonies, nesting on ledges, and migrates out to sea in September to overwinter in the northwestern Pacific Ocean and the
378:
1455:
1258:
1310:
1544:
1509:
1442:
1222:
1468:
1271:
517:
1524:
1323:
456:
1473:
1276:
282:
species. Apart from the distinguishing feature implicit in its name, it is very similar to its better-known relative, the
1529:
1196:
525:
510:
1539:
1375:
1315:
1519:
1209:
552:
1113:
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1097:
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39:
1380:
30:
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8:
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51:
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315:
81:
66:
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635:
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452:
256:
1393:
1434:
1162:
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865:
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236:
1420:
1214:
1149:
844:
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754:
645:
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240:
138:
1073:
936:
538:
303:
1503:
1284:
804:
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675:
413:
244:
71:
1201:
849:
799:
707:
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665:
605:
530:
208:
1362:
1297:
1245:
1082:
918:
870:
839:
790:
779:
745:
630:
299:
1447:
1388:
1227:
979:
759:
248:
267:
947:
819:
814:
712:
655:
276:
158:
98:
1250:
1044:
1414:
1175:
1067:
1028:
118:
1188:
583:
279:
228:
148:
1328:
1108:
252:
108:
43:
1170:
596:
574:
561:
396:
319:
232:
128:
713:
Vega gull (or East
Siberian gull / Mongolian gull)
402:
384:
Red-legged kittiwake colony, St. George Island, Alaska
451:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992),
428:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694502A132557429.en
1501:
587:(† indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)
298:The red-legged kittiwake feeds on fish such as
546:
275:The red-legged kittiwake is a very localised
560:
765:Great black-headed gull (or Pallas's gull)
553:
539:
290:acceptance by bird recording authorities.
207:
60:
29:
426:
266:
259:, Russia, and spends the winter at sea.
518:Gulls of Europe, Asia and North America
515:Malling Olsen, Klaus and Hans Larsson,
1502:
866:Grey-headed gull (or grey-hooded gull)
1049:
1048:
534:
467:
465:
271:Red-legged kittiwake parent and chick
414:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
1545:Taxa named by Carl Friedrich Bruch
495:
462:
442:
14:
1561:
503:Seabirds: An Identification Guide
449:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
235:family Laridae. It breeds in the
1510:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
377:
365:
356:
344:
332:
85:
403:BirdLife International (2018).
262:
1:
1525:Birds of the Aleutian Islands
389:
505:. London: Christopher Helm.
7:
314:This species is listed as "
293:
10:
1566:
1530:Birds of the United States
372:Red-legged kittiwake chick
325:
1404:
1057:
1024:
1006:
988:
970:
945:
927:
909:
828:
788:
743:
594:
573:
421:: e.T22694502A132557429.
351:Red-legged kittiwake pair
309:
206:
187:
180:
82:Scientific classification
80:
58:
49:
37:
28:
23:
728:Lesser black-backed gull
656:Kelp gull (or Cape gull)
501:Harrison, Peter (1988).
479:. Birdlife International
1540:Birds described in 1853
651:Great black-backed gull
1520:Native birds of Alaska
1034:Hybridisation in gulls
957:Black-legged kittiwake
284:black-legged kittiwake
272:
38:Red-legged kittiwake,
1350:Paleobiology Database
698:American herring gull
693:European herring gull
270:
24:Red-legged kittiwake
1238:red-legged-kittiwake
962:Red-legged kittiwake
661:Glaucous-winged gull
473:"Species factsheet:
339:Red-legged kittiwake
219:red-legged kittiwake
173:R. brevirostris
1515:Birds of the Arctic
1016:Swallow-tailed gull
891:Slender-billed gull
52:Conservation status
1406:Larus brevirostris
1394:Rissa-brevirostris
1114:rissa-brevirostris
1089:Rissa brevirostris
1059:Rissa brevirostris
775:Mediterranean gull
703:Yellow-legged gull
671:Yellow-footed gull
475:Rissa brevirostris
407:Rissa brevirostris
273:
224:Rissa brevirostris
191:Rissa brevirostris
1497:
1496:
1482:Open Tree of Life
1337:Open Tree of Life
1051:Taxon identifiers
1042:
1041:
1029:Gull eggs as food
886:Black-headed gull
881:Brown-headed gull
876:Black-billed gull
861:Brown-hooded gull
723:Slaty-backed gull
636:Short-billed gull
621:Black-tailed gull
457:978-0-8493-4258-5
257:Commander Islands
251:off the coast of
215:
214:
75:
40:Saint Paul Island
1557:
1490:
1489:
1477:
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1192:
1191:
1179:
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1166:
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1143:
1142:
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1129:
1117:
1116:
1104:
1103:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1046:
1045:
896:Bonaparte's gull
641:Ring-billed gull
555:
548:
541:
532:
531:
489:
488:
486:
484:
469:
460:
446:
440:
439:
437:
435:
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381:
369:
360:
348:
336:
237:Pribilof Islands
211:
193:
90:
89:
69:
64:
63:
33:
21:
20:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1535:Birds of Russia
1500:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1485:
1480:
1472:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1428:
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1400:
1392:
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1226:
1221:
1213:
1208:
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1195:
1187:
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1174:
1169:
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1148:
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1138:
1133:
1125:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1053:
1043:
1038:
1020:
1002:
984:
966:
941:
923:
905:
901:Saunders's gull
856:Hartlaub's gull
845:Red-billed gull
831:Chroicocephalus
824:
810:Franklin's gull
784:
755:White-eyed gull
739:
646:California gull
626:Heermann's gull
590:
569:
559:
498:
496:Further reading
493:
492:
482:
480:
471:
470:
463:
447:
443:
433:
431:
401:
397:
392:
385:
382:
373:
370:
361:
352:
349:
340:
337:
328:
312:
296:
265:
241:Bogoslof Island
231:species in the
202:
195:
189:
176:
139:Charadriiformes
84:
76:
65:
61:
54:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
1563:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1495:
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1478:
1465:
1452:
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1426:
1410:
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1401:
1399:
1398:
1385:
1372:
1359:
1346:
1333:
1320:
1307:
1294:
1281:
1268:
1255:
1242:
1232:
1219:
1206:
1193:
1180:
1167:
1154:
1144:
1131:
1118:
1105:
1094:
1079:
1063:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
994:
992:
986:
985:
983:
982:
976:
974:
968:
967:
965:
964:
959:
953:
951:
943:
942:
940:
939:
933:
931:
925:
924:
922:
921:
915:
913:
907:
906:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
847:
842:
836:
834:
826:
825:
823:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
796:
794:
786:
785:
783:
782:
777:
772:
770:Audouin's gull
767:
762:
757:
751:
749:
741:
740:
738:
737:
736:
735:
733:Heuglin's gull
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
689:
688:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
611:Belcher's gull
608:
602:
600:
592:
591:
589:
588:
579:
577:
571:
570:
558:
557:
550:
543:
535:
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497:
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388:
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374:
371:
364:
362:
355:
353:
350:
343:
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338:
331:
327:
324:
311:
308:
304:Gulf of Alaska
295:
292:
264:
261:
213:
212:
204:
203:
196:
185:
184:
178:
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78:
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59:
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55:
50:
47:
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35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1562:
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1548:
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1466:
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1407:
1403:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
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1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
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1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1084:
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1075:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
999:
998:Sabine's gull
996:
995:
993:
991:
987:
981:
978:
977:
975:
973:
969:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
952:
950:
949:
944:
938:
935:
934:
932:
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926:
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917:
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902:
899:
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894:
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869:
867:
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859:
857:
854:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
835:
833:
832:
827:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
805:Laughing gull
803:
801:
798:
797:
795:
793:
792:
787:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
750:
748:
747:
742:
734:
731:
730:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
718:Armenian gull
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
687:
686:Thayer's gull
684:
683:
682:
679:
677:
676:Glaucous gull
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
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632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
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604:
603:
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599:
598:
593:
586:
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581:
580:
578:
576:
572:
567:
563:
556:
551:
549:
544:
542:
537:
536:
533:
527:
526:0-7136-7087-8
523:
520:
519:
514:
512:
511:0-7470-1410-8
508:
504:
500:
499:
478:
476:
468:
466:
458:
454:
450:
445:
429:
424:
420:
416:
415:
410:
408:
399:
395:
380:
375:
368:
363:
359:
354:
347:
342:
335:
330:
329:
323:
321:
317:
307:
305:
301:
291:
287:
285:
281:
278:
269:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:Buldir Island
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:
220:
210:
205:
200:
194:
192:
186:
183:
182:Binomial name
179:
175:
174:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
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83:
79:
73:
68:
57:
53:
48:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1405:
1058:
1007:
989:
971:
961:
946:
929:Rhodostethia
928:
911:Hydrocoloeus
910:
850:Huahine gull
829:
800:Dolphin gull
789:
744:
708:Caspian gull
681:Iceland gull
666:Western gull
616:Olrog's gull
606:Pacific gull
595:
582:
516:
502:
481:. Retrieved
474:
448:
444:
432:. Retrieved
418:
412:
406:
398:
313:
297:
288:
274:
223:
222:
218:
216:
190:
188:
172:
171:
159:
18:
1363:SeaLifeBase
1298:NatureServe
1246:iNaturalist
1083:Wikispecies
937:Ross's gull
919:Little gull
871:Andean gull
840:Silver gull
791:Leucophaeus
780:Relict gull
746:Ichthyaetus
631:Common gull
483:13 December
434:12 November
300:lanternfish
263:Description
1550:Kittiwakes
1504:Categories
1389:Xeno-canto
980:Ivory gull
760:Sooty gull
568:: Laridae)
390:References
316:vulnerable
255:, and the
249:Bering Sea
67:Vulnerable
1421:Q11844813
972:Pagophila
820:Grey gull
815:Lava gull
318:" by the
277:subarctic
167:Species:
105:Kingdom:
99:Eukaryota
1461:10762030
1415:Wikidata
1303:2.104672
1290:22694502
1264:11009714
1189:45509267
1127:22694502
1122:BirdLife
1074:Q1274310
1068:Wikidata
1008:Creagrus
294:Behavior
145:Family:
119:Chordata
115:Phylum:
109:Animalia
95:Domain:
72:IUCN 3.1
1448:2481160
1228:2481204
584:Species
326:Gallery
280:Pacific
247:in the
229:seabird
227:) is a
201:, 1855)
155:Genus:
149:Laridae
135:Order:
125:Class:
70: (
1487:525756
1474:176844
1381:343923
1355:372769
1342:525756
1329:343923
1277:176845
1235:GNAB:
1210:EURING
1176:relkit
1150:relkit
1109:ARKive
1102:releki
566:family
524:
509:
455:
310:Status
253:Alaska
243:, and
44:Alaska
1456:IRMNG
1435:6NYRZ
1376:WoRMS
1368:75077
1316:70931
1259:IRMNG
1202:17219
1197:EUNIS
1171:eBird
1163:4T593
1147:BOW:
1140:10207
948:Rissa
597:Larus
575:Genus
562:Gulls
199:Bruch
160:Rissa
1469:ITIS
1443:GBIF
1324:OBIS
1311:NCBI
1285:IUCN
1272:ITIS
1251:4493
1223:GBIF
1215:6030
1135:BOLD
990:Xema
522:ISBN
507:ISBN
485:2013
453:ISBN
436:2021
419:2018
320:IUCN
233:gull
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